-
2013 Sweet & Maxwell
R. v Turnbull (Raymond)
Court of Appeal (Criminal Division)
09 July 1976
Case Analysis
Where Reported [1977] Q.B. 224; [1976] 3 W.L.R. 445; [1976] 3
All E.R. 549; (1976) 63 Cr. App. R. 132;[1976] Crim. L.R. 565;
(1976) 120 S.J. 486;
Case Digest
Subject: Criminal evidence
Keywords: Identification, Visual identification, Jury
directions, Turnbull directions
Catchphrases: Identification, Jury directions, Cases depending
whiolly or substantially on disputed identifica-tion evidence,
Directions to be given to jury
Abstract: In conjoined appeals the appellants (T, C, R and W)
appealed against their convictions for,respectively, conspiracy to
burgle, robbery and unlawful wounding.
The case against each appellant rested principally on disputed
evidence of visual identification, and thecentral issue on appeal
was as to the directions to be given to the jury in such cases.
The court gave guidance as to the jury directions to be given in
a criminal case which depended whollyor substantially on disputed
evidence of visual identification. This case is the basis for the
terms "Turnbull direc-tion" and "Turnbull warning".
Appeals allowed in part. (1) Whenever a case depended wholly or
substantially on disputed identifica-tion evidence, the judge had
to warn the jury of the special need for caution before convicting
in reliance on thatevidence. He had to tell them the reason for
that warning and had to refer to the possibility that a mistaken
wit-ness could be convincing and that a number of witnesses could
all be mistaken. Provided he did that in clearterms there was no
need for him to use any particular form of words. He had to direct
the jury to examineclosely the circumstances of the identification,
including such matters as the length of time the accused was un-der
observation, his distance from the witness, the lighting, the
clarity of view, whether the witness had everseen him before, and
the time elapsed between the observation and the subsequent
identification to the police.He had also to indicate any specific
weaknesses in the evidence, and remind the jury that mistakes in
the recog-nition of close friends and relatives could sometimes be
made. Where the quality of the identification evidencewas good, the
jury could safely be left to assess its value even if there was no
other evidence to support it,
1976 WL 46419 Page 1[1977] Q.B. 224 [1976] 3 W.L.R. 445 [1976] 3
All E.R. 549 (1976) 63 Cr. App. R. 132 [1976] Crim. L.R. 565(1976)
120 S.J. 486 [1977] Q.B. 224 [1976] 3 W.L.R. 445 [1976] 3 All E.R.
549 (1976) 63 Cr. App. R. 132 [1976]Crim. L.R. 565 (1976) 120 S.J.
486
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provided that an adequate warning had been given about the
special need for caution. However, when the qualityof the
identifying evidence was poor, the judge was to withdraw the case
from the jury and direct an acquittalunless there was other
evidence supportive of the correctness of the identification. Such
supporting evidenceneed not amount to corroboration in its
technical sense, and the judge was to identify for the jury any
evidencethat he adjudged to be capable of supporting the
identification. He had, however, to take care when dealing witha
false alibi. A false alibi could only be supportive of disputed
identification evidence if the jury was satisfiedthat the sole
reason for the fabrication was to deceive them, and they were to be
reminded that the fact that anaccused had lied about his
whereabouts did not of itself prove that he had been where the
identifying witnesssaid he had. Finally, if there was any material
discrepancy between the description of the accused originally
giv-en to the police by the witness and his actual appearance, the
prosecution had to supply the accused with particu-lars of the
description first given to the police. A failure to follow the
above guidelines was likely to result in aconviction being quashed,
and would do so if, in the judgment of the appellate court, the
verdict was either un-satisfactory or unsafe. On matters of
credibility the appellate court would only interfere if the jury
had been mis-directed as to how to assess the evidence, if there
had been no direction when there should have been one, or,rarely,
if they had taken a perverse view of a witness. Nevertheless, it
would not hesitate to use its extended dis-cretion whenever the
evidence justified it. (2) In the case of T and C there was clearly
evidence supportive of thecorrectness of the identification, the
accuracy of which could not be doubted. The verdicts were therefore
neitherunsafe nor unsatisfactory and the appeals would be
dismissed. In the cases of R and W the quality of the
identi-fication evidence was poor and there was no other evidence
supportive of it. The verdicts were unsafe and unsat-isfactory and
the appeals would be allowed.
Appeals allowed in part
Judges: Lord Widgery, L.C.J.; Cusack, J.; Lawton, L.J.; May, J.;
Roskill, L.J.
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1976 WL 46419 Page 14[1977] Q.B. 224 [1976] 3 W.L.R. 445 [1976]
3 All E.R. 549 (1976) 63 Cr. App. R. 132 [1976] Crim. L.R.
565(1976) 120 S.J. 486 [1977] Q.B. 224 [1976] 3 W.L.R. 445 [1976] 3
All E.R. 549 (1976) 63 Cr. App. R. 132 [1976]Crim. L.R. 565 (1976)
120 S.J. 486
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Mohammed (Allie) v Trinidad and Tobago[1999] 2 A.C. 111; [1999]
2 W.L.R. 552; 6 B.H.R.C. 177; Times, December 10, 1998PC (Trin)
R. v Hewitt (Peter)(1992) 95 Cr. App. R. 81; [1992] Crim. L.R.
650; (1992) 142 N.L.J. 160; Times, January 1, 1992;
Independent,January 24, 1992CA (Crim Div)
R. v Wood (Nikki)Official TranscriptCA (Crim Div)
R. v O'Brien (Thomas Daniel)[2003] EWCA Crim 1370; Official
TranscriptCA (Crim Div)
W (Children) (Care Proceedings: Witness Anonymity), Re[2002]
EWCA Civ 1626; [2003] 1 F.L.R. 329; [2003] Fam. Law 83; Times,
November 1, 2002; Official Tran-scriptCA (Civ Div)
Holgate-Mohammed v Duke[1984] A.C. 437; [1984] 2 W.L.R. 660;
[1984] 1 All E.R. 1054; (1984) 79 Cr. App. R. 120; [1984] Crim.
L.R.418HL
R. v Hussain (Ashiq)[2010] EWCA Crim 1327; Official TranscriptCA
(Crim Div)
R. v Afzal (Kamran)[2001] EWCA Crim 1109; Official TranscriptCA
(Crim Div)
Grieves v Queen, The[2011] UKPC 39; Official TranscriptPC
(Jam)
R. v Preece (Conrad)(1993) 96 Cr. App. R. 264; Times, November
25, 1992; Independent, October 19, 1992CA (Crim Div)
R. v Brown (Daniel)[1997] 1 Cr. App. R. 112; [1996] Crim. L.R.
659CA (Crim Div)
R. v Charles (Jerome)
1976 WL 46419 Page 15[1977] Q.B. 224 [1976] 3 W.L.R. 445 [1976]
3 All E.R. 549 (1976) 63 Cr. App. R. 132 [1976] Crim. L.R.
565(1976) 120 S.J. 486 [1977] Q.B. 224 [1976] 3 W.L.R. 445 [1976] 3
All E.R. 549 (1976) 63 Cr. App. R. 132 [1976]Crim. L.R. 565 (1976)
120 S.J. 486
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[2001] EWCA Crim 1698; Official TranscriptCA (Crim Div)
R. v Chaney (Shane Cornelius)[2009] EWCA Crim 21; [2009] 1 Cr.
App. R. 35; [2009] Crim. L.R. 437; Official TranscriptCA (Crim
Div)
DPP v Uddin[2006] EWHC 1523 (Admin); Official TranscriptDC
R. v Melhado (Elkanah)[2009] EWCA Crim 1567; Official
TranscriptCA (Crim Div)
R. v Donat (Rinaldo William)(1986) 82 Cr. App. R. 173CA (Crim
Div)
R. v Popat (Chetan) (No.1)[1998] 2 Cr. App. R. 208; (1998) 162
J.P. 369; [1998] Crim. L.R. 825; (1998) 162 J.P.N. 423; Times,
April 10,1998CA (Crim Div)
R. v W (John)[1998] 2 Cr. App. R. 289CA (Crim Div)
Taylor v Chief Constable of Cheshire[1986] 1 W.L.R. 1479; [1987]
1 All E.R. 225; (1987) 84 Cr. App. R. 191; (1987) 151 J.P. 103;
[1987] Crim.L.R. 119; (1987) 151 J.P.N. 110; (1987) 84 L.S.G. 412;
(1986) 130 S.J. 953QBD
R. v Panesar (Sandeep Singh)[2007] EWCA Crim 2510; Official
TranscriptCA (Crim Div)
Brown v IsaacOfficial TranscriptPC (Trin)
R. v Popat (Chetan) (No.2)[2000] 1 Cr. App. R. 387; (2000) 164
J.P. 65; [2000] Crim. L.R. 54; Times, September 7, 1999CA (Crim
Div)
R. v Alexander (Gordon John)[2012] EWCA Crim 2768; [2013] 1 Cr.
App. R. 26; (2013) 177 J.P. 73; Official TranscriptCA (Crim
Div)
1976 WL 46419 Page 16[1977] Q.B. 224 [1976] 3 W.L.R. 445 [1976]
3 All E.R. 549 (1976) 63 Cr. App. R. 132 [1976] Crim. L.R.
565(1976) 120 S.J. 486 [1977] Q.B. 224 [1976] 3 W.L.R. 445 [1976] 3
All E.R. 549 (1976) 63 Cr. App. R. 132 [1976]Crim. L.R. 565 (1976)
120 S.J. 486
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R. v H (Karl Anthony)[2005] EWCA Crim 732; [2005] 1 W.L.R. 2005;
[2005] 2 All E.R. 859; [2005] 2 Cr. App. R. 9; [2005] Crim.L.R.
735; (2005) 102(14) L.S.G. 26; (2005) 149 S.J.L.B. 179; Times,
February 8, 2005; Official TranscriptCA (Crim Div)
R. v Loveridge (William)[2001] EWCA Crim 973; [2001] 2 Cr. App.
R. 29; (2001) 98(23) L.S.G. 36; (2001) 145 S.J.L.B. 120; Times,May
3, 2001; Official TranscriptCA (Crim Div)
A (Children), Re[2010] EWCA Civ 344; [2010] 2 F.L.R. 661; [2010]
2 F.C.R. 106; [2010] Fam. Law 577; (2010) 107(17) L.S.G.15; [2010]
P.T.S.R. (C.S.) 23; Official TranscriptCA (Civ Div)
Benedetto (Alexander) v Queen, The[2003] UKPC 27; [2003] 1
W.L.R. 1545; [2003] 2 Cr. App. R. 25; [2003] Crim. L.R. 880; (2003)
100(24)L.S.G. 35; (2003) 147 S.J.L.B. 539; Times, April 28, 2003;
Official TranscriptPC (BVI)
R. v Campbell (Neville)[2005] EWCA Crim 2078; Official
TranscriptCA (Crim Div)
Flowers v Queen, The[2000] 1 W.L.R. 2396; (2000) 144 S.J.L.B.
267; Times, December 1, 2000PC (Jam)
R. v Barnes (Anthony)[1995] 2 Cr. App. R. 491; (1995) 139
S.J.L.B. 174; Times, July 6, 1995; Independent, August 14, 1995CA
(Crim Div)
Cedeno v Logan[2001] 1 W.L.R. 86; (2001) 145 S.J.L.B. 7;
Official TranscriptPC (Trin)
R. v H[2011] EWCA Crim 2344;CA (Crim Div)
R. v Whitehead (Sam)[2009] EWCA Crim 2932; Official TranscriptCA
(Crim Div)
R. v O'Leary (Benjamin)[2002] EWCA Crim 2055; Official
TranscriptCA (Crim Div)
1976 WL 46419 Page 17[1977] Q.B. 224 [1976] 3 W.L.R. 445 [1976]
3 All E.R. 549 (1976) 63 Cr. App. R. 132 [1976] Crim. L.R.
565(1976) 120 S.J. 486 [1977] Q.B. 224 [1976] 3 W.L.R. 445 [1976] 3
All E.R. 549 (1976) 63 Cr. App. R. 132 [1976]Crim. L.R. 565 (1976)
120 S.J. 486
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Edwards v Queen, The[2006] UKPC 23; (2006) 150 S.J.L.B. 570;
Official TranscriptPC (Jam)
R. v R[2011] EWCA Crim 3285; Official TranscriptCA (Crim
Div)
R. v Rose (Karl James)[2004] EWCA Crim 368; Official
TranscriptCA (Crim Div)
R. v Hayes (Geoffrey)[1977] 1 W.L.R. 234; [1977] 2 All E.R. 288;
(1977) 64 Cr. App. R. 194CA (Crim Div)
R. v Clarke (Andre Rene)[2001] EWCA Crim 2291; Official
TranscriptCA (Crim Div)
R. v Willoughby (Larry Clive)(1989) 88 Cr. App. R. 91; [1988]
Crim. L.R. 301; Times, February 19, 1988CA (Crim Div)
Dunkley v Queen, The[1995] 1 A.C. 419; [1994] 3 W.L.R. 1124;
[1995] 1 All E.R. 279; (1994) 91(41) L.S.G. 41; (1994) 138
S.J.L.B.203; Independent, November 1, 1994PC (Jam)
R. v Pinfold (Terence Joseph)[2009] EWCA Crim 2339; Official
TranscriptCA (Crim Div)
R. v Craven (Stephen)[2001] 2 Cr. App. R. 12; [2001] Crim. L.R.
464; (2001) 98(15) L.S.G. 32; (2001) 145 S.J.L.B. 76; Times,
Febru-ary 2, 2001; Official TranscriptCA (Crim Div)
R. v Wallace (James Andrew)[2007] EWCA Crim 1760; [2008] 1
W.L.R. 572; [2007] 2 Cr. App. R. 30; (2007) 171 J.P. 543; [2007]
Crim.L.R. 976; Official TranscriptCA (Crim Div)
R. v Secretary of State for the Home Department Ex p. Hickey
(No.2)[1995] 1 W.L.R. 734; [1995] 1 All E.R. 490; (1995) 7 Admin.
L.R. 549; (1994) 144 N.L.J. 1732; Times, Decem-ber 2, 1994;
Independent, November 29, 1994DC
1976 WL 46419 Page 18[1977] Q.B. 224 [1976] 3 W.L.R. 445 [1976]
3 All E.R. 549 (1976) 63 Cr. App. R. 132 [1976] Crim. L.R.
565(1976) 120 S.J. 486 [1977] Q.B. 224 [1976] 3 W.L.R. 445 [1976] 3
All E.R. 549 (1976) 63 Cr. App. R. 132 [1976]Crim. L.R. 565 (1976)
120 S.J. 486
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R. v Wroe (Dominic Lee)[2012] EWCA Crim 1304; Official
TranscriptCA (Crim Div)
R. v George (Barry Michael)[2002] EWCA Crim 1923; [2003] Crim.
L.R. 282; (2002) 99(38) L.S.G. 33; Times, August 30, 2002;
DailyTelegraph, August 1, 2002; Official TranscriptCA (Crim
Div)
R. v Daley (Christopher Michael)[2004] EWCA Crim 671; Official
TranscriptCA (Crim Div)
Freemantle v Queen, The[1994] 1 W.L.R. 1437; [1994] 3 All E.R.
225; [1995] 1 Cr. App. R. 1; [1994] Crim. L.R. 930; (1994)
91(37)L.S.G. 49; (1994) 138 S.J.L.B. 174; Times, July 7, 1994;
Independent, August 29, 1994PC (Jam)
R. v Mason (Nicholas)[2004] EWCA Crim 2173; [2005] 1 Cr. App. R.
11; [2005] Crim. L.R. 140; Official TranscriptCA (Crim Div)
France v Queen, The[2012] UKPC 28;PC (Jam)
R. v G (Terry)[2002] EWCA Crim 2352; Official TranscriptCA (Crim
Div)
R. v Dodson (Patrick)[1984] 1 W.L.R. 971; (1984) 79 Cr. App. R.
220; [1984] Crim. L.R. 489; (1984) 81 L.S.G. 1677; (1984) 128
S.J.364CA (Crim Div)
R. v Taal (Mustapha)[2002] EWCA Crim 1953; Official TranscriptCA
(Crim Div)
R. v Amani (David)[2001] EWCA Crim 1613; Official TranscriptCA
(Crim Div)
R. v Keeton (Geoffrey Wayne)[1995] 2 Cr. App. R. 241; Times,
July 21, 1994CA (Crim Div)
B-M (Children) (Care Orders: Risk), Re
1976 WL 46419 Page 19[1977] Q.B. 224 [1976] 3 W.L.R. 445 [1976]
3 All E.R. 549 (1976) 63 Cr. App. R. 132 [1976] Crim. L.R.
565(1976) 120 S.J. 486 [1977] Q.B. 224 [1976] 3 W.L.R. 445 [1976] 3
All E.R. 549 (1976) 63 Cr. App. R. 132 [1976]Crim. L.R. 565 (1976)
120 S.J. 486
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[2009] EWCA Civ 205; [2009] 2 F.L.R. 20; [2009] 2 F.C.R. 505;
[2009] Fam. Law 475; (2009) 106(13) L.S.G.18; (2009) 153(11)
S.J.L.B. 27; Official TranscriptCA (Civ Div)
Sealey v Trinidad and Tobago[2002] UKPC 52; Times, November 5,
2002; Official TranscriptPC (Trin)
R. v Cassell (David John)Official TranscriptCA (Crim Div)
R. v Johnson (Harold Robert)[2001] 1 Cr. App. R. 26; [2001]
Crim. L.R. 125; Times, November 21, 2000; Independent, December 7,
2000;Official TranscriptCA (Crim Div)
Timothy v Trinidad and Tobago[2000] 1 W.L.R. 485PC (Trin)
R. v Forbes (Anthony Leroy)[2001] 1 A.C. 473; [2001] 2 W.L.R. 1;
[2001] 1 All E.R. 686; [2001] 1 Cr. App. R. 31; (2001) 165 J.P.
61;[2001] Crim. L.R. 649; (2001) 165 J.P.N. 664; (2001) 98(8)
L.S.G. 43; (2001) 145 S.J.L.B. 44; Times, Decem-ber 19, 2000;
Independent, December 21, 2000; Official TranscriptHL
Henriques v Queen, The[1991] 1 W.L.R. 242; (1991) 93 Cr. App. R.
237; [1991] Crim. L.R. 912; (1991) 135 S.J.L.B. 382; Times,March
11, 1991; Daily Telegraph, March 29, 1991PC (Jam)
R. v Hampton (Gary Phillip)[2004] EWCA Crim 2139; [2006] Crim.
L.R. 60; (2004) 148 S.J.L.B. 973; Times, October 13, 2004;
OfficialTranscriptCA (Crim Div)
Brown v Trinidad and Tobago[2012] UKPC 2; Official TranscriptPC
(Trin)
R. v Spencer (Alan Widdison)[1987] A.C. 128; [1986] 3 W.L.R.
348; [1986] 2 All E.R. 928; (1986) 83 Cr. App. R. 277; (1986) 130
S.J. 572HL
Scott (Richard) v Queen, The[1989] A.C. 1242; [1989] 2 W.L.R.
924; [1989] 2 All E.R. 305; (1989) 89 Cr. App. R. 153; [1989] Crim.
L.R.
1976 WL 46419 Page 20[1977] Q.B. 224 [1976] 3 W.L.R. 445 [1976]
3 All E.R. 549 (1976) 63 Cr. App. R. 132 [1976] Crim. L.R.
565(1976) 120 S.J. 486 [1977] Q.B. 224 [1976] 3 W.L.R. 445 [1976] 3
All E.R. 549 (1976) 63 Cr. App. R. 132 [1976]Crim. L.R. 565 (1976)
120 S.J. 486
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820; (1989) 86(23) L.S.G. 40; (1989) 133 S.J. 421PC (Jam)
R. v McManus (Seamus) (Appeal against Conviction)[2002] EWCA
Crim 2967; Official TranscriptCA (Crim Div)
R. v Clare (Richard)[1995] 2 Cr. App. R. 333; (1995) 159 J.P.
412; [1995] Crim. L.R. 947; (1995) 159 J.P.N. 424; (1995)
92(17)L.S.G. 47; (1995) 139 S.J.L.B. 117; Times, April 7, 1995;
Independent, April 7, 1995CA (Crim Div)
R. v Riat (Jaspal)[2012] EWCA Crim 1509; [2013] 1 W.L.R. 2592;
[2013] 1 All E.R. 349; [2013] 1 Cr. App. R. 2; [2013] Crim.L.R. 60;
Official TranscriptCA (Crim Div)
R. v Wizzard (Barry)[2007] UKPC 21; Official TranscriptPC
(Jam)
LT v Trinidad and Tobago[2002] UKPC 29; Official TranscriptPC
(Trin)
R. v Ley (Kerry)[2006] EWCA Crim 3063; [2007] 1 Cr. App. R. 25;
[2007] Crim. L.R. 642; Official TranscriptCA (Crim Div)
R. v Walters (Shammai Jahelle)[2001] EWCA Crim 1261; Official
TranscriptCA (Crim Div)
R. v Macauley (Paul)[2011] EWCA Crim 436; Official TranscriptCA
(Crim Div)
Charles v Queen, The[2007] UKPC 47; Official TranscriptPC
(StV)
R. v Miah (Basharath)[2003] EWCA Crim 3713; Official
TranscriptCA (Crim Div)
R. v Saad (Adnan Mohammed)[2009] EWCA Crim 2781; Official
TranscriptCA (Crim Div)
1976 WL 46419 Page 21[1977] Q.B. 224 [1976] 3 W.L.R. 445 [1976]
3 All E.R. 549 (1976) 63 Cr. App. R. 132 [1976] Crim. L.R.
565(1976) 120 S.J. 486 [1977] Q.B. 224 [1976] 3 W.L.R. 445 [1976] 3
All E.R. 549 (1976) 63 Cr. App. R. 132 [1976]Crim. L.R. 565 (1976)
120 S.J. 486
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R. v Lesley (Leroy Owen)[1996] 1 Cr. App. R. 39; [1995] Crim.
L.R. 946CA (Crim Div)
R. v Cook (Christopher)[1987] Q.B. 417; [1987] 2 W.L.R. 775;
[1987] 1 All E.R. 1049; (1987) 84 Cr. App. R. 369; [1987] Crim.
L.R.402; Times, December 1, 1986CA (Crim Div)
R. v McInnes(1990) 90 Cr. App. R. 99; [1989] Crim. L.R. 889;
Guardian, October 10, 1989CA (Crim Div)
R. v N (Andrew Robert)[2000] 1 Cr. App. R. 182; (2000) 164 J.P.
29; (2001) 165 J.P.N. 706; (1999) 96(34) L.S.G. 33; Times,
Septem-ber 7, 1999; Independent, November 8, 1999CA (Crim Div)
R. v Oakwell (Edward James)[1978] 1 W.L.R. 32; [1978] 1 All E.R.
1223; (1978) 66 Cr. App. R. 174; [1978] Crim. L.R. 168; (1978) 122
S.J.32CA (Crim Div)
R. (on the application of Aitchison) v Sheffield Crown
Court[2012] EWHC 2844 (Admin); Official TranscriptDC
R. v Hanratty (James) (Deceased)[2002] EWCA Crim 1141; [2002] 3
All E.R. 534; [2002] 2 Cr. App. R. 30; [2002] Crim. L.R. 650;
(2002)99(24) L.S.G. 34; (2002) 146 S.J.L.B. 136; Times, May 16,
2002; Daily Telegraph, May 16, 2002; OfficialTranscriptCA (Crim
Div)
R. v Chenia (Shokat)[2002] EWCA Crim 2345; [2004] 1 All E.R.
543; [2003] 2 Cr. App. R. 6; (2003) 100(1) L.S.G. 23;
Independent,November 7, 2002; Official TranscriptCA (Crim Div)
R. v McMillan (Samantha Maria)[2005] EWCA Crim 1774; Official
TranscriptCA (Crim Div)
R. v Hall (Geoffrey)[2011] EWCA Crim 159; Official TranscriptCA
(Crim Div)
R. v Blenkinsop (David Richard)
1976 WL 46419 Page 22[1977] Q.B. 224 [1976] 3 W.L.R. 445 [1976]
3 All E.R. 549 (1976) 63 Cr. App. R. 132 [1976] Crim. L.R.
565(1976) 120 S.J. 486 [1977] Q.B. 224 [1976] 3 W.L.R. 445 [1976] 3
All E.R. 549 (1976) 63 Cr. App. R. 132 [1976]Crim. L.R. 565 (1976)
120 S.J. 486
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[1995] 1 Cr. App. R. 7CA (Crim Div)
R. v Jones (Christopher Andrew)Official TranscriptCA (Crim
Div)
R. v Hussain (Aftab)UnreportedCA (Crim Div)
R. v Taylor (Michelle Ann)(1994) 98 Cr. App. R. 361; Times, June
15, 1993; Independent, June 15, 1993CA (Crim Div)
R. v Kamara (John)Official TranscriptCA (Crim Div)
R. v DT[2004] EWCA Crim 3282; Official TranscriptCA (Crim
Div)
R. v El-Hinnachi (Samir)[1998] 2 Cr. App. R. 226; [1998] Crim.
L.R. 881CA (Crim Div)
Roberts v Queen, The[2003] UKPC 1; Official TranscriptPC
(Trin)
R. v I[2007] EWCA Crim 923; [2007] 2 Cr. App. R. 24; (2007) 151
S.J.L.B. 160; Official TranscriptCA (Crim Div)
R. v Constantinou (Richard)(1990) 91 Cr. App. R. 74; (1989) 153
J.P. 619; [1989] Crim. L.R. 571; (1989) 153 J.P.N. 658CA (Crim
Div)
R. v Gall (Gerald)(1990) 90 Cr. App. R. 64; [1989] Crim. L.R.
745; Times, May 2, 1989CA (Crim Div)
R. v Hallam (Sam)[2012] EWCA Crim 1158; Official TranscriptCA
(Crim Div)
Eiley (Francis) v Queen, The
1976 WL 46419 Page 23[1977] Q.B. 224 [1976] 3 W.L.R. 445 [1976]
3 All E.R. 549 (1976) 63 Cr. App. R. 132 [1976] Crim. L.R.
565(1976) 120 S.J. 486 [1977] Q.B. 224 [1976] 3 W.L.R. 445 [1976] 3
All E.R. 549 (1976) 63 Cr. App. R. 132 [1976]Crim. L.R. 565 (1976)
120 S.J. 486
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[2009] UKPC 40; Official TranscriptPC (Bze)
R. v Sawoniuk (Anthony)[2000] 2 Cr. App. R. 220; [2000] Crim.
L.R. 506; Official TranscriptCA (Crim Div)
R. v Cohen (Marks)(1990) 91 Cr. App. R. 125CA (Crim Div)
R. v Walshe (Barry Robert)(1982) 74 Cr. App. R. 85CA (Crim
Div)
R. v Davis (Michael George) (No.3)[2001] 1 Cr. App. R. 8; [2000]
H.R.L.R. 527; [2000] U.K.H.R.R. 683; [2000] Crim. L.R. 1012; Times,
July 25,2000; Independent, July 20, 2000; Official TranscriptCA
(Crim Div)
R. v Weir (Aaron)[2013] NICA 3; Official TranscriptCA (NI)
R. v Collins (Jamie Lee)[2004] EWCA Crim 83; [2004] 1 W.L.R.
1705; [2004] 2 Cr. App. R. 11; (2004) 101(8) L.S.G. 29; Times,
Feb-ruary 5, 2004; Official TranscriptCA (Crim Div)
R. v Board of Visitors of Hull Prison Ex p. St Germain
(No.2)[1979] 1 W.L.R. 1401; [1979] 3 All E.R. 545; [1979] Crim.
L.R. 726; (1979) 123 S.J. 768QBD
R. v Rossborough (Paul Anthony)(1985) 81 Cr. App. R. 139; (1985)
149 J.P. 529; [1985] Crim. L.R. 372CA (Crim Div)
Pop v Queen, The[2003] UKPC 40; (2003) 147 S.J.L.B. 692;
Official TranscriptPC (Bze)
Sully v Morewood[2004] EWHC 1241 (QB); Official
TranscriptQBD
Tido v Queen, The[2011] UKPC 16; [2012] 1 W.L.R. 115; [2011] 2
Cr. App. R. 23; (2011) 175 J.P. 539; Official TranscriptPC
(Bah)
1976 WL 46419 Page 24[1977] Q.B. 224 [1976] 3 W.L.R. 445 [1976]
3 All E.R. 549 (1976) 63 Cr. App. R. 132 [1976] Crim. L.R.
565(1976) 120 S.J. 486 [1977] Q.B. 224 [1976] 3 W.L.R. 445 [1976] 3
All E.R. 549 (1976) 63 Cr. App. R. 132 [1976]Crim. L.R. 565 (1976)
120 S.J. 486
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Parker v Argentina[2013] EWHC 1107 (Admin); Official
TranscriptDC
R. v Freeman (Daniel Robert)[2008] EWCA Crim 1863; [2009] 1
W.L.R. 2723; [2009] 2 All E.R. 18; [2009] 1 Cr. App. R. 11; (2008)
172J.P. 529; [2009] Crim. L.R. 103; (2008) 172 J.P.N. 757; Official
TranscriptCA (Crim Div)
R. v Tyler (Patrick John)(1993) 96 Cr. App. R. 332; [1993] Crim.
L.R. 60; (1992) 156 J.P.N. 762; Times, October 7, 1992CA (Crim
Div)
R. v Barratt (Andrew Howard)Official TranscriptCA (Crim Div)
R. v Stock (Anthony)[2008] EWCA Crim 1862; [2009] Crim. L.R.
188; Official TranscriptCA (Crim Div)
Phipps v Director of Public Prosecutions[2012] UKPC 24; Official
TranscriptPC (Jam)
R. v Egal (Mustafa)[2004] EWCA Crim 1375; Official TranscriptCA
(Crim Div)
Murray (Philip) v DPP[2001] EWHC Admin 192; Official
TranscriptQBD (Admin)
R. v Richardson (Luke)[2012] EWCA Crim 639; Official
TranscriptCA (Crim Div)
R. v DJ[2005] EWCA Crim 64; Official TranscriptCA (Crim Div)
R. v Miah (Badrul)[1997] 2 Cr. App. R. 12; [1997] Crim. L.R.
351; Times, December 18, 1996CA (Crim Div)
R. v Caldwell (Paul)(1994) 99 Cr. App. R. 73; [1993] Crim. L.R.
862; Times, June 8, 1993CA (Crim Div)
1976 WL 46419 Page 25[1977] Q.B. 224 [1976] 3 W.L.R. 445 [1976]
3 All E.R. 549 (1976) 63 Cr. App. R. 132 [1976] Crim. L.R.
565(1976) 120 S.J. 486 [1977] Q.B. 224 [1976] 3 W.L.R. 445 [1976] 3
All E.R. 549 (1976) 63 Cr. App. R. 132 [1976]Crim. L.R. 565 (1976)
120 S.J. 486
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R. v Thompson (Robert Charles)[1982] Q.B. 647; [1982] 2 W.L.R.
603; [1982] 1 All E.R. 907; (1982) 74 Cr. App. R. 315; [1982] Crim.
L.R.303; (1982) 126 S.J. 206CA (Crim Div)
R. v G (Jason Stephen) (A Juvenile)Official TranscriptCA (Crim
Div)
Legislation cited
Criminal Appeal Act 1968 (c.19)
Journal Articles
R. v France: evidence - identification evidence - witness to
fatal shooting claiming to recognise gunmenDock identification,
Eyewitnesses, Identification parades, Jury directions, Murder,
Turnbull directions, VisualidentificationCrim. L.R. 2013, 3,
237-240
Biting backCriminal evidence, Dangerous dogs, Identification,
Turnbull directionsN.L.J. 2012, 162(7540), 1506
Turnbull turned turtleAdmissibility, Identification, PACE codes
of practice, Police, Turnbull directionsArch. Rev. 2011, 2, 5-6
The Privy Council and the Death Penalty in the Caribbean: A
study in constitutional changeCapital punishment, Death penalty,
Due process, Prerogative of mercy, Privy Council, Right to life
Pre-trial defence rights and the fair use of eyewitness
identification proceduresIdentification, PACE codes of practice,
Right to fair trialM.L.R. 2008, 71(3), 331-357
An examination of criminal jury directions in relation to
eyewitness identification in Commonwealth
jur-isdictionsCommonwealth, Comparative law, Jury directions,
Turnbull directions, Visual identificationC.L.W.R. 2007, 36(4),
303-336
Picture of innocenceAcquittals, Presumption of innocenceN.L.J.
2007, 157(7284), 1111-1112
Identification - importance of full force of Turnbull
direction.Identification parades, Jury directions, Majority
verdicts, Turnbull directionsArch. News 2004, 10, 2
1976 WL 46419 Page 26[1977] Q.B. 224 [1976] 3 W.L.R. 445 [1976]
3 All E.R. 549 (1976) 63 Cr. App. R. 132 [1976] Crim. L.R.
565(1976) 120 S.J. 486 [1977] Q.B. 224 [1976] 3 W.L.R. 445 [1976] 3
All E.R. 549 (1976) 63 Cr. App. R. 132 [1976]Crim. L.R. 565 (1976)
120 S.J. 486
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Identification - importance of full force of Turnbull
directionIdentification parades, Jury directions, Majority
verdicts, Turnbull directionsArch. News 2004, 10, 2
Admissibility of identification evidence in absence of
identification paradeIdentification parades, Summing up, Turnbull
directionsPol. J. 2004, 77(3), 268-272
Identification evidence: street identification procedures and
PACE Code D - quality of identification evid-ence
Identification, PACE codes of practice, WitnessesJ. Crim. L.
2004, 68(1), 27-30
Identification: failure to hold a parade and to provide proper
jury warningsIdentification, Jury directions, MurderJ. Crim. L.
2003, 67(6), 476-479
Identification: Turnbull directionIdentification parades,
Summing up, Turnbull directionsJ. Crim. L. 2003, 67(5), 385-387
Questions of "who was there?" and "who did what?": the
application of Code D in cases of dispute as toparticipation but
not presenceCriminal evidence, Eyewitnesses, Identification
parades, PACE codes of practiceCrim. L.R. 2003, Oct, 709-716
In the dock - an overview of the decisions of the High Court on
dock identifications in the magistrates'courtAdmissibility,
Criminal evidence, Identification, Indictable offences, Magistrates
courts, PACE codes of prac-tice, Summary offencesCrim. L.R. 2003,
Jul, 463-467
Identification: requirement for Forbes directionEyewitnesses,
Identification parades, Jury directionsJ. Crim. L. 2003, 67(2),
115-117
Bearing false witness?Criminal evidence, Eyewitnesses,
Identification, Jury directionsJ.P. 2001, 135(37), 726-727
Identification.Criminal evidence, Identification, Jamaica, Jury
trialS.J. 1993, 137(43), 1124
Books
Phipson on Evidence 17th Ed.Chapter: Chapter 11 - Rules of
Evidence Relating to the Course of a Trial: General
1976 WL 46419 Page 27[1977] Q.B. 224 [1976] 3 W.L.R. 445 [1976]
3 All E.R. 549 (1976) 63 Cr. App. R. 132 [1976] Crim. L.R.
565(1976) 120 S.J. 486 [1977] Q.B. 224 [1976] 3 W.L.R. 445 [1976] 3
All E.R. 549 (1976) 63 Cr. App. R. 132 [1976]Crim. L.R. 565 (1976)
120 S.J. 486
2013 Thomson Reuters.
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Documents: Sub-section (51) - Evidence after verdict: Newton
hearings
Phipson on Evidence 17th Ed.Chapter: Chapter 15 -
IdentificationDocuments: Sub-section (b) - The form of the Turnbull
direction
Archbold Criminal Pleading Evidence and Practice 2013
Ed.Chapter: Chapter 14 - Evidence of IdentificationDocuments: 14-65
Recognition by a witness
Phipson on Evidence 17th Ed. Incorporating Second
SupplementChapter: Chapter 30 - Hearsay in Criminal
ProceedingsDocuments: Section 17 - Hearsay and the European
Convention on Human Rights
Current Sentencing Practice from Sweet and MaxwellChapter: Part
L - ProcedureDocuments: L2-2F - If a sentencer hears evidence after
conviction to determine an issue of fact which is in dis-pute
between the prosecution and the defendant, he should decide the
issue in the same manner as a jury decid-ing the issue of guilt or
innocence
Phipson on Evidence 17th Ed.Chapter: Chapter 15 -
IdentificationDocuments: Sub-section (ii) - Excluding
identification evidence under Police and Criminal Evidence Act
1984section 78
Phipson on Evidence 17th Ed. Incorporating Second
SupplementChapter: Chapter 15 - IdentificationDocuments:
Sub-section (iii) - Cases where the accused admits being at the
scene
Phipson on Evidence 17th Ed.Chapter: Chapter 15 -
IdentificationDocuments: Sub-section (a) - General principle
Wilkinson's Road Traffic Offences 25th Ed. Second
SupplementChapter: Chapter 3 - EvidenceDocuments: Chapter 3 -
Evidence
Phipson on Evidence 17th Ed.Chapter: Chapter 15 -
IdentificationDocuments: Sub-section (i) - Withdrawing the case
from the jury
Phipson on Evidence 17th Ed. Incorporating Second
SupplementChapter: Chapter 15 - IdentificationDocuments:
Sub-section (c) - Supporting evidence
Phipson on Evidence 17th Ed. Incorporating Second
SupplementChapter: Chapter 15 - IdentificationDocuments:
Sub-section (a) - General principle
1976 WL 46419 Page 28[1977] Q.B. 224 [1976] 3 W.L.R. 445 [1976]
3 All E.R. 549 (1976) 63 Cr. App. R. 132 [1976] Crim. L.R.
565(1976) 120 S.J. 486 [1977] Q.B. 224 [1976] 3 W.L.R. 445 [1976] 3
All E.R. 549 (1976) 63 Cr. App. R. 132 [1976]Crim. L.R. 565 (1976)
120 S.J. 486
2013 Thomson Reuters.
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Phipson on Evidence 17th Ed. Incorporating Second
SupplementChapter: Chapter 11 - Rules of Evidence Relating to the
Course of a Trial: GeneralDocuments: Sub-section (38) - Submission
of no case: test to be applied
Archbold Criminal Pleading Evidence and Practice 2013
Ed.Chapter: Chapter 14 - Evidence of IdentificationDocuments: 14-38
Identification by continuity of presence
Archbold Criminal Pleading Evidence and Practice 2013
Ed.Chapter: Chapter 14 - Evidence of IdentificationDocuments: 14-33
Identification by police officers
Archbold Criminal Pleading Evidence and Practice 2013
Ed.Chapter: Chapter 14 - Evidence of IdentificationDocuments: 14-22
Identification of strangers and recognition
Archbold Criminal Pleading Evidence and Practice 2013
Ed.Chapter: Chapter 14 - Evidence of IdentificationDocuments:
14-2
Archbold Criminal Pleading Evidence and Practice 2013
Ed.Chapter: Chapter 14 - Evidence of IdentificationDocuments: 14-18
Minor identification problems
Phipson on Evidence 17th Ed. Incorporating Second
SupplementChapter: Chapter 15 - IdentificationDocuments:
Sub-section (i) - Withdrawing the case from the jury
Phipson on Evidence 17th Ed. Incorporating Second
SupplementChapter: Chapter 11 - Rules of Evidence Relating to the
Course of a Trial: GeneralDocuments: Sub-section (51) - Evidence
after verdict: Newton hearings
Phipson on Evidence 17th Ed. Second SupplementChapter: Chapter
30 - Hearsay in Criminal ProceedingsDocuments: Section 17 - Hearsay
and the European Convention on Human Rights
Archbold Criminal Pleading Evidence and Practice 2013
Ed.Chapter: Chapter 7 - Criminal AppealDocuments: 7-55
Misdirection
Archbold Criminal Pleading Evidence and Practice 2013
Ed.Chapter: Chapter 14 - Evidence of IdentificationDocuments: 14-34
Identification of companions
Archbold Criminal Pleading Evidence and Practice 2013
Ed.Chapter: Chapter 14 - Evidence of IdentificationDocuments:
14-1
1976 WL 46419 Page 29[1977] Q.B. 224 [1976] 3 W.L.R. 445 [1976]
3 All E.R. 549 (1976) 63 Cr. App. R. 132 [1976] Crim. L.R.
565(1976) 120 S.J. 486 [1977] Q.B. 224 [1976] 3 W.L.R. 445 [1976] 3
All E.R. 549 (1976) 63 Cr. App. R. 132 [1976]Crim. L.R. 565 (1976)
120 S.J. 486
2013 Thomson Reuters.
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Phipson on Evidence 17th Ed.Chapter: Chapter 15 -
IdentificationDocuments: Section 3 - Directions on Visual
Identification Evidence
Phipson on Evidence 17th Ed. Incorporating Second
SupplementChapter: Chapter 15 - IdentificationDocuments:
Sub-section (ii) - Excluding identification evidence under Police
and Criminal Evidence Act 1984section 78
Phipson on Evidence 17th Ed. Incorporating Second
SupplementChapter: Chapter 15 - IdentificationDocuments:
Sub-section (b) - The form of the Turnbull direction
Archbold Criminal Pleading Evidence and Practice 2013
Ed.Chapter: Chapter 14 - Evidence of IdentificationDocuments:
14-14
Archbold Criminal Pleading Evidence and Practice 2013
Ed.Chapter: Chapter 14 - Evidence of IdentificationDocuments: 14-74
Directing the jury
Archbold Criminal Pleading Evidence and Practice 2013
Ed.Chapter: Chapter 14 - Evidence of IdentificationDocuments:
14-19
Archbold Criminal Pleading Evidence and Practice 2013
Ed.Chapter: Chapter 14 - Evidence of IdentificationDocuments: 14-17
Issue as to veracity
Wilkinson's Road Traffic Offences 25th Ed.Chapter: Chapter 3 -
EvidenceDocuments: Chapter 3 - Evidence
Phipson on Evidence 17th Ed.Chapter: Chapter 11 - Rules of
Evidence Relating to the Course of a Trial: GeneralDocuments:
Sub-section (38) - Submission of no case: test to be applied
Archbold Criminal Pleading Evidence and Practice 2013
Ed.Chapter: Chapter 5 - Sentences and Orders on
ConvictionDocuments: 5-99 Resolution of disputed issues
Phipson on Evidence 17th Ed.Chapter: Chapter 15 -
IdentificationDocuments: Sub-section (a) - Turnbull warnings
Phipson on Evidence 17th Ed.Chapter: Chapter 15 -
IdentificationDocuments: Sub-section (ii) - False alibis
1976 WL 46419 Page 30[1977] Q.B. 224 [1976] 3 W.L.R. 445 [1976]
3 All E.R. 549 (1976) 63 Cr. App. R. 132 [1976] Crim. L.R.
565(1976) 120 S.J. 486 [1977] Q.B. 224 [1976] 3 W.L.R. 445 [1976] 3
All E.R. 549 (1976) 63 Cr. App. R. 132 [1976]Crim. L.R. 565 (1976)
120 S.J. 486
2013 Thomson Reuters.
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Phipson on Evidence 17th Ed. Incorporating Second
SupplementChapter: Chapter 15 - IdentificationDocuments: Section 3
- Directions on Visual Identification Evidence
Phipson on Evidence 17th Ed. Incorporating Second
SupplementChapter: Chapter 15 - IdentificationDocuments:
Sub-section (a) - Turnbull warnings
Archbold Criminal Pleading Evidence and Practice 2013
Ed.Chapter: Chapter 4 - TrialDocuments: 4-480
Archbold Criminal Pleading Evidence and Practice 2013
Ed.Chapter: Chapter 14 - Evidence of IdentificationDocuments: 14-71
Introduction
Archbold Criminal Pleading Evidence and Practice 2013
Ed.Chapter: Chapter 14 - Evidence of IdentificationDocuments: 14-32
Evidence incapable of supporting the identification
Archbold Criminal Pleading Evidence and Practice 2013
Ed.Chapter: Chapter 14 - Evidence of IdentificationDocuments: 14-25
Evidence capable of supporting the identification
Archbold Criminal Pleading Evidence and Practice 2013
Ed.Chapter: Chapter 4 - TrialDocuments: 4-481
Archbold Criminal Pleading Evidence and Practice 2013
Ed.Chapter: Chapter 14 - Evidence of IdentificationDocuments: 14-35
Identification of motor cars
Renton and Brown Criminal Procedure Legislation from W Green
& Son LtdChapter: Division C - Practice NotesDocuments:
Introduction and General Note: C1-01 to C1-55
Phipson on Evidence 17th Ed.Chapter: Chapter 15 -
IdentificationDocuments: Sub-section (iii) - Cases where the
accused admits being at the scene
Archbold Criminal Pleading Evidence and Practice 2013
Ed.Chapter: Chapter 14 - Evidence of IdentificationDocuments: 14-16
Issue as to honest mistake
Archbold Criminal Pleading Evidence and Practice 2013
Ed.Chapter: Chapter 11 - Hearsay EvidenceDocuments: 11-45 Criminal
Justice Act 2003, s.125
1976 WL 46419 Page 31[1977] Q.B. 224 [1976] 3 W.L.R. 445 [1976]
3 All E.R. 549 (1976) 63 Cr. App. R. 132 [1976] Crim. L.R.
565(1976) 120 S.J. 486 [1977] Q.B. 224 [1976] 3 W.L.R. 445 [1976] 3
All E.R. 549 (1976) 63 Cr. App. R. 132 [1976]Crim. L.R. 565 (1976)
120 S.J. 486
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Archbold Criminal Pleading Evidence and Practice 2013
Ed.Chapter: Chapter 14 - Evidence of IdentificationDocuments: 14-24
Identifying specific weaknesses in the evidence
Phipson on Evidence 17th Ed.Chapter: Chapter 15 -
IdentificationDocuments: Sub-section (c) - Supporting evidence
Phipson on Evidence 17th Ed. Incorporating Second
SupplementChapter: Chapter 15 - IdentificationDocuments:
Sub-section (ii) - False alibis
Phipson on Evidence 17th Ed. Incorporating Second
SupplementChapter: Chapter 15 - IdentificationDocuments:
Sub-section (ii) - Cases where the defence alleges fabrication
Archbold Criminal Pleading Evidence and Practice 2013
Ed.Chapter: Chapter 14 - Evidence of IdentificationDocuments:
14-70
Archbold Criminal Pleading Evidence and Practice 2013
Ed.Chapter: Chapter 14 - Evidence of IdentificationDocuments: 14-21
The need for special caution and the reason for such need
END OF DOCUMENT
1976 WL 46419 Page 32[1977] Q.B. 224 [1976] 3 W.L.R. 445 [1976]
3 All E.R. 549 (1976) 63 Cr. App. R. 132 [1976] Crim. L.R.
565(1976) 120 S.J. 486 [1977] Q.B. 224 [1976] 3 W.L.R. 445 [1976] 3
All E.R. 549 (1976) 63 Cr. App. R. 132 [1976]Crim. L.R. 565 (1976)
120 S.J. 486
2013 Thomson Reuters.