Farming for Fruit Quality and Health Preston Andrews Horticultural Science Neal Davies Pharmaceutical Science John Reganold Soil Science Fruit quality Depends on stakeholder fruit growers graders/processors marketers consumers Scientists - specific quantifiable measures priorities of consumers, growers, grading and processing enterprises, wholesale & retail marketers Definition of fruit quality • The standards of excellence of a product that distinguishes it as superior • Composite of attributes on-farm productivity fruit maturity - “ripeness” storage capacity - “keeping quality” & “shelf-life” sensuous nutritious disease prevention safe Does Organic Production Enhance Phytochemical Content of Fruit and Vegetables? Zhao et al., HortTechnology 16:449, 2006 “The evidence overall seems in favor of enhancement of phytochemical content in organically grown produce, but there has been little systematic study of the factors that may contribute to increased phytochemical content in organic crops. It remains to be seen whether consistent differences will be found, and the extent to which biotic and abiotic stresses, and … soil biology contribute to those differences. Problems associated with most studies tend to weaken the validity of comparisons.” Farm System - Fruit Quality Criteria Vertically oriented, quality attribute extensive studies with: matched soil, microclimate & crop variety alternatives in distribution system for storage, processing, transport & marketing consumer handling & preparation • Crop quality • Soil quality • Farm profitability • Environmental risks of agrochemicals • Energy efficiency Apple orchard productivity and fruit quality under organic, conventional, and integrated management GM Peck, PK Andrews, JP Reganold & JK Fellman HortScience 41:99, 2006 Sustainability of three apple production systems JP Reganold, JD Glover, PK Andrews & HR Hinman Nature 410: 926, 2001
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Farming for Fruit Quality and Health
Preston AndrewsHorticultural Science
Neal DaviesPharmaceutical Science
John ReganoldSoil Science
Fruit qualityDepends on stakeholder
fruit growersgraders/processorsmarketersconsumers
Scientists - specific quantifiable measures priorities of consumers, growers, grading and processing enterprises, wholesale & retail marketers
Definition of fruit quality• The standards of excellence of a product that
distinguishes it as superior• Composite of attributes
Does Organic Production Enhance Phytochemical Content of Fruit and Vegetables?Zhao et al., HortTechnology 16:449, 2006“The evidence overall seems in favor of enhancement of
phytochemical content in organically grown produce, but there has been little systematic study of the factors that may contribute to increased phytochemical content in organic crops. It remains to be seen whether consistent differences will be found, and the extent to which biotic and abiotic stresses, and … soil biology contribute to those differences. Problems associated with most studies tend to weaken the validity of comparisons.”
matched soil, microclimate & crop varietyalternatives in distribution system for storage, processing, transport & marketingconsumer handling & preparation
• Crop quality• Soil quality• Farm profitability• Environmental risks of agrochemicals• Energy efficiency
Apple orchard productivity and fruit quality under organic, conventional, and integrated managementGM Peck, PK Andrews, JP Reganold & JK FellmanHortScience 41:99, 2006
Sustainability of three appleproduction systemsJP Reganold, JD Glover, PK Andrews & HR HinmanNature 410: 926, 2001
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Apple study• Yakima County,
Washington• Replicated, on-farm
ORG, CON, INT• Soil & topography
identical• Cultivars
‘Golden Delicious’‘Gala’
• Grower/scientist managed
Crop yield
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
CON ORG
Yiel
d (M
g/ha
) 2003200219991998199719961995
Reganold et al., Nature (2001) & Peck et al., HortScience (2006)
NS
Fruit weight
0255075
100125150175200225250
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2002 2003
Mea
n w
eigh
t (g)
CON ORGNS
NS NS
**
* *
*p < 0.05
Reganold et al., Nature (2001) & Peck et al., HortScience (2006)
Reganold et al., Nature (2001) & Peck et al., HortScience (2006)
Antioxidant activity
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Harvest 3-month CA
Trol
ox e
quiv
alen
ts ( µ
mol
/g F
W) CON ORG
NS p < 0.05
Peck et al., HortScience (2006)
Skin 5X concentration of flesh
Quercetin
01020304050607080
Harvest 3-month CA
Tota
l que
rcet
in (m
g/10
0g F
W) CON ORG
NS
p < 0.05
Unpublished
Skin 4X concentration of flesh
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“Researchers at Minnesota's Mayo Clinic report that quercetin, … found most abundantly in apples, may provide a new method for preventing or treating prostate cancer.” Carcinogenesis 22:409, 2001“Researchers at the University of Hawaii found that increased consumption of quercetin was associated with a reduced risk of lung cancer.” J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 92:154, 2000
• chiral flavanone with R and S enantiomers• citrus, tomato, apple, cherry• anti-oxidant, -cancer, -mutagenic properties• glycoside and aglycone forms of enantiomers
have different bio-availabilities and bio-activities
Naringin (glycoside) Naringenin (aglycone)
**
Evaluating polyphenolics• chiral separation by
high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)
• measure multiple polyphenoliccompounds and any enantiomers
• evaluate anti-cancer, anti-inflamation, and anti-hyperlipidermia of pure compounds and fruit extracts
Hypothesis:phytochemicals are “diluted” in conventional systems because of excess growth caused by too readily available nitrogen and/or selection of varieties for large fruits with high yields
small-, medium- and large-fruited tomato varieties grown under ORG or CON soil fertilitymonitor soil fertility/biology, measure growth, cell size and phytochemical “density,” assess anti-cancer activity
Current research
Acknowledgements• Funding
CSNARThe Organic CenterUSDAWashington Tree Fruit Research CommissionOrganic Farming Research Foundation
Grad studentsJaime YañezKarina Vega-VillaJennifer ReeveGreg PeckJerry GloverJeffrey Clark