Quml new migarant communities 15092010

Understanding New Migrant Communities

Dr Berhanu Kassayie

Objective

Demystifying the concept ‘migrant’ and migration

Examining trends and characteristics of migration

Exploring evolution in the policy and regulatory framework as well as the impact of migration

Discussion outline

1. Migration, concept and London’s new communities

2. Trends

3. Evolution in policy

4. Migration and its impact

Migration: concept

Who would be counted as a migrant? Asylum seeker Refugee Overseas student A US citizen residing in the UK EU citizen in the UK Commonwealth citizen in the UK Work permit holder Tourist A person on business A child born outside UK

Migration: concept Movement of people resulting in the change of the place of abode by anindividual.

The concept relates to space and time:

1- Space as a usual place of residence, ‘home’ and socially & politically defined in terms of nationality, citizenship , etc.

2-Time related to permanency of dwellings determined by institutionally defined time threshold and associated institutionally classified reason for staying

Migration: concept....In mainstream statistics what mattersfor International Migration is duration of stay in or away from the country permanent residence.

The reality of counting/ census .......1. declaration in country of departure and

arrival 2. declaration only in country of arrival 3 declaration only in country of departure 4. no declaration

Migration- broader context Contradictory context for immigration and

emigration: Emigration internationally recognised

human right but not immigration. 2nd art. of the Universal declarationof Human Rights of 1948

Industrialised countries- as opposed to emigration, immigration is controlled & restricted Netherlands- immigrant after 120 days ,

emigrant after 240 days United Nations 1953- at least 1 year both for

immigrant and emigrant, same for UK

Migration and the UK Premise:

Migration is a historical and permanent

feature of the UK and its specific Characteristics, impact and the challenges it poses to society are dynamic.

.......???

Migration and the UK

No %

British 75 13

EU 197 34

Common Wealth 175 30

Other foreign 131 23

Total 577 100

Gross Inflow by citizenship 2007 000’

British Non-British Total

Gross Immigration

902,000 3,688,000 4,590,000

Gross Emigration

1,521,000 1,450,000 2,971,000

Net immigration

-619,000 +2, 238,000 +1,619,000

Total Migration UK 1997-2006

Migration and the UK Trends on migration

Declining refugee protection Growing economic migration Increased irregularisation of immigrants

UK International Migration 1991-2005

2005: Refugees in Africa 2,571,000, UNHCR

Nature of contemporary migration- 2

Trends in immigration

2004 2005 Change

A8 citizens migrating long-term 52,000 80,000 +54%

Total Asylum Application 33,960 25,710 -25%

More UK example

565,000 arrive to settled in the UK in 2005 375,000 eastern European Registered workers 2004 – 2006 Roughly 310,000 to 570,000 Undocumented migrants 2006

In the mean time in 2005:

380,000 people left UK to leave abroad

EU Enlargement in 2007: No Warm Welcome for Labour Migrants

Refugees: myth and reality 2005

World refugee population * 9, 167, 900 Region Refugees Asylum seekers Total

Africa 33 33 33 Asia 39 12 36 Europe 21 29 21 Latin America & Caribbean 0 1 1 Northern America 6 25 8 Oceania 1 0 1 Total 100 100 100

Germany 0.9 0.1 0.8

United Kingdom 0.3 0.9 0.3

Refugees: myth and reality

-20.0%

-15.0%

-10.0%

-5.0%

0.0%

5.0%

10.0%

1997-1998

1998-1999

1999-2000

2000-2001

2001-2002

2002-2003

2003-2004

2004-2005

Refugees Asylum seekers

Refugees: myth and reality- England

Population 49.1m. Economically inactive 29% or 14.2mPopulation support ratio 2.2:1

Asylum seekers 59,000 Potential refugee settlement demand :

0.1% of population 0.001 person / 1000 citizens.

Getting population support ratio close to the 3:1 would mean: 95,000 inward migration for the next 20

years The deficit in 2001 amounted 35,500

Refugees: myth and reality- England Estimate based on 30% success rate:

Potential refugee settlement:

0.5% population or 0.05 refugees / 1000 citizens.

Economic implications:0.03% rise in unemployment0.007% decline in unfilled vacant

positions 0.001% rise in BME population 0.9 Vacant housing per homeless

person including refugees.

Migration impact UK Migrants make a positive contribution to the UK

The net effect .....

UK born

Foreign born

Net contribution to exchequer 2001/02

-£222 +£331

Net cost the exchequer 2003/04

£892 £74

Migration impact UK

Migration and the UK Public Services Majority of migrants use relatively fewer

public services than indigenous households

Inter-community relationship Social cohesion within London has

generally remained strong, but there are pockets

Migration and the UK Housing Effects Migrants form fewer households than their

indigenous counterparts, hence consume less

house and live disproportionately in private rented sector

Long-term impact depend on income and churn

Migrants and foreign investors pressure on house prices

Eligible for social housing varies and changes, is a factor for tension

Migration and London Historically founded by migrants from Italy A multi-cultural world city Cosmopolitan

residents from 147 countries (2001 census) Dynamic hyper diversity

Migration and London

Dynamic hyper diversity but with somepredominant groups, not necessarily thosefeaturing in mainstream discourse

The trend for inward migration is upwards but this should be factored into London’s place within the UK and worldwide

Migration and London

Migrant labour market participation is not uniform ....

Migration and London

Qualitative impact : diversity, flexibility, international experience and skill setsQuantitative contribution: expanding labour supply, enabling employment growth, reducing upward wage pressure

Migration and London

London- migration impact London’s Population Change: + 800,000

people in 20 years since 1998, total 2 millEconomic and Labour Market- High net inward migration in the working

age range employment rates & earnings of migrants

are lower than comparable Londoners. downward pressure on wages at the bottom

end of market encouraging job growth employment and skill potential of migrants

underused

London- migration impact

The income differential ...

Changing times: forces & factors Historically, the law of uneven development across regions and nations is the primary driver of migration throughout the world.

Dynamics since 1990 Rapid globalisation

The end of the cold war

Dynamics of Western nations

September 11

Rapid globalisation

Disproportionate distribution of advancement and widening gap in opportunities

Enhanced flow of capital and goods but restricted movement of labour

The world has become a global village Broader implication to society

Transnational economy, culture Persistent nationalistic

institution

Changing times: forces & factors

Changing times: forces & factors

The collapse of the Soviet system - ‘end of history’

Capitalist transformation Re-emergence of

‘Nationalism ‘New nations’ and new conflicts

New migration from ‘non-traditional’ regions

Increased conflict and immigration from Third World

The end of the cold war

Changing times: forces & factors

Race in ‘globalisation’ Aging population

Increased demand for inward migration

Rise in right wing politics

EU enlargement

Dynamics of Western nations

September 11

Changing times: forces & factors

“... there was a time, not very long ago at all, when North African diplomats called Britain “Europe’s terrorist heaven” and itsCapital “Londonistan”. Hundreds of veterans of jihad struggles in Afghanistan and North Africa settled in Britain. Whereelse could terrorists Receive housing, unemployment benefit and legal protectionjust by applying for asylum?”

The Economist January 2002Increasing appeal for right-wingpolitics‘Security-led’ immigration policy

anddiscourse

Changing perspective: A quest to redefine the fundamentals?

The UN 1951 Convention Exclusion clause

Deterrence led restrictive policy focusIncreasingly restricted means of entryOff-shore processing in transit centresEthnic profiling, Detention, electronic monitoring, restricted rights, dispersalRediscovering resettlement

Discourse and emerging policy framework

Managed migration The social cohesion agenda:

A move away from multiculturalism Destitution in material welfare Integration a governance challenge of community relation

A human right or positive-contribution argument for immigration?

Does this mean changes in globally and in receiving countries are making refugees ‘visible’ migrants we can do without?

Discourse and emerging policy framework

The debate to be had:

The right for protraction

Citizenship, culture- dynamic?

Immigration control, governance and integration

Discourse and emerging policy framework

A nebulous concept shaped by ideological, political and socio-historical factors

A mutual adaptation process focusing on overcoming the differential disadvantage of refugees.

Integration the concept

Approach

Legal and Political domain

Cultural domain

Social and economic

domain

Individual Individual

rightsLiberal Pluralism

Equal Opportunity

Group

Group rights

Multi-culturalism

Equity / Affirmative

action

Integration- approaches

Historical roots

Dissociation of asylum from integration

Integration policy: Assimilation / multiculturalism

Community/ social cohesionLaissez fare / corporatistThe social cohesion agenda and citizenship

Deterrence led policy

Integration- policy framework

The broad picture: ‘Fear of the unknown’ Perceived/ real pressure on resources and opportunities Socio cultural diversity

How do these translate into immigrant settlement

& integration? Symbolic or cultural integration

Normative cultural homogeneity Notions of ‘majority’ and ‘minority’

Functional- Social and civic integrationResidential IntegrationLinguistic IntegrationLabour Market Integration Educational Integration Civic/Political Integration

Link to Identity & Nationality

Challenges to identity and nationality

For Immigrants

As individuals: Refugees Migrant workers Undocumented

As social groupsIntegration policy and support framework

Interaction with receiving community Length of stay in receiving country

Size of own community

Connection with origin country

Generation

Stage in immigration process

Motive for immigration

Knowledge and skills

Nature of settlement support

Connection with origin country

Challenges to identity and nationality

As individualsValues and perception of identity Experience with migrantsSocio-economic background

As social groupsTraditions of in-ward migrationSocio-economic background, cycleSocio-political orientationNational policy and media

For receiving communities

Challenges to identity and nationality

Possible issues dominating discourse in the coming years:1) What values & approach to migration? Management of destitution and disadvantage Human rights and social justice2) What should the focus of Service delivery for migrant communities be? Ameliorating obstacles

Community led holistic integration

Thank you

Looking forward...