Quiz (take out a sheet of paper) 1. What are the 3 parts that make up a nucleotide? 2. Name the 4 bases (Letters are fine). Show which bases bind with.

Quiz (take out a sheet of Quiz (take out a sheet of paper)paper)

1.1. What are the 3 parts that make up a What are the 3 parts that make up a nucleotide?nucleotide?

2.2. Name the 4 bases (Letters are fine). Name the 4 bases (Letters are fine). Show which bases bind with each otherShow which bases bind with each other

3.3. What is the name of the enzyme that What is the name of the enzyme that unzips DNA during replication?unzips DNA during replication?

► BONUSBONUS• Early scientists designed experiments to Early scientists designed experiments to

test if ______ or ______ caused test if ______ or ______ caused transformation.transformation.

► RNA and RNA and TranscriptionTranscriptionA.A. Central Dogma of Molecular Central Dogma of Molecular

BiologyBiology

B.B. The Structure of RNAThe Structure of RNA

C.C. TranscriptionTranscription

D.D.Types of RNATypes of RNA

E.E. Role of DNA and RNARole of DNA and RNA

Presentation outlinePresentation outline

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Purpose of DNAPurpose of DNA

► DNA holds the genetic information.DNA holds the genetic information. A blueprint for the cellA blueprint for the cell It tells the cell what to buildIt tells the cell what to build

► The purpose of DNAThe purpose of DNA DNA codes for the proteins that make up an DNA codes for the proteins that make up an

organismorganism

► The other day we talked about replicating The other day we talked about replicating (copying) DNA(copying) DNA

► Today, we talk about the steps to make Today, we talk about the steps to make proteins (building materials) from DNAproteins (building materials) from DNA

Central Dogma of Molecular Central Dogma of Molecular BiologyBiology

1.1. DNADNA

2.2. RNARNA

3.3. ProteinProtein

But how does DNA store the But how does DNA store the info?info?

►DNA is made up of nucleotidesDNA is made up of nucleotides►Nucleotides consist of:Nucleotides consist of:

A phosphateA phosphate A sugar (deoxyribose)A sugar (deoxyribose) A base (A,T,C,G)A base (A,T,C,G)

►How could DNA code for a protein?How could DNA code for a protein?►Let’s look at the structure of DNA Let’s look at the structure of DNA

again!again!

Hydrogen bonds

Nucleotide

Sugar-phosphate backbone

Key

Adenine (A)

Thymine (T)

Cytosine (C)

Guanine (G)

Structure of DNA

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The sequence of basesThe sequence of bases

►The varying sequence of bases is like a The varying sequence of bases is like a codecode

►You can compare it to the alphabet and You can compare it to the alphabet and wordswords

►For example, we have 26 letters in the For example, we have 26 letters in the alphabet. If you combine the letters alphabet. If you combine the letters into certain sequences you can get a into certain sequences you can get a word with a meaningword with a meaning Uoy rea unfnyUoy rea unfny You are funnyYou are funny

The sequence of basesThe sequence of bases

►The same thing can be said about DNAThe same thing can be said about DNA►The sequence (order) of bases The sequence (order) of bases

determine the type of protein determine the type of protein producedproduced ACTTCGATCGGTCAGTCAGTCAGTTACGATACTTCGATCGGTCAGTCAGTCAGTTACGAT Black colored hairBlack colored hair

Information, PleaseInformation, Please

►DNA contains the information that a cell DNA contains the information that a cell needs to carry out all of its functions. In a needs to carry out all of its functions. In a way, DNA is like the cell’s encyclopedia. way, DNA is like the cell’s encyclopedia. Suppose that you go to the library to do Suppose that you go to the library to do research for a science project. You find research for a science project. You find the information in an encyclopedia. You the information in an encyclopedia. You go to the desk to sign out the book, but go to the desk to sign out the book, but the librarian informs you that this book is the librarian informs you that this book is for reference only and may not be taken for reference only and may not be taken out.out.

Information, PleaseInformation, Please

►Why do you think the library holds Why do you think the library holds some books for reference only?some books for reference only?

► If you can’t borrow a book, how can you If you can’t borrow a book, how can you take home the information in it?take home the information in it?

►All of the parts of a cell are controlled All of the parts of a cell are controlled by the information in DNA, yet DNA by the information in DNA, yet DNA does not leave the nucleus. How do you does not leave the nucleus. How do you think the information in DNA might get think the information in DNA might get from the nucleus to the rest of the cell?from the nucleus to the rest of the cell?

RNADNA

RNApolymerase

Transcription

Adenine (DNA and RNA)Cystosine (DNA and RNA)Guanine(DNA and RNA)Thymine (DNA only)Uracil (RNA only)

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TranscriptionTranscription

► DNA cannot exit DNA cannot exit outside of the outside of the nucleusnucleus

► Instead a copy Instead a copy (message) must (message) must be made so it can be made so it can be sent outbe sent out

► RNA polymeraseRNA polymerase copies the DNA copies the DNA into RNA into RNA (message)(message)

► NOTICE: NO “T” in NOTICE: NO “T” in RNA sequenceRNA sequence

Structural differences between Structural differences between DNA and RNADNA and RNA

► DNADNA Double strandedDouble stranded SugarSugar

► deoxyribosedeoxyribose

Consists of basesConsists of bases► A,T,C,GA,T,C,G

Located in the Located in the nucleusnucleus

► RNARNA Single strandedSingle stranded SugarSugar

► riboseribose

Consists of basesConsists of bases► A,U,C,GA,U,C,G

Can exit the nucleus Can exit the nucleus into the cytoplasm of into the cytoplasm of the cellthe cell

from to to make up

Different types of RNA

also called which functions to also called also called which functions towhich functions to

can be

RNA

Messenger RNA Ribosomal RNA Transfer RNA

mRNA Carry instructions rRNACombine

with proteins tRNABring

amino acids toribosome

DNA Ribosome Ribosomes

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The Genetic Code

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Review Review

1.1. DNA to DNA - Purpose of DNA replicationDNA to DNA - Purpose of DNA replication To make copies of the DNA for cell divisionTo make copies of the DNA for cell division

2.2. DNA to RNA – Purpose of transcriptionDNA to RNA – Purpose of transcription To make a copy of the blueprint that codes To make a copy of the blueprint that codes

for the amino acids (proteins)for the amino acids (proteins)

3.3. RNA to protein – Purpose of RNA to protein – Purpose of translation???translation???

2 day Classwork (worth 40 2 day Classwork (worth 40 points)points)

► Create one an informational poster that Create one an informational poster that shows how transcription and translation workshows how transcription and translation work

► One side or one halfOne side or one half TranscriptionTranscription

► Other side or other halfOther side or other half TranslationTranslation

► Must be in color and provide original Must be in color and provide original diagramsdiagrams

► No more than 4 in a groupNo more than 4 in a group

HomeworkHomework

►Create a cartoon of Create a cartoon of transcriptiontranscription Use at least an 8 panel cartoon to show Use at least an 8 panel cartoon to show

how transcription works.how transcription works. Be creativeBe creative