QUIZ 1, PARTS 1 & 2 Open Wednesday 23 Sept! The quiz will be open for 12 hours 3 pm Wednesday to 3 am Thursday Go to either “Quizzes” from the homepage.

QUIZ 1, PARTS 1 & 2 Open Wednesday 23 Sept!

The quiz will be open for 12 hours3 pm Wednesday to

3 am ThursdayGo to either “Quizzes” from the homepage

OR “Assessments” on the left panel.

TA Hours: Tuesday, Sept 22nd, 11 am-1 pmEOS-Main room 135A

(FYI – TA hours are posted in VISTA)

Student Workloads ProjectHow much time did you spend…?

WHY COLLECT THESE DATA?1.(More) accurate information about the time it really takes to learn this stuff. This will help us design more effective courses.2.For you, an opportunity to see how you’re spending your time, whether you’re getting both better and more efficient as the term progresses. 3.This information will have NO EFFECT on your marks!

THANK YOU!

Pre-Hydrosphere assessment questions(INDIVIDUAL RESPONSES PLEASE!)

If the average evaporation rate increased what would happen to the average precipitation rate?

A. The average precipitation rate would increase until it matched the new evaporation rate.

B. The average precipitation rate would increase until it was greater than the new evaporation rate.

C. The average precipitation rate would not change. D. The average precipitation rate would decrease

until it was less than the new evaporation rate.

Pre-Hydrosphere assessment questions

Coastal upwelling is when deep water rises to the surface near a shoreline. Coastal upwelling is the result of _______.

A. Deep-water layers warming and risingB. Deep-water layers losing their salinity and risingC. Wind driven off-shore water transportD. Wave action along the shoreline E. Wind driven on-shore water transport

Pre-Hydrosphere assessment questions

Which direction do surface currents generally flow off the coast of California?

California

A

B

CD

A. Generally northwardB. Generally on-shoreC. Generally off-shoreD. Generally southward

Pre-Hydrosphere assessment questions

Which direction do surface currents generally flow off the east coast of Florida?

Flori

da

A

B

C

D

A. Generally northwardB. Generally on-shoreC. Generally off-shoreD. Generally southward

Pre-Hydrosphere assessment questions

Which is MOST dense?

A. Cold, fresh waterB. Cold, salty waterC. Warm, fresh waterD. Warm, salty water

Pre-Hydrosphere assessment questionsFor a rotating Earth with NO continents, which direction do ocean surface currents generally flow at X?

AB

C

DA. WestwardB. EastwardC. SouthwestwardD. NortheastwardE. Northwestward

X E0°

30°N

Goals for Today1. PREDICT atmospheric circulation, location of

cloud formation and precipitation for today’s Earth with continents (Note that we had this goal in a previous class too. Today the picture just gets more complex.)

2. USE temperature and pressure differences between land and sea to DESCRIBE seasonal changes in atmospheric circulation and precipitation for the monsoon

3. COMPARE monsoon precipitation patterns to El Nino/La Nina cycles and to the rise and fall of human civilizations

Atmosphere III: Monsoon circulation

RELEVANCECrop success/failure

Historicaltravel & trade

Floods

Indi

a T

oget

her,

Aug

200

8

Philip Curtin, Cross Cultural Trade in World History

BBC

Sea breezes and land breezes:

Image: Physicalgeography.net

Daytime development of sea breeze

Sea breezes and land breezes:

Nighttime development of land breeze

Image: Physicalgeography.net

Ruddiman, 2005

Clicker Question:

1000 mb

900 mb

800 mb

Toward what direction does the horizontal pressure gradient forceact at “A”?

A

A. To the rightB. To the leftC. Into the screenD. Out of the screen

Horizontal Pressure Gradients

1000 mb

900 mb

800 mb

H

H

L

L

Land heats up more than seaWarm air rises over land Surface wind blows from sea to land

Land cools off more than seaCool air descends over landSurface wind blows from land to sea

Summer monsoon Winter monsoon

The Indian & Asian monsoon:

Mountains: orographic effects

Clicker question:

How do you think global warming will influence precipitation during the Asian SUMMER monsoon? Precipitation is likely to…

A. increaseB. decreaseC. remain the same (no change)

Summer monsoon

Kump et al., 2004

ITCZ

ITCZ

Summer monsoon Winter monsoon

Image: Saravask

Variabilityin onset ofmonsoon rains.

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Ra

infa

ll (

mm

)

Monthly rainfall for different regions in India

Total annual and monthly rainfall:

NOAA

Total annual precipitation in mm

Two years (1997 and 1998) of total monthly precipitation (mm) for the boxed region over India.

Clicker Q: Imagine that next year is forecast to have a strong El Nino. What would you predict for rainfall in India?

A. Lower rainfall than normal

B. Average rainfall

C. Higher rainfall than normal

Monsoons and success/collapse of civilizations.

Yancheva et al., Nature, 2007

Mean Annual Precipitation, Mean Annual Precipitation, mmmm

• Monsoon circulation is influenced by the distribution of land and sea, seasonally changing distribution of solar radiation, and locally, the presence of mountains. • The Indian/Asian monsoon is driven by seasonal reversals in atmospheric pressure gradients. On human time scales, monsoon precipitation varies annually. On geologic timescales, changes to monsoons may have influenced success or failure of major civilizations. • Monsoon-related precipitation is linked to larger global precipitation patterns and atmospheric circulation

Summary: Monsoons

Relevance: crops, floods, trade & travel

Extra slides below this one

In preparation for next lecture…In preparation for next lecture…

What is “residence time”? Say you plug What is “residence time”? Say you plug your bathtub drain, then you turn on the your bathtub drain, then you turn on the water and leave for a week. At first, your water and leave for a week. At first, your bathtub will fill up, then, once it’s full, it’ll bathtub will fill up, then, once it’s full, it’ll start to overflow. How long, on average, start to overflow. How long, on average, does a water molecule spend in the does a water molecule spend in the bathtub before it spills out? What are the bathtub before it spills out? What are the important things you would need to know important things you would need to know in order to figure this out? in order to figure this out?

Clicker question

How will global warming influence the WINTER monsoon?

StrongerWeakerNo effect

Sea breezes and land breezes:

Image: J.G. Fernandez

Daily cycles near coastlines(monsoons much larger, seasonal)

Seasonal cumulative monsoon rainfallMonsoon On Line, Stephenson et al.

Jet streams and monsoon development?Monsoon develops right after subtropical jet stream jumps over Himalayas?

– What will global warming do to monsoon circ?

• Effects on ocean biology? Upwelling?? Clicker question later???