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QUESTIONS: CHAPTER 81) What are some effects that geography has on a
society?2) What inventions have transformed modern
society/how?3) How can social injustice lead to reform
movements?GRAPH PG. 386--#1/2
Reading Check-p. 387: Why did Pittsburgh grow?Pg.—387 # 1) #)2 #3)
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GRAPH—p. 386POPULATION GROWTH OF US
1) NEW YORK, PENNSYLVANIA, & VIRGINIASTATES OVER 1 MILLION PEOPLE
2) ALABAMA
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SECTION 8.1 REVIEWREASONS WHY NEW ENGLAND WAS IDEAL FOR FACTORIESPoor soil for farming; Fast Rivers/Streams for Power;
Close deposits of coal & iron; Ports
HOW DID FARMING DIFFER IN THE NORTHEAST FROM THE SOUTH?
Northeast—Small farms-grew for localsSouth– Large Farms—grew for export (cotton)
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SECTION 8.1 REVIEW
FREE ENTERPRISE SYSTEM1. Competition
2. Profit3. Private Property
4. Economic Freedom
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CHAPTER 8: THE NORTHEASTBUILDING INDUSTRY
SECTION 1: ECONOMIC GROWTH
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INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION1800s America—New England
Farming was difficult—moved farmers to millsMany rivers for waterpowerClose to resources (coal/iron)Ports for imports & exports
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CAPITALISM/FREE ENTERPRISEFree to buy, sell & produce what people want1) Competition2) Profit Motive3) Private Property4) Economic Freedom
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“All money is a matter of belief.”
--ADAM SMITH
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Technology• PATENTS—legal right to invention• 1793—Eli Whitney—Cotton Gin– Interchangeable Parts Mass Production
• 1793—Samuel Slater—Textile Mill to US from Britain
• 1814—Francis Cabot Lowell—Factory System in MA
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Factories CITIES
• Grew as centers of trade (along water routes)–Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Louisville
• Dangers: Diseases, Pollution, Crime, Fires• Advantages: Opportunity, Activities, Education
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8.2-TRANSPORTATION AMERICAN SYSTEM—HENRY CLAY
Infrastructure; Protective Tariffs; Conservative Western Land Sales
Census—1790-4 Million 1820—10 Million
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Traveling WestTurnpikes—private toll roads
National Road—Congressional Funds; Military Necessity
River Travel—downstream comfortable/easyProblems—went North/South not West
Upstream difficult/slow
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STEAMBOAT• 1807—Robert Fulton—powerful engine
steamboat to go from NYC to Albany • Made shipping cheaper, easier & faster
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CANALS
• Business & Government officials plan to link NYC with Great Lakes—(East & Midwest)
• Erie Canal—from Hudson River to Lake Erie—Albany to Buffalo—1825—363 miles
• Led to more canals, lowered shipping costs, more opportunities for business, united growing country
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WESTWARD SETTLEMENT
• 2nd Wave (1816-1821)5 New States—Indiana, Illinois, Mississippi, Alabama, Missouri
• Shipped crops to market with canals; could buy goods from distant markets
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8.3--North’s People“WAGE SLAVES”—dependent on factory wagesWorkers organize for improved wages & better
working conditions –Unions/StrikesDiscrimination against women, African-Americans, &
children
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Fight Discrimination• Cornish/Russworm—”Freedom’s Journal”
1st African-American newspaper• Sarah Bagley—Female Labor Reform Organization
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Immigration• 1840-1860—work in factories for low pay
• IRISH—potato famine—1.5 million immigrate–Poor manual labor jobs—factories
• GERMANS—failed democratic revolution—1848–Had money—opened businesses or farms
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Immigration Impact• Diversity of cultures—Roman Catholicism• Prejudice against immigrants• Nativists—immigrants threat to America;
taking jobs; ruining cities• Know-Nothing (American) Party—Nativists—
wanted strict immigration laws
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8.4—REFORMS & REFORMERS• Reform—change in religion, politics,
education, & literature • UTOPIAS—Versions of a perfect society
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2nd Great Awakening• NY camp revivals; inspired people to change
themselves & the world—REFORM MOVEMENTS
• Rise in Christianity, ministers & missionary work
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TEMPERANCE• Religious movement—
against alcohol• Blamed for poverty, family
breakups, & crime
• Temperance—drinking little or no alcohol
• Message spread through lectures, pamphlets
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EDUCATION• Push for Public Education (gov’t funded schools) —
New England
• Horace Mann—teacher training & pay increase; lengthen school year/curriculum
• Tax based, teachers trained, & compulsory
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HIGHER EDUCATION• New Colleges founded by religious groups
• Over time, women & African-Americans formed colleges
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SPECIAL NEEDS
Thomas Gallaudet—Hartford School for the DeafDr. Howe—raised letter books for blind—school
for blind
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PRISONS• Dorthea Dix—reform to prisons—mentally
imprisoned but guilty of no crime
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WRITTEN RESPONSE DO YOU AGREE OR
DISAGREE WITH THOREAU’S DECISION TO NOT PAY HIS TAXES AND GO TO PRISON?
CITE AND RESPOND TO AT LEAST ONE POINT FROM THE READING.
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TRANSCENDENTALISTS—(New England)• Stressed man’s relationship with nature & individual
conscience• Emerson—think for one’s self
”Nature” &”Self-Reliance”• Thoreau—’Civil Disobedience’—refusal to obey
unjust laws—”Walden”
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AMERICAN LITERATURE
POETRY---Walt WhitmanNature, common people, individualism
Emily Dickinson—Personal/Emotional Poetry
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8.5—WOMEN’S MOVEMENT• Assert rights as independent human beings
• Improve role in Society
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SENECA FALLS CONVENTION--1848Lucretia Mott/E.C. Stanton
organize meeting1st Women’s rights convention
Seneca Falls, NY…200 women/40 men
“Declaration of Sentiments & Resolutions “
Called for end to discrimination & right to vote (suffrage)
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WOMEN’S RIGHTS• Susan B. Anthony—(Quaker)--coeducation advocate
• Temperance, Suffrage, Professionalism, Abolition & Marriage Laws—own property
• Mary Lyon—Mt. Holyoke Female Seminary—1837---1st Women’s only college
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WRITTEN RESPONSE
IF YOU WERE ALIVE DURING THIS TIME, WOULD YOU HAVE BEEN A PART OF ANY
REFORM MOVEMENTS? IF SO, WHICH ONE(S) AND WHY? IF NOT, WHY NOT?