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SURVEY OF SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT AS PERCEIVED BY THE US
CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
By
ASLIHAN KARATA
A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF
FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT
OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE
UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA
2009
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2009 Aslhan Karata
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To my family
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I would like to thank people who helped me complete the work
contained in this thesis.
The help of my supervisor Dr. Ralph Ellis was of great value. I
would like to thank Dr. Raymond
Issa for his technical advice, encouragement and insightful
comments throughout my work. I
thank Dr. Zohar Herbsman for serving as my thesis committee
member and helpful advices.
I would like to express my special thanks to my parents Dr.
Necmiye Karata and Dr.
kr Karata, my sister Berfin Karata and my beloved aunt Dr.
Gnseli Grr. Their
understanding and faith in me and my capabilities, their love,
encouragement, and eternal
support have motivated me all the time. Their support was the
biggest motivation for the
completion of my degree. Also, I would like to thank my dear
friends, Diner Konur and Sezgin
Ayabakan, without them it would be hard for me to accomplish
this work.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS page
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS....................................................................................................................
4
LIST OF
TABLES................................................................................................................................
7
LIST OF FIGURES
..............................................................................................................................
8
ABSTRACT
..........................................................................................................................................
9
CHAPTER
1
INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................
10
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
...........................................................................................................
12
Supply Chain Management
........................................................................................................
12 Supply Chain Management in the Construction
Industry.........................................................
13
3 METHODOLOGY
......................................................................................................................
19
Introduction
.................................................................................................................................
19 Questionnaire Design
..................................................................................................................
19 Sample Design
.............................................................................................................................
22
4 ANALYSIS OF RESULTS
........................................................................................................
23
Introduction
.................................................................................................................................
23 Analysis of Responses
................................................................................................................
24
Functions Affecting the Contractors Efficiency of Supply Chain
in Relation to Suppliers
...........................................................................................................................
24
Factors Affecting Contractors Organization when Considering
Developing Supply Chain Collaboration
.........................................................................................................
25
Factors which are Necessary for Contractors when Developing a
Successful Supply Chain Relationship with a Supplier
................................................................................
29
Factors Affecting the Development of a Successful Supply Chain
Relationship between Contractors and
Clients.....................................................................................
31
Factors which are Necessary when a Contractor Communicates with
its Clients/Suppliers
..............................................................................................................
33
Factors which are Barriers to Supply Chain Integration for
Contractors ......................... 34
5 CONCLUSION
...........................................................................................................................
42
6 RECOMMENDATIONS
............................................................................................................
45
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APPENDIX
A SURVEY
FORM.........................................................................................................................
46
Informed Consent Form
..............................................................................................................
46 Questionnaire
Form.....................................................................................................................
47
B CRONBACHS ALPHA TEST RESULTS
..............................................................................
51
Factors Affecting Contractors Organization when Considering
Developing SC Collaboration
...........................................................................................................................
51
Factors Necessary for Contractors when Developing Successful SC
Relationship with a Supplier
....................................................................................................................................
54
Factors Affecting the Development of a Successful Supply Chain
Relationship between Contractors and Clients
...........................................................................................................
57
Factors which are Barriers to Supply Chain Integration for
Contractors ................................ 60
C ANOVA RESULTS
....................................................................................................................
63
Functions Affecting the Contractors Efficiency of Supply Chain
in Relation to
Suppliers...................................................................................................................................
63
Factors for Developing SC Collaboration
.................................................................................
64 Companies value partnership with their suppliers/clients
........................................................ 67 Factors
which are Necessary for Contractors when Developing a Successful
Supply
Chain Relationship with a Supplier
........................................................................................
67 Factors Affecting the Development of a Successful Supply Chain
Relationship between
Contractors and Clients
...........................................................................................................
71 Factors which are Necessary when a Contractor Communicates with
its
Clients/Suppliers......................................................................................................................
75 Relationship between contractor and the majority of their
suppliers/clients........................... 76 Factors which are
Barriers to Supply Chain Integration for Contractors
................................ 77
LIST OF REFERENCES
...................................................................................................................
80
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH
.............................................................................................................
83
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LIST OF TABLES
Table page 3-1 Distribution of company groups
............................................................................................
22
4-1 Functions affecting the efficiency of SC in relation to the
suppliers .................................. 25
4-2 Relationship between the contractors and the majority of
suppliers/clients ...................... 26
4-3 Factors developing supply chain collaboration with clients
and suppliers......................... 27
4-4 Companies in terms of their revenue with regards to value of
partnership with clients and suppliers
...........................................................................................................................
29
4-5 Developing SC relationship with a supplier
.........................................................................
30
4-6 Developing a SC relationship with client
.............................................................................
32
4-7 Factor effecting the communication with suppliers and
clients .......................................... 34
4-8 Barriers to supply chain integration for
contractors.............................................................
35
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure page 2-1 Sample of SC organization
....................................................................................................
17
2-2 Manufacturing companys SC (Spekman et al, 1998)
......................................................... 17
2-3 Supply chain data acquisition process in construction
(adapted from Spekman et al. (1998) An empirical investigation into
supply chain management: a perspective on partnerships)
.........................................................................................................................
18
4-1 Functions affecting the efficiency of SC in relation to the
suppliers .................................. 36
4-2 Factors developing a supply chain collaboration with clients
and suppliers...................... 36
4-3 Relationship between the contractors and the majority of
suppliers/clients ...................... 37
4-4 Partnership agreements with suppliers and
clients...............................................................
37
4-5 Average duration for partnership agreements with clients and
suppliers ........................... 37
4-6 Results indicate how the contractors value partnership with
clients and suppliers ........... 37
4-7 Developing a SC relationship with a supplier
......................................................................
38
4-8 Developing a SC relationship with client
.............................................................................
39
4-9 Factors affecting the communication with the suppliers and
clients .................................. 40
4-10 Barriers to supply chain integration for contractor
..............................................................
41
B-1 Matrix plot of factors affecting contractors organization
when considering developing a SC
collaboration...............................................................................................
53
B-2 Matrix plot of factors which are necessary for contractors
when developing a successful SC relationship with a supplier
...........................................................................
56
B-3 Matrix plot of factors affecting the development of a
successful SC relationship between contractors and client
..............................................................................................
59
B-4 Matrix plot of factors which are barriers to supply chain
integration for contractor ......... 62
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Abstract of Thesis Presented to the Graduate School of the
University of Florida in Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science
SURVEY OF SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT AS PERCEIVED BY THE US
CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
By
Aslhan Karata
May 2009
Chair: Ralph Ellis Major: Civil Engineering
Supply chain management (SCM) has become a fundamental element
in the construction
industry to improve the efficiency and productivity in recent
decades. The construction sector
players including contractors, suppliers and clients have major
roles in establishing and
developing SCM and collaboration. In this study, the
relationship between contractors, their
suppliers and clients has been investigated to reveal the degree
of importance of SCM from the
point of view of contractors. The individual opinions of the
contractors have also been analyzed
to obtain personal data on the subject. This study details the
results of a questionnaire survey of
supply chain management applied to US construction industry
contractors randomly selected
among US construction industry contractors. From the results
obtained, some solutions can be
proposed for the effective use of SCM for optimum construction
performance as well as
emphasizing some crucial points avoiding optimum efficiency and
productivity in the
construction business.
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
This study presents the understanding and analyzing of Supply
Chain Management (SCM)
in the US construction industry regarding the relationship
between major contractor companies
and their suppliers and clients with a view to come up with
certain implications for optimum
construction performance. It is conventional wisdom to accept
that the construction sector is
composed of a large number of players with numerous project
supply chains and various markets
(OBrien et al., 2002). Contractor companies, their suppliers and
clients are major players of this
sector. In this study, partnering relationships among these
players are investigated, since a
companys partners in the supply chain may well determine the
companys success (Chopra and
Meindel, 2007).
The questionnaire form was designed to display the degree of
knowledge of contractor
companies about SCM. The partnership agreements between the
parties were inspected to see
whether they are really aware of importance of such mutual
relationships or they are ignored by
contractors. As stated by Saada et al. (2002) partnering in
construction revolved around three key
principles: agreeing mutual objectives; making decisions openly
and resolving problems in a way
that was jointly agreed at the beginning of the project; and
aiming to achieve measurable
improvements in performance through incentives. There are some
vital factors to meet these key
principles on the part of the contractors, suppliers and
clients.
Firstly, contractors should analyze their partners demand
logically during the project
which is essential for a successful collaboration between a
contractor and its partners leading to a
well-established and developed SCM. In order to achieve the high
levels of collaboration
required to synchronize the supply chain, companies must balance
the needs of customers with
those of suppliers and partners (Martella, 2000).
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Communication among the concerned parties is very important to
improve collaboration.
As pointed out by Elliman and Orange (2000), one of the major
problems of the construction
industry is its fragmented and adversarial nature which is a key
factor contributing to poor
communication between all parties working on a construction
project.
The quality of communication and sharing information among the
contractor companies,
their suppliers and clients, determine the degree of achievement
of the key principles. In addition
to balancing the needs of customers and suppliers, businesses
must maintain equilibrium
between open communication and responsible information exchange
(Martella, 2000).
Supply chain management is currently in its developing stage for
construction industry.
Since the innovations on supply chain management in construction
are still in the embryonic
stage, many barriers still need to be overcome (Cox and
Townsend, 1998). The obstacles
preventing the optimum efficiency and productivity in the
construction business were sought and
some implications were derived for the US construction industry
to optimize the construction
performance.
This thesis is organized as follows. Chapter 2 presents SCM with
a brief description and
SCM in construction industry with an explanation of the
importance of roles of contractors,
suppliers and clients from the view of SCM philosophy. Chapter 3
provides the methodology of
the research. The strategy used when designing a questionnaire
form in terms of understanding
and the attitudes of main contractors concerning the perception
of SCM in US construction
industry with special emphasis on their relationship to their
suppliers and clients, was explained.
Chapter 4 presents the survey results which were analyzed by
using ANOVA, Cronbachs Alpha
Test and graphical bar tools. Chapter 5 includes the conclusion
part of this study. Chapter 6
consists of some recommendations to further this research in the
future.
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CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
Supply Chain Management
The whole chain from producing a raw material to selling the
product to the firm i.e. a
retail merchant is ascribed as a supply chain. Several companies
take part in an organization for
creating a product and transmitting it to the end user. Chopra
and Meindl (2007) described the
supply chain as consisting of the parties who are involved in
satisfying the customer demands.
The members of supply chain are not limited to the manufacturers
and suppliers. Warehouses,
retailers, transporters and customers are all players of supply
chain. The sample of La Londe and
Masters (1994) defined the supply chain more clearly as one firm
producing a raw material and
selling it to the second firm which then uses raw material and
turns it to a component. The third
firm buys this component from the second firm and assembles the
component into a product sold
to the fourth firm which might be a wholesale distributor. This
firm distributes the product to the
retail merchants who finally sell this product to the end users
(customers). The set of firms which
pass these materials forward can be referred to as a supply
chain. The schematic expression of
this chain is shown in Figure 2-1.
Mentzer et al. (2001) listed several activities which should be
established by firms to
behave consistently with the SCM philosophy. In this research,
the focused activities are;
integrated behavior, mutually sharing information, cooperation
and partners building and
maintaining long-term relationships. Integrated behavior and
cooperation with clients and
suppliers are highly recommended to meet mutual expectations in
the long-term (Mentzer et al.,
2001). Partners building and maintaining long-term relationships
are required for increasing the
effectiveness of SCM (Mentzer et al., 2001). Lee (2004)
suggested that collaborative
relationships should be developed with suppliers and customers
so that companies work together
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to design or redesign processes, components and products as well
as preparing backup plans.
Thomas and Griffin (1996) explained that Supply Chain Management
(SCM) is the
management of material and information flow both in and between
facilities, such as vendors,
manufacturing and assembly plants and distribution centers. An
illustration of supply chain is
indicated in Figure 2-2.
It is very important to take into consideration the
responsiveness of the supply chain while
designing the supply chain which is basically enabled by
sustained information flow (Chopra and
Meindl, 2007). In addition, information flow has a direct impact
on the scheduling, inventory
control and delivery plans which are fundamental elements for
the coordination of members in a
supply chain (Lee et al., 1997). The supply chain strategy of
many companies depends on getting
quicker response rate at consumer flow, since it has tremendous
effect to optimize the companys
performance. So, a supply chain management strategy should be
developed to attain the ultimate
goals of the company; providing a competitive advantage. In this
paper, the existence of effective
collaboration within and beyond the boundaries of a company
which is essential to convert
competitive advantage into profitability was sought.
Supply Chain Management in the Construction Industry
Major steps are taken to improve the efficiency and productivity
of construction industry
for the last decades. Although performance of construction
industry with regards to the budget,
quality of service, quality of materials and time of delivery
are as well-developed as the other
industries, it is believed that there is still room for the
improvements of supply chain
management tools for the Construction Industry.
SCM plays a major role to improve the efficiency and
productivity of companies. The
actors of construction industry (contractors, suppliers and
customers) should interact and
compromise to enable the essential adjustments (Dubois and
Gadde, 2000). Since, contractors,
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suppliers and customers are very significant elements for the
implementation of SCM,
collaboration between those sector players is very essential.
Total management of the supply
chain enhances the competitive edge of all players therein
(Berry et al., 1994). Contractors
have a key role to establish and develop the supply chain
management. Their role includes the
activities and tasks leading to preparation of the production on
site involving construction clients
and design team (Akintoye et al., 2000). Sustainable cash flow
and data flow among both the
upstream and downstream of chain are provided by contractors
(Figure 2-3).
The relationship between a customer and a contractor and the
relationship between a
supplier and a contractor develop long term financial
performance which increases profitability
and competitiveness (Dubois and Gadde, 2000). Partnership with
suppliers and customers are
several advantages such as long-term association, encouraging
mutual planning and problem
solving efforts (Maloni and Benton, 1997). Matthews et al.
(2000) mentioned that adoption of
partnering into the construction industries of the USA can also
reduce the common construction
industry problems such as lacking trust, respect and honesty
between professionals. On the other
hand, if the one partner can not meet the mutual expectations
partnership agreement will become
a disaster. Additionally, loss of partnership control and
neglecting potential short comings
because of high expectations from the partnership can destroy
mutual collaboration between the
players.
There are some features of the construction industry differing
from the other industries
which might prevent the proper application of SCM in
construction industry. Vrijhoef and
Ridder (2007) pointed out that the difference of SCM in
construction industry from the other
industries occurs at the end-customer stage, since clients are
involved in the chain both at the
start and at the end for construction projects. This nature of
construction industry evolves
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significant problems such as lack of communication, lack of
knowledge sharing infrastructure,
which are obstacles the improvement of SCM in construction.
Latham (1994) reported that the
fragmented and adversarial nature of the construction industry
have directly negative effects
on communication between all parties on a construction project.
Chinowsky et al. (2007)
indicated that knowledge sharing infrastructure is one of the
primary barriers preventing the
successful implementation of organizations. If an infrastructure
can not be established for
sharing the information, exchanging knowledge will only be
restricted among individuals. The
quality of communication and sharing information among the
contractor companies, their
suppliers and clients, determine the degree of achievement of
the key principles. Vrijhoef et al.
(2003) pointed out that insufficient management of supply chain
triggers natural problems of
construction industry; a large quantity of waste and problems.
The old-fashioned management of
supply chain leads to waste problem because of independent
control of each stage of the chain.
Only focusing on the optimization of local aims instead of
concerning the whole chain (Chopra
and Meindl, 2007) and poor communication between the players on
a project cause the lack of
coordination between the parties (Latham, 1994). This unimproved
coordination causes
unreliable environment, consisting of negative symptoms as not
only waste and rework but also
low efficiency level, high unpredictability, low profits
(Vrijhoef and Ridder, 2007) which might
thwart the developing and sustaining of SCM coordination in
construction industry. Partnering is
one of the solutions to prevent those circumstances. With this
in mind, contractors partnership
agreements with their clients and suppliers were investigated in
this study.
In this study, a questionnaire form was designed for contractor
companies to display
managements understanding of the concept and its effectiveness
for practical application in
construction industry (Mentzer et al., 2001). The relationship
between contractors, their suppliers
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and clients was examined for emphasizing the necessity of SCM
application from the point of
view of contractors. The approaches of contractors, who were
assumed as the most vital players
of the enabling the flow of organization in construction
industry, to the SCM concept was
investigated, since there is a relationship between improving
SCM strategy on construction
projects and understanding the inherent behavior of firms in
markets and the structural
characteristics of those markets (OBrien et al., 2002).
Moreover, since the nature of construction
industry prevents the proper implementation of supply chain,
barriers existing during enhancing
the industry were asked to figure out the common problems of the
constructors.
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I. Firm
Produce raw mat
Sell/distribute raw material II. Firm
Produce a component
Sell/distribute components III. Firm
Assemble com. into a
product
Sell/distribute the product
IV. Firm
Distribute the product
Sell/distribute the product to a retail merchant V. Firm
Distribute the product
Sell/distribute the product to customer
Figure 2-1. Sample of SC organization
Figure 2-2. Manufacturing companys SC (Spekman et al, 1998)
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Figure 2-3. Supply chain data acquisition process in
construction (adapted from Spekman et al. (1998) An empirical
investigation into supply chain management: a perspective on
partnerships)
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CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY
Introduction
This study investigated the understanding and the attitudes of
main contractors concerning
the perception of Supply Chain Management in US construction
industry with special emphasis
on their relationship to their suppliers and clients. Various
studies, literature and research articles
on SCM and its application in construction industry were
analyzed. A questionnaire form was
designed to identify and discuss the views and opinions of the
contractors about the application
of SCM in construction sector, with the inspiration from
previous studies on supply chain
collaboration and management in the UK construction industry
(Akintoye et al., 2000) and
manufacturing and supply chain management in China (Pyke et al.,
2000).
Questionnaire Design
Survey questionnaire is a measurement tool to find out the
opinions of a specific group
about a certain subject. Since the needs for accurate and prompt
flow of information has become
very critical, surveys are used to gather information from a
sample of individuals (Scheuren
2008). Questionnaire provides a major source of knowledge. In
this study, a three-page
questionnaire with an informed consent letter was sent to US
contractors randomly selected
among the US contractors. Questionnaire forms were sent via
e-mail, since researchers have
pointed out numerous benefits of e-mail over postal mail
surveys, especially in terms of speed
and cost efficiency (Sheehan, 2006).
The questionnaire study was designed by the implications of two
studies carried out by
Akintoye et al. (2000) A survey of supply chain collaboration
and management in the UK
construction industry and Pyke et al. (2000) Manufacturing and
supply chain management in
China. US contractors approach to the concept of supply chain
management in construction
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industry was sought to define. Relationship with their suppliers
and clients were inspected to
identify the importance of supply chain strategy for these
companies. This mutual relationship is
the fundamental element of SCM
The degree and quality of the relationship between the members
of supply chain in
construction sector, including contractors, suppliers and
clients, is one of the main factors to
determine the level of achievement of SCM. Thats why the
questionnaire form was majorly
based on the relationship among these players to measure the
success of supply chain strategy of
contractor firms. The questionnaire form was created based on
the 5-point Likert scale; 5 refers
to very important or very strong or strongly agree or high
extent and 1 refers to
unimportant or very weak or strongly disagree or low extent.
The insights for mapping supply chain structure have three
primary attributes: members of
supply chain, structural dimensions, types of process links;
indicating the structure of different
supply chains and the interconnection between a number of focal
organizations supply chains
and the resultant networks of supply (Obrien et al., 2002). The
questionnaire form is based on
the first attributes: members of supply chain; contractors,
suppliers and clients.
The questionnaire survey was divided into four subgroups, each
including different
numbers of questions. The first question was about the nature of
companies participating in this
study. In Section A and Section B, contractors relationships
with their suppliers and clients were
asked. Contractors were also asked about their collaboration
with their suppliers/clients. Section
C sought the degree of importance of functions of suppliers and
clients to the contractors supply
chain strategy to the achievement of their company goals and
objectives. Section D contains nine
questions to explore supply chain strategy of contractor
companies. Supply chain strategy
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contains substrategies including production planning, inventory,
lead time, purchasing and
transportation. These all elements must be consistent with
supply chains level of responsiveness.
Firstly, contractors were asked about the extent to which
inventory, transportation, lead
time, purchasing and production planning affect their efficiency
of supply chain in relation to
their supplies. Secondly, they were asked to state the
importance of such factors as improved
customer service, overall supply chain reduction, increased
profitability etc. when considering
developing supply chain collaboration. In the third and the
fourth questions, contractors were
asked to point out variables such as reliable delivery time,
accurate order fulfillment, level of
complaints returns etc. to develop a successful supply chain
relationship with suppliers and
clients. Questions five, six and seven involved questions about
the degree of the importance of
communication between contractors, suppliers and clients,
because communication plays a vital
role in establishing and developing collaboration. Question
eight, contractors were asked the
degree of relationship to their clients and suppliers stating
from very weak to very strong. Since
the innovations on supply chain management in construction are
still in the embryonic stage,
many barriers still need to be overcome (Cox and Townsend,
1998). It is believed that supply chain
management is still in developing process for construction
industry. This question sought the
obstacles to prevent the improvement of supply chain
collaboration in construction industry. Last
part, question 10, was left for comments from contractor
companies about supply chain
management in construction.
In conclusion, the questionnaire form was designed for
contractor companies to display
managements understanding of the concept and its effectiveness
for practical application in
construction industry (Mentzer et al., 2001).
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Sample Design
This study details the results of a questionnaire survey of
supply chain management
applied to US construction industry contractors randomly
selected among US construction
industry contractors by value of project. The questionnaire
forms sent to the contractors via e-
mail using online survey software program. Each e-mail text
included consent form explaining
the reason of my survey study. If the receiver accepted to
participate in this survey, start survey
link was followed (Appendix-A). Overall, 23 responds were
received after a one-month deadline
period for response. Data were sorted and ranked according to
the mean values to be dealt with.
In order to check the null hypothesis to see whether there were
any differences among the views
of the contractor groups classified in terms of companies total
revenue in the year 2007,
ANOVA method was used (Appendix-B). Group numbers, total revenue
of companies, number
of companies in each group and their distribution percentage
within the group were depicted in
Table 3-1.
Table 3-1. Distribution of company groups Group Total Revenue,
in 2007 ($ M) Frequency Percentage
Group 1 Less than 100 5 21.74% Group 2 100-500 12 52.17%
Group 3 More than 500 6 26.09%
Total 23 100% Each set of questions was analyzed with its
contribution to clarify the contractors opinions
about SCM concept. Cronbachs Alpha approach was applied to check
the reliability of a set of
questions where necessary. The Cronbachs Alpha test indicated
that 5-point Likert scale test
analyzing the factors was reliable (Appendix-C).
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CHAPTER 4 ANALYSIS OF RESULTS
Introduction
Survey results were analyzed using Minitab statistical package
and Analysis of variance
(ANOVA) method. Data were sorted and ranked according to the
mean values to be dealt with.
In order to check the null hypothesis to see whether there were
any differences among the views
of the contractor groups classified in terms of companies total
revenue in the year 2007,
ANOVA method was used. Group numbers, total revenue of
companies, number of companies in
each group and their distribution percentage within the group
were depicted in Table 3-1.
Answers for each question were analyzed with respect to the null
hypothesis to see whether
all company groups have the same mean value. Null hypothesis was
tested as Ho and alternative
hypothesis was tested as Ha:
Ho = There is no significant evidence of a difference in the
mean of responses among the three groups with respect to their
approach to supply chain management concept (1=2= 3)
Ha = At least one of the three types of companies differs from
the others with respect to knowledge about supply chain management
concept Test statistic:
F = MST/ MSE MST= Mean Square for Treatments MSE= Mean Square
for Error Rejection region:
F > F (crit.) (k-1, n-k) F critical = Probability of
rejecting the null hypothesis k = sample size n = number of groups
k -1 and n - k were defined as degree of freedom (df) P-value =
Probability value (if P < 0.05, there is a high difference of
views within groups in
relation to that factor)
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Each set of questions was analyzed with its contribution to
clarify the contractors opinions
about SCM concept. Cronbachs Alpha approach was applied to check
the reliability of a set of
questions designed to test 5-point Likert scale. Since summated
scales are an assembly of
interrelated items designed to measure underlying constructs, it
is very important to know
whether the same set of items would elicit the same responses if
the same questions are recast
and re-administered to the same respondents (Reynaldo and
Santos, 1999). Considering 0.7 as
an acceptable reliability coefficient for Cronbachs Alpha
approach, the higher the score, the
more reliable the generated scale will be. It should also be
noted that when small sample sizes
exist, the normality condition and the equal variance condition
become more critical. This
situation might present a problem because there were not enough
observations from the
individual group of companies to test validly whether the
normality or equal variance condition
was satisfied.
Our study aimed to present the understanding and analyzing of
SCM in the US
construction industry regarding the relationship between major
contractor companies and their
suppliers and clients with a view to come up with certain
implications for optimum construction
performance. Detailed analyses and explanation of each set of
questions are shown in the section
Analysis of Responses.
Analysis of Responses
Functions Affecting the Contractors Efficiency of Supply Chain
in Relation to Suppliers
Inventory, Transportation, Lead Time, Purchasing Planning and
Production
Planning are major functions affecting the efficiency of supply
chain relation. In this part,
contractors were asked to scale the functions which were
expected to influence their relationship
with their suppliers. Figure-2 indicates the results of this
question.
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Since scheduling is one of the most significant factors for
construction projects, 73.9 % of
contractors put Lead Time function on Important-Very Important
scale. The results of
Purchasing (65.2%), Production Planning (47.8 %) and Inventory
(34.8%) functions were as
expected. However, Transportation (39.1%) function was
disregarded by the contractors.
According to ANOVA results (Table 4-1), there was an inverse
proportion between total revenue
of companies and effect of transportation function in relation
to suppliers (even if the differences
between variances are not significantly different).
Higher-income causes less concern about
transportation. Even if this result was reasonable with regards
to the ratio of transportation cost
on the companies budget, increasing fuel-oil prices recently
should be taken into consideration,
since it triggers transportation cost dramatically which
increases the total cost of project. This
function is expected to have a major role for the construction
industry in the near future. There is
no rejected null hypothesis for this case, since all F values
are smaller than Fcrit.=3.49.
Table 4-1. Functions affecting the efficiency of SC in relation
to the suppliers Average Total Revenue ($ Millions) F P-value
Total Less than
100 100-500
More than 500
Inventory 2.98 3.20 3.25 2.50 1.17 0.33 Transportation 3.31 3.60
3.50 2.83 1.68 0.21 Lead Time 3.95 3.60 4.42 3.83 2.63 0.10
Purchasing 3.82 3.80 4.00 3.67 0.39 0.68 Production Planning 3.71
3.80 3.33 4.00 1.15 0.34
Factors Affecting Contractors Organization when Considering
Developing Supply Chain
Collaboration
Contractors should analyze their partners demand logically
during the project which is
essential for a successful collaboration between a contractor
and its partners leading to a well-
established and developed SCM organization. Improved customer
service, overall supply chain
reduction, increased profitability, reducing bureaucracy/paper,
increased market competitiveness
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26
cost reductions within the organization, benefits to client,
benefits to supplier and improved
quality assurance were listed as the most significant factors
for an organization when considering
developing a supply chain collaboration. The Cronbachs Alpha
test indicates that 5-point Likert
scale test analyzing the factors was reliable (Cronbach's Alpha
= 0.8 > 0.7).
Among these factors, the results of responses to Improved
quality assurance (78.3 %),
Benefits to the client (81.8 %), Improved customer service (87.0
%), Increased
profitability (69.6 %), Cost reductions within the organization
(69.6 %), Reducing
bureaucracy/paper (43.5 %) and Increased market competitiveness
(73.9 %) were as
expected. On the other hand, the responses to Benefits to
supplier (34.8 %) and Overall
supply chain reduction (39.1 %) were lower than expected.
Figure-3 indicates the distribution of
responses.
There was a major difference between responses to benefits to
clients and benefits to
supplier. In addition to this, the result of a question
revealing the relationship between the
contractor firms and the majority of their suppliers/clients is
indicated in Figure 4-3.
Figure 4-3 highlighted that all contractors relationship with
their clients are strong/very
strong (100 %). On the other hand, 65.2 % of them had strong
relationship with their suppliers.
Also there were no significant differences among the group
members (Group 1, Group 2 and
Group 3) (Table 4-2). There is no rejected null hypothesis for
this case, since all F values are
smaller than Fcrit. = 3.49.
Table 4-2. Relationship between the contractors and the majority
of suppliers/clients
Average Total Revenue ($ Millions) F P-value
Total Less than 100 100-500 More than 500
Suppliers 3.73 3.60 3.75 3.83 0.18 0.83
Clients 4.31 4.00 4.42 4.50 1.25 0.31
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27
Most contractors almost neglected the contribution of suppliers
to the SCM organization,
although they were aware of the clients importance for supply
chain collaboration. Since,
contractors, suppliers and customers are very significant
elements for the implementation of
SCM tools, collaboration among them is very essential. There
should be a centralized supply
chain among those players. Only trying to optimize the local
aims causes lack of coordination
and hurts the efficiency of supply chain (Chopra & Meindl
2007). Total management of the
supply chain enhances the competitive edge of all players
therein (Berry et at, 1994).
Companies must balance the needs of customers with those of
suppliers and partners to achieve
the high levels of collaboration required to synchronize the
supply chain.
Table 4-3. Factors developing supply chain collaboration with
clients and suppliers Average Total Revenue ($ Millions) F
P-value
Total Less than
100 100-500
More than 500
Improved customer service 4.19 4.40 4.17 4.00 0.49 0.62 Overall
supply chain reduction 3.92 4.00 3.75 4.00 0.08 0.93 Increased
profitability 3.88 3.80 4.00 3.83 0.70 0.51 Reducing
bureaucracy/paper 4.23 4.20 4.33 4.17 0.01 0.99 Increased market
competitiveness 3.41 3.40 3.50 3.33 0.29 0.75 Cost reductions
within your organization 3.93 4.20 3.92 3.67 0.12 0.88 Benefits to
the client 3.36 3.40 3.33 3.33 0.09 0.91 Benefits to your supplier
3.27 2.80 3.33 3.67 1.23 0.31 Improved quality assurance 4.06 4.00
4.17 4.00 0.14 0.87 Benefits to your supplier 3.27 2.80 3.33 3.67
1.23 0.31 Improved quality assurance 4.06 4.00 4.17 4.00 0.14
0.87
Keeping in mind the significant differences between the
responses to benefits to clients
and benefits to suppliers, the value of partnership with client
and suppliers were inspected. The
existence of partnership agreement of contractors with clients
and suppliers were sought to
clarify if they were intended to establish standards for
consistent environment (Figure 4-4).
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28
Even if there was no significant difference between percentage
rates of existing partnership
agreements with clients and suppliers, the duration of these
agreements had to be investigated
(Figure 4-5).
In Figure 4-5, it can be seen that there was a great difference
between the average duration
of partnership agreements with suppliers (12.6 year) and clients
(29.6 year). The controversial
situation between the existence of partnership agreement and its
average duration can be
explained that the contractors have started to be aware of the
importance of suppliers for their
companies in the last decade. Furthermore, when contractors were
asked how they value their
partnership with suppliers and clients, 76.2 % of contractors
responded that their partnership
with clients were on the important-very important scale and 60.9
% of them value partnering
with suppliers important-very important (Figure 4-6).
On the contrary to low response rate to benefits to supplier
factors, high response rate to
partnering with suppliers pointed out that contractors are
intended to make mutual agreements
with the suppliers. It was observed that Group 1 had higher
averages (4.2 on the Likert scale) to
value of partnership with suppliers (Table 4-4). This result
could be analyzed that this type of
companies are ready for mutual collaboration with suppliers to
increase their budget. However,
when it comes to the Group 2 and Group 3, averages of between
benefits to supplier and value
of partnership were no differences. With the comparison of Table
4-3 and Table 4-4, these
should be highlighted; Benefits to supplier: Group 3 (3.6),
Group 2 (3.4); Value of partnership
with supplier: Group 3 (3.6), Group 2 (3.3)).
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29
Table 4-4. Companies in terms of their revenue with regards to
value of partnership with clients and suppliers
Average Total Revenue ($ Millions) F P-value
Total Less than 100 100-500 More than 500
Suppliers 3.76 4.20 3.42 3.67 0.75 0.49 Clients 4.13 3.80 4.08
4.50 0.55 0.58
At the warm-up phase of companies, partnering with supplier
helps to increase the profit.
When the company grows, the importance of supplier is
disregarded. The advantages of
partnership with suppliers and customers are always taken into
consideration, since it has
tremendous effect on long-term association, encouraging mutual
planning and problem solving
efforts (Maloni and Benton, 1997). The adoption of partnering
into the construction industries of
the USA can also reduce the common construction industry
problems such as lacking trust,
respect and honesty between professionals (Matthews et al.,
2000).
Factors which are Necessary for Contractors when Developing a
Successful Supply Chain Relationship with a Supplier
To improve coordination among players, contractors relationships
with suppliers are very
necessary. Mutual relationship with supplier leads to reliable
environment, with higher efficiency
level and higher profits. At this part, contractors were asked
to scale the given factors when
developing a successful supply chain relationship with a
supplier. Factors were listed as; reliable
delivery time, accurate order fulfillment, level of
complaints/returns, delivery at specified
time, flexibility, fast order cycle time, handling of
complaints, added value, quality of
materials, quality of service, trust and simplifying the whole
construction process. The
results are shown at Figure 4-7. The Cronbachs Alpha test
indicates that 5-point Likert scale test
analyzing the factors was reliable (Cronbach's Alpha = 0.9 >
0.7).
Since scheduling process is one of the most important elements
for the construction
projects, reliable delivery time and delivery at specified time
were asked to reveal
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30
effectiveness of those factors for contractors when developing a
supply chain relation with
suppliers. Even if the responses to figure out the importance of
reliable delivery date (95.7 %)
were as expected, the degree of importance of delivery at
specified time factor has changed
according to the size of companies. ANOVA results were helped to
make these comparisons
(Table 4-5).
Table 4-5. Developing SC relationship with a supplier Average
Total Revenue ($ Millions) F P-value
Total Less than 100 100-500
More than 500
Reliable delivery date 4.55 4.40 4.58 4.67 0.27 0.77 Accurate
order fulfillment 4.37 4.20 4.25 4.67 0.99 0.39 Level of
complaints/ returns 3.83 3.40 3.75 4.33 3.72 0.04 Delivery at
specified time 4.27 3.80 4.17 4.83 3.37 0.05 Flexibility 3.81 4.00
3.58 3.83 0.88 0.43 Fast order cycle time 3.91 3.80 3.92 4.00 0.09
0.91 Handling of complaints 3.89 4.00 3.50 4.17 1.76 0.20 Added
value 3.89 3.60 3.75 4.33 1.69 0.21 Quality of materials 4.32 4.20
4.25 4.50 0.30 0.74 Quality of service 4.28 4.00 4.33 4.50 0.86
0.44 Trust 4.32 4.20 4.58 4.17 0.74 0.49 Simplifying the whole
construction process 4.19 4.00 4.25 4.33 0.28 0.76
There was a controversial relationship between the size of the
company and their
sensitiveness to delivery at specified time. The range of
averages was between 3.8 and 4.8,
increased dramatically from Group 1 to Group 3. Larger companies
were more concerned
delivery at specified time than smaller ones, since liquidated
damages provisions in
construction contracts are not very restricted for companies
with lower income. Higher budget
increases the responsibilities should be taken during the
project, so companies belong to Group 3
should be more precise for the project completion time.
Companies had high interest to Trust factor (86.4 %) as
expected. Wong and Cheung
(2004) pinpointed that successful partnering depends on trust,
an element that is difficult to be
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31
implied on the construction industry, because of its fragmented
and contentious structure. This
nature inhibits the engagement of construction partners. So, it
is necessary to understand
importance of trust for successful partnering.
Responses to Level of complaints/returns factor had significant
differences within the
group of companies which were classified as their annual revenue
(F=3.72 > F crit.=3.49, Ho is
rejected). The averages of responses of Group 1, Group 2 and
Group 3 were individually, 3.4, 3.7
and 4.3. It was a good indication that the responsibilities of
bigger companies encouraged them
to align their organizations with respect to the complaints.
The results from rest of factors listed for developing a
successful relationship with a
supplier had no significant differences within the group of
companies. There is no rejected null
hypothesis except for Level of complaints/returns for this case,
since F values are smaller than
Fcrit.=3.49.
Factors Affecting the Development of a Successful Supply Chain
Relationship between Contractors and Clients
It was analyzed that contractors were aware of importance of
clients for developing a
successful supply chain relationship. This question was asked to
reveal the degree of importance
of which factors were more important for them. Factors were
listed as reliability of supply, top
management support, trust, mutual interest, integrated
information systems, more frequent
meetings, joint business planning, simplifying the whole
business construction process,
manpower development, closer links between demand/supply, free
flow of information, creating
standardization of processes and simplifying the bidding
process. The Cronbachs Alpha test
indicates that 5-point Likert scale test analyzing the factors
was reliable (Cronbach's Alpha = 0.9
> 0.7). The results of factors are shown at Figure 4-8.
-
32
Table 4-6. Developing a SC relationship with client Average
Total Revenue ($ Millions) F P-value
Total Less than
100 100-500
More than 500
Reliability of supply 4.00 4.00 3.67 4.33 1.83 0.19 Top
management support 3.94 3.40 4.08 4.33 1.65 0.22 Trust 4.13 3.80
4.25 4.33 0.74 0.49 Mutual interest 3.80 3.40 3.83 4.17 1.17 0.33
Manpower development 3.44 3.40 3.42 3.50 0.02 0.98 Closer links
between demand/ supply 3.61 3.40 3.58 3.83 0.41 0.67 Free flow of
information 3.98 3.60 3.83 4.50 2.09 0.15 Integrated information
systems (e.g. EDI) 3.44 3.40 3.08 3.83 2.07 0.15 More frequent
meetings 2.68 2.80 2.42 2.83 0.56 0.58 Joint business planning 3.14
3.00 2.75 3.67 2.48 0.11 Simplifying the whole construction process
3.14 3.00 2.75 3.66 0.24 0.79 Creating standardization of processes
3.57 3.20 3.67 3.83 0.72 0.50 Simplifying the bidding process 3.63
3.40 3.67 3.83 0.41 0.67
The quality of communication and sharing information among the
contractor companies,
their suppliers and clients, determine the degree of achievement
of the key principles. So, it was
sought that where more frequent meetings were essential to
develop a supply chain collaboration
with clients. Responses to more frequent meetings were lower
than predicted (13.6 %). Lacking
of communication between the partners inhibits the improvement
of supply chain collaboration.
Contractors might interpret more frequent meeting factor as
face-to-face meetings which
causes time consuming. New developments on technology provide
many advantages for
communication. Instead of old-fashioned information management
which relies on time
consuming - manual processes, multiple handoffs, and error-prone
data reentry, implementation
of recent technological improvements i.e. XML, E-commerce on the
construction industry enable
convenient environment for free flow of information (68.2%).
Additionally, especially
companies in Group 3 which have more complicated supply chain
organization value free flow
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33
information more than the others to avoid cross-company
processes (Table 4-6). Information
flow has a direct impact on the scheduling, inventory control
and delivery plans which are
fundamental elements for the coordination of members in a supply
chain (Lee et al., 1997).
Integrated information systems (36.4 %) had lower response rate
than expected.
Implementation of information technology (IT) to the company
reduces the levels of supply
chain and simplifying the processes. All players should be
consisted in the echelon to increase
the overall effectiveness. Without integration of information
systems, the same information is
entered repeatedly into different systems, the same forms are
filled out and passed around
multiple times, the same checks and certifications are done over
and over. This cumbersome
structure causes jumping of activities and data between
companies, inconsistencies, errors, and
misunderstandings routinely arise, leading to even more wasted
work. Even if implementation of
IT is a troublesome and expensive strategy which might
discourage companies, its long-term
benefits to the companies are very important.
Besides of those factors explained and discussed in detail, the
response rates to the others
were as predicted and there were no significant differences
within the group of companies. There
is no rejected null hypothesis for this case, since all F values
are smaller than Fcrit.=3.49.
Factors which are Necessary when a Contractor Communicates with
its Clients/Suppliers
It was pointed out that improved communication with clients and
suppliers are very
essential. So, the next question is; at which consulting stages
contractors are concerned
communicating with their suppliers and clients; being consulted
in deciding which new products
to develop or being consulted in deciding the production
schedule. It was also sought that
whether there was any difference between communication
preferences with clients and supplier
at these stages. The percentage rates of responses were as
predicted. Contractors prefer being
consulted by suppliers (69.6 %) than clients (65.2 %) when
deciding the production schedule. On
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34
the other hand, contractors prefer being consulted by clients
(87.0 %) than suppliers (82.6 %) in
deciding which new products to develop (Figure 4-9). There were
unexpected ANOVA results
i.e. averages of results which might be caused by low number of
participants (Table 4-7), since
there was an irregular distribution among the mean values of
company groups. But, there is no
rejected null hypothesis for this case, since all F values are
smaller than Fcrit.=3.49.
Table 4-7. Factor effecting the communication with suppliers and
clients Average Total Revenue ($ Millions) F P-value
Clients Total Less than
100 100-500 More than
500 Being consulted in deciding the production schedule 4.27
3.80 4.50 4.50 1.44 0.26 Being consulted in deciding which new
products to develop 3.97 4.00 3.58 4.33 0.30 3.49
Average Total Revenue ($ Millions) F P-value
Supplier Total Less than
100 100-500 More than
500 Being consulted in deciding the production schedule 4.09
3.60 4.33 4.33 1.59 0.23 Being consulted in deciding which new
products to develop 3.78 3.60 3.58 4.17 1.15 0.34 Factors which are
Barriers to Supply Chain Integration for Contractors
Since the nature of construction industry thwarts the proper
implementation of supply
chain and inhibits developing of SCM organization in
construction industry, barriers existing
during enhancing the industry were asked to figure out the
common problems of the
constructors. Determination of common problems might provide
taking precautions on the whole
sector, because only focusing on local aims instead of
concerning the whole chain causes the
lack of coordination between the parties (Latham, 1994). Factors
which might be potential
barriers were listed as; late and incorrect payments, bidding
process, retention, unrealistic
-
35
program times, traditional contracts do not endanger good
working relationships, estimators are
too demanding on small organizations, companies do not
understand other business within
supply chain, some partnering relationships are executed for the
wrong reasons (Figure 4-10).
Cronbach's Alpha proofs that 5-point Likert scale of factors are
reliable (0.8 > 0.7).
The biggest barrier preventing the developing of SCM integration
was bidding process
(65.2 %). Late and incorrect payment (60.9 %), traditional
contracts (52.2 %), unrealistic
program times (52.2 %) followed the biggest barrier.
Misunderstanding of SC concept (17.4
%), executing of some partnering relationships for the wrong
reasons (17.4 %), excessive
demanding of estimators on small organizations (26.1 %) and
retention (34.8 %) factors did
not exceed the mean value (3.00). Hence, those factors were not
considered as the vital ones.
ANOVA test showed significant difference at bidding process
factor (F=3.59 > Fcrit.=3.49)
(Table 4-8). It was observed that Group 1 and Group 3 were
concerned bidding process as barrier
more than Group 2. But this might be biased, because of
irregular distribution of companies for
each group. There is no rejected null hypothesis except for
bidding process in this case, since
all F values are smaller than Fcrit.=3.49.
Table 4-8. Barriers to supply chain integration for contractors
Average Total Revenue ($ Millions) F P-value
Total Less
than 100 100-500
More than 500
Late and incorrect payments 3.63 3.80 3.58 3.50 0.11 0.89
Bidding process 3.87 4.20 3.25 4.17 3.59 0.05 Retention 3.12 3.20
3.00 3.17 0.08 0.93 Unrealistic program times 3.62 4.20 3.33 3.33
1.44 0.26 Traditional contracts don engender good working
relationships 3.43 3.20 3.25 3.83 0.50 0.61 Estimators are too
demanding on small organizations 2.69 2.40 3.00 2.67 0.52 0.60
Companies do not understand other business within supply chain 2.96
2.80 3.08 3.00 0.24 0.79 Some partnering relationships are executed
for the wrong reasons 2.95 2.60 3.08 3.17 0.81 0.46
-
36
34.80%
39.10%
47.80%
65.20%
73.90%
Inventory
Transportation
Production Planning
Pruchasing
Lead Time
Figure 4-1. Functions affecting the efficiency of SC in relation
to the suppliers
34.8%
39.1%
43.5%
69.6%
69.6%
73.9%
78.3%
81.8%
87.0%
0.0% 20.0% 40.0% 60.0% 80.0% 100.0%
Benefits to your supplier
Overall supply chain reduction
Reducing bureaucracy/paper
Increased profitability
Cost reductions within your organization
Increased market competitiveness
Improved quality assurance
Benefits to the client
Improved customer service
Figure 4-2. Factors developing a supply chain collaboration with
clients and suppliers
-
37
65.2%
100.0%
0.0% 20.0% 40.0% 60.0% 80.0% 100.0%
Suppliers
Clients
Figure 4-3. Relationship between the contractors and the
majority of suppliers/clients
43.5%
52.2%
0.0% 20.0% 40.0% 60.0% 80.0% 100.0%
Supplier
Client
Figure 4-4. Partnership agreements with suppliers and
clients
12.6 yr
29.6 yr
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
Supplier Client
Figure 4-5. Average duration for partnership agreements with
clients and suppliers
60.9%
76.2%
0.0% 20.0% 40.0% 60.0% 80.0% 100.0%
suppliers
clients
Figure 4-6. Results indicate how the contractors value
partnership with clients and suppliers
-
38
56.5%
65.2%
65.2%
69.6%
69.6%
82.6%
82.6%
86.4%
87.0%
91.3%
91.3%
95.7%
0.0% 20.0% 40.0% 60.0% 80.0% 100.0%
Handling of complaints
Flexibility
Added value
Level of complaints/ returns
Fast order cycle time
Delivery at specified time
Simplifying the whole construction process
Trust
Quality of materials
Accurate order fulfilment
Quality of service
Reliable delivery date
Figure 4-7. Developing a SC relationship with a supplier
-
39
13.6%
31.8%
36.4%
50.0%
50.0%
54.5%
54.5%
59.1%
68.2%
68.2%
72.7%
72.7%
81.8%
0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 30.0% 40.0% 50.0% 60.0% 70.0% 80.0% 90.0%
100.0%
More frequent meetings
Joint business planning
Integrated information systems (e.g. EDI)
Manpower development
Simplifying the bidding process
Closer links between demand/ supply
Creating standardisation of processes
Simplifying the whole construction process
Mutual interest
Free flow of information
Reliability of supply
Top management support
Trust
Figure 4-8. Developing a SC relationship with client
-
40
0.0% 20.0% 40.0% 60.0% 80.0% 100.0%
Being consulted in deciding the production schedule
Being consulted in deciding which new products to develop
Being consulted in deciding the production schedule Being
consulted in deciding which new products to develop
Clients 87.0% 65.2%
Suppliers 82.6% 69.6%
Figure 4-9. Factors affecting the communication with the
suppliers and clients
-
41 17.4%
17.4%
26.1%
34.8%
52.2%
52.2%
60.9%
65.2%
0.0% 20.0% 40.0% 60.0% 80.0% 100.0%
Companies do not understand other business within supply
chain
Some partnering relationships are executed for the wrong
reasons
Estimators are too demanding on small organizations
Retention
Unrealistic program times
Traditional contracts do not engender good working
relationships
Late and incorrect payments
Bidding process
Figure 4-10. Barriers to supply chain integration for
contractor
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42
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION
SCM has a key role to improve the efficiency and productivity of
companies. Companies
involve in an organization for creating a product and
transmitting it to the end user. Even if
major steps are taken to improve the efficiency and productivity
of construction industry for the
last decades and alignments on performance of construction
industry in terms of the budget,
quality of service, quality of materials and time of delivery,
there is still room for the
improvements of supply chain management tools for the
construction industry.
Among the activities for companies to adapt to the SCM
philosophy, integrated behavior,
mutually sharing information, cooperation, partners building and
maintaining long-term
relationships were based on for this research (Mentzer et al.
2001). Well-established partnership
between the players can meet implementation of these activities
properly. Partnering in
construction revolved around three key principles: agreeing
mutual objectives; making decisions
openly and resolving problems in a way that is jointly agreed at
the beginning of the project; and
aiming to achieve measurable improvements in performance through
incentives (Saada et al.
2002). Hence, contractors binding role at the upstream and
downstream of the chain has been
based on in this research to analyze the current situation of
SCM in construction industry.
It was revealed that contractors strategy majorly depends on the
clients. They almost
disregard the contribution of suppliers to SCM organization,
whereas they were cognizant of the
clients importance for supply chain collaboration. However,
comparing the average duration of
partnership agreement with suppliers and clients indicated that
the contractors have started to
realize the importance of suppliers for proper application of
SC. Mutual relationship also with
supplier leads to reliable environment, with higher efficiency
level and higher profits and also
provides several advantages such as long-term association,
encouraging mutual planning and
-
43
problem solving efforts (Maloni and Benton, 1997). It should be
regarded that companies must
balance the needs of customers with those of suppliers and
partners to achieve the high levels of
collaboration required to synchronize the supply chain.
Comparing three different types of contractors which were
classified as Group 1, Group 2
and Group 3 (Table 3-1), there are some differences between
their approaches to the factors
enabling successful environment for supply chain. It was
observed that higher budget of a
company increases the responsibilities should be taken during
the project. So, these companies
have become more sensitive on the specified time completion of
the project, this may result
because of liquated damages provision in construction contracts.
Additionally, especially
companies in Group 3 which have more complicated supply chain
organization value free flow
information more than the others to avoid cross-company
processes (Table 4-6). Information
flow has a direct impact on the scheduling, inventory control
and delivery plans which are
fundamental elements for the coordination of members in a supply
chain. Each player of
construction industry should concern adapting to their
individual strategy to the whole supply
chain organization instead of optimizing their own aims which
brings to the lack of coordination
between the players.
Since the nature of construction industry (its fragmented and
adversarial structure)
prevents the suitable implementation of supply chain and
inhibits developing of SCM
organization in construction industry, barriers existing during
enhancing the industry were asked
to figure out the common problems of the constructors. Bidding
process , Late and incorrect
payment , traditional contracts , unrealistic program times were
ranked as the biggest
barriers. These are all caused by traditional management method
which causes cumbersome
structure and stimulate the unreliable environment for the
construction industry. Determination
-
44
of common problems might provide taking precautions on the whole
sector and diminish the
obstacles for implementation of optimal supply chain
performance.
-
45
CHAPTER 6 RECOMMENDATIONS
This study consists of a survey of supply chain management as
perceived by the US
construction industry with a special emphasis on the
relationship between contractors, suppliers
and clients. Even if contractors pivotal role is depended on for
this study, it can be extended by
involving more sector players, i.e. owners, building product
manufacturers in the future research.
The analysis in this thesis is based on the 23 responses from
the US contractors. More data
may help to get more accurate results and give more precise
information about this subject. That
amount of responses might cause some biased results, and this
situation will be prevented by
obtaining more data from the companies. More contractors should
be motivated to participate in
the survey study.
In conclusion, participation of different kinds of construction
sectors players and also
conducting the survey on more companies will be helpful to
enrich the data result and get more
specific and proper information about the SCM in construction
industry.
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46
APPENDIX A SURVEY FORM
Informed Consent Form
Supply Chain Management in the Construction Industry Dear
Participant, I am a graduate student in the Civil and Coastal
Engineering Department at the University of Florida. As part of my
course work I am conducting a survey, the purpose of which is to
identify and discuss the views of US contractors on supply chain
collaboration and management. I am asking you to participate in the
survey because of your close connection with these issues, as a
participant in the construction industry. Participants will be
asked to fill out a survey lasting no longer than 20 minutes. You
will not have to answer any question(s) you do not wish to answer.
Your survey will be conducted in your workplace, after you have
read this informed consent. Only I will have access to the survey
that you fill out. The statistical data collected from your survey
and others will be documented in my thesis. Although, your identity
(if you choose to reveal it) will be kept confidential to the
extent provided by the law and your identity will not be revealed
in the final manuscript. There are no anticipated risks,
compensation or other direct benefits to you as a participant in
this survey. If you have any questions about this research
protocol, please contact me at (352) 346 6021 or my faculty
supervisor, Dr. Ralph D. Ellis, at (352) 392-9537. Questions or
concerns about your rights as a research participant may be
directed to the UFIRB office, University of Florida, Box 112250,
Gainesville, FL 32611; Ph: (352) 392 0433. By filling out the
provided survey, you give me the permission to report your
responses anonymously in the final manuscript to be submitted to my
faculty supervisor as part of my course work. Sincerely, Aslihan
Karatas I have read the procedure described above. I voluntarily
agree to participate in the research study and I have received a
copy of this description. Please you use the following link: I
agree, Start Survey
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Questionnaire Form
Supply Chain Management in the Construction Industry
This survey has been designed to find out the views of main
contractors on supply chain management. Please take a few minutes
from your busy schedule and participate in the survey. Upon
completion, please send an e-mail it to us at: [email protected]
1. What was your companys revenue in the year 2007, in US
dollars? (PLEASE CHECK ONLY ONE) $1 to $49.9 Million $300 to $499.9
Million $50 to $99.9 Million $500 Million to $1 Billion $100 to
$299.9 Million $1 Billion +
Section A 1. Do you have any partnership agreements with any of
your suppliers? (yes / no )
If yes, how long has it been in existence? _________
2. Do these partnerships include any contractual agreements? (
yes / no )
3. How do you value partnership with your suppliers? (Please
circle your choice)
Unimportant____ Less Important_____ Normal____ Important____
Very important_____
Section B.
1. Do you have any partnership agreements with any of your
clients? ( yes / no ) If yes, how long has it been in existence?
_________
2. Are these partnerships contractual agreements? ( yes / no
)
3. How do you value partnership with your clients? (Please
circle your choice)
Unimportant____ Less Important_____ Normal____ Important____
Very important_____
Section C. (please mark your choice) How important is supply
chain management concepts with clients and suppliers to the
achievement of your company goals and objectives? Unimportant____
Less importance____ Normal____ Important____ Very
Important_____
Section D. (please circle chosen response) 1. To what extent do
you consider that the following functions affect your efficiency of
supply chain organization?
Low Extent High Extent
1 2 3 4 5
Inventory
Transportation
Lead Time
Purchasing
Production Planning
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2. How important are the following factors to your organization
when considering developing a supply chain collaboration?
Unimportant Very important
1 2 3 4 5
Improved customer service
Overall supply chain reduction
Increased profitability
Reducing bureaucracy/ paperwork
Increased market competitiveness
Cost reductions within your organisation
Benefits to the client
Benefits to your supplier
Improved quality assurance
3. How important are the following factors when developing a
successful supply chain relationship with a supplier?
Unimportant Very important
1 2 3 4 5
Reliable delivery date
Accurate order fulfilment
Level of complaints/ returns
Delivery at specified time
Flexibility
Fast order cycle time
Handling of complaints
Added value
Quality of materials
Quality of service
Trust
Simplifying the whole construction process 4. To what extent do
the following factors affect the development of a successful supply
chain relationship between your organization and clients?
Low Extent High Extent
1 2 3 4 5
Reliability of supply
Top management support
Trust
Mutual interest
Manpower development
Closer links between demand/ supply
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Question 4. Continued
Free flow of information
Integrated information systems (e.g. EDI)
More frequent meetings
Joint business planning
Simplifying the whole construction process
Creating standardisation of processes
Simplifying the bidding process
5. How much do you agree with the following factors when sharing
information with your clients or suppliers?
Strongly Disagree Strongly Agree
1 2 3 4 5
Competitive advantage is sought by sharing information with our
suppliers or customers
Competitive advantage is sought by production planning or
inventory decisions for your suppliers or clients
Competitive advantage is sought by performing some of your
suppliers or customers work for them
Proportion of overall production process subcontracted to
outside firms
6. How important are the following factors when you communicate
with your clients?
Strongly Disagree Strongly Agree
1 2 3 4 5
Being consulted in deciding the production schedule
Being consulted in deciding which new products to develop
7. How much do you agree with the following factors when
communicating with your suppliers?
Strongly Disagree Strongly Agree
1 2 3 4 5
Being consulted in deciding the production schedule
Being consulted in deciding which new products to develop
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8. How is the relationship between your firm and the majority of
your (Please circle your choice)
Very Weak Weak Normal Strong Very strong
Suppliers?
Clients?
9. To what extent do you believe the following factors are a
barrier to supply chain integration for contractors?
Low Extent High Extent
1 2 3 4 5
Late and incorrect payments
Bidding process
Retention
Unrealistic program times
Traditional contracts do not engender good working
relationships
Estimators are too demanding on small organizations
Companies do not understand other business within supply
chain
Some partnering relationships are executed for the wrong
reasons
10. Please add any personal comments on the subject of supply
chain management within the construction industry and how it
can be improved in the future.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
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APPENDIX B
CRONBACHS ALPHA TEST RESULTS
Factors Affecting Contractors Organization when Considering
Developing SC Collaboration
Item Analysis of C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9 Where C1:
Improved customer service C2: Overall supply chain reduction C3:
Increased profitability C4: Reducing bureaucracy/paper C5:
Increased market competitiveness C6: Cost reductions within your
organization C7: Benefits to the client C8: Benefits to your
supplier C9: Improved quality assurance Raw Data (5-point Likert
Scale) C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 2 3 2 4 4 4 2
3 5 4 3 3 4 3 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 3 4 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 4 4 2 2 2
5 3 4 4 3 3 3 4 4 4 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 4 4 3 4 5 5 4 5 4 2 4 4
4 4 5 5 5 4 3 5 2 5 3 3 3 3 5 5 5 4 5 4 5 2 4 5 5 5 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 5 3 5 2 5 5 5 3 5
4 3 4 3 3 3 4 2 4 4 3 3 3 4 4 5 4 5 4 4 4 4 3 5 5 2 5 3 4 4 3 4 4 3
3 4 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 4 3 4 5 4 4 4 4 4
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Correlation Matrix C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C2 0.519 C3 0.510
0.505 C4 0.048 0.336 0.259 C5 0.325 0.164 0.552 0.207 C6 0.276
0.309 0.426 0.466 0.548 C7 0.773 0.425 0.346 0.248 0.206 0.498 C8
0.285 0.172 0.175 0.420 0.254 0.267 0.313 C9 0.539 0.377 0.438
0.372 0.267 0.671 0.802 0.495 Cell Contents: Pearson correlation
Item and Total Statistics Total Variable Count Mean StDev C1 23
4.174 0.650 C2 23 3.435 0.843 C3 23 3.913 0.733 C4 23 3.348 0.885
C5 23 3.870 0.757 C6 23 3.913 0.848 C7 23 4.261 0.810 C8 23 3.304
0.926 C9 23 4.087 0.733 Total 23 34.304 4.800 Cronbach's Alpha =
0.8419
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4.5
3.5
2.5
5
4
3
4.5
3.5
2.5
4.5
3.5
2.5
4.5
3.5
2.5
5
4
3
4.5
3.5
2.5
543
5
4
3
4.53.52.5 543 4.53.52.5 4.53.52.5 4.53.52.5 543 4.53.52.5
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
C1
C9
C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8
Matrix Plot of C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9
Figure B-1. Matrix plot of factors affecting contractors
organization when considering developing a SC collaboration
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Factors Necessary for Contractors when Developing Successful SC
Relationship with a
Supplier
Item Analysis of C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, C10, C11,
C12 Where C1 : Reliable delivery date C2 : Accurate order
fulfillment C3 : Level of complaints/ returns C4 : Delivery at
specified time C5 : Flexibility C6 : Fast order cycle time C7 :
Handling of complaints C8 : Added value C9 : Quality of materials
C10: Quality of service C11: Trust C12: Simplifying the whole
construction process Raw Data (5-point Likert Scale) C1 C2 C3 C4 C5
C6 C7 C8 C9 C10 C11 C12 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 4 4 3 3 4 4
3 4 5 5 4 5 4 4 4 5 4 4 4 4 5 4 4 5 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 4
4 4 4 4 5 4 4 4 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 3 5 5 4 5 3 3 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4
5 4 5 5 5 4 5