Queen Square and King Street 2014

8/9/2019 Queen Square and King Street 2014

1/20

$. 2882/2014BHE $ 25237 & 25238AI: >1-153648

C@ @ $G * 58729 72665

Bristol and Region Archaeological Services

. $> C, . $> , B>, B1 1E. *>: (0117) 903 9010

A>> =

NO. 66 QEEN SQARE & NOS 22-23A KING STREET,

BRISTOL,

2014.

BK *K ?


2/20

CONTENTS

??K................................................................................................. 1

I@@............................................................................................. 1

@.......................................................................... 4

F@ A?@ + C* M*> E>@ + " %=*............................ 12

C@>@.............................................................................................. 16

A=@>?@................................................................................. 16

B>K @ C@>...................................................... 17

C?;: @ = > @ K @ CK,D@ @ @ A, 1988.

>@ ? @@ K ?@ ?@ C@>> H #


3/20

SMMAR$

A *;** *= @; *;; >= ;; = = = * @ +> *= 66 #> %>*; * 22, 23 *

23* K %=;=.

;= * J@ @ @ @ K B> @ @ A>> (BA) @ > =@= !, @ J@ $. 66 @ @ $ 22-23A !@ (>@@@ A>@: 09/00308/F,09/00311/"A & 11/04078/; F 1). A >> >@ @=@ K ACA ? @K @ @ @@ @> 25 $? 2013. * = >> ?>@ 1970@ 1980 >= $ 22 P 24 !@ @ $. 66 @ . B>@ @? @ !@ @ ? ?> @ > @>, @?>@ >@ =@@ 22-23 !@ , >>K $ 22-25 !@.

* > B> CK #? & A G>>K @ A@$? B#G 2012/61 @ K >> ? >> E@> H A.

A5 %( O)'8)5* ? J@ @ @ @K J@, @@ @ @K

>> @> ?@ >= @,>>K >> @K 17-@K @-

@ >@ !@ , @ ?> @@ @ >?@. * >>K ?@ @ S T, > K >@,>K K >> >>?@ .

M)(/+A @ ? @ @ ? >> @> >@

>> J> >K ?>@ , >> > @ ? @ @ @ @ !@ @ @ @(F. 2). * J@ @ @ ? >, @?@ @ @ (> 1).

@ K

@ @ @ , @?>- K @ ?, >> ?

F.1 %= *= *

1


4/20

> >= @? ,@>@ >>, > K , , >> @ ?@@K >> @@@ @ ? @ >@ !@ . * ?@ @ @ >>>K @ K, @ @ >

> > @ @ @ @K >> >>> @ @ @K >> >. A ?>> @ > J @ > @ @- @ K @ @K >> .* J@ >> ?> J?@@ >>?@ @ @ @-

@@ >@@ @ K.

I@ @ @@ @ >@ @@@ @ >@, > ?@ @ @>>K, > @ @ == @? @ > @ . * @ , ?>> @ @ J>K @ @,

> @ >>>K?@ @ @ . > @ @>>K > @K > ? >K >=, > @>>K J@ @ @?@@ ? @ ?, >> >K @J @ @ ? @@@ >. A > ? J @ @, > > @ @ @ @ @ ? @ K J@.

D@ @ @ ? ? > @ K . * >@ >>@ 1831 @ @ >@ = ?@ ? J ? 17-@K ? @, K @ @ ? 1500 1900? >> . -1831K >@ @ @@ K > >K @@ 17- @ 18-@KK @ ? @ , @> @ @ ? >, > @ > @.

* > = @K @? >?@ , @ @? 19- @ >K20- @K @ !@ @ @ -? >? ?>>K @K ?@ >K 17- 18- @-

K >@ @ .

2

"*= 1 !?;?@ = >;=*; * @


5/20

3

F 0 . 2

E A * ? * = 8 7 9 5 * 7 < 1 8 @ 7 0 = 1 6 * 7

< = ; > = > ; * 5

/ * = > ; < 6 7 = 8 7 - 7

= 1 = A = , @

= 1 9 5 * = - ; = 8 7


6/20

STRATIGRAPHIC SEQENCE

F ?@ K @ @ @ >=.

Phase 1

* > 17-@K >@ ? ?@ ? ? B> @ K C@ B> > @ >> @ @ >K@ !@ @ >@ #. * ?@>K @, @ @@ J@ @ ? @@@-@ >> > (> 2).

Phase 2

* @ - @@. @>K @ > >? @>K @ -; = >> (401) @ @ K J@. * ?>>?@ >> J @ @ ? >>

@@ @K >> (348) @ @@ >> 69 @. I ? @ >> > =>>, ?K @ ?@@ > 17- 18-@K @K >>, > @@ >> 69 @ @ @ @@ @ @J@ 1831 (> 3).

"*= 3 %= ;+*+ 18=- =>; +; @* *= = =;*; @* (348) * = ;=; %>*;, =-*;=*; *;* 4


7/20

Phase 3

* >K ? > , @ ??>K - 1831>@ @ @ !@ . I ? > @ K J@ @ @@ @ >@ @ J@>K > @ > >>@ , >@ @ @ P >@ @K >> (336) @ (348), @ (340) @ @ >> (334) @ >.

* @ @K >> (336) K @@ >> 70 @ , @@

@K >> > >@, @ > @ = K > @ . * @ @K >> (348) > >> >> J@ >> @ $.69 @ @. A @ @ @ @K >> (348)J 1? 17-@K ? > (382) =@ > =@ @ ? ? >>T @@, > > @ (F.4). *

- >@ @ >>>@ @K >> @ @ >, @ > ? = @@>> @ . * > @@ >> (338) $. 71 @ (> 4).

* K @ @K >> J (317) @ P @@ @ @ @ >? . A @ P >> > @ @ ,>@@ @K @ /!@ (409). * @ >>> >> @>@@ (432) @ (408) (> 5) @ @@@ @ P , @ (432)@ @ @ (>K >@ @ ). * @? >> (408) - 1831 , > @?

(432) >. * ?@ >> >>@ 24 @ 23 !@ .A@ @@> >> >> (281) @ @@@ P

@ > @ $.25 !@ @F.4 %= >348 382

353

9 *!D

" E

0 1?


8/20

K > @ @= (230) @ @ 17-@K >@>> ?@.* @ >>@ $. 25 !@ @ J@ > !@ . A>> @K >> @ >> >> @ ?-K ? @@ @ >? @ > ?@. A >@ > (417) @ ?@ = >> K @ @ B @ (419) @ @ 69 @ , >@

@ >>K ?>> @ >K@ > ?= @ (>6). * ?@ >> 66 @ ,?> @ 1930 @ @ > K ( 5 >), @ =>> >@ > @>@ > J?> > ?>@.

* ?@, >> (236) @ (240) J@@ ? @@ >@ @ 1831@@, >> ?>> @ >@ (242) @ > @= (238).

A @ > @ ? 1970 >@ J@ >@ ? > @, = ? >> $. 22, @ >@ ?@ @ 1830.

Phase 4

* @ > 19- >K20-@K >@ !@ . A @- @ = >> @ > K @> 1980 @ (> @ @ @ > @@>>K ? ?@ 1940). * @ > @ @ @K >> , @@@ >>> @ @ >>.

* @@ @>, @ @- @@ 5? @ >> ? @ K >>> >K (312)(> 7).

0 5m

F.5 E*?*= * ?; = G* I;* "* 1887

"*= 6 *


9/20

* >> > @ $. 25 @ 24 !@ @ ,?>K @ 1970, >@ @>K >> @ >@ @ $. 24,@->>@ >> > J. I ? >> @ $. 25!@ @>K >> >@ @@ @ !@ , >> @ @ > >@ > @ @ @- 17 @K > @ @ @ (287) @ @ @ > @=. * @ >> >> @@@ @ P @ $ 24@ 23 !@ (408) ? >@. A> @ >> >>, @ @ @ >= ?, @@@ @ P @ @ $. 23 !@ , ?@ >> >> K J@ @ > 19@K (412). * >> @ >> ?>@ > @ @ K 1970?@. I > @= @ > @K >> (340).

Phase 5

* @ @> K @ > 20@K. * @@ > K >@ @ @ 1930 > ?>@ 66 @ @ >> 25 !@ . $? 22, 23, 23 @24 !@ ?> @ > K >= @ 1970, @ >>K @@ @> >@, >-> @ =>> K @ >@ @ @K @@> >> >>K J@ (412) @ @ >> (408) 23 @ 24 !@ . * @ $. 24, >

-1831 >@ !@ , @ @ 1970 >= @ @> @ ?>@. * 1980 @ @ 66 @ > ?, >@= >K @ ? @

"*= 7 E; = ; , ;=-*


10/20

1970 >@ . C@@ 1980 ? > @@ ?@ 25!@ > @ @ @ ?K @-.

Uncertain date

A @? ?@ @@ @ J@ @ @ . A @ >> > K-@= ? (280) @ (318), J @ @ ? @ @ >@ >>K @>K -1830 @K >>, @>>K -1831@ @> 18-@K @ >K (> 8). * @@ = @ (327) @ @ > >@ @ (328) @ (279), @ ?@ > @ ? > 17 P 18 @K. H, ?@ @ , > @ ? ? > . C@ -@ @ >->> @= , @ > > K ? @ ?@ = >@. A> -1830 @ , @> >@ 3 4.

A @? ?>> >> >> @ @ @ , >@ @ ? @@ $. 69 @ @ > 3 , > @@ @. A >>K-@ @ @ > @ @ , @@@ K J?>K 0.40? > >K J >K (410).* ?K J 1831 ?K @ @ @ > 1831,

@ > @ @K >>.

FINDS ASSESSMENT REPORT K C #@

A > 730 @ @ J@ @ @ . * @ ?: 419 ?, 55 >K ?@, 142 @?> @ (2 =), 45 ?@ >>, 26 >, 20 ?> , 5 ? >@ ?> (CB#), @ 5 >. * @ >@, @ @ > @ ?> K. A? ?>> @K > ?> K, >> @ -?> ?@. @@ >> ?= @ @? @ @J @?. * @ >K

K K >.

C)%'5

* ? ?> ? 2 @->L > @ 412 K, 99.5% -?>; ?@@ 0.5% ?>. * ? J?@ @ B>K *K (B*) @ > , @ @ K K @ *> 1 @ >K @? @ K? K #? "@@ ("AAC 2007).

*+ 1: C;*< >*= + @*; =

"%) ) BPT N%) '() D%) %+) S7') Q7%

B> > 72 B 1250 P 1500 B> 1$ I>@ ?>> 81 $I# 1550 P 1725 I>K 1C@

(F>> ) 93 C*$ 1500 P 1650 G> 5

> @ 95 E* 1600 P 1800 G?@K 4? 96 # 1550 P 1900 ? 130*@->L 99 *G 1640 P 1800 #>K B> 45B>/K>> > 100 *" 1650 P 1800 #>K B> 55#@> @->L 107 #"*G 1530 P 1650 I>K 1$ D@ @ 108 $DF 1650 P 1900 $ D@ 14$ D@

>-? 112 $DG* 1600 P 1900 $ D@ 110 >->L @ 179 G 1720 P 1770 10#>@ C 197 HEB4 1400 P 1700 9

8


11/20

@ @ 202 EF 1780 + E@>@ 1B>/?> ?@@ 211 *# 1690 P 1800 #>K B> 1"> @ 264 - 1700 P 1900 B> 14E@> @ 277 E$G 1700 P 1900 #>K B> 9#-K 282 A# 1250 P 1650 > 1F@ @ 286 FEC 1550 P 1700 G?@K 2 319 *CA 1650 P 1900 1C? 326 CEA 1765 P 1830 #>K B> 2

@@ ? (@) - - 1720 + @=@@ 3

T%/ 419

M)()8%/

* ?> K ? 1 13 P 15-@K B> > (B; B* 72) @ 1 13 P 17-@K #-K (A#; B* 282); > @ @ -?> @J.

P5-)()8%/

* -?> ?> ? ??@>K @ @ 17 19-@K @J@ B>, E@> @->L , @, >, @, , @ ?>>

?@ ? K.

E*;=@*;

* K @> C@ (C*$: B* 93), ? (#: B* 96), $ D@@ ($DF; B* 108), $ D@ >-? ($DG*; B* 112), #>@ C (HEB4; B* 197) @ (*CA; B* 319).

SC@ T ? K >=->L @ E@>@ @ 16 @ >K 17 @K. # @ @ B> @G> @ ??@>K =@@ SF>> T =>@ ? @ @ @@ #5 ?K. A>> C@/F>> > @@ 19-@K @J.

? K ? ??@ K @ ?>. * K ? ?-16 > 19 @K, ? >? @ @@@ @ >K 20@K. ? @? @K @>@ @,$@@K, D@K, @K @ $ K. I@> ? @> 17-19-@K @@, K19-@K @>= >.

* $ D@ K @> >-? @ @ , @ @ @ 17 > 19 @. * >-? K @>K? ??@ @ ?>, @ ?>K ? ?@ > @ ? > @@; ? @> =@ @ ?@ @-?> > ? 19-@K @J 364.

#>@ C (HEB4; B* 197) @ @ @ 15 17@, @ ??@ @ B> @ 16 @K. I@> ? @> @ ?19-@K @J 370 @ 17/18-@K @J 396.

C (*CA; B* 319) ? ?-16 19 @K@ = >= >L.

EL (*G; B* 99) @ B> ? 1640 @> @ 18 @K,@ K ?- . I@> *G ? @> ?, >, >, >, @ . * >, ? > 328, @ ? ?@ @ -?? , @ @ @ K> @ 1680 P 1800.

B;K @->L . >>9


12/20

> (*"; B* 100) @ 1650 @ 1800; ?> ?@@ (*#;B* 211) @ 1690 @ 1800. A ? ?@K ? @J 321,>> @> K>> > ? > @ .

E E@> >->L @ (E$G; B* 277) >=>K @ @B> @ 18 19 @K. * @>K @> ? > ? 18/19 @K-@J 308.

M* @=@*; 2 ? (CEA; B* 326), 1 @ (EF; B* 202), @ 1 @-@ (*; B* 278). $ ? @. * ? @ 18 @K @.

G;* 2 > 16 P 17-@K F@ @ (FEC; B*286) @ 4 17/18-@K > @ (E*; B* 95). * @>K @>G?@ @ ? ? F@ B?@@ >. A>> G?@ @ > @ @ 19-@K > @J.

I=** ==;

* I>@ ? ?-16 P >K 17-@K #@> @->L (#"*G: B* 107)> , @ > 16 P >K 18-@K $ I>@ ?> > ($I#; B* 81) >; > @ @ 19-@K @J.

C/% %'' )5

A > 55 ?@ >K >>, 43 @-@ ?. * ? > 16 @K @, @ @> 3 ?= >. * @ @ @ B> @ "@@ > K> ( 2013, 215-37; A=@@ &> 1969), @ > (> 1975; =@ & 1974; 2011). * B>

J BI; "@@ J A.* ?=@ @ E@>@ @ ?-16 @K, @ > =@@

@ "@@ 1580 (> 1975, 4). B>T ?=@ @K > ? ? 1617 ( 2011, 7), @ > 16 @ K >K 17 @"@@ ?@ ?@ @ @. @ @ @ ?> "@@ A3 K >, @ ? 1580 P 1610. * , ?= SIT @@ >, - , ?K @ ? K "@@ -?= @ , @ C 1619 @ 1634 (> 1975, 144). * A3 >@ @ -1830 >K 376.

* ?= ? P > 17-@K K ? SET @ @ >.B ?= >> @ =@ & (1974, 95-6, $. 87-88), @ @ @ B> ?= > E I II. >> E I @ 1621-5, ? @ 1649,@ @ 1683 ( 2011, 1391-1410). H @, > E II, @ 1652-4, ? @1680, @ >K @ 1703 (). A>> E ?>KT =@@ = @ "@T # . SET ??@ @ B> @ @ @ @ >@ A?@@ @ ? (>= 1971, 1756; =@ & , 1974, 42). B > @ @ -1830 @J.

A%/ )

* ?> ? 142 ?@ @?> @ ? 16 -?> ?@ >K-. * ?> @ @ *> 2 K @ @>> .

M=

* @ ?> >K @@ @ @ @ ? @ =>> >[email protected]> @?@ >@ , ? @ K > @, @ @@@ @ @>@ @K @ @@ @ @@ @. * @?@ >K

10


13/20

@ @ -@ >@ @J> @?@.

";>K , > @, @ @ > ?= > @ >K . $ @ ?= @.

%< ;;K 44% ?@ @ @ , ? ? >=

(.. >, / @ ), ? ??@ @ > @ /, @ @ >@.

*+ 2: >+; = K 292 ? >>>K ? ?> ( ? > @ K) > @ ? ? @ =@ @

@ @ > 18 >K 19 @K ( F@ D@ @ C@>@ >).I@ @ / =@ = @ 18 P >K 19 @K >K 292; K > >K @>.

* @ @ ? >K 431. * @> >>K @ > >> >K = ?? >. * @ >, >> ? =, > ?? > @ >. * @ E ? C@ @ ?-17 @K, K?@ >>K @??@ @> @ 18 @K. * ?@ @@ @1780 K "@@ @@ @? >>? A. H ? ?@@ @-@> ? ??@ @ 19 @K @ K K@ >?@ @

@K (#= 1993, 162). * ? @ ? > 18 19@K.

G/%55

* > ?> ? 25 > > @ 1 @ >, >> -?> ?@. * > @ K @J. # > ?>> @@-@, ? >=>K ? ->@ @ > > 17- 18- @K. * > @= ? >K 368 @ >K 1660 P 1760, @ @ @> > > @= ?> ?>> @ @ S@@T S?>>T @ >.

M)%/

* ?> ?> ? 19 @ >K > >=>K -?> ?@. #> , 1 >, 1 , 1 > ?@ @ 1 @ @=@@

11


14/20

@@. * >>K >, ? @ 18- 19-@K .

M%) 5)//

A > 45 ?@ >> ? -?> @ ?@ @J, 39 K, 2 => @ 2 ?>. A>> ?@ >> >=>K ? .

O) *(5

* @ ? 13 @ >, 5 -?> ?@ CB# @ 5

> @ 2 = @ ?> K, >> @ -?>. # J @J @@ 17/18-@K @, @ @ >>K - B> 1830.

* @ ?> ?>> @ ? >> ? @J >=>K @> ? > @ K, >? @> K. $ = ??@. "K 292 @@@ = @ >>K J @ @ @ J@ . @@>K @ @ J @>K @ @ @ @ ? 17-@K >@>> , @

K @ 1780 , > K >? @> >@>> .H, @ = @ @ K ?K >> ?J@ @?K ? >, @ > 18 @K-K.

SMMAR$ OF THE GEOARCHAEOLOGICAL E!ALATION K > @K

A >> > K K ACA @ G@> E@@@ " @ @ $? 2013. * = @=@ @ > @ H>@K . @ > K ACA > @ >@ @ @ >>>/> > K @@ @> B> .

B= # #@ G @@ @K ?@K@ @ BH1, @ > -5.85? D @ K @@?>K >@ K> >@ A@ F?@. * ? @ > >@ H>@ @> F?@ @ -2.46? D @ +6.65? D @ BH1, @@ -1.95? D @ +6.95? D @ BH2. * @> F?@ ?@ @ ? ?@ @: SA>>? 3T @ SA>>? 1T, ? ?@ >/>K @ @ >?@ @ @ @ @@ @ A@ ,> > ? >/>K >>>/@> . * H>@ @ K # G@, 3.05? = @ BH1 @ 2.20? = @ BH2.

A> @ >@@?@> @ >> @> @@@ @ @> F?@ ?@ @ @> B>, ? @>K @

C@@T # , @ @@ @ . * @ @ > >> @ >@@?@> @> @ @ >> = ??@. * >> >> >@ @


15/20

@ ?@K@ >? !@ ? @ @,? >@ ?@ @@ @ @> > 1800.* @ >> ?@>K@ !@ @ >@

@ ?K J@ @@ .@>>K > >

@?@ @ 1663, !@ @ ? ? ??>@ @, L > @ >@ @ @ >@ @ @K @ , 23!@ @ @ >>@.

BK ? , !@ @ @ ? @ (@ A@) $. 22 (@>>K $ 21 @ 22), >> >K ? @@, ?@. A@ @>@, ? , $. 23, > $ 23 (@>>K $. 24) ?K @ @ > > @. $? 24 (@>>K $. 25) @ @ >@ ? > @A@ F@=, @ ?@, @ > @ @> >@ @ K 1830. * @? K >> @ $. 25 (> 25 @ 26, @ > 26

@>K), > >, @ 1831 > K C@ @ C@>, @. *K 1718 @> @?@ ?> @ > 3Q K @ @ > @ > @ @ @ > @ @ 1825 (*? ?, F. 6).

F>>@ , @ ? @ @ K, > !@ > ?>>K , =@@ >@ @ . I@ @ ;?; * ;> >K >@ >>@ @ > @> >@ > 22 !@ @ , > @? >@ @ 1950. * >@ @ > > @(>> A>?, >. B, K J@ ?@ ?@ ?@> >>. * @ @ @@ @ !@ >>? A@ @ >@ >@ >@ @ @ >K J @ K G @ 1887 @ @ >>@ @ @. $? 23 !@ @ @ > $. 22 @ >. * @ @ >K >? ? @> @ = >>, @ @ >?@ >> $.22, >>?> @ @ >> @ @ >?@. * ?@ >@> > @ @ @ > ?@ @ ?

@ >@ ?> @ 1960.* 1958 >@ >@ $ 22 @ 23 !@ ?@@ S @=T > $. 23

@ =>>, @ ?@ > >. * @ @?

13

F.6 *< $@+=* @*=;>; 25-30 K %=;=,1825 (B$%MG M2504)


16/20

, ?@@ @ =>> @ @ @ 1970. A>>, > 19-@K J@@, J $. 23,@ J@ 17@K ?=- @ 19-

@K ?@, ?@> =->>@ , @ >J@@ >> . B $. 22 @ 23!@ @> >?@ @ 1970.

. 23* (;* 24) K

%=;=

$? 23 (@>>K 24) !@, > >> @@ @ @> K K @ , >>= $. 22 @ 23 > @ 1834, @ ? @@. H >K@ @J > @ @@ ?@ @@,

K> @@ @@ @>>@ > 23 @?K .

* >@ @ @ K @ 1800 @ G >@ 1887 @ @ K ? > K ? ?@K @@ ; E@ @ @, @ @ ?@ = ? ?@@. D@ @ @> @ @ >? ? >> @ @@@ @ P @ J@ >@ @ @ >> > J @@@ P @ @ ?@ @ >> @ @ G >@. * >> @= > @ , @ K, > @K >> @ @ K J@ . * ?@ J > >@ @ =>> >@ @ 1970.

* M $. 24 !@ ?@ @@ @> @ ?>@ (F. 8). C@ @@@ @@ >= = >, >@ @ @@; > @ >> !@ , @ @ @ @ 1833, >=>K @ @?K - >. * @ >> @ @ $. 23 @ >>> ?@ @ >> 23 @ @ @ = K ?, ?@>K >@@ @ $. 23. * ?K @ >> > @ > @ >K @ > @ 1905, ? $. 24 @ @ @@>>K. A ?>> >> > @ , ?@ -1831 @ >> >@. * @@ >>, ?@

?>@ M, @ > @ >> @ J @ ?>> @ @ @ >@ =>> ?@ @ >>@ K ? @@>> > ?@@.

F.7 "=;* *= , . B, B;).

14


17/20

< 25 & 26 K %=;=

* @ >@ 1831 $ 25 @26 !@ . * 1718> @ @ > @ > 19@K !@

?@ @>1905 @ ?> ?= K > > .* >? @ ?@ >> J @ @ > 1718 M $. 25 !@ @> 1905, J@ @K >@ ?K

>@ @>. I > > @ >@ >K 18@K, = >@ > >> @>. * 1887 GI@@ >@ >@ ?>>K? ?, @ ?>> @->

>@ @ @ J@ ? @> @ J@, ? @ @ , @ =K>. G@ >@ ??>K @ $. 25 @ > ,@ >K > , 1831, ? @= $. 25 @ @.

I@@>K, @ ? 1905 @@, >?@ ?K @ 1718 >@ J @ @ @ J@. > ?@@ >> > K 1905 ( >> > @ @ @@@>@ 1905 = >> @ @ >> $. 27 !@ ), @ >> , @ @@ > ? >=>K >K 19 @K @ 17 (F. 5). A@ @@> >> > @ @@@ P J?>K 5.50? !@ @. $ >> @ ?@, =>> @ -?J 17 @K >@>> @ >, ? @@ 1905 . * @ >> @ ?@, @> 17-@K >@>> @ >>K@ @ @ J@ > @ @ =-> @= K >? @,>K @, > @ @ @@> >>. * @= @ >1905 @@ >@ > @ , ?>K > @ @ ?K . A@, @ @@> >> @ @= @@ ? 19 @K @ >K18 @ ? >=>K ? >> @ ? >>@ .

* > 1905 > 25 @ 26 !@ @> >@(F. 7), @ 5? @ @- @ >@. * J@ @ , >? ? @ > @@ > = >> @ 1980 >@ @@, @@> >?@ @ > @ ? @.

I@ >, ?@ > > @ @ J @ J@, >K@ >K ? >- >>>@ . BK ?-20 @K 24 !@ @ @ @ . * @> 1980 @

F.8 . 24 K %=;= ;=* ;; = ;= =, +=@ = 1970< * 1980< +>


18/20

?> > , @ ? K ?@ @ II @ > , @>K K > .

* $. 25 !@ , ?>> @ >> @ @ J@, @@@ @@ @ @@@ . * @ @@ >@ > @ @@ = > @ @@->@, >K @ >@. A ?>> ?@ >> ? @@ @ @ @ , >@ ? @@ >@ , @ >@.* @ >> ?@ @, ? >= > @ 19 @K, >

K ?@@ 18-@K !@ >@.

#> %>*;

I@ -@ @ , ?@ ?@ > $. 66 @ @ @ @ . > J@ > ?>> = @ >>, @ @ @ >@ > > >> @ ?@ ? @K @, ?>K >@ ? @ @ ?@ @. * ? @=>> > @ >, >@ > @ > ?>@, >K @@? @ ?> @ 1930.

* ?@ J@ K @ $. 70 @ , >>K >?@ @ > 20 @K. A> @ > >>K

@ J@@ 23 !@ , ? @ , >@ @ @ !@ 1831. C @= @ >> @ @ ?@ @ @K>>, @ > @ @ >> @ $. 69 @ . A>= K @ @ ?@ $. 70, @ >@ @ @ ?@ ? =K. * @ ? @ @ @ ??@; @>K @ ?J, 17-@K >@>> @ K @. A > = @ > @ > ? >, >@ ?>> @ @ >= K. A > @ K , >K @ > 19 >K 20 @K.

CONCLSIONS

I@ @>@, @ -1600 J @ J@ @ . * @>K > @>K - B> 1831 ?>> ?@ = >>, @ @= ?; > ?@ @> > 17 >K 18-@K @K >>, @ @ @K >> @ @@ @@ >> $. 67 @ @ > >>@ @ K .

* ? >>, >, @=, >> @ @@ @@ >> @ >@ ?>, , @ @, > >>@ @@ @ @K >> @ @ KJ@. * > @ @ >@ ( > J@

>>), K @ ? ?@ !@ @ @$ 22 @ 26, @ @ > @ ?-1800, B> .* !@ >?@ > 1800 / >K 1900, @ K =

>> >> @ @? , @> . H@@ = >>, ?>> > >>@ J, @ > ? 18 @K @ @, 17 @K @@ >> >> ?K >> ?@ @-. * > 20-@K >= ? ? @ @ $ 22 @ 23 @ > ?@ 21-@K >?@ $ 22-23 !@ >> @ @ ? ?, 17 @ 18-@K !@ >> >> > ?@ @@ >? .

16


19/20

ACKNO"LEDGEMENTS

BA > >= @= !>>K I> @ =@= ?@?@ ?, B (=@=K), @= , ACA @ B @ (@ A>> ) B> CK C@> @ @ , A. (1969) S"@@ >K T, J B;= CK #? @ A G>>K, @ BA.

BK@, . (2007) A;** DK * T @ K & (.): F;*;*;


20/20

Queen Square and King Street 2014

Documents