41 CHAPTER OUTLINE 41.1 An Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics 41.2 A Particle in a Box 41.3 The Particle Under Boundary Conditions 41.4 The Schrödinger Equation 41.5 A Particle in a Well of Finite Height 41.6 Tunneling Through a Potential Energy Barrier 41.7 The Scanning Tunneling Microscope Oscillator 41.8 The Simple Harmonic Quantum Mechanics ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q41.1 A particle’s wave function represents its state, containing all the information there is about its location and motion. The squared absolute value of its wave function tells where we would classically think of the particle as a spending most its time. Ψ 2 is the probability distribution function for the position of the particle. Q41.2 The motion of the quantum particle does not consist of moving through successive points. The particle has no definite position. It can sometimes be found on one side of a node and sometimes on the other side, but never at the node itself. There is no contradiction here, for the quantum particle is moving as a wave. It is not a classical particle. In particular, the particle does not speed up to infinite speed to cross the node. Q41.3 Consider a particle bound to a restricted region of space. If its minimum energy were zero, then the particle could have zero momentum and zero uncertainty in its momentum. At the same time, the uncertainty in its position would not be infinite, but equal to the width of the region. In such a case, the uncertainty product ∆∆ xp x would be zero, violating the uncertainty principle. This contradiction proves that the minimum energy of the particle is not zero. Q41.4 The reflected amplitude decreases as U decreases. The amplitude of the reflected wave is proportional to the reflection coefficient, R, which is 1 − T , where T is the transmission coefficient as given in equation 41.20. As U decreases, C decreases as predicted by equation 41.21, T increases, and R decreases. Q41.5 Consider the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. It implies that electrons initially moving at the same speed and accelerated by an electric field through the same distance need not all have the same measured speed after being accelerated. Perhaps the philosopher could have said “it is necessary for the very existence of science that the same conditions always produce the same results within the uncertainty of the measurements.” Q41.6 In quantum mechanics, particles are treated as wave functions, not classical particles. In classical mechanics, the kinetic energy is never negative. That implies that E U ≥ . Treating the particle as a wave, the Schrödinger equation predicts that there is a nonzero probability that a particle can tunnel through a barrier—a region in which E U < . 491
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41
CHAPTER OUTLINE
41.1 An Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics41.2 A Particle in a Box41.3 The Particle Under Boundary Conditions41.4 The Schrödinger Equation41.5 A Particle in a Well of Finite Height41.6 Tunneling Through a Potential Energy Barrier41.7 The Scanning Tunneling Microscope
Oscillator
41.8 The Simple Harmonic
Quantum Mechanics
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS
Q41.1 A particle’s wave function represents its state, containing all theinformation there is about its location and motion. The squaredabsolute value of its wave function tells where we wouldclassically think of the particle as a spending most its time. Ψ 2
is the probability distribution function for the position of theparticle.
Q41.2 The motion of the quantum particle does not consist of movingthrough successive points. The particle has no definite position.It can sometimes be found on one side of a node andsometimes on the other side, but never at the node itself. Thereis no contradiction here, for the quantum particle is moving asa wave. It is not a classical particle. In particular, the particledoes not speed up to infinite speed to cross the node.
Q41.3 Consider a particle bound to a restricted region of space. If its minimum energy were zero, then theparticle could have zero momentum and zero uncertainty in its momentum. At the same time, theuncertainty in its position would not be infinite, but equal to the width of the region. In such a case,the uncertainty product ∆ ∆x px would be zero, violating the uncertainty principle. This contradictionproves that the minimum energy of the particle is not zero.
Q41.4 The reflected amplitude decreases as U decreases. The amplitude of the reflected wave isproportional to the reflection coefficient, R, which is 1−T , where T is the transmission coefficient asgiven in equation 41.20. As U decreases, C decreases as predicted by equation 41.21, T increases, andR decreases.
Q41.5 Consider the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. It implies that electrons initially moving at the samespeed and accelerated by an electric field through the same distance need not all have the samemeasured speed after being accelerated. Perhaps the philosopher could have said “it is necessary forthe very existence of science that the same conditions always produce the same results within theuncertainty of the measurements.”
Q41.6 In quantum mechanics, particles are treated as wave functions, not classical particles. In classicalmechanics, the kinetic energy is never negative. That implies that E U≥ . Treating the particle as awave, the Schrödinger equation predicts that there is a nonzero probability that a particle can tunnelthrough a barrier—a region in which E U< .
491
492 Quantum Mechanics
Q41.7 Consider Figure 41.8, (a) and (b) in the text. In the square well with infinitely high walls, theparticle’s simplest wave function has strict nodes separated by the length L of the well. The particle’s
wavelength is 2L, its momentum hL2
, and its energy pm
hmL
2 2
22 8= . Now in the well with walls of only
finite height, the wave function has nonzero amplitude at the walls. The wavelength is longer. Theparticle’s momentum in its ground state is smaller, and its energy is less.
Q41.8 Quantum mechanically, the lowest kinetic energy possible for any bound particle is greater thanzero. The following is a proof: If its minimum energy were zero, then the particle could have zeromomentum and zero uncertainty in its momentum. At the same time, the uncertainty in its positionwould not be infinite, but equal to the width of the region in which it is restricted to stay. In such acase, the uncertainty product ∆ ∆x px would be zero, violating the uncertainty principle. Thiscontradiction proves that the minimum energy of the particle is not zero. Any harmonic oscillatorcan be modeled as a particle or collection of particles in motion; thus it cannot have zero energy.
Q41.9 As Newton’s laws are the rules which a particle of large mass follows in its motion, so theSchrödinger equation describes the motion of a quantum particle, a particle of small or large mass. Inparticular, the states of atomic electrons are confined-wave states with wave functions that aresolutions to the Schrödinger equation.
SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS
Section 41.1 An Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics
P41.1 (a) ψ x Ae A x Ai x A kx Ai kxi xa f e j e j a f a fe j= = × + × = +
×5 00 10 10 1010
5 10 5 10.
cos sin cos sin goes through
a full cycle when x changes by λ and when kx changes by 2π . Then kλ π= 2 where
k = × =−5 00 10210 1. mπλ
. Then λπ
=×
= × −2
5 00 101 26 10
1010 m
m.
.e j
.
(b) ph
= =× ⋅×
= × ⋅−
−−
λ6 626 101 26 10
5 27 1034
1024.
..
J s m
kg m s
(c) me = × −9 11 10 31. kg
Km v
mpm
e
e= = =
× ⋅
× ×= × =
××
=−
−−
−
−
2 2 2 24 2
3117
17
192 2
5 27 10
2 9 11 101 52 10
1 52 101 60 10
95 5.
..
..
. kg m s
kg J
J J eV
eVe je j
P41.2 Probability P xa
x adx
aa
xaa
a
a
a
a
a
= =+
= FHGIKJFHGIKJFHGIKJ
− −
−
−z zψ
π πa f
e j2
2 211
tan
P = − − = − −FHGIKJ
LNM
OQP =
− −11 1
14 4
12
1 1
π ππ π
tan tan a f
Chapter 41 493
Section 41.2 A Particle in a Box
P41.3 E1192 00 3 20 10= = × −. . eV J
For the ground-state, Eh
m Le1
2
28= .
(a) Lh
m Ee
= = × =−
84 34 10 0 434
1
10. . m nm
(b) ∆E E Eh
m Lh
m Le e
= − =FHG
IKJ −FHG
IKJ =2 1
2
2
2
248 8
6 00. eV
P41.4 For an electron wave to “fit” into an infinitely deep potential well, an integralnumber of half-wavelengths must equal the width of the well.
nλ2
1 00 10 9= × −. m so λ =×
=−2 00 10 9.
nhp
(a) Since Kpm
h
mhm
nn
e e e= = =
×=
−
2 2 2 2 2
9 22
2 2 2 2 100 377
λe je j
e j. eV
For K ≈ 6 eV n = 4
(b) With n = 4, K = 6 03. eV
FIG. P41.4
P41.5 (a) We can draw a diagram that parallels our treatment of standingmechanical waves. In each state, we measure the distance dfrom one node to another (N to N), and base our solution uponthat:
Since dN to N =λ2
and λ =hp
ph h
d= =λ 2
.
Next, Kpm
hm d de e
= = =× ⋅
×
L
NMMM
O
QPPP
−
−
2 2
2 2
34 2
312 81 6 626 10
8 9 11 10
.
.
J s
kg
e je j
.
Evaluating, Kd
=× ⋅−6 02 10 38
2. J m2
Kd
=× ⋅−3 77 10 19
2. eV m2
.
In state 1, d = × −1 00 10 10. m K1 37 7= . eV .
In state 2, d = × −5 00 10 11. m K 2 151= eV.
In state 3, d = × −3 33 10 11. m K3 339= eV .
In state 4, d = × −2 50 10 11. m K4 603= eV .FIG. P41.5
continued on next page
494 Quantum Mechanics
(b) When the electron falls from state 2 to state 1, it puts out energy
E hfhc
= − = = =151 37 7 113 eV eV eV.λ
into emitting a photon of wavelength
λ = =× ⋅ ×
×=
−
−
hcE
6 626 10 10
113 1 60 1011 0
34 8
19
.
..
J s 3.00 m s
eV J eV nm
e je ja fe j
.
The wavelengths of the other spectral lines we find similarly:
Transition 4 3→ 4 2→ 4 1→ 3 2→ 3 1→ 2 1→ E eVa f 264 452 565 188 302 113 λ nma f 4.71 2.75 2.20 6.60 4.12 11.0
P41.6 λ = 2D for the lowest energy state
Kpm
hm
hmD
ph h
D
= = = =× ⋅
× ×= × =
= = =× ⋅
×= × ⋅
−
− −
−
−
−−
2 2
2
2
2
34 2
27 14 214
34
1420
2 2 8
6 626 10
8 4 1 66 10 1 00 108 27 10 0 517
26 626 10
3 31 10
λ
λ
.
. .. .
..
J s
kg m J MeV
J s
2 1.00 10 m kg m s
e je j e j
e j
P41.7 ∆Ehc h
m Lh
m Le e
= =FHG
IKJ − =
λ
2
22 2
2
282 1
38
Lh
m ce= = × =−3
87 93 10 0 79310λ
. . m nm
P41.8 ∆Ehc h
m Lh
m Le e
= =FHG
IKJ − =
λ
2
22 2
2
282 1
38
so Lh
m ce=
38
λ
P41.9 The confined proton can be described in the same way as a standingwave on a string. At level 1, the node-to-node distance of the standingwave is 1 00 10 14. × − m , so the wavelength is twice this distance:hp= × −2 00 10 14. m.
The proton’s kinetic energy is
K mvpm
hm
= = = =× ⋅
× ×
=×
×=
−
− −
−
−
12 2 2
6 626 10
2 1 67 10 2 00 10
3 29 102 05
22 2
2
34 2
27 14 2
13
19
λ
.
. .
..
J s
kg m
J1.60 10 J eV
MeV
e je je j
FIG. P41.9
continued on next page
Chapter 41 495
In the first excited state, level 2, the node-to-node distance is half as long as in state 1. Themomentum is two times larger and the energy is four times larger: K = 8 22. MeV .
The proton has mass, has charge, moves slowly compared to light in a standing wave state, andstays inside the nucleus. When it falls from level 2 to level 1, its energy change is
2 05 8 22 6 16. . . MeV MeV MeV− = − .
Therefore, we know that a photon (a traveling wave with no mass and no charge) is emitted at thespeed of light, and that it has an energy of +6 16. MeV .
Its frequency is fEh
= =× ×
× ⋅= ×
−
−
6 16 10 1 60 10
6 626 101 49 10
6 19
3421
. .
..
eV J eV
J s Hz
e je j.
And its wavelength is λ = =×
×= ×−
−cf
3 00 101 49 10
2 02 108
21 113.
..
m s s
m .
This is a gamma ray, according to the electromagnetic spectrum chart in Chapter 34.
P41.10 The ground state energy of a particle (mass m) in a 1-dimensional box of width L is EhmL1
2
28= .
(a) For a proton m = × −1 67 10 27. kge j in a 0.200-nm wide box:
E1
34 2
27 10 222 3
6 626 10
8 1 67 10 2 00 108 22 10 5 13 10=
× ⋅
× ×= × = ×
−
− −
− −.
. .. .
J s
kg m J eV
e je je j
.
(b) For an electron m = × −9 11 10 31. kge j in the same size box:
E1
34 2
31 10 218
6 626 10
8 9 11 10 2 00 101 51 10 9 41=
× ⋅
× ×= × =
−
− −
−.
. .. .
J s
kg m J eV
e je je j
.
(c) The electron has a much higher energy because it is much less massive.
Yes , the energy differences are ~1 MeV , which is a typical energy for a γ-ray photon.
496 Quantum Mechanics
*P41.12 (a) The energies of the confined electron are Eh
m Lnn
e
=2
22
8. Its energy gain in the quantum
jump from state 1 to state 4 is h
m Le
2
22 2
84 1−e j and this is the photon energy:
hm L
hfhc
e
2
215
8= =
λ. Then 8 152m cL he = λ and L
hm ce
=FHGIKJ
158
1 2λ
.
(b) Let ′λ represent the wavelength of the photon emitted: hc h
m Lh
m Lh
m Le e e′= − =
λ
2
22
2
22
2
284
82
128
.
Then hc
hc
h m L
m L he
eλλ′
= =2 2
2 2
15 8
8 1254
e j and ′ =λ λ1 25. .
Section 41.3 The Particle Under Boundary Conditions
Section 41.4 The Schrödinger Equation
P41.13 We have ψ ω= −Aei kx tb g and∂∂
= −2
22ψψ
xk .
Schrödinger’s equation:∂∂
= − = − −2
22
22ψ
ψ ψx
km
E Ua f .
Since kp
hp2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 2= = =
πλ
πa f b gand E U
pm
− =2
2.
Thus this equation balances.
P41.14 ψ x A kx B kxa f = +cos sin∂∂
= − +ψx
kA kx kB kxsin cos
∂∂
= − −2
22 2ψ
xk A kx k B kxcos sin − − = − +
2 22
mE U
mEA kx B kxa f a fψ cos sin
Therefore the Schrödinger equation is satisfied if
∂∂
= −FHGIKJ −
2
2 22ψ
ψx
mE Ua f or − + = −FHG
IKJ +k A kx B kx
mEA kx B kx2
22
cos sin cos sina f a f.
This is true as an identity (functional equality) for all x if Ekm
=2 2
2.
*P41.15 (a) With ψ x A kxa f a f= sin
ddx
A kx Ak kxsin cos= andddx
Ak kx2
22ψ = − sin .
Then − = + = = = = =2 2
2
2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2 22
2 2
4
4 2 2 212m
ddx
km
A kxh
m
pm
m vm
mv Kψ π
π λψ ψ ψ ψ ψsin
e je ja f
.
(b) With ψπλ
x Ax
A kxa f = FHGIKJ =sin sin
2, the proof given in part (a) applies again.
Chapter 41 497
P41.16 (a) x xL
xL
dxL
xx
Ldx
L L
= FHGIKJ = −FHG
IKJz z2 2 2 1
212
42
0 0
sin cosπ π
xL
xL
L xL
xL
xL
LL L
= − +LNM
OQP =
12
116
4 4 42
2
0
2
20π
π π πsin cos
(b) Probability= FHGIKJ = −LNM
OQPz 2 2 1 1
442
0 490
0 510
0 490
0 510
Lx
Ldx
Lx
LL x
LL
L
L
L
sin sin.
.
.
.ππ
π
Probability= − − = × −0 0201
42 04 1 96 5 26 10 5. sin . sin . .
ππ πa f
(c) ProbabilityxL
xL L
L
−LNMOQP = × −1
44
3 99 100 240
0 2602
ππ
sin ..
.
(d) In the n = 2 graph in Figure 41.4 (b), it is more probable to find the particle either near xL
=4
or xL
=34
than at the center, where the probability density is zero.
Nevertheless, the symmetry of the distribution means that the average position is L2
.
P41.17 Normalization requires
ψ 2 1dxall spacez = or A
n xL
dxL
2 2
0
1sinπFHGIKJ =z
An x
Ldx A
LL2 2
0
2
21sin
πFHGIKJ = FHG
IKJ =z or A
L=
2.
P41.18 The desired probability is P dxL
xL
dxL L
= = FHGIKJz zψ
π2
0
42
0
42 2sin
where sincos2 1 22
θθ
=−
.
Thus, PxL
xL
L
= −FHGIKJ = − − +FHG
IKJ =
14
4 14
0 0 0 0 2500
4
ππ
sin . .
P41.19 In 0 ≤ ≤x L , the argument 2π x
L of the sine function ranges from 0 to 2π . The probability density
2 22
Lx
LFHGIKJFHGIKJsin
π reaches maxima at sinθ = 1 and sinθ = −1 at
22
π πxL
= and 2 3
2π πxL
= .
∴ The most probable positions of the particle are at at and xL
xL
= =4
34
.
498 Quantum Mechanics
*P41.20 (a) Probability = = FHGIKJ = − FHG
IKJ
LNM
OQPz z zψ
π π1
2
0
2
0 0
2 11
2dx
Lx
Ldx
Lx
Ldxsin cos
= − FHGIKJ
LNM
OQP = − F
HGIKJ
12
2 12
2
0Lx
L xL L Lππ
ππ
sin sin
(b)
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
00 0.5 1 1.5
Probability Curve for an InfinitePotential Well
L
FIG. P41.20(b)
(c) The probability of finding the particle between x = 0 and x = is 23
, and between x = and
x L= is 13
.
Thus, ψ 12
0
23
dxz =
∴ − FHGIKJ =L L
12
2 23π
πsin , or u u− =
12
223π
πsin .
This equation for L
can be solved by homing in on the solution with a calculator, the result
being L= 0 585. , or = 0 585. L to three digits.
Chapter 41 499
P41.21 (a) The probability is P dxL
xL
dxL
xL
dxL L L
= = FHGIKJ = −FHG
IKJz z zψ
π π2
0
32
0
3
0
32 2 12
12
2sin cos
PxL
xL
L
= −FHGIKJ = −FHG
IKJ = −FHG
IKJ =
12
2 13
12
23
13
34
0 1960
3
ππ
ππ
πsin sin . .
(b) The probability density is symmetric about xL
=2
.
Thus, the probability of finding the particle between
xL
=23
and x L= is the same 0.196. Therefore, the
probability of finding it in the range L
xL
323
≤ ≤ is
P = − =1 00 2 0 196 0 609. . .a f .
FIG. P41.21(b)
(c) Classically, the electron moves back and forth with constant speed between the walls, andthe probability of finding the electron is the same for all points between the walls. Thus, theclassical probability of finding the electron in any range equal to one-third of the available
space is Pclassical =13
.
P41.22 (a) ψπ
12
xL
xL
a f = FHGIKJcos ; P x x
Lx
L1 12 22a f a f= = F
HGIKJψ
πcos
ψπ
22 2
xL
xL
a f = FHGIKJsin ; P x x
Lx
L2 22 22 2a f a f= = F
HGIKJψ
πsin
ψπ
32 3
xL
xL
a f = FHGIKJcos ; P x x
Lx
L3 32 22 3a f a f= = F
HGIKJψ
πcos
(b)
x x
0 0
n = 1
n = 2
n = 3
ψ 2ψ
− L2
− L2
L2
L2
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
FIG. P41.22(b)
500 Quantum Mechanics
P41.23 Problem 43 in Chapter 16 helps students to understand how to draw conclusions from an identity
(a) ψ x AxL
a f = −FHGIKJ1
2
2ddx
AxL
ψ= −
22
ddx
AL
2
22ψ
= −
Schrödinger’s equationddx
mE U
2
2 22ψ
ψ= − −a f
becomes − = − −FHGIKJ +
− −
−
2 21
2 12 2
2
2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2
AL
mEA
xL
m x A x L
mL L x
e j e je j
− = − + −12 2
2
2 2
2
4LmE mEx
LxL
.
This will be true for all x if both12 2L
mE=
andmE
L L2 2 41
0− =
both these conditions are satisfied for a particle of energy EL m
=2
2 .
(b) For normalization, 1 1 122
2
2
22
2
2
4
4= −FHGIKJ = − +
FHG
IKJ− −
z zAxL
dx Ax
LxL
dxL
L
L
L
123 5
23 5
23 5
1615
1516
23
2
5
42 2= − +
LNM
OQP
= − + + − +LNM
OQP =FHGIKJ =
−
A xxL
xL
A L LL
L LL
AL
AL
L
L
.
(c) P dxL
xL
xL
dxL
xxL
xL L
L L L
L
L
L
L
L
L
= = − +FHG
IKJ = − +
LNM
OQP
= − +LNM
OQP− − −
z zψ 2
3
3 2
2
4
43
3 3
2
5
53
315
161
2 1516
23 5
3016 3
281 1 215
P = =4781
0 580.
P41.24 (a) Setting the total energy E equal to zero and rearranging the Schrödinger equation to isolatethe potential energy function gives
U xm
ddx
a f = FHGIKJ
2 2
221ψ
ψ.
If ψ x Axe x La f = − 2 2.
Thenddx
Ax AxLe
L
x L2
23 2
44 62 2
ψ= −
−
e j
orddx
x L
Lx
2
2
2 2
4
4 6ψψ=
−e j a f
and U xmL
xL
a f = −FHG
IKJ
2
2
2
224
6 .
(b) See the figure to the right.
FIG. P41.24(b)
Chapter 41 501
Section 41.5 A Particle in a Well of Finite Height
P41.25 (a) See figure to the right.
(b) The wavelength of the transmitted wavetraveling to the left is the same as the originalwavelength, which equals 2L .
FIG. P41.25(a)
P41.26
FIG. P41.26
Section 41.6 Tunneling Through a Potential Energy Barrier
P41.27 T e CL= −2 where Cm U E
=−2 a f
22 2 9 11 10 8 00 10
1 055 102 00 10 4 58
31 19
3410CL =
× ×
×× =
− −
−−
. .
.. .
e je je j
(a) T e= =−4.58 0 010 3. , a 1% chance of transmission.
(b) R T= − =1 0 990. , a 99% chance of reflection.FIG. P41.27
(c) ψ is continuous and ψ → 0 as x→±∞ . The function can be normalized. It describes aparticle bound near x = 0 .
(d) Since ψ is symmetric,
ψ ψ2 2
0
2 1dx dx−∞
∞ ∞z z= =
or 22
212 2
0
20A e dx
Ae ex−
∞−∞z =
−
FHGIKJ − =α
α e j .
This gives A = α .
(e) P a e dx e ex
x− →
−
=
− −= =−FHGIKJ − = − =z1 2
2 2
0
1 22 2 12
22
1 1 0 632α αα
αα αα
αb g b g e j e j e j1 2 .
506 Quantum Mechanics
P41.42 (a) Use Schrödinger’s equation
∂∂
= − −2
2 22ψ
ψx
mE Ua f
with solutions
ψ 11 1= + −Ae Beik x ik x [region I]
ψ 22= Ceik x [region II]. FIG. P41.42(a)
Where kmE
12
=
and km E U
22
=−a f
.
Then, matching functions and derivatives at x = 0
ψ ψ1 0 2 0b g b g= gives A B C+ =
and ddx
ddx
ψ ψ1
0
2
0
FHGIKJ = FHG
IKJ gives k A B k C1 2− =a f .
Then Bk kk k
A=−+
11
2 1
2 1
and Ck k
A=+
21 2 1
.
Incident wave Aeikx reflects Be ikx− , with probability RBA
k k
k k
k k
k k= =
−
+=
−
+
2
22 1
2
2 12
1 22
1 22
1
1
b gb g
b gb g
.
(b) With E = 7 00. eV
and U = 5 00. eV
kk
E UE
2
1
2 007 00
0 535=−
= =..
. .
The reflection probability is R =−
+=
1 0 535
1 0 5350 092 0
2
2
.
..
a fa f .
The probability of transmission is T R= − =1 0 908. .
Chapter 41 507
P41.43 Rk k
k k
k k
k k=
−
+=
−
+1 2
2
1 22
2 12
2 12
1
1
b gb g
b gb g
2 2
2km
E U= − for constant U
212
2km
E= since U = 0 (1)
222
2km
E U= − (2)
Dividing (2) by (1),kk
UE
22
12 1 1
12
12
= − = − = so kk
2
1
12
=
and therefore, R =−
+=
−
+=
1 1 2
1 1 2
2 1
2 10 029 4
2
2
2
2
e je j
e je j
. .
FIG. P41.43
P41.44 (a) The wave functions and probability densities are the same as those shown in the two lowercurves in Figure 41.4 of the textbook.
(b) P dxx
dx
x x
1 12
0 150
2
0 150
0 350
0 150
21 00 1 00
2 002
1 00 21 00
= = FHGIKJ
FHG
IKJ
= − FHG
IKJ
LNM
OQP
z zψπ
ππ
. .
.
.
.sin
.
..
sin.
nm
0.350 nm
nm
0.350 nm
nm nm
nm nm
4 nmb g
In the above result we used sin sin2
214
2axdxx
aaxz = FHG
IKJ −FHGIKJ a f .
Therefore, P xx
10 150
1 001 00 2
1 00= − F
HGIKJ
LNM
OQP.
.sin
. .
nm nm
2 nm nm
0.350 nm
b gπ
π
P1 1 00 0 350 0 1501 00
0 700 0 300 0 200= − − −RSTUVW =. . .
.sin . sin . .nm nm nm
nm2
b g a f a fπ
π π .
(c) Px
dxx x
22
0 150
0 350
0 150
0 3502
1 0021 00
2 002
1 008
41 00
= FHGIKJ = − F
HGIKJ
LNM
OQPz.
sin.
..
sin..
.
.
.ππ
π
P xx
20 150
0 350
1 001 004
41 00
1 00 0 350 0 1501 004
1 40 0 600
0 351
= − FHGIKJ
LNM
OQP = − − −RST
UVW=
..
sin.
. . ..
sin . sin .
..
.
ππ
ππ πa f a f a f
(d) Using En hmLn =2 2
28, we find that E1 0 377= . eV and E2 1 51= . eV .
508 Quantum Mechanics
P41.45 (a) fEh
= =× ⋅
×FHG
IKJ = ×
−
−1 80
6 626 10
1 60 104 34 10
34
1914.
.
..
eV
J s
J1.00 eV
Hza f
e j
(b) λ = =×
×= × =−c
f3 00 104 34 10
6 91 10 6918
147.
..
m s Hz
m nm
(c) ∆ ∆E t ≥2
so ∆∆ ∆
Et
ht
≥ = =× ⋅
×= × = ×
−
−− −
2 46 626 10
4 2 00 102 64 10 1 65 10
34
629 10
π πa f e j.
.. .
J s
s J eV
*P41.46 (a) Taking L L Lx y= = , we see that the expression for E becomes
Eh
m Ln n
ex y= +
2
22 2
8e j .
For a normalizable wave function describing a particle, neither nx nor ny can be zero. The
ground state, corresponding to n nx y= = 1, has an energy of
Eh
m Lh
m Le e1 1
2
22 2
2
281 1
4, = + =e j .
The first excited state, corresponding to either nx = 2 , ny = 1 or nx = 1 , ny = 2 , has an energy
E Eh
m Lh
m Le e2 1 1 2
2
22 2
2
282 1
58, ,= = + =e j .
The second excited state, corresponding to nx = 2 , ny = 2 has an energy of
Eh
m Lh
m Le e2 2
2
22 2
2
282 2, = + =e j .
Finally, the third excited state, corresponding to either nx = 1 , ny = 3 or nx = 3, nx = 1 , has an
energy
E Eh
m Lh
m Le e1 3 3 1
2
22 2
2
281 3
54, ,= = + =e j .
(b) The energy difference between the secondexcited state and the ground state is givenby
∆E E Eh
m Lh
m L
hm L
e e
e
= − = −
=
2 2 1 1
2
2
2
2
2
2
4
34
, ,
.
E1, 3 , E 3, 1
E2, 2
E1, 2 , E 2, 1
E1, 1
energy
hm Le
2
2
0Energy level diagram
FIG. P41.46(b)
Chapter 41 509
P41.47 x x dx2 2 2=−∞
∞z ψ
For a one-dimensional box of width L, ψπ
n Ln x
L= F
HGIKJ
2sin .
Thus, xL
xn x
Ldx
L Ln
L2 2 2
0
2 2
2 22
3 2= F
HGIKJ = −z sin
ππ
(from integral tables).
P41.48 (a) ψ 2 1dx−∞
∞z = becomes
Ax
Ldx A
L xL
xL
AL
L
L
L
L2 2
4
42
4
422
214
42 2
1cos sinπ
ππ π
ππF
HGIKJ = FHG
IKJ + F
HGIKJ
LNM
OQP = FHG
IKJLNMOQP =− −
zor A
L2 4= and A
L=
2.
(b) The probability of finding the particle between 0 and L8
is
ψπ
π2
0
82 2
0
8 2 14
12
0 409dx Ax
Ldx
L L
z z= FHGIKJ = + =cos . .
P41.49 For a particle with wave function
ψ xa
e x aa f = −2for x > 0
and 0 for x < 0 .
(a) ψ xa f 2 0= , x < 0 and ψ 2 22x
ae x aa f = − , x > 0
(b) Prob x x dx dx< = = =−∞ −∞z z0 0 0
20 0
a f a f a fψ
FIG. P41.49
(c) Normalization ψ ψ ψx dx dx dxa f 2 20
2
0
1−∞
∞
−∞
∞z z z= + =
02
0 1 1
02
1 0 865
02
0
20
2
0
2
0
20
2
dxa
e dx e e
x a dxa
e dx e e
x a x a
ax a
ax a a
−∞
−∞
− ∞ −∞
− − −
z zz z
+ FHGIKJ = − = − − =
< < = = FHGIKJ = − = − =
e j
a fProb ψ .
510 Quantum Mechanics
P41.50 (a) The requirement that n
Lλ2
= so ph nh
L= =λ 2
is still valid.
E pc mc Enhc
Lmc
K E mcnhc
Lmc mc
n
n n
= + ⇒ = FHGIKJ +
= − = FHGIKJ + −
b g e j e j
e j
2 2 2 22 2
22
2 2 2
2
2
(b) Taking L = × −1 00 10 12. m, m = × −9 11 10 31. kg , and n = 1, we find K1144 69 10= × −. J .
Nonrelativistic, EhmL1
2
2
34 2
31 12 214
8
6 626 10
8 9 11 10 1 00 106 02 10= =
× ⋅
× ×= ×
−
− −
−.
. ..
J s
kg m J
e je je j
.
Comparing this to K1, we see that this value is too large by 28 6%. .
P41.51 (a) Ue
d
e
dk e
de=
∈− + − + − +FHG
IKJ + −
LNM
OQP =
−
∈= −
2
0
2
0
2
41
12
13
112
17 3
47
3π πa f b g
(b) From Equation 41.12, K Eh
m d
hm de e
= = =22
8 9 361
2
2
2
2e j.
(c) E U K= + and dEdd
= 0 for a minimum:73 18
02
2
2
3k ed
hm d
e
e
− =
dh
k e m
hm k ee e e e
= = =×
× × ×=
−
− −
3
7 18 42
6 626 10
42 9 11 10 8 99 10 1 60 100 049 9
2
2
2
2
34 2
31 9 19 2a fe je j
a fe je je j.
. . ..
C nm .
(d) Since the lithium spacing is a, where Na V3 = , and the density is NmV
, where m is the mass
of one atom, we get:
aVmNm
m= FHGIKJ =FHG
IKJ =
× ×FHG
IKJ = × =
−−
1 3 1 3 27 1 3101 66 10 7
5302 80 10 0 280
density kg
kg m m nm
.. .
(5.62 times larger than c).
Chapter 41 511
P41.52 (a) ψ ω= −Bxe m x2 2b g
ddx
Be Bxm
xe Be Bm
x e
ddx
Bxm
xe Bm
xe Bm
xm
xe
ddx
Bm
xe
m x m x m x m x
m x m x m x
m
ψ ω ω
ψ ω ω ω ω
ψ ω
ω ω ω ω
ω ω ω
ω
= + −FHGIKJ = − FHG
IKJ
= −FHGIKJ − FHG
IKJ − FHG
IKJ −FHG
IKJ
= − FHGIKJ
− − − −
− − −
−
2 2 2 2 2
2
22 2 2 2
2
22
2 2 2 2
2 2 2
22
2
3
b g b g b g b g
b g b g b g
b gx m xBm
x e2 2
23 2+ FHG
IKJ
−ω ωb g
Substituting into the Schrödinger Equation (41.13), we have
− FHGIKJ + FHG
IKJ = − + FHG
IKJ
− − − −322
23 2
22
22 22 2 2 2
Bm
xe Bm
x emE
Bxem
x Bxem x m x m x m xω ω ωω ω ω ωb g b g b g b g .
This is true if − = −32
ωE
; it is true if E =3
2ω
.
(b) We never find the particle at x = 0 because ψ = 0 there.
(c) ψ is maximized if ddx
xmψ ω
= = − FHGIKJ0 1 2 , which is true at x
m= ±
ω.
(d) We require ψ 2 1dx−∞
∞z = :
1 2 214 2
2 2 2 2 23
2 1 2 3 2
3 2
2 2
= = = =−
−∞
∞−z zB x e dx B x e dx B
m
B
mm x m xω ω π
ω
πω
b g b gb g a f .
Then Bm m
= FHGIKJ =FHG
IKJ
2 41 2
1 4
3 4 3 3
3
1 4
πω ω
π.
(e) At xm
= 2ω
, the potential energy is 12
12
422 2 2m x m
mω ω
ωω= F
HGIKJ = . This is larger than the
total energy 3
2ω
, so there is zero classical probability of finding the particle here.
(f) Probability = = FH IK =− −ψ δ δω ω2 22
2 22 2
dx Bxe B x em x m xb g b g
Probability = FHGIKJFHGIKJ = F
HGIKJ
− −δπ
ωω
δωπ
ω ω2 481 2
3 24
1 24m
me
mem mb g b g
512 Quantum Mechanics
P41.53 (a) ψ 2
0
1dxLz = : A
xL
xL
xL
xL
dxL
2 2 2
0
162
82
1sin sin sin sinπ π π πFHGIKJ +
FHGIKJ +
FHGIKJFHGIKJ
LNM
OQP =z
AL L x
Lx
Ldx
AL x
Lx
Ldx A
L L xL
L
L
x
x L
2
0
2 2
0
2 3
0
216
28
21
172
1617
2163
1
FHGIKJ +FHGIKJ +
FHGIKJFHGIKJ
LNMM
OQPP =
+ FHGIKJFHGIKJ
LNMM
OQPP = + F
HGIKJ
LNMM
OQPP =
z
z=
=
sin sin
sin cos sin
π π
π ππ
π
AL
2 217
= , so the normalization constant is AL
=2
17.
(b) ψ 2 1dxa
a
−z = : A
xa
Bx
aA B
xa
xa
dxa
a2 2 2 2
22
21cos sin cos sin
π π π πFHGIKJ +
FHGIKJ +
FHGIKJFHGIKJ
LNM
OQP =
−z
The first two terms are A a2 and B a2 . The third term is:
22
22 2
42 2
83 2
0
2
3
A Bxa
xa
xa
dx A Bxa
xa
dx
a A B xa
a
a
a
a
a
a
cos sin cos cos sin
cos
π π π π π
ππ
FHGIKJFHGIKJFHGIKJ
LNM
OQP = F
HGIKJFHGIKJ
= FHGIKJ =
− −
−
z z
so that a A B2 2 1+ =e j , giving A Ba
2 2 1+ = .
*P41.54 (a) x xa
e dxax0
1 22
0= FHGIKJ =−
−∞
∞z π, since the integrand is an odd function of x.
(b) x xa
x e dxax1
3 1 224
02
=FHGIKJ =−
−∞
∞
z π, since the integrand is an odd function of x.
(c) x x dx x x x x x dx01 0 12
0 1 0 112
12
12
= + = + +−∞
∞
−∞
∞z zψ ψ ψ ψb g a f a f
The first two terms are zero, from (a) and (b). Thus:
x xa
ea
xe dxa
x e dx
aa
a
ax ax ax01
1 42
3 1 42
2 1 22
0
2 1 2
3
1 2
2 2 242
2
22 1
4
12
= FHGIKJ
FHGIKJ =
FHGIKJ
=FHGIKJFHGIKJ
=
− −
−∞
∞−
∞
z zπ π π
ππ
, from Table B.6
Chapter 41 513
P41.55 With one slit open P1 12= ψ or P2 2
2= ψ .
With both slits open, P = +ψ ψ1 22 .
At a maximum, the wave functions are in phase Pmax = +ψ ψ1 22c h .
At a minimum, the wave functions are out of phase Pmin = −ψ ψ1 22c h .
Now PP
1
2
12
22 25 0= =
ψ
ψ. , so
ψψ
1
25 00= .
and PP
max
min
.
.
.
.
.
..=
+
−=
+
−= = =
ψ ψ
ψ ψ
ψ ψ
ψ ψ
1 22
1 22
2 22
2 22
2
2
5 00
5 00
6 00
4 00
36 016 0
2 25c hc h
c hc h
a fa f .
ANSWERS TO EVEN PROBLEMS
P41.212 P41.22 (a) ψ
π1
2x
Lx
La f = F
HGIKJcos ;
P xL
xL1
22a f = FHGIKJcos
π;
ψπ
22 2
xL
xL
a f = FHGIKJsin ;
P xL
xL2
22 2a f = FHGIKJsin
π;
ψπ
32 3
xL
xL
a f = FHGIKJcos ;
P xL
xL3
22 3a f = FHGIKJcos
π;
P41.4 (a) 4; (b) 6 03. eV
P41.6 0 517. MeV, 3 31 10 20. × ⋅− kg m s
P41.838
1 2h
m ce
λFHGIKJ
P41.10 (a) 5 13. meV ; (b) 9 41. eV ; (c) The muchsmaller mass of the electron requires it tohave much more energy to have the samemomentum. (b) see the solution