Quantifying Ecosystem Service Trade-offs at the Catchment ...€¦ · sustaining ecosystem services: Sediment-Ecosystem Regional Assessment ( SEcoRA), STOTEN 415:9-30 S E Apitz (2011)
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Dr. Sabine E. Apitz
SEA Environmental Decisions, Ltd. Little Hadham, UK
Quantifying Ecosystem Service Trade-offs at the Catchment Scale: From Landscape Management to
Aquatic Protection
Different land use types result in different ecosystem service clusters
from Rausdepp-Hearne et al 2010
There are both intended and unintended consequences of land
management choices
From de Groot et al 2009
Adapted from *Colnar, A.M. and Landis, W.G., 2007.
Management of River Basin Objectives Requires Evaluation at the catchment, reach and field scale
Catchment/Basin Scale
Risk RegionScale
Pixel/Field Scale
Catchment/Basin Scale
Risk RegionScale
Pixel/Field Scale
Catchment
Fine-Grained
Soil/ Sediment
Fine Bed
Coarse Bed
Water Column
Estuaries
Mudflats
Coastal Floodplain
Upland Floodplain
Wetlands
River and Nav Channel/Bank
Lakes, Ponds, Reservoirs
Salmonids/ cyprinids
Column Feeding Fish
Bottom Feeding Fish
Invertebrates Coarse Bed
Invertebrates Fine Bed
Diatoms Coarse Bed
Diatoms Fine Bed
Macrophytes Coarse Bed
Macrophytes Fine Bed
Waterfowl
Fisheries
Supporting/ Regulating
1˚ Production
Stabilization/ Habitat maintenance
Provisioning/ game
Cultural/ Recreation
Whether something is harmful or beneficial can be context-specific
Fine-Grained
Soil/ Sediment
Fine Bed
Coarse Bed
Water Column
Estuaries
Mudflats
Coastal Floodplain
Upland Floodplain
Wetlands
River and Nav Channel/Bank
Lakes, Ponds, Reservoirs
Salmonids/ cyprinids
Column Feeding Fish
Bottom Feeding Fish
Invertebrates Coarse Bed
Invertebrates Fine Bed
Diatoms Coarse Bed
Diatoms Fine Bed
Macrophytes Coarse Bed
Macrophytes Fine Bed
Waterfowl
Fisheries
Supporting/ Regulating
1˚ Production
Stabilization/ Habitat maintenance
Provisioning/ game
Cultural/ Recreation
Whether something is harmful or beneficial can be context-specific
Fine-Grained
Soil/ Sediment
Fine Bed
Coarse Bed
Water Column
Estuaries
Mudflats
Coastal Floodplain
Upland Floodplain
Wetlands
River and Nav Channel/Bank
Lakes, Ponds, Reservoirs
Salmonids/ cyprinids
Column Feeding Fish
Bottom Feeding Fish
Invertebrates Coarse Bed
Invertebrates Fine Bed
Diatoms Coarse Bed
Diatoms Fine Bed
Macrophytes Coarse Bed
Macrophytes Fine Bed
Waterfowl
Fisheries
Supporting/ Regulating
1˚ Production
Stabilization/ Habitat maintenance
Provisioning/ game
Cultural/ Recreation
Whether something is harmful or beneficial can be context-specific
Water Quality
Water Conveyance and Storage
In Water/ Bank
Structures
Navigation
Flood Defence/ Coastal Defence
Buried Contaminants,
Artefacts, Stratigraphy,
Fossils
Fine Bed
Coarse Bed
Water Column
Estuaries
Mudflats
Coastal Floodplain
Upland Floodplain
Wetlands
River and Nav Channel/Bank
Lakes, Ponds, Reservoirs
Fine-Grained Soil/
Sediment
Provisioning/ Water
Regulating/ flood Control; stabilization
Resource access/ Transport
Regulating/ Waste Control
Cultural/ Archival
Pathways for abiotic endpoints – fine-grained sediment
We manage the landscape (on land
and in water) to optimize chosen
ecosystem services...
Watershed image from Natural Resources Conservation Service From S E Apitz (submitted) Beyond Habitat: Conceptualising the role of sediment in sustaining ecosystem services
systems... Watershed image from Natural Resources Conservation Service From S E Apitz (submitted) Beyond Habitat: Conceptualising the role of sediment in sustaining ecosystem services
Ultimately, this affects the viability and sustainability of a variety of
aquatic ecosystem services
Watershed image from Natural Resources Conservation Service From S E Apitz (submitted) Beyond Habitat: Conceptualising the role of sediment in sustaining ecosystem services
Buffer bank
Erosion regulation
Soil retention
Sediment/water – aquatic ESS
Example: A well-designed buffer bank (on an agricultural field) can reduce soil loss, reducing sediments which
impact aquatic systems.
Buffer bank
Erosion regulation
Soil retention
Sediment/water – aquatic ESS
Example: A well-designed buffer bank (on an agricultural field) can reduce soil loss, reducing sediments which
impact aquatic systems. A sediment-focused evaluation looks only at this window
Management action (cost)
Sediment reduction (benefit
- to some SPUs)
Buffer strip/ flower strip/ beetle bank
Cultural and aesthetic values
Water regulation
Erosion regulation
Yield
Carbon sequestration, crop cover
Pest regulation (natural)
Pollination
Biodiversity (various species)
Enhanced habitat
Blooming flowers
Soil retention
But, there can be benefits to biodiversity and agriculture on the
landscape
Buffer strip/ flower strip/ beetle bank
Cultural and aesthetic values
Water regulation
Erosion regulation
Yield
Carbon sequestration, crop cover
Pest regulation (natural)
Pollination
Biodiversity (various species)
Enhanced habitat
Blooming flowers
Soil retention
Sediment/water – aquatic ESS
These landscape benefits can also
affect waterscapes
But, there can be benefits to biodiversity and agriculture on the
landscape
PPP, chemicals
Field
Surface Water,
susp sed
Degra- dation
rain
Contact, consumption
Inhibition
Gran bird
Small mammal
Soil invert
Flying insect
Target pests
Soil microorg
Water Quality
Aquatic biota
Degra- dation
Dilution
Secondary exposure
Raptor, Scavenger
Insect. Bird, game bird
Crop cover, Yield
Waste control, nutrients
Water reg, erosion control,
Carbon Nutrient capture
coverage
{Mitigation By buffer,
bank Reduction of exposed proportion
Pest damage
Contact, consumption
The same management actions can also mitigate
the impacts of agricultural chemicals
PPP, chemicals
Field
Surface Water,
susp sed
Degra- dation
rain
Contact, consumption
Inhibition
Gran bird
Small mammal
Soil invert
Flying insect
Target pests
Soil microorg
Water Quality
Aquatic biota
Degra- dation
Dilution
Secondary exposure
Raptor, Scavenger
Insect. Bird, game bird
Crop cover, Yield
Waste control, nutrients
Water reg, erosion control,
Carbon Nutrient capture
coverage
{Mitigation By buffer,
bank Reduction of exposed proportion
Pest damage
Contact, consumption
Which, in turn, affects erosion and the level of
contaminated sediments in waters
ReachURRCFS
ReachRRC(dep)FS
Subtract from 1
Fine Grained?
Add
ReachRRC(susp)
ReachRRC(dep)MS,CS
ReachURRCMS,CS
Subtract from 1
YesNo
BFINaturalised/
Actual FlowChannel
Slope% Channel Deepened
% ChannelWidened/blocked
Comparison with threshold values
Flashiness Score Flow ModificationScore
Slope Score Increased Transfer Score
DecreasedTransfer Score
Risk RegionTransfer Score
Add
Threshold
Risk RegionTransfer Fraction
BFINaturalised/
Actual FlowChannel
Slope% Channel Deepened
% ChannelWidened/blocked
Comparison with threshold values
Flashiness Score Flow ModificationScore
Slope Score Increased Transfer Score
DecreasedTransfer Score
ReachTransfer Score
Add
Threshold
ReachTransfer Fraction
BFINaturalised/
Actual FlowChannel
Slope% Channel Deepened
% ChannelWidened/blocked
Comparison with threshold values
Flashiness Score Flow ModificationScore
Slope Score Increased Transfer Score
DecreasedTransfer Score
Risk RegionTransfer Score
Add
Threshold
Risk RegionTransfer Fraction
BFINaturalised/
Actual FlowChannel
Slope% Channel Deepened
% ChannelWidened/blocked
Comparison with threshold values
Flashiness Score Flow ModificationScore
Slope Score Increased Transfer Score
DecreasedTransfer Score
ReachTransfer Score
Add
Threshold
ReachTransfer Fraction
The ability of rivers to maintain sediment balance is driven by landscape conditions and management, including dredging
Exposure is driven by river
dynamics *From S E Apitz, S Casper, A Angus and S M White (2010) The Sediment Relative Risk Model (SC080018) – A User’s Guide.
S E Apitz (2011) Sustainable sediment management? in Chapman, PM, Learned Discourses: Timely Scientific Opinions, IEAM 7(4):691-693 .
S E Apitz, S Casper, A Angus and S M White (2010) The Sediment Relative Risk Model (SC080018) – A User’s Guide. Report to the Environment Agency, SEA Environmental Decisions Ltd and Cranfield University, March 2010 (175p supplemented with a PowerPoint Guide).