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Quality Management System of IVRCL LIMITED

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    Sikkim Manipal University

    A PROJECT REPORT

    on

    EFFECTIVENESS OF QULITY MANAGEMENT

    SYSTEM ON IVRCL LIMITED WATER TANK

    Under the guidance

    Of

    u!"itted !#

    RANIMA YASMIN

    In $artia% fu%fi%%"ent of the re&uire"entfor the a'ard of the degree

    Of

    MBA

    In

    Tota% (ua%it# Manage"ent

    i))i" Mani$a% Uni*er+it#

    e!em"er #$%$

    i))i" Mani$a% Uni*er+it# of ,ea%th- Medica% and Techno%ogica% cience+ Di+tance

    Education Wing #ndicate hou+e- Mani$a%. /01234

    3

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    AC&NO'LEGEMENT

    If 'ord+ can !e con+idered a+ a +#"!o% of a$$ro*a% and to)en of ac)no'%edge"ent

    then %et the 'ord+ $%a# the hera%ding ro%e of e5$re++ing "# gratitude ac)no'%edge"ent6

    At the *er# out+et- I ta)e the $ri*i%ege to con*e# "# gratitude to tho+e $eo$%e 'ho+e

    coo$eration- +ugge+tion and heartfe%t +u$$ort he%$ed "e to acco"$%i+h the $ro7ect re$ort

    'or)+ +ucce++fu%%#6

    I ac)no'%edge "# +incere gratitude to "# Centre (ea) M M Sarma for $er"itting

    "e to do the +tud#6

    M# +incere than)+ to "# facu%t# guide Mr* A"i)+r ,a-man for hi+ carefu%

    +u$er*i+ion- *a%ua!%e guidance and con+tant encourage"ent right fro" the ince$tion to the

    +ucce++fu% co"$%etion of "# +u""er $ro7ect6

    I 'ou%d %i)e to e5$re++ "# +incere than)+ to a%% the facu%t# "e"!er+ of the De$tt6 Of

    8u+ine++ Ad"ini+tration for their +u$$ort6

    M# $rofound gratitude to S-ri* .*S* G-/s- GM 0(,1ES2 andS-ri* ilip &r

    B/rt-ak+r Seni/r Mana3er 0(,1ES2for gi*ing "e the o$$ortunit# to do "# $ro7ect

    'or) in their e+tee"ed organi9ation6

    La+t !ut not the %ea+t6 I e5$re++ "# heartfe%t than)+ to a%% other +taff "e"!er of

    IVRCL LIMITED- "# $arent+ and friend+ for the ti"e%# he%$ and +u$$ort the# ha*erendered in !ringing "# +tud#- +o it+ re%e*ance in a faithfu% "anner6

    2

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    STUENT ECLA,ATION

    I here !# dec%are that the $ro7ect re$ort entit%ed at :An Ana%#tic tud# on (ua%it#

    Manage"ent of IVRCL LIMITED 'ater tan); +u!"itted in $artia% fu%fi%%"ent of the re&uire"ent+for the degree of Ma+ter of 8u+ine++ Ad"ini+tration to i))i" Mani$a% Uni*er+it#- India-

    i+ "# origina% 'or) and not +u!"itted for the a'ard of an# other degree- di$%o"a-

    fe%%o'+hi$- or an# other +i"i%ar tit%e or $ri9e+6

    P%ace< RANIMA =AMIN

    Date< M8A >ourth e"e+ter

    Reg6No6

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    E4AMINE,5S CE,TIFICATION

    Thi+ i+ to certif# that Rani"a =a+"in ha+ +ucce++fu%%# co"$%eted the $ro7ect tit%ed

    :(ua%it# Manage"ent #+te"; ado$ted at :IV,CL LIMITE 'ATE, TAN&; for there&uire"ent of $artia% fu%fi%%"ent of Ma+ter of 8u+ine++ Ad"ini+tration M8AB- $rogra"

    conducted at PVI Co"$uter Training Centre- a Uni*er+it# +tud# centre of IKKIM

    MANIPAL UNIVERIT=6

    I 'i+h her a%% +ucce++ in her further Endea*our6

    Internal E6aminer E6ternal E6aminer

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    CERTI>ICATE

    Thi+ i+ to certif# that the $ro7ect re$ort entit%ed

    ;An ana%#tic +tud# on (ua%it# Manage"ent of IV,CL LIMITE 7ater tank;

    u!"itted in $artia% fu%fi%%"ent of the re&uire"ent+ for the degree

    Of

    Master /8 B+siness A)ministrati/n

    Of

    i))i" Mani$a% Uni*er+it#

    Of

    ,ea%th- Medica% and Techno%ogica% cience

    ,e ha+ 'or)ed under "# guidance and that no $art of thi+ re$ort ha+ !een +u!"itted

    for the a'ard of an# other Degree- Di$%o"a- >e%%o'+hi$ or other +i"i%ar tit%e+ or $ri9e+ and

    that the 'or) ha+ not !een $u!%i+hed in an# 7ourna% or Maga9ine6

    ,ANIMA YASMIN Certified !#

    ,e3*N/*9 :%$;#:$;# uide+ ignatureB

    UNIVE,SITY STUY CENT,E CE,TIFICATE

    4

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    Certified that ,anima Yasmin i+ a +tudent of MBA Final semester ho%ding

    Uni*er+it# ,/ll N/*:%$;#:$;#under the ro%% of "# Co%%ege- a Uni*er+it# tud# Centre of

    SI&&IM MANI.AL UNIVE,SITYof ,ea%th- Medica% F Techno%ogica% cience+- ha+

    co"$%eted hi+ $ro7ect entit%ed

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    )no'%edge a!out the !u+ine++ o$eration+ and the ti"e.te+ted "ethod+ of running a

    +ucce++fu% !u+ine++6 To "a)e thi+ theoretica% )no'%edge +tronger- the +tudent+ are a++igned

    certain $ro7ect+ in *ariou+ organi9ation+ to get an idea of $ractica% 'or)ing +t#%e+6

    I 'a+ a++igned to 'or) in IVRCL LIMITED6 The to$ic of +tud# 'a+ =An analyti!

    st+)y /n Q+ality Mana3ement /8 IV,CL LIMITE 7ater tank

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    CONTENT

    C,APTER NO6 TITLE

    26 E5ecuti*e u""ar#%e5tronic+- etc6

    C-apter > III

    22

    http://www.hdo.in/http://www.hdo.in/
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    C/mpany pr/8ile

    IVRCL Infra+tructure+ and $ro7ect+ Ltd co""enced o$eration in 2??3 and e+ta!%i+hed it+e%f a+ a$re"ier EPCC F LTK +er*ice $ro*ider 'ith front end engineering ca$a!i%itie+6 Co""encing o$eration+

    'ith !ui%ding con+truction a+ c%a++.I con+truction fir" in 2?G0- IVRCL fora#ed into *ariou+ +ocia%

    infra+tructure +ector+ %i)e 'ater "anage"ent- road+ and high 'a#- !ridge+- $o'er tran+"i++ion %ine+ 'ith

    attendant engineering ca$a!i%itie+ and 'a+ graded a+ one of the de*e%o$er co"$anie+ !# +tate and centra%go*ern"ent6

    :O*er a $eriod of ti"e IVRCL ha+ de*e%o$ed core co"$etencie+6 IVRCL no' ha*e a $%atfor" for an#

    infra+tructure to !e !ui%t6; What can +to$ an# co"$an# Peo$%e- co"$etenc# %e*e%- finance %i"it6 IVRCLi+ not +hort of an#thing6 It ha+ tre"endou+ credi!i%it#6 With !an)er+ 'ho are 'i%%ing to +u$$ort $ro7ect+6

    IVRCL i+ no' %oo)ing to !ench"ar) it+e%f a+ an internationa% co"$an# than)+ to it+ in*o%*e"ent in

    $ro7ect+ in a!road6 The co"$an# i+ e#eing 'ater $ro7ect+- de*e%o$"ent of $ort+ it i+ +ourcing a %ocation inAndhra Prade+h +hi$ !ui%ding and fa!rication of co"$onent+ for oi%rig+6

    By virt+e /8 its presen!e in !/re se!t/r a!tivity? IV,CL -as re)e8ine) t-e Q+ality /8 li8e in its many

    8a!ts* T-is -as !/me t-r/+3- its !/mmitments? !are an) !/n!ern 8/r s/!ietal iss+es an) lar3ely "y 7ay /8

    e6perien!e? -avin3 "+ilt +p/n "ri!k "y "ri!k in its tra!k re!/r) /8 a )e!a)e an) a -al8*

    IVRCL- i+ toda#- rec)oned a+ a %eader in Infra+tructure !ui%ding and de*e%o$"ent $ro*iding one.+to$turn)e# +o%ution+ on a co+t.effecti*e !a+i+6 IVRCL ha+ !een rated a+ :The >a+te+t ro'ing Con+truction

    Co"$an#;6 >ir"%# entrenched in the core +ector acti*it# of infra+tructure %eading to nation !ui%ding-IVRCL +tand+ out for it+ $ioneering 'or) in $ro*iding co"$%ete 'ater +o%ution+ inc%uding 'ater

    tran+"i++ion- treat"ent and 'a+te "anage"ent6 The co"$an#+ other infra+tructure acti*it# inc%ude+ road+

    and high'a#+- !ridge+ and tran+"i++ion %ine+ 'ith attendant engineering ca$a!i%itie+6Thi+ ha+ co"e a!out through it+ co""it"ent- care and concern for +ocieta% i++ue+ and %arge%# !# the 'a#

    of e5$erience- ha*ing !ui%t u$on !ric) in it+ trac) record of decade and a ha%f6

    Litt%e 'onder- IVRCL i+ toda#- rec)oned a+ a %eader in infra+tructure !ui%ding and de*e%o$"ent $ro*idingone.+te$ turn)e# +o%ution+ on a co+t. effecti*e !a+i+6

    (ea) /88i!e9 >,#dera!ad6A)ministrative /88i!es< . Chennai- Cochin- 8anga%ore- Pune- Ko%)ata- Jodh$ur- Rai$urChhatti+garhB-Ah"ada!ad- MargooaB- De%hi- Jai$ur- Jhar)hand- Pun7a!- 8ihar- 8i%a+$urMPB- 8ho$a%- Jind,ar#anaB-

    Ja""u F Ka+h"ir- Kotd'araUttarancha%B6

    The co"$an# o$erating 'ith @#e"$%o#ee+ in financia% #ear #$$?in #$$it increa+ed to D@-

    in #$$Dthe e"$%o#ee+ are :$D# an) #: in 0#$$;2no' the e"$%o#ee+ are a$$ro5i"ate%# :$$0#$%$26

    IVRCL i+ the fir+t co"$an# in the Indian infra+tructure +ector to offer EOP+ to the e"$%o#ee+6 Theco"$an# ai"+ to $ro*ide +ti"u%ating and +afe $rofe++iona% o$$ortunitie+ for it+ $eo$%e6 ,ea%th in+urance

    co*erage- Medica% Rei"!ur+e"ent- LTA %ea*e tra*e%B- infor"a% fa"i%# get.together+ and other tangi!%e

    and intangi!%e !enefit+- a%% "a)e IVRCL+ $eo$%e "oti*ate a %ot

    ire!t an) in)ire!t s+"si)iaries /8 t-e !/mpanyIV,CL9>

    %* IV,CL Strate3i! res/+r!es 1 servi!es limite)*

    a%e" to%% 'a#+ %i"ited

    Ku"ar$a%a#a" to%% 'a#+ %i"ited

    Ja%andhar A"ri+tar To%% 'a#+ %i"ited

    IVRCL !ui%ding+ $roduct+ %i"ited

    #* (in)+stan /rr Oliver limite)

    ,DO techno%ogie+ %i"ited

    2@

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    @* IV,CL prime +r"an )evel/pers limite)

    IVRCL Mega "a%%+ %i"ited

    IVR ,ote%+ and re+ort+ %i"ited

    IVR Vana$ra+tha $ri*ate %i"ited

    A!+or$tion air con engineer+ $ri*ate %i"ited

    IVR PUDL re+ort+ and c%u!+ $ri*ate %i"ited

    46 IV,CL 7ater in8rastr+!t+res limite) Chennai 'ater de+a%ination %i"ited

    >ir+t TP $ri*ate %i"ited/6 IV,CL .SC pipes private limite)16 IV, envir/nmental* .r/e!ts private limite)

    D* Alk/r petr/ limite)

    ;* IV,CL steel !/nstr+!ti/n an) servi!es limite)

    %$* GEO IV,CL en3ineerin3 limite)

    %%* IV,CL steel !/nstr+!ti/n 1 servi!es limite)

    2@6 IVRCL 'ater infra+tructure %i"ited

    %@* IV,CL r/a) t/ll -/l)in3 limite)

    %* First ST. private limite)

    %:* C-ennai 7ater )esalinati/n limite)

    It ha+ t'o Sister !/mpanies?na"e%#< ,indu+tan Dorr.O%i*er %td6

    IVR Pri"e Ur!an De*e%o$er+

    Hindustan Dorr-Oliver ltd: -

    ,indu+tan Dorr.O%i*er ,DOB i+ a %eading Indian engineering- $rocure"ent and con+truction co"$an#6

    ,DO i+ the idea% ac&ui+ition of IVRCL for de+igning- "anufacturing- +u$$%#ing F in+ta%%ing e&ui$"ent-

    +#+te"+ F $roce++e+ for %i&uid.+o%id +e$aration and $o%%ution contro% in the fo%%o'ing indu+trie+< Pu%$ and $a$er

    Che"ica%+- >ood and $har"aceutica%+ 8re'erie+ and Di+ti%%erie+

    Refinerie+ and Petroche"ica%+

    Oi% and a+6

    Pho+$hatic >erti%i9er+

    Indu+tria% and Munici$a% Wa+te Water6

    Within thi+ ne' ar"- IVRCL i+ 'e%% 'ithin reach of $o+itioning it+e%f a+ a fu%%.f%edged Kno'%edge Proce++

    Out+ourcing ,u! for engineering +o%ution+6

    IVR Prime r!an Develo"ers #td< the ai" of IVR $ri"e i+ to create %u5ur#.inten+i*e ur!aninfra+tructure6 I"$%e"entation of ne' techno%ogie+- en*iron"ent +oundne++ and +u$erior co"!ine "a)e

    IVR Pri"e+ "o+t de*e%o$"ent6 trong%# entrenched 'ith $ro*en do"ain )no'%edge- e5$erience and

    credentia%+6 The $ro7ect+ inc%ude< Re+identia% ,o+$ita%it#

    ,i%% Ridge +$ring+ E%%a Co"$a++

    Vi%%a+ at ,i%% Ridge $ring+ Ma%% at ,i%% Ridge $ring+

    2

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    MISSION

    =T/ "e!/me a lea)er in in8rastr+!t+re "+siness "y pr/vi)in3 t/tal s/l+ti/nsa"i%# Da# Inde$endence Da#

    Re$u!%ic Da#

    Co""unit# De*e%o$"ent Progra""e+

    Pu!%ic Re%ation+ Progra""e+

    IVRCL Ne'+ Letter D,ADKANB

    (,>EVELO.MENT .LANS

    Training need ana%#+i+

    Training !udget

    Training ca%endar

    Identification of e5terna% training agencie+

    IVRCL Vi+ion- Mi++ion tran+"i++ion- Tea"!ui%ding- Po+iti*e Attitude- Di+ci$%ine and +afet#

    ,ETENTION .LANS

    Re*ie' Co"$en+ation P%an+

    E"$o'er"ent

    Re%ocation to $%ace of choice

    In*o%*e in deci+ion "a)ing

    A!road $rogra""e+

    Create $rofe++iona%i+"

    ,ard furni+hing %oan Vehic%e %oan

    Marriage %oan

    Education %oan

    C%u! "e"!er+hi$

    Recognition for good 'or)

    E"$%o#ee +toc) o$tion

    ,ou+ing %oan

    (,>.OLICIES

    ,u"an Ca$ita% P%anning Recruit"ent e%ection Induction

    Training and De*e%o$"ent

    Perfor"ance A$$rai+a%

    ucce++ion P%anning

    Career P%anning

    Jo! Rotation and Mu%ti )i%%ing

    Jo! Enrich"ent

    ,R Manua%

    20

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    Induction Manua%

    afet# Manua%

    E5it Inter*ie'+

    INTEG,ATE .E,FO,MANCE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

    Da# to Da# to Accounta!i%it#

    Indi*idua% oa%+

    hort ter" %ong ter" goa%+

    Indi*idua% de*e%o$"ent $%an+ Tea" target+

    (,SU,VEYS

    Organi9ationa% cu%ture

    ,RD C%i"ate

    Training Need Ana%#+i+

    Co"$en+ation ur*e#

    E"$%o#ee ati+faction

    (,SAFETY INITIATIVES

    afet# +ur*e#

    afet# 8udget

    afet# Po%ic#

    afet# Manua%

    A'arene++ and Training on +afet#

    afet# Re*ie'+ and afet# Meeting+

    afet# +#+te"+

    afet# audit

    afet# 8anner+ On +ite e"ergenc# $%an

    ero accident +che"e+ for +ite+

    LEA,NING CENT,E FO, (UMAN E4CELLENCE

    E+ta!%i+h Learning Centre

    >re+her Training

    Induction Training

    In.hou+e Training

    E5terna% Training

    Ele!tri!al epartment9

    E%ectrica% De$art"ent !a+ica%%# dea%+ 'ith "aintenance and re$air+ of e&ui$"ent and

    "achine6 The e%ectrica% de$art"ent i+ !a+ica%%# di*ided into t'o $art+ de$ending u$on the

    area of 'or) on the $%ant6

    The e%ectrica% de$art"ent con+i+t+ of 3 officer+- A"ong the" !oth Degree and Di$%o"a

    ho%der engineer6 In addition- to thi+ there are 13 technician+ are there62G

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    Civil epartment9

    The NPM ha+ 'e%% organi9ed ci*i% de$art"ent 'hich i+ engaged in "odification and

    rectification of ci*i% con+truction %i)e road- train+- !ui%ding+ etc6

    The ci*i% de$art"ent con+i+t+ of 2@ engineer+ and it i+.

    26 Ci*i% P%ant6Ci*i% To'n+hi$ %oo)+ after the ci*i% con+truction of to'n+hi$ and ci*i% $%ant %oo)+ after the

    ci*i% con+truction of $%ant6

    6

    C/rp/rate Citien

    A+ a re+$on+i!%e cor$orate citi9en- ,PC i+ co""itted to +ocia% u$%ift and de*e%o$"ent of

    the area+ near it+ "i%%+6 It ha+ "ade +ignificant contri!ution to the de*e%o$"ent of the %oca%

    co""unit# !# encouraging anci%%ar# indu+trie+ in reenfie%d area+6 It $ro*ide+ hea%th.care

    faci%itie+ and encourage+ education- +$ort+ and cu%tura% acti*itie+ in the near.!# *i%%age+6

    IVRCL LIMITED ha+ a%+o contri!uted to the con+truction of road+ in the *i%%age+ near it+

    "i%%+6 In "an# ad7acent *i%%age+- It $ro*ide+ +afe drin)ing 'ater6

    Empl/yment9

    IVRCL LIMITED ha+ generated direct e"$%o#"ent for a!out 20333 e"$%o#ee+ and on

    a*erage "ore than 23333 indirect 'or)er+ e"$%o#ee+ each #ear6 The# created e"$%o#"ent

    o$$ortunitie+ !oth direct and indirect in thi+ region6

    Strate3y9

    The "i++ion i+ $ur+ued through the fo%%o'ing initiati*e+ in the +u$$%# chainor

    e5a"$%e- 'e cou%d e+ta!%i+hor e5a"$%e- a "i++ion that i+ focu+ed on increa+ing "ar)et +hare i+ an

    in'ard%# +ee)ing "i++ion 'herea+ a "i++ion that i+ focu+ed on !ringing chea$ digita%

    co""unication to the $eo$%e i+ an out'ard%# +ee)ing "i++ion +tate"ent6 >ro" the "i++ion

    +tate"ent 'e can a+)- :What affect+ our a!i%it# to acco"$%i+h our goa%; The an+'er+ 'e

    get !eco"e our critica% +ucce++ factor+ and it i+ the+e factor+ that +ha$e our o!7ecti*e+or $artia% fu%fi%%"ent of M8A6

    To gi*e +uita!%e reco""endation+6

    41

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    S!/pe /8 t-e St+)y9

    Thi+ $ro7ect i+ done 'ithin the IVRCL LIMITED6

    To )no' a!out the (ua%it# Product +trategie+ of IVRCL LIMITED indu+trie+6

    To )no' (ua%it# Manage"ent #+te" that ha+ changed o*er a $eriod of ti"e6

    To )no' the re&uire"ent of in (ua%it# Manage"ent #+te" on an organi9ation6

    To )no' Pro+ and con+ of in (ua%it# Manage"ent #+te"6

    To )no' $ractica% a$$%ication of (ua%it# Manage"ent #+te" in IVRCL LIMITED6

    To identif# (ua%it# Manage"ent #+te" !ehind $u!%ic +ector indu+tr#6

    a"$%e ta)en fro" around 233 $eo$%e6

    Limitati/ns9>

    The +tud# !eing *er# e5ten+i*e "ight !e *er# difficu%t to co"$%ete 'ithin the

    +ti$u%ated ti"e of t'o "onth+6

    The $ro7ect "a# +uffer fro" financia% con+traint6

    It "a# +uffer fro" !ia+ne++ F ignorance of the re+$ondent+6

    ,esear!- Met-/)/l/3y9

    The +tud# 'a+ de+cri$ti*e in nature and e5ce$t for a fe' in+tance+ 'here +tati+tica%

    ana%#+i+ of con+idera!%e region 'a+ u+ed- the re+earcher tried to $re+ent the finding+ in a

    +i"$%e for"at6

    The re+$ondent+ 'ere +e%ected through +i"$%e rando" +a"$%ing6 The "ethod of contact

    'a+ through $er+ona% inter*ie' a+ it 'a+ the "o+t *er+ati%e a"ong+t the a%ternati*e+6 Thi+

    he%$ed $ro*ide c%arification to the re+$ondent+ and a%+o had the ad*antage of recordingadditiona% infor"ation and o$inion6

    Re+earch De+igninding of the &ue+tion i+ro" NPM

    /3B

    Out+ider of

    the fir"/3B

    Percentage

    of NPM

    Percentage of

    Out+ider

    Product of

    Vardha"n i+

    !e+t8B

    / @3 03 43

    Product of

    IVRCL

    LIMITED i+Mediu"MB

    23 23 @3 @3

    Product of

    =NTE i+

    !e+t8B

    / 2/ 23 3

    No )no'%edge 33 / 3 23

    Tota% /3 /3

    /1

    Percentage Wi+e Re+$ondent+ Vie'

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    Tech6 u+ing in

    IVRCL

    LIMITED i+

    %ate+t

    Manage"ent Technica%

    Wor)er

    Ca+ua%

    Wor)er

    trong%#

    agree

    @3 2/ 2/ /3

    Agree 23 2/ / 3

    Wea)

    re+$on+e

    / / / 2/

    No an+'er 3 3 / /

    Tota% / / 3 233

    T-e ;t- +esti/na+)ed to the re+$ondent+ to find out if the# ha*e )no'%edge

    or not a!out PDCA c#c%e

    >inding of the &ue+tion i+inding of the &ue+tion i+inding of the &ue+tion i+inding of the &ue+tion i+or"a% and

    infor"a% +#+te"- good and !ad $ractice+ and o%d and ne' cu%ture+ co.e5i+t $roduction

    con+i+t+ of a "i5 of %o' *o%u"e of high engineered- cu+to"i9ed $roduct+6 o"eti"e+

    "ediu" co%u"n+ of high $erfor"ance $roduct+ 'ith +hort %ife c#c%e+ and +o"eti"e+ high

    *o%u"e of high &ua%it# %o' co+t co""oditie+6

    1/

  • 8/10/2019 Quality Management System of IVRCL LIMITED

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    IVRCL LIMITED %td $roduct $roce++ i+ a+ *aried a+ the $roduct+ the# $roduce6 IVRCL

    LIMITED %td ha+ ta)en a ne' Manufacturing trateg# or P%an to !ring +tructure or order

    into the co"$%e5 en*iron"ent6 The o$tica% $ro$ertie+ are one of the *ita% criteria !e+ide the

    co"$etiti*e $rice for $roduct $a$er !oardB +e%ection !# the cu+to"er6

    Though "anage"ent $er+onne% are fu%%# a'are of the a!o*e "entioned +#+te"+- there

    +ee"+ to !e ignorance a"ong the +u$$ort +taff+ and ca+ua% 'or)er+ to +o"e e5tent6

    The feed!ac) generated during the +tud# he%$+ to identif# the area+ 'here need+"anage"ent+ attention to increa+e the effecti*ene++ of ERP and TPM +#+te"+ in IVRCL

    LIMITED- and $ro*ide+ an o$$ortunit# for i"$ro*e"ent

    Cha$ter.4

    Ot-ers(ue+tionnaire