Quality - Ash Fusion Temp

Geology & Development Department

Dudi Setiabudi

August 2000

MODIFYASH FUSION TEMPERATURE OF R & Q SEAMS LATI AREA

Summary The mineable Lati coal reserves for R and Q seams excluded mine out March 2000 which in

stripping ratio below 7 are 24.84 million metric tonnes, consist of 14.85 million metric tonnes R

seam and 9.99 million metric tonnes Q seam.

66.10% of mineable coal reserve or 16.42 million metric tonnes within ash fusion temperature

value below and equal 1300oC and 24.84% of mineable coal reserve or 8.42 million metric

tonnes within ash fusion temperature value upper 1300oC. Both are ash fusion temperatures in

flow reducing condition.

Where, the long-term market to Jawa Power with the spec of reducing ash fusion temperature is

1,050oC initial deformation, 1,200oC softening, 1,280oC hemisphere, and 1,300oC flow. Rejection,

when a coal supply within ash fusion temperature below 1,300oC flow in reducing condition.

Based on statement above, for the long-term coal supply to Jawa Power is used upgrading ash

fusion temperature content. The study has addressed to consent "how to upgrade ash fusion

temperature of a coal in Lati Area."

Generalize, increases ash content in a coal correlated with increases ash fusion temperature

value and the ash fusion temperature is assumed under influence of the composition ash mineral

in ash of a coal. From 20% minimum contains of Al2O3, CaO and Fe2O3 of R and Q seams Lati

area that showed the increases Al2O3, CaO to followed increases ash fusion temperature, while

the increases Fe2O3 to followed decreases ash fusion temperature.

The upgrading ash fusion temperature of R and Q seams Lati Area can do as follows:

• Blending between Low ash fusion temperature and high ash fusion temperature of a coal.

• Adding percentage of ash in coal with high Al2O3 and or CaO contents.

Adding percentage of ash in coal can do with blending system between fine coal and non-coal,

and spraying black wall paint to fine coal. Spraying system it’s better than direct blending.

Although spraying black wall paint to fine coal that caused increases ash fusion temperature but

it’s not economics. Therefore, upgrading ash fusion temperature of R and Q seams Lati area for a

while just can do blending both of a coal.

i

ii

Table Content :

Table 1 Comparison of Ash Fusion Temperature Blending Between Composite Calculation 7

and Analysis ResultTable 2 Mineable Coal Reserve of R & Q Seams With Composite Ash Fusion Temperature 7

Table 3 Mineable Coal Reserve of R & Q Seams With Diversified Ash Fusion Temperature Value 8 Table 4 Common Minerals Found in Coals 10

Table 5 Ash Fusion Temperature Value of Mudstone 11 Table 6 Repeatability and Reproducibility of Ash Fusion Temperature 12

Table 7 Melting Temperature of Ash Components 13 Table 8 Ash Fusion Temperature and Others Quality Result Coal Spray with Black Wall Paint 14

Table 9 Ash Fusion Temperature and Others Quality Result Feasible Economic Sprayed by 14

Black Wall Paint

ContentPage

Summary i

Content ii

1. Introduction 1

2. Ash Fusion Temperature 1

3. Blending System 4

3.1 Coal 4

3.2 Non Coal 9

4 Conclusion 15

References 16

Graphic Content :

Graphic 1 Relationship between Ash Fusion Temperature and Ash Mineral of R Seam 3

Graphic 2 Relationship between Ash Fusion Temperature and Ash Mineral of Q Seam 3

Graphic 3 Relationship between Ash Fusion Temperature and Ash Mineral of R&Q Seams 3

Graphic 4 Relationship of oC Ash Fusion Temperature (Initial Deformation - Reducing) 5

and % CaO/SiO2+Al2O3 of R & Q Seams


and % MgO/SiO2+Al2O3 of R & Q Seams


and % Fe2O3/SiO2+Al2O3 of R & Q Seams


and % SiO2/Al2O3 of R & Q Seams


and % SiO2+Al2O3/Fe2O3+CaO+MgO+Na2O+K2O of R & Q Seams

Graphic 9 Relationship Between Million Metric Tonnes Mineable Coal Reserve and oC AshoC Ash Fusion Temperature in Flow Reducing Condition of R & Q Seams

Graphic 10 Relationship of oC Ash Fusion Temperature (Initial Deformation - Reducing) and 9

% Ash in air dried basis of R & Q Seams

Appendix 1

1. Introduction

The mineable Lati coal reserves for R and Q seams excluded mine out March 2000 which in

stripping ratio below 7 are 24.84 million metric tonnes, consist of 14.85 million metric tonnes R

seam and 9.99 million metric tonnes Q seam. Mineable coal reserve calculated based on

topographic map scale 1:1,000, drill holes data up to 1999, < 3% Na2O Free SO3 and < 0.8%

Total Sulfur in as received basis. The coal reserve can be changed by additional data or

calculation parameter.

66.10% of mineable coal reserve or 16.42 million metric tonnes within ash fusion temperature

value below and equal 1300oC and 24.84% of mineable coal reserve or 8.42 million metric tonnes

within ash fusion temperature value upper 1300oC. Both are ash fusion temperatures in flow

reducing condition.

Where, the long-term markets to Jawa Power with the spec of reducing ash fusion temperature

are 1,050oC initial deformation, 1,200oC softening, 1,280oC hemisphere, and 1,300oC flow.

Rejection, when a coal supply within ash fusion temperature below 1,300oC flow in reducing

condition.

Based on statement above, for the long-term coal supply to Jawa Power is used upgrading ash

fusion temperature content. The study has addressed to consent "how to upgrade ash fusion

temperature of a coal in Lati Area."

2. Ash Fusion Temperature

Ash fusion Temperature describes the softening and melting characteristic of ash and are

measured according to standard procedures by gradually heating a prepared sample in the shape

of a cone and observing it profile. The critical profiles at which temperature measurement are

made and defined as (after Bruce Proudfoot & others, 1999) :

• Initial Deformation, the temperature at which the first signs of rounding of the tip or edges of

the piece occur.

• Softening, the temperature at which the cone has fused to a spherical lump (i.e. height equal

to base diameter).

• Hemispherical, the temperature at which the test pieces forms approximately a hemisphere

(i.e. height equal to half-base diameter).

• Flow, the temperature at which the ash is spread out, the height of which is one third that at

the hemisphere temperature.

1

The condition is carried out either completely reducing (a mixture of hydrogen with carbon

dioxide) or completely oxidizing (air or carbon dioxide). The specimen is heated at 5oC per minute

from 900oC to a maximum of 1600oC.

Ash Fusion temperatures are regularly measured under both oxidizing and reducing conditions.

Those measured under oxidizing conditions are normally higher to an extent depending on the

presence of certain components of the ash, such as iron oxide, which have different fluxing

effects when in the oxidized and reduced forms.

Ash fusion temperature is one of others of physical ash property, while ash as determined in coal

analysis, may be defined as the non-combustible residue that remains when coal is burned. The

composition of the ash gives in ash analysis, a useful guide to the type of mineral present in a

coal, there are:

Silicon as SiO2 Aluminum as Al2O3 Calcium as CaO Titanium as TiO2 Iron as Fe2O3 Magnesium as MgO Sodium as Na2O Potassium as K2O Manganese as Mn3O4 Phosphorus as P2O5 Sulfur as SO3.

Of the above minerals, silicon, aluminum and titanium are considered to be acid, while the

remainders are regarded as basic (after Bruce Proudfoot & others, 1999).

The relationship between ash mineral present in ash of a coal and ash fusion temperature in Lati

Area that showed in graphic 1 to 3, within 89 data points of R seam and 105 data points of Q

seam.

Based on the third graphic within increases from 20% minimum contains of Al2O3, CaO and

Fe2O3, that showed increases Al2O3, CaO to followed increases ash fusion temperature, while

the increases Fe2O3 to followed decreases ash fusion temperature.

The value of ash fusion temperature is assumed under influence of the composition ash mineral

present in coal, but the exactly correlated is difficult presented on the formula.

Carabodgan, Singer and Panoiu, 1964 (in Teichmuller and others, 1982) They have studied the

influence of mineral in coal on the fusion temperature and defined a factor :

CaO, MgO, Fe2O3

R = ------------------------ SiO2 + Al2O3

With increases value of R the fusion temperature also increases, such as sample of R and Q

seams in graphic 4 to 6, and the fusion temperature decreases with increases ratio between SiO2

and Al2O3 values, such as sample of R and Q seams in graphic 7.

2

Graphic 1 Relationship between Ash Fusion Temperature and Ash Mineral of R Seam Lati Area

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 % Ash Mineral R Seam

o C A

FT

SiO2

Al2O3

CaOFe2O3

SO3

Na2O

TiO2

P2O5

K2O

MgO

Mn3O4

Graphic 2 Relationship between Ash Fusion Temperature and Ash Mineral of Q Seam Lati Area

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70% Ash Mineral Q Seam

o C A

FT

SiO2

Al2O3

CaO

Fe2O3

SO3Na2O

TiO2

P2O5K2O

MgO

Mn3O4

Graphic 3 Relationship between Ash Fusion Temperature and Ash Mineral of R&Q Seams Lati Area

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70% Ash Mineral R&Q Seam

o C A

FT

SiO2

Al2O3

CaO

Fe2O3

SO3

Na2O

TiO2

P2O5

K2O

MgOMn3O4

3

While, Elmer John Badin, 1984, defined factor :

Al2O3 + SiO2 R = ----------------------------------------------- Fe2O3 + CaO + MgO + Na2O + K2O

With increases value of R correlated with increases value of ash fusion temperature, such as

sample of R and Q seams in graphic 8.

3. Blending System

Obviously, that ash fusion temperature is one of others of physical ash property but it is assumed

under influence of the composition ash mineral in ash of a coal. Therefore, it is acceptable that

the low ash fusion temperature to blend with high ash fusion temperature but the produce is not

an acceptable product, for example is showed in table 1.

The upgrading value of ash fusion temperature can do to blend between low ash fusion

temperature and high ash fusion temperature of a coal. Beside that, can do to add percentage of

ash in coal with blending between low ash fusion temperature of a coal and high ash fusion

temperature of non-coal material.

3.1. Coal

The mineable coal reserve of R and Q seams excluded mine out March 2000 which in stripping

ratio below 7 are 24.84 million metric tonnes, consist of 14.85 million metric tonnes R seam and

9.99 million metric tonnes Q seam. Mineable coal reserve calculated based on drill holes data up

to 1999, < 3% Na2O Free SO3 and < 0.8% Total Sulfur in as received basis. Both are quality

parameters, it's coal spec for supply to Jawa Power. The mineable coal reserve can be changed

by additional data, such as drilling, topographic map, coal quality parameter and stripping ratio.

The ash fusion temperature value of mineable coal reserve R and Q seams is showed in table2,

such as :

• 14.85 million metric tonnes of R seam consists of 14.68 million metric tonnes with ash fusion

temperature 1,312oC in flow reducing condition and 0.17 million metric tonnes without ash

fusion temperature value.

• 9.99 million metric tonnes of Q seam consists of 9.99 million metric tonnes with ash fusion

temperature 1,244oC in flow reducing condition and 0.002 million metric tonnes without ash

fusion temperature value.

4

Graphic 4 Relationship of oC Ash Fusion Temperature (Initial Deformation - Reducing) and % CaO/SiO2+Al2O3 of R & Q Seams Lati Area

Graphic 5 Relationship of oC Ash Fusion Temperature (Initial Deformation - Reducing) and % MgO/SiO2+Al2O3 of R & Q Seams Lati Area

Graphic 6 Relationship of oC Ash Fusion Temperature (Initial Deformation - Reducing) and % Fe2O3/SiO2+Al2O3 of R & Q Seams Lati Area

1,000

1,100

1,200

1,300

1,400

0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00

% CaO/SiO2+Al2O3

o C A

FT

1,000

1,100

1,200

1,300

1,400

0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60

% MgO/SiO2+Al2O3

o C A

FT

1,000

1,100

1,200

1,300

1,400

0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50

% Fe2O3/SiO2+Al2O3

o C A

FT

5

Graphic 7 Relationship of oC Ash Fusion Temperature (Initial Deformation - Reducing) and % SiO2/Al2O3 of R & Q Seams Lati Area

Graphic 8 Relationship of oC Ash Fusion Temperature (Initial Deformation - Reducing) and % SiO2+Al2O3/Fe2O3+CaO+MgO+Na2O+K2O of R & Q Seams Lati Area

900

1,000

1,100

1,200

1,300

1,400

0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00

% SiO2/Al2O3

o C A

FT

1,000

1,100

1,200

1,300

1,400

0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00

% SiO2+Al2O3/Fe2O3+CaO+MgO+Na2O+K2O

o C A

FT

• Composite of R and Q seams is 24.67 million metric tonnes with ash fusion temperature

1,285oC in flow reducing condition and 0.17 million metric tonnes without ash fusion

temperature value.

Based on statement above in table 2, the amount of 24.67 million metric tonnes combine of R and

Q seams within ash fusion temperature value 1,285oC in flow reducing condition, it's save for coal

supply to Jawa Power. The ash fusion temperature is in ranges of reproducibility value, it's80oC

for flow in reducing condition (ASTM, 1998). Be considered the composite produce of ash fusion

temperature is not an acceptable product, for example is showed in table 1.

6

Coal Coal Composite AnalysisMS-R-V MS-Q-VIII Calculation Result

Ash = 4.19 pct Ash = 3.97 pct Blend 1 : 1 Blend 1 : 1

Deformation 1090 1190 1139 1060Spherical 1100 1260 1178 1080Hemisphere 1170 1300 1233 1110Flow 1240 1350 1294 1150

Coal Mudstone Composite AnalysisROBBY-106 MS-RF-99 Calculation ResultAsh = 4.86 % Ash = 84.5 % Ash = 7.25 % Ash = 7.22 %

Deformation 1080 1200 1122 1140Spherical 1110 1240 1155 1160Hemisphere 1120 1310 1186 1240Flow 1180 1340 1236 1360

Reducing

Table 1Comparison of Ash Fusion Temperature Blending

A. Blending Between Coal & Coal ( 1 : 1 )

Between Composite Calculation & Analysis Result

B. Blending Between Coal & Mudstone ( 97 : 3 )

Reducing

IdentificationD S H F D S H F

With Coal QualityR 14,681,409.21 1,183 1,235 1,254 1,312 1,262 1,306 1,324 1,375 Q 9,988,357.07 1,141 1,182 1,199 1,244 1,206 1,270 1,283 1,344

Su Total 24,669,766.28 1,166 1,213 1,232 1,285 1,239 1,291 1,307 1,362

Without Coal QualityR 167,530.48 - - - - - - - -Q 1,773.07 - - - - - - - -

Su Total 169,303.55 - - - - - - - -

Grand Total 24,839,069.83

Mineable Reserve (metric tonnes)

oC Ash Fusion TemperatureReducing Oxidizing

Table 2Mineable Coal Reserve of R and Q SeamsWith Composite Ash Fusion Temperature

Lati Area

7

The mineable coal reserve of R and Q seams with diversified ash fusion temperature value based

on rejection point <1,250oC, critical point between 1,250oC to 1,300oC, and save point 1,300oC<

are showed in table 3. All of ash fusion temperature value in flow reducing condition. The amount

of 0.17 million metric tonnes both are R and Q seams, that without ash fusion temperature value

is assumed as <1,250oC.

Within table 3 can be explain, such as:

• 32.06% of mineable coal reserve R and Q seams or 7.96 million metric tonnes of a coal that

rejection point for coal supply to Jawa Power.


critical point for coal supply to Jawa Power.


save for coal supply to Jawa Power.

Based on statement above in table 3, the amount of 33.90% of mineable coal reserve R and Q

seams or 8.42 million metric tonnes within upper 1,300oC, it's save for coal supply to Jawa Power.

66.10% of mineable coal reserve R and Q seams or 16.42 million metric tonnes within below and

equal 1,300oC, it's critical to rejection point for coal supply to Jawa Power. Both are ash fusion

temperatures in flow reducing condition.

<1250 1250 - 1300 1300 <

R 2.34 5.52 6.99 14.85Q 5.62 2.94 1.43 9.99

7.96 8.45 8.42 24.8432.06% 34.04% 33.90% 100%

Mineable reserve in million metric tonnes

Table 3Mineable Coal Reserve of R and Q seams

With Diversified Ash Fusion Temperature Value

Coal SeamoC AFT - Flow - Reducing Total

R & Q

Relationship between mineable coal reserve of R and Q seams and ash fusion temperature value

is showed in graphic 9. R seam within great quantities of high ash fusion temperature and the

other way of q seam within great quantities of low ash fusion temperature.

8

Graphic 9 Relationship between million metric tonnes mineable coal reserve and oC ash fusion temperature in flow reducing condition of R & Q seams Lati area

0

12

34

5

67

8

<1250 1250 - 1300 1300 <oC AFT - Flow - Reducing

Min

eabl

e R

eser

ve (M

MT)

R SeamQ Seam

3.2. Non Coal

Non-coal describes as a material that has high ash content. In graphic 10 that showed with

increases ash content also increases ash fusion temperature. Therefore, upgrading value of ash

fusion temperature can do to add percentage of ash in coal within high contents of Al2O3 and or

CaO, which in clays or carbonates group mineral type. The more common minerals found in coal

are showed in table 4.

Graphic 10 Relationship of oC Ash Fusion Temperature (Initial Deformation - Reducing) and % Ash in air dried basis of R & Q Seams Lati Area

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

1500

1600

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

% Ash

o C A

FT

The blending coal and non-coal (clays or carbonates group) beside can do to increase ash fusion

temperature value but another parameter quality will be decrease especially calorific value.

9

Non coal materials that easy to get in mining area are interburden and overburden materials of

the coal seams, such as : soil, mudstone (clay), sand, coally shale (that usually found in roof or

floor of the coal seams) and scoria. Those material qualities are showed in appendix 1 included

others material that’s not found in mining area.

A Coal blending with soil or scoria which have high ash fusion temperature, such as about

1,370oC deformation and 1,560oC flow of soil and about 1,380oC deformation and more than

1,600oC Flow of scoria, while values of hemisphere and spherical between values of deformation

and flow. Both are ash fusion temperatures in reducing condition. Disadvantages of soil and

scoria, both are nil of calorific value that caused calorific value of coals blending will be high

decrease. Beside that, the colour of scoria is red that caused contras with color of a coal.

A coal blending with coaly shale, the advantages of color is like a coal, but source of coaly shale

is very little so difficult to get it in great quantities. The ash fusion temperature of coaly shale in

reducing condition is about 1,200oC deformation and 1,500oC flow and calorific value is about 565

kcal/kg in air dried bases, the assumed of the calorific value will be able more than it.

SpecificGravity

Kaolinite Al2O3.2SiO2.H2O 2.60Illite K2O.3Al2O3.6SiO2.H2O 2.90Montmorillonite Al2(Si4O10)(OH2) 2.30

Siderite FeCO3 3.96Calcite CaCO3 2.94Dolomite Ca(CO3).Mg(CO3) 2.86

Pyrite FeS2 5.01Marcasite FeS2 4.88

Quartz SiO2 2.65Hematite Fe2O3 5.26Biotite K2O.MgO.Al2O3.3SiO2.H2O -Rutile TiO2 -Orthoclase (Feldspars) K2O.Al2O3.6SiO2 2.63Albite (Feldspars) Na2O.Al2O3.6SiO2 2.63

Table 4Common Minerals Found in Coals

(J.Sligar)

Group Species Formula

Accessory Minerals

Sulfides

Clays

Carbonates

Mudstone has calorific value between 275 to 600 kcal/kg in air-dried bases and ash fusion

temperature between 1,030oC to 1,330oC deformations and 1,250oC to 1,500oC flows, both are in

reducing condition.

10

The advantages of mudstone to blend with a coal if compared with another materials of

interburden and overburden of the coal seams are:

• Mudstone has a calorific value, therefore calorific value of a coal blending will be lower

decrease than soil and scoria. While, ash contents at all of materials relative the same are

about 80%.

• Mudstone has a great quantity of source and very easy to get it, caused its majoring

material removed in mine operation.

Another material that can do to upgrade ash fusion temperature is zeolite. Zeolite is a group of

tektosilicates within contains of SiO2, Ca, K, Na, Ba. The show powerful properties of Base

Exchange clay minerals with occur of volcanic rocks (after Whitten & Brooks, 1972).

Ash fusion temperature of zeolite is 1,200oC deformation and 1,500oC flow in reducing condition.

Within source of zeolite is out of mine area and the value of ash fusion temperature is almost the

same with mudstone, therefore a coal blending with zeolite is not effective.

Generalize, mudstone is better than another materials that can do to blend with a coal for

upgrading value of ash fusion temperature, while disadvantages of mudstone to blend with a coal

are describe as:

• Within high ash content that caused calorific value of a coal blending decrease.

• The property of mudstone is sticky when wet and will be able to make clotting with a coal.

• The mixture of mudstone is about 1% from about 5000 tonnes of coal. It's very difficult to

make homogenous blending.

Obviously, mudstone is sticky when wet and will be able to make clotting with a coal and varieties

value of ash fusion temperature (table 5), with ranges over than reproducibility value by ASTM

1998 (table 6).

Min Max Min Max

Deformation 1,030 1,330 1,230 1,400Sherical 1,130 1,450 1,380 1,500Hemisphere 1,180 1,470 1,450 1,530Flow 1,250 1,500 1,460 1,560

Table 5

Identification Reducing oC Oxidizing oC

Ash Fusion Temperature Value of Mudstone

11

Based on statement above, when a coal blending with mudstone is needed additional handling, such as:

• Mudstones before blending with a coal must be crush or screen which in loose less than

50 millimeter (mudstone size must be less than top coal size).

• Its needed mudstone storage and its better close to coal processing plan.

Caused coal blending with mudstone is very difficult to make homogenous, so to take another

alternative. It is adding mineral present in a coal, which in liquid form and spraying to a coal in

stockpile processing together with a liquid that use to preventive self-combustion of a coal and

decreases air pollution of fly ash or spraying to a coal its self.

Reducing oC Oxidizing oC Reducing oC Oxidizing oC

Deformation 30 30 75 55Sherical 30 30 55 55Hemisphere 30 30 55 55Flow 30 30 80 55

(ASTM - D 1857, 1998)

Table 6Repeatability and Reproducibility of Ash Fusion Temperature

Repeatability ReproducibilityIdentification

With in the assumed that the value of ash fusion temperature under influence of ash mineral in a

coal and Al2O3 and or CaO is one of others mineral that caused ash fusion temperature

increases with increases both are of ash minerals. Therefore, within to add percentage contains

of both are minerals in coal is expressly increased value of ash fusion temperature.

Al2O3 is a simple oxide with the white powder form and it's not soluble in water. One of others

compound of Al2O3 that soluble in water is Al2SO4. The form of Al2SO4 like Al2O3 is white

powder. Ash fusion temperature of Al2SO4 is less than 900oC of deformation in reducing

condition, while a melting simple oxide of Al2O3 is 2,043oC. Low ash fusion temperature of

Al2SO4 may be that caused by sulfur in SO4.

CaO like Al2O3 is a simple oxide with the white powder form. One of others compound of CaO

that soluble in water is CaCO3. Ash fusion temperature of CaCO3 is more than 1,600oC of

deformation in reducing condition, while a melting simple oxide of CaO is 2,521oC.

Interaction takes place at elevated temperatures producing complex salts that have entirely

different physical constants from the simple oxides. Among other changes, the melting

12

temperatures of the compounds are usually lowered to simple oxides temperature is showed in

table 7 (J.Sligar).

Base on the assumed of the increases Al2O3 and or CaO to followed increases ash fusion

temperature and black wall paint with the majoring made of Kaolinite (Al2O3.2SiO2.H2O),

Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) and others chemical composition. Therefore, it's tried to spray black

wall paint to fine coal.

MeltingTemperature (oC)

Oxide

SiO2 1715Al2O3 2043Fe2O3 1565CaO 2521MgO 2799Na2O (Sublimes 1277)K2O (Decomposes 349)TiO2 1838

Compound

Na2SiO 849Na2OTiO2 1032CaSiO2 1538CaAl2O3 1600FeSiO2 1149

Identification

Table 7

(J. Sligar)Melting Temperature of Ash Components

The experiment result to be indicated that ash fusion temperature increases with spraying black

wall paint to fine coal and affect another qualities, such as: increases calorific value, sulfur content

and decreases inherent moisture (table 8). The increase calorific value may be caused by

decrease inherent moisture.

The feasible economics spraying black wall paint to find coal is about one liter liquid solution for

one ton find coal with composition 2% liquid solution, but it's impossible that caused increases

ash fusion temperature. Therefore, in liquid solution to add 0.02% mudstone powder from total

sprayed of find coal.

Based on statement above is tried 25 kg find coal sprayed by 250 ml liquid solution with

composition 5 ml black wall paint, 245 ml water and 5 gram mudstone powder. The tried result to

be indicated that ash fusion temperature is not increase (table 9).

13

Sample Mixing Code Ratio

D S H F D S H F

A Normal 1,020 1,080 1,100 1,120 1,120 1,170 1,190 1,230B 1 : 1 1,270 1,280 1,300 1,320 1,320 1,340 1,360 1,380C 1 : 10 1,070 1,090 1,100 1,140 1,190 1,230 1,290 1,330D 1 : 20 1,080 1,130 1,140 1,160 1,180 1,220 1,230 1,240

Sample Mixing Code Ratio IM Ash VM FC TS CV Ash TS CV

% % % % % kcal/kg % % kcal/k

A Normal 19.72 3.80 37.72 38.76 0.92 5,470 4.97 1.20 7,152B 1 : 1 15.58 6.08 40.61 37.73 0.97 5,536 7.76 1.24 7,067C 1 : 10 17.76 4.38 39.25 38.61 0.99 5,569 5.63 1.27 7,153D 1 : 20 17.32 3.84 38.81 40.03 1.00 5,657 4.87 1.27 7,175

Note :Normal = Original sample1 : 1 = 100 milliliter water and 100 milliliter black wall paint1 : 10 = 20 milliliter water and 200 milliliter black wall paint1 : 20 = 10 milliliter water and 200 milliliter black wall paintEach fine coal (1 kg size 4.75 milimeter) to spray 200 milliliter by mixture of water and black wall paint

AFT

g

(oC)

Table 8 Ash Fusion Temperature and Others Quality Result

Coal Spray with Black Wall Paint

Proximate (adb) adb daf

Reducing Oxidazing

The price of black wall paint is about Rp 20,000 per liter, while the feasible economic price is

about Rp 400 per ton of fine coal sprayed excluded mudstone powder price. Fine coal spraying

within feasible economics price is not caused ash fusion temperature increase yet. Although

sprayed by black wall paint that caused increases ash fusion temperature but it’s not economics.

Sample Mixing Code Ratio

D S H F D S H F

AF1 Normal 1,100 1,120 1,170 1,260 - - - -AF2 2% 1,090 1,110 1,120 1,250 - - - -

Sample Mixing arbCode Ratio TM IM Ash VM FC TS CV Ash TS CV

% % % % % % kcal/kg % % kcal/k

AF1 Normal 25.60 19.04 4.82 37.71 38.43 0.80 5,413 6.33 1.05 7,109AF2 2% 25.50 19.77 4.72 36.97 38.54 0.78 5,352 6.25 1.03 7,088

Note :Normal = Original sampleFine coal sprayed by 2% liquid solution black wall paint and 0.02% mudstone powder from total srayed of find coal

Feasible Economics Sprayed by Black Wall Paint

Reducin

g

g Oxidazing

Proximate (adb) adb daf

AFT (oC)

Table 9 Ash Fusion Temperature and Others Quality Result

14

4. Conclusion

The value of ash fusion temperature is under influences ash mineral composition in coal. Coal

properties of R and Q seams in Lati Area, from 20% minimum contains of Al2O3, CaO and

Fe2O3, that showed with the increase Al2O3, CaO to followed increase ash fusion temperature,

while the increase Fe2O3 to followed decrease ash fusion temperature.

The upgrading ash fusion temperature of R and Q seams Lati Area can do as follows:

• Blending between Low ash fusion temperature and high ash fusion temperature of a coal.

• Adding percentage of ash in coal with high Al2O3 and or CaO contents.

Adding percentage of ash in coal can do with blending system between fine coal and non-coal,

and spraying black wall paint to fine coal. Spraying system it’s better than direct blending.

Although spraying black wall paint to fine coal that caused increases ash fusion temperature but

it’s not economics. Therefore, upgrading ash fusion temperature of R and Q seams Lati area for a

while just can do blending both of a coal.

15

References :

1. Annual Book of ASTM Standards (1998), Volume 05.05 Gaseous Fuels, Coal and

Coke, Easton MD USA.

2. Bruce Proudfoot & Others (1999); Coal Quality Course March 15 - 17, 1999, PT.

Geoservices Bandung Indonesia.

3. Colin R Ward (1983), Coal Geology And Coal Technology, Blackwell Scientific

Publications Melbourne Oxford London - Edinburgh Boston Palo Alto.

4. D.G.A. Whitten and J.R.V. Brooks (1972), The Penguin Dictionary of Geology, Hazell

Watson & Viney Ltd., Great Britain.

5. Elmer John Badin (1984), Coal Combustion Chemistry - Correlation Aspect, Elsevier

Amsterdam - Oxford - New York - Tokyo.

6. J. Sligar, Coal Properties and Their Effect On Power Station Design, Institute of Coal

Research, Coal Characterisation and Utilisation Course for Novacoal Australia.

7. Stach, Taylor, Mackowsky, Chandra, M. Teichmuler and R. Teichmuler (1982), Stach's of Texbook of Coal Petrology, Gedbruder Borntraeger - Berlin - Stutgart.

16

APPENDIX

Flow Procedure of Fine Coal Sprayed By Black Wall Paint

4 kg 4.75 mm 1 kg 1 kg 1 kg 1 kg 4.75 mm 4.75 mm 4.75 mm 4.75 mm Normal 1:1 1:10 1:20

AFT Analysis AFT Analysis AFT Analysis AFT Analysis Ok Ok Ok Ok

Analysis : Analysis : Analysis : Analysis : Proximate Proximate Proximate Proximate TS TS TS TS CV CV CV CV Ash Analysis Ash Analysis Ash Analysis Ash Analysis Note : Normal = Original sample 1 : 1 = 100 milliliter water and 100 milliliter black wall paint 1 : 10 = 20 milliliter water and 200 milliliter black wall paint 1 : 20 = 10 milliliter water and 200 milliliter black wall paint Each fine coal (1 kg size 4.75 milimeter) to spray 200 milliliter by mixture of water and black wall paint

D H S F D H S F

1 HD-97-105 10.33 14.03 8.30 17.60 5.19 11.65 0.84 0.02 0.67 0.86 30.21 1,140 1,170 1,190 1,210 1,270 1,280 1,300 1,310

2 HD-97-106 18.99 17.88 9.46 19.05 7.54 3.36 0.62 0.04 0.86 1.91 19.91 1,160 1,180 1,190 1,200 1,240 1,320 1,330 1,350

3 HD-97-112 15.18 11.64 10.24 17.12 6.60 0.60 0.46 0.66 0.33 0.44 36.49 1,080 1,100 1,110 1,120 1,190 1,200 1,210 1,230

4 HD-97-117 25.70 16.57 13.44 17.28 5.78 1.49 0.47 0.05 1.00 0.33 17.69 1,100 1,110 1,120 1,130 1,200 1,210 1,220 1,250

5 HD-97-146 19.03 25.09 12.44 15.76 6.79 1.50 0.26 0.74 1.48 3.06 13.62 1,160 1,230 1,260 1,340 1,250 1,280 1,310 1,400

6 HD-97-149 43.42 35.48 7.43 4.18 0.89 0.67 0.31 0.02 1.66 0.33 5.31 1,070 1,100 1,260 1,200 1,240 1,270 1,280 1,310

7 HD-97-151 15.43 21.33 5.87 14.15 5.42 12.09 0.46 0.02 1.28 1.56 22.18 1,140 1,160 1,180 1,190 1,250 1,300 1,320 1,340

8 HD-97-155 15.65 14.90 9.67 26.45 12.18 0.44 0.40 0.08 0.47 1.53 17.95 1,260 1,280 1,300 1,320 1,300 1,320 1,340 1,380

9 HD-97-156 9.74 16.68 20.42 16.23 7.23 0.74 0.35 0.74 0.83 0.82 26.01 1,140 1,160 1,180 1,240 1,270 1,330 1,340 1,410

10 HD-97-163 22.95 14.85 18.85 12.70 7.76 0.80 0.50 0.43 0.08 0.43 20.33 1,070 1,090 1,110 1,140 1,190 1,210 1,230 1,290

11 HD-97-166 23.55 23.38 14.22 12.55 4.83 0.60 0.52 0.83 0.99 0.89 17.44 1,120 1,200 1,220 1,250 1,260 1,280 1,290 1,320

12 HD-97-168 14.32 19.35 9.04 18.80 6.93 2.50 0.38 0.08 0.67 0.85 26.48 1,130 1,140 1,170 1,240 1,170 1,230 1,240 1,390

13 HD-97-169 20.23 21.60 18.15 16.11 6.64 0.97 0.35 0.23 1.02 1.57 12.80 1,070 1,110 1,120 1,160 1,180 1,190 1,200 1,250

14 HD-97-44 21.67 22.35 9.49 10.27 5.16 0.47 0.28 0.45 0.92 0.75 28.08 1,230 1,280 1,330 1,350 - - - -

15 HD-97-46 26.20 19.97 26.88 7.71 2.29 2.70 0.67 1.33 1.33 0.33 10.27 1,170 1,240 1,340 1,370 - - - -

16 HD-97-56 38.66 12.28 5.30 8.93 2.81 7.20 0.61 1.55 0.55 0.15 21.66 1,040 1,100 1,130 1,170 1,090 1,130 1,150 1,240

17 HD-97-64 45.32 8.60 8.81 10.55 4.71 11.58 0.34 0.04 0.39 1.26 8.08 970 1,010 1,040 1,070 1,120 1,180 1,210 1,280

18 HD-97-70 15.95 13.55 9.20 11.77 4.35 10.98 0.60 0.04 0.50 0.92 31.99 1,020 1,030 1,040 1,050 1,190 1,210 1,220 1,240

19 HD-97-83 25.06 17.56 10.43 13.29 4.22 1.23 0.41 1.51 1.11 0.25 24.65 1,270 1,290 1,300 1,340 1,290 1,300 1,310 1,360

20 HD-97-88 44.02 26.06 11.71 5.48 1.32 1.35 0.36 0.05 0.67 0.13 8.68 1,210 1,510 1,520 1,550 1,470 1,510 1,530 1,560

21 HD-97-89 19.49 34.63 13.63 6.36 1.39 0.34 0.68 0.07 0.91 2.57 19.70 1,450 1,570 1,590 >1600 1,480 1,590 >1600 >1600

22 HD-97-94 11.06 20.88 32.74 7.56 3.13 0.33 0.49 0.42 0.49 1.57 21.20 1,160 1,260 1,280 1,400 1,390 1,410 1,430 1,500

23 HD-98-11 35.32 32.15 13.69 5.89 2.02 0.30 0.29 0.31 0.94 1.88 7.01 1,140 1,320 1,340 1,360 1,230 1,390 1,400 1,410

24 HD-98-14 20.29 11.76 7.72 16.45 5.78 10.67 0.68 0.07 0.82 1.21 24.15 1,090 1,130 1,140 1,150 1,200 1,230 1,250 1,270

25 HD-98-15 25.87 39.99 18.91 3.52 0.75 0.44 0.22 0.07 1.29 3.16 5.58 1,300 1,410 1,440 1,490 1,390 1,470 1,500 1,520

26 HD-98-16 37.73 29.80 13.69 6.72 2.02 0.53 0.24 0.23 1.37 1.24 6.03 1,170 1,360 1,370 1,390 1,260 1,400 1,430 1,450

OxidizingTiO2 P2O5 SO3 ReducingMgO Na2O K2O Mn3O4

Ash Mineral Present in Ash and Ash Fusion Temperature of R Seam

No. HoleAsh Minral Present in Ash (% db) Ash Fusion Temperature (oC)

SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO

27 HD-98-17 37.67 25.88 9.95 11.10 2.37 0.45 0.33 0.64 1.25 1.49 8.58 1,230 1,240 1,260 1,300 1,260 1,270 1,290 1,320

28 HD-98-20 8.31 2.75 10.75 21.66 7.14 11.53 0.42 0.05 0.12 0.09 36.84 1,160 1,220 1,230 1,250 1,260 1,210 1,240 1,270

29 HD-98-24 13.79 5.19 15.43 16.93 5.72 12.52 0.44 0.05 0.35 0.13 28.05 1,110 1,120 1,130 1,150 1,140 1,160 1,170 1,200

30 L-84-06 33.30 29.20 9.46 9.45 3.81 0.43 0.84 0.23 0.98 1.40 10.00 1,250 1,330 1,330 1,570 1,190 1,310 1,320 1,500

D H S F D H S F

31 L-84-07 34.80 30.20 13.80 7.48 3.05 1.63 0.78 0.16 1.14 1.17 6.33 1,100 1,320 1,320 1,570 1,280 1,380 1,380 1,420

32 L-85-05 17.70 19.20 8.76 19.60 6.48 1.00 0.61 0.24 0.89 1.80 24.70 1,260 1,260 1,260 1,300 1,260 1,270 1,270 1,300

33 L-86-17 34.50 14.70 6.70 16.30 4.10 6.00 0.90 0.08 0.90 0.39 13.96 1,050 1,100 1,100 1,160 1,120 1,200 1,220 1,420

34 L-86-19 15.90 20.50 9.90 21.90 5.85 10.85 0.42 0.05 0.59 0.09 13.07 1,230 1,330 1,350 1,520 1,260 1,390 1,400 1,580

35 L-86-24 26.30 20.50 11.50 13.90 5.50 1.08 0.99 0.52 1.15 0.07 16.67 1,040 1,080 1,100 1,480 1,090 1,200 1,230 1,300

36 L-86-25 16.50 8.00 7.50 24.50 5.50 13.80 0.21 0.11 0.30 0.08 22.03 1,070 1,100 1,120 1,180 1,110 1,170 1,170 1,200

37 L-86-41 16.00 21.00 15.90 17.40 6.95 0.67 0.21 0.50 1.00 0.02 19.10 1,200 1,250 1,270 1,360 1,230 1,320 1,380 1,560

38 L-86-55 59.00 18.80 6.90 3.95 2.68 1.15 1.58 0.26 1.10 0.18 3.86 1,160 1,190 1,210 1,250 1,170 1,280 1,290 1,330

39 L-86-56 29.30 40.00 11.70 6.25 2.60 0.78 0.24 0.11 0.89 0.48 6.32 1,330 1,340 1,360 1,450 1,320 1,340 1,370 1,450

40 L-86-58A 36.50 29.30 10.30 8.25 3.25 0.70 0.63 0.42 1.58 0.30 7.17 1,210 1,270 1,300 1,440 1,240 1,270 1,280 1,340

41 L-86-63A 27.50 18.60 7.80 13.88 4.78 13.88 0.73 0.03 0.51 0.06 10.93 1,110 1,130 1,140 1,160 1,260 1,310 1,320 1,340

42 L-87-108 31.50 39.10 14.50 3.68 0.64 0.33 0.25 0.23 1.70 3.55 2.85 1,180 1,330 1,350 1,420 1,230 1,470 1,470 1,510

43 L-87-116 22.30 17.70 9.63 17.50 7.00 0.57 0.28 0.17 0.63 1.65 21.56 1,160 1,190 1,190 1,370 1,180 1,210 1,210 1,260

44 L-87-120 12.80 16.40 8.25 16.60 5.00 11.60 0.73 0.07 0.71 3.30 22.75 1,170 1,280 1,290 1,440 1,270 1,430 1,430 1,580

45 L-87-20 29.90 46.50 13.00 3.91 1.25 0.30 0.38 0.23 0.67 2.49 2.88 1,270 1,340 1,380 1,530 1,310 1,440 1,440 1,510

46 L-87-24A 31.04 12.91 12.42 14.13 7.41 1.39 0.51 0.10 0.52 0.91 18.91 1,590 1,590 1,590 1,590 1,590 1,590 1,590 1,590

47 L-87-41 38.10 32.50 11.80 6.00 2.15 0.49 0.98 0.24 1.16 1.75 3.69 1,100 1,320 1,330 1,380 1,240 1,280 1,290 1,420

48 L-87-42 30.70 27.10 14.30 10.20 3.58 0.54 0.72 0.28 1.29 0.35 9.14 1,210 1,250 1,270 1,370 1,280 1,290 1,310 1,350

49 L-87-57 42.80 35.90 9.20 3.05 0.91 0.47 0.69 0.06 0.83 3.00 1.45 1,220 1,590 1,590 1,590 1,560 1,590 1,590 1,590

50 L-87-58 18.40 16.30 9.63 16.60 8.75 1.31 0.63 0.07 0.50 1.40 24.59 1,260 1,310 1,320 1,560 1,190 1,320 1,350 1,580

51 L-87-64 25.50 16.90 7.60 15.30 4.00 10.80 0.68 0.07 0.57 2.10 14.39 1,030 1,070 1,070 1,090 1,200 1,290 1,300 1,310

52 L-87-80 24.70 17.30 8.38 14.70 4.90 15.30 0.48 0.05 0.48 0.26 12.22 1,070 1,090 1,090 1,100 1,230 1,320 1,320 1,340

53 L-87-84 27.20 19.50 9.75 15.20 5.40 2.56 0.25 0.06 0.81 0.30 17.63 1,160 1,200 1,200 1,280 1,270 1,320 1,320 1,330

54 L-87-86 30.00 20.30 19.80 9.80 4.18 0.80 0.44 0.47 0.94 0.40 12.20 1,150 1,200 1,200 1,230 1,250 1,350 1,380 1,560

55 L-95-07 14.88 21.27 8.26 19.20 8.00 8.16 0.39 0.07 0.08 0.09 18.74 1,118 1,130 1,138 1,151 1,320 1,384 1,389 1,396

56 L-95-13 21.11 14.19 13.07 20.34 4.79 9.06 0.33 0.10 0.71 0.79 15.72 1,096 1,100 1,106 1,120 1,188 1,260 1,268 1,280





57 L-95-20 19.81 3.24 9.96 28.82 6.37 11.20 0.32 0.17 0.04 0.01 18.18 1,070 1,120 1,128 1,137 1,190 1,197 1,200 1,210

58 L-95-39 29.90 25.42 6.77 11.82 4.07 9.70 0.87 0.04 0.69 0.53 9.89 1,090 1,098 1,103 1,120 1,273 1,317 1,330 1,345

59 L-95-56 44.62 34.82 5.29 4.47 1.25 0.52 2.13 0.12 1.12 0.47 3.78 1,470 1,550 1,556 1,570 1,550 1,600 1,600 1,600

60 L-95-58 11.99 21.88 9.71 26.44 6.14 0.05 0.47 0.36 1.17 0.88 20.48 1,196 1,263 1,278 1,285 1,260 1,271 1,280 1,293

D H S F D H S F

61 L-96-101 31.04 27.18 10.81 13.32 3.60 0.55 1.23 0.12 1.33 0.27 10.79 1,208 1,280 1,310 1,380 1,290 1,305 1,315 1,390

62 L-96-103 37.89 23.80 8.97 9.34 1.89 1.10 1.05 0.17 1.23 2.75 11.57 1,185 1,256 1,272 1,330 1,250 1,352 1,372 1,435

63 L-96-104 41.70 20.92 5.90 13.41 3.50 0.47 1.83 0.09 0.07 0.32 9.89 1,180 1,220 1,270 1,370 1,220 1,250 1,280 1,390

64 L-96-107 4.36 15.37 9.85 32.44 6.88 0.60 0.21 0.20 1.30 0.79 28.75 1,210 1,240 1,270 1,310 1,280 1,310 1,320 1,330

65 L-96-112 23.07 25.35 18.89 12.97 2.89 0.47 0.47 0.39 1.22 0.84 12.47 1,300 1,305 1,310 1,320 1,325 1,330 1,335 1,340

66 L-96-118 12.93 16.26 13.94 23.60 6.44 0.50 0.75 0.24 0.75 0.47 24.64 1,150 1,180 1,200 1,220 1,250 1,270 1,280 1,294

67 L-96-61 39.72 26.65 12.86 7.11 1.98 0.31 0.92 0.22 0.82 1.79 7.38 1,309 1,329 1,339 1,380 1,320 1,335 1,340 1,400

68 L-96-63 25.88 32.77 9.29 15.88 3.82 0.83 0.48 0.15 1.17 0.87 9.18 1,330 1,340 1,350 1,380 1,340 1,348 1,359 1,393

69 L-96-67 3.31 17.14 12.91 33.89 8.82 0.91 0.28 0.17 0.61 0.48 20.85 1,175 1,247 1,292 1,320 1,275 1,323 1,337 1,381

70 L-96-73 23.81 22.42 7.32 21.81 5.97 4.30 0.64 0.07 0.96 2.56 9.65 1,182 1,195 1,198 1,225 - - - -

71 L-96-81 9.37 15.03 7.98 35.42 6.98 1.33 0.41 0.13 0.41 0.20 23.43 1,210 1,276 1,285 1,320 1,298 1,320 1,330 1,340

72 L-96-86 37.07 27.16 11.68 6.76 2.03 0.59 0.77 0.39 1.10 3.00 9.35 1,190 1,250 1,271 1,310 - - - -

73 L-96-88 28.45 19.34 6.07 18.15 4.64 4.63 1.70 0.08 0.62 0.01 16.91 1,110 1,120 1,130 1,160 1,272 1,312 1,322 1,350

74 L-96-92 13.69 17.35 7.89 27.92 7.34 5.30 0.50 0.12 1.33 0.50 18.19 1,240 1,250 1,260 1,280 1,290 1,335 1,350 1,360

75 L-96-GT3 35.94 25.54 4.85 9.52 2.57 4.43 0.81 0.09 1.11 0.63 14.30 1,135 1,195 1,231 1,315 1,262 1,281 1,305 1,368

76 L-97-07 19.59 23.67 7.99 20.11 5.03 4.44 0.52 0.10 1.28 0.49 17.00 1,120 1,150 1,170 1,190 1,250 1,350 1,370 1,410

77 L-97-15 18.53 24.67 7.59 18.99 5.77 5.87 0.51 0.08 1.31 0.97 14.37 1,130 1,145 1,160 1,180 1,315 1,375 1,390 1,405

78 L-97-26 20.04 19.48 7.82 22.39 7.32 1.33 1.19 0.07 0.83 0.31 20.19 1,130 1,140 1,160 1,190 1,180 1,190 1,200 1,230

79 L-97-34 32.29 33.36 6.79 9.47 3.59 0.68 1.25 0.21 1.13 0.80 9.08 1,300 1,350 1,370 1,400 1,310 1,360 1,390 1,420

80 L-97-41 41.49 32.16 8.91 4.88 1.74 0.60 0.45 0.58 1.35 0.86 6.65 1,201 1,513 1,523 1,545 - - - -

81 L-97-42 25.43 23.64 6.69 14.00 4.86 6.40 1.36 0.06 1.68 0.08 14.25 1,120 1,130 1,140 1,180 1,248 1,330 1,380 1,466

82 L-97-44 31.96 18.79 9.63 9.30 3.14 11.01 0.86 0.06 0.98 0.28 13.82 1,074 1,089 1,117 1,125 - - - -

83 L-97-51 9.38 20.57 8.44 27.92 8.08 2.10 0.42 0.08 1.04 1.04 19.73 1,250 1,280 1,290 1,305 1,264 1,290 1,300 1,318

84 L-97-56 15.16 14.18 10.86 15.23 4.99 11.50 0.22 0.09 1.24 0.29 25.68 1,171 1,192 1,197 1,205 - - - -

85 L-97-58 15.33 5.13 7.22 15.24 4.37 7.46 0.59 0.04 1.33 0.02 43.03 1,130 1,160 1,170 1,197 - - - -

86 L-97-64 21.66 2.35 12.84 15.83 4.57 10.58 0.39 0.05 0.12 0.07 31.38 1,120 1,130 1,140 1,160 1,280 1,330 1,350 1,370





87 L-97-66B 28.13 3.39 10.72 16.25 6.45 13.66 0.35 0.03 0.31 0.57 19.78 1,106 1,115 1,122 1,150 1,330 1,370 1,376 1,390

88 L-97-68 4.02 19.74 8.13 24.95 7.24 11.18 0.45 0.08 1.68 1.27 20.56 1,260 1,280 1,290 1,340 1,360 1,376 1,390 1,410

89 L-97-72 30.71 5.09 19.51 11.49 3.70 0.67 0.52 0.06 1.44 0.10 26.53 1,160 1,170 1,190 1,210 1,180 1,190 1,200 1,230

D H S F D H S F

1 HD-97-11 15.74 3.44 29.37 15.26 7.06 2.29 0.44 0.07 0.23 0.37 25.62 1,170 1,180 1,190 1,210 1,140 1,270 1,290 1,350

2 HD-97-12 19.91 3.25 9.55 22.48 5.75 10.68 0.89 0.08 0.70 0.56 25.93 1,040 1,050 1,060 1,090 1,220 1,230 1,240 1,250

3 HD-97-122 8.12 2.15 16.02 21.08 6.32 10.75 0.78 0.05 0.20 0.06 34.16 1,180 1,240 1,260 1,290 1,250 1,340 1,360 1,390

4 HD-97-144 11.68 18.42 17.13 11.54 16.46 3.11 0.45 0.44 0.00 0.55 19.36 1,060 1,110 1,130 1,180 1,200 1,230 1,250 1,290

5 HD-97-149 26.45 10.29 16.53 11.50 9.20 4.14 1.08 0.08 0.46 0.55 20.37 1,090 1,100 1,110 1,120 1,120 1,130 1,140 1,150

6 HD-97-150 50.40 11.18 16.63 6.58 3.25 1.09 0.48 0.22 0.16 0.19 9.71 1,040 1,170 1,180 1,210 1,210 1,290 1,300 1,310

7 HD-97-153 24.57 1.63 6.78 19.28 5.74 5.24 0.51 0.07 1.79 0.13 32.23 1,060 1,070 1,090 1,130 1,130 1,150 1,160 1,220

8 HD-97-156 28.79 1.08 10.39 13.88 17.05 2.20 0.26 0.04 0.00 0.73 25.54 1,120 1,140 1,150 1,160 1,170 1,180 1,190 1,210

9 HD-97-157 29.42 5.99 14.47 15.56 4.20 5.34 0.36 0.04 0.70 0.90 22.85 1,060 1,080 1,120 1,130 1,160 1,170 1,190 1,290

10 HD-97-160 38.90 9.79 15.37 12.37 5.06 0.54 0.41 1.10 4.99 0.03 11.38 1,300 1,390 1,400 1,420 1,360 1,420 1,430 1,460

11 HD-97-161 67.84 13.61 10.40 2.57 0.80 0.84 0.70 0.04 0.27 0.10 2.46 1,100 1,270 1,350 1,390 1,230 1,350 1,390 1,420

12 HD-97-164 46.99 6.45 28.18 4.96 4.24 0.67 0.43 0.26 0.27 0.26 7.08 1,040 1,060 1,090 1,190 1,170 1,260 1,280 1,300

13 HD-97-169 43.97 1.43 10.40 13.30 3.56 13.02 0.51 0.04 0.16 0.09 13.34 1,000 1,010 1,020 1,030 1,100 1,120 1,130 1,140

14 HD-97-170 19.23 3.73 12.67 20.41 12.78 1.02 0.12 0.55 0.00 0.82 27.84 1,160 1,170 1,190 1,210 1,190 1,200 1,210 1,230

15 HD-97-171 14.76 13.61 30.05 11.95 7.36 0.76 0.37 0.40 0.20 0.38 19.82 1,140 1,150 1,160 1,190 1,220 1,230 1,250 1,310

16 HD-97-172 42.71 9.26 22.18 8.77 4.21 0.47 0.79 0.50 5.49 0.56 5.01 1,100 1,110 1,130 1,140 1,110 1,240 1,270 1,320

17 HD-97-25 7.16 5.50 39.32 16.32 7.14 0.99 0.77 0.43 0.16 0.57 21.48 1,160 1,200 1,230 1,270 1,200 1,420 1,440 1,490

18 HD-97-26 36.95 7.27 16.67 8.62 5.74 4.81 0.46 0.39 0.27 0.43 18.04 1,020 1,050 1,080 1,110 1,180 1,170 1,180 1,250

19 HD-97-27 8.76 4.33 13.52 13.83 19.82 5.05 0.40 0.05 0.12 0.36 33.46 1,080 1,100 1,120 1,170 1,150 1,290 1,310 1,420

20 HD-97-28 45.12 25.86 20.92 2.90 0.91 0.43 1.37 0.07 0.58 0.32 1.32 1,070 1,150 1,310 1,330 1,200 1,380 1,390 1,400

21 HD-97-29 10.94 8.72 45.92 10.68 5.21 0.61 0.42 0.43 0.31 0.56 15.93 1,120 1,230 1,240 1,310 1,240 1,460 1,470 1,520

22 HD-97-30 5.47 3.44 17.17 19.98 5.87 11.45 0.37 0.04 0.08 0.06 35.89 1,140 1,150 1,160 1,180 1,260 1,230 1,250 1,340

23 HD-97-36 12.33 12.36 25.34 9.61 5.82 8.48 0.54 0.28 0.20 0.29 24.61 1,060 1,070 1,080 1,110 1,150 1,160 1,170 1,220

24 HD-97-38 13.42 5.09 13.77 22.24 6.27 12.22 0.33 0.03 0.39 0.19 25.78 1,190 1,220 1,230 1,270 1,150 1,330 1,350 1,450

25 HD-97-45 24.72 7.16 11.20 14.21 6.07 11.84 0.74 0.04 0.31 0.29 23.22 1,040 1,060 1,080 1,100 1,120 1,130 1,140 1,150

26 HD-97-49 9.01 3.78 9.50 20.08 4.89 6.82 0.84 0.06 0.50 0.33 41.97 1,020 1,040 1,050 1,060 1,120 1,130 1,140 1,150

OxidizingTiO2 P2O5 SO3 ReducingMgO Na2O K2O Mn3O4No. Hole

Ash Mineral Present in Ash (% db) Ash Fusion Temperature (oC)


27 HD-97-52 13.82 2.35 9.38 24.11 7.62 15.98 0.64 0.05 0.16 0.04 25.50 1,060 1,090 1,120 1,170 1,120 1,150 1,170 1,220

28 HD-97-54 17.71 2.86 13.13 16.98 5.82 12.48 0.43 0.04 0.39 0.25 29.73 1,060 1,070 1,080 1,090 1,100 1,110 1,120 1,130

29 HD-97-55 8.77 2.15 10.40 23.70 7.11 12.77 0.48 0.04 0.23 0.21 33.88 1,230 1,300 1,310 1,330 1,250 1,320 1,330 1,340

30 HD-97-56 15.65 6.54 16.00 17.43 4.75 13.10 1.72 0.06 0.80 0.67 23.17 1,000 1,010 1,020 1,030 1,110 1,140 1,150 1,170

Ash Mineral Present in Ash and Ash Fusion Temperature of Q Seam

D H S F D H S F

31 HD-97-58 20.32 4.30 21.66 14.06 3.92 9.83 0.53 0.04 0.39 0.31 24.41 1,050 1,060 1,070 1,080 1,240 1,250 1,260 1,270

32 HD-97-60 10.92 6.45 12.60 20.65 4.79 14.38 1.00 0.06 0.40 0.22 29.32 1,140 1,180 1,190 1,210 1,190 1,200 1,220 1,260

33 HD-97-63 36.41 9.45 17.21 10.89 3.74 8.15 1.08 0.04 0.55 0.32 11.99 950 1,000 1,010 1,040 1,060 1,100 1,130 1,160

34 HD-97-64 9.81 2.15 13.07 19.84 6.19 13.44 0.46 0.04 0.47 0.12 34.27 1,220 1,270 1,280 1,310 1,230 1,290 1,300 1,330

35 HD-97-73 16.97 7.88 37.15 10.71 5.15 2.94 0.96 0.53 0.39 0.50 16.74 1,020 1,030 1,040 1,060 1,150 1,160 1,170 1,200

36 HD-97-74 12.02 1.63 12.05 14.32 18.91 4.69 0.34 0.06 0.12 0.64 34.71 1,080 1,090 1,100 1,110 1,210 1,220 1,230 1,300

37 HD-97-82 21.53 1.43 20.77 18.88 6.38 3.95 0.56 0.04 0.27 0.09 25.86 1,090 1,120 1,130 1,150 1,160 1,170 1,180 1,200

38 L-84-07 10.50 4.01 12.70 18.90 5.28 12.20 0.37 0.11 0.14 0.07 33.60 1,170 1,220 1,240 1,280 1,280 1,330 1,330 1,410

39 L-86-04 17.00 5.10 16.00 22.30 6.60 9.20 0.54 0.11 0.27 0.01 22.47 1,190 1,240 1,250 1,280 1,290 1,320 1,320 1,590

40 L-86-10 18.20 8.50 37.00 16.50 3.00 0.34 0.66 0.30 0.27 0.01 14.77 1,030 1,070 1,080 1,110 1,120 1,320 1,370 1,510

41 L-86-17 17.00 5.10 16.00 22.30 6.60 9.20 0.54 0.11 0.27 0.01 22.47 1,060 1,200 1,220 1,290 1,240 1,270 1,270 1,580

42 L-86-18 11.20 2.80 14.70 24.50 8.40 9.90 0.26 0.09 0.08 0.00 26.24 1,260 1,320 1,320 1,350 1,080 1,320 1,330 1,580

43 L-86-19 5.20 1.42 15.90 25.50 6.63 11.80 0.19 0.06 0.07 0.01 32.02 1,080 1,204 1,240 1,330 1,200 1,260 1,280 1,580

44 L-86-20 3.80 1.12 15.80 23.50 6.30 13.80 0.19 0.05 0.07 0.01 34.68 1,150 1,210 1,210 1,260 1,070 1,300 1,320 1,580

45 L-86-24 10.90 1.72 9.70 23.60 6.35 15.70 0.20 0.05 0.06 0.07 30.88 1,280 1,330 1,330 1,380 1,000 1,230 1,280 1,580

46 L-86-25 10.40 7.89 11.70 18.80 5.30 15.10 0.40 0.06 0.20 0.00 29.20 1,160 1,190 1,190 1,210 1,100 1,220 1,230 1,560

47 L-86-41 11.50 3.90 13.70 30.95 8.35 1.00 0.43 0.87 0.15 0.10 30.00 1,220 1,290 1,310 1,350 1,300 1,340 1,350 1,560

48 L-86-55 41.50 11.00 15.80 10.00 4.78 0.60 1.21 0.29 0.52 0.05 12.53 1,120 1,140 1,150 1,180 1,180 1,190 1,200 1,270

49 L-86-56 16.50 5.60 22.10 21.00 6.65 1.02 0.24 0.49 0.19 0.03 24.59 1,160 1,190 1,190 1,200 1,190 1,240 1,260 1,350

50 L-86-58A 43.00 22.50 18.70 6.10 1.58 1.01 0.61 0.23 0.31 0.11 5.18 1,020 1,120 1,140 1,320 1,270 1,330 1,340 1,440

51 L-86-63A 20.50 2.92 8.90 15.10 5.60 14.88 0.54 0.04 0.07 0.01 30.75 1,230 1,240 1,240 1,270 1,140 1,160 1,170 1,200

52 L-86-68 26.50 13.00 0.29 11.50 4.40 0.71 0.57 0.25 0.32 0.05 13.23 1,010 1,030 1,030 1,140 1,140 1,240 1,240 1,430

53 L-87-01A 32.00 15.60 35.50 5.40 2.94 0.74 0.82 0.16 0.58 0.08 5.14 1,050 1,090 1,090 1,130 1,210 1,310 1,340 1,390

54 L-87-108 58.50 4.00 18.60 5.50 2.00 0.58 0.32 0.29 0.18 0.13 10.10 1,020 1,110 1,360 1,410 1,100 1,320 1,330 1,410

55 L-87-116 21.00 3.19 24.00 16.60 5.95 1.30 0.21 0.66 0.10 0.08 25.24 1,130 1,200 1,200 1,270 1,120 1,200 1,210 1,310



No. HoleAsh Mineral Present in Ash (% db) Ash Fusion Temperature (oC)


56 L-87-121 31.30 6.20 11.30 13.30 4.40 19.50 0.76 0.11 0.25 0.01 15.10 1,010 1,050 1,050 1,070 1,170 1,180 1,180 1,180

57 L-87-14 43.00 23.40 14.80 5.67 1.97 3.19 1.87 0.09 0.38 0.17 4.65 1,170 1,210 1,230 1,320 1,220 1,390 1,390 1,410

58 L-87-33 18.00 3.60 6.30 25.30 8.50 5.50 0.33 0.07 0.14 0.03 31.20 1,250 1,290 1,300 1,360 1,210 1,330 1,330 1,590

59 L-87-41 17.70 3.72 12.20 17.70 4.83 15.40 0.50 0.05 0.11 0.05 26.04 1,060 1,130 1,130 1,140 1,140 1,160 1,160 1,210

60 L-87-42 37.00 16.40 15.00 10.80 4.90 1.65 1.16 0.23 0.38 0.15 13.23 1,010 1,110 1,110 1,190 1,130 1,210 1,210 1,360

D H S F D H S F

61 L-87-53 36.00 20.90 19.20 9.80 3.03 0.32 0.63 0.38 0.27 0.26 7.32 1,100 1,130 1,160 1,370 1,240 1,270 1,290 1,350

62 L-87-58 15.80 4.19 16.00 13.80 4.60 14.63 0.38 0.05 0.16 0.08 29.16 1,130 1,190 1,190 1,200 1,070 1,210 1,220 1,330

63 L-87-61 26.00 25.80 24.60 8.50 3.75 0.35 0.44 0.63 0.20 0.68 7.57 1,060 1,200 1,240 1,480 1,330 1,340 1,350 1,480

64 L-87-63 11.80 5.20 35.00 16.40 5.95 1.31 0.32 0.47 0.18 0.05 21.93 1,190 1,260 1,290 1,580 1,110 1,350 1,350 1,590

65 L-87-64 19.50 6.38 11.50 14.60 4.25 13.40 0.84 0.35 0.18 0.03 27.36 1,020 1,060 1,060 1,070 1,170 1,170 1,170 1,210

66 L-87-80 28.90 4.38 10.60 15.00 4.00 12.50 0.05 0.04 0.12 0.10 22.54 1,170 1,200 1,200 1,220 1,130 1,250 1,270 1,320

67 L-87-84 22.20 3.69 14.60 14.90 4.20 14.00 0.39 0.05 0.12 0.13 23.85 1,070 1,150 1,150 1,160 1,150 1,190 1,190 1,230

68 L-87-98 39.20 3.38 9.38 12.20 3.75 12.10 0.47 0.04 0.08 0.12 17.97 1,010 1,010 1,030 1,080 1,140 1,170 1,180 1,250

69 L-95-18 9.35 6.49 11.34 24.45 6.35 9.52 0.62 0.10 0.33 0.01 32.10 1,160 1,172 1,180 1,190 1,196 1,220 1,230 1,260

70 L-95-20 16.27 11.78 11.09 18.53 5.27 11.40 0.31 0.07 0.12 0.06 24.57 1,140 1,170 1,175 1,185 1,230 1,240 1,250 1,265

71 L-95-26 58.35 16.58 8.76 3.60 4.04 2.53 0.71 0.06 0.38 0.03 4.14 1,154 1,177 1,310 1,396 1,182 1,295 1,355 1,550

72 L-95-39 26.12 9.72 11.20 17.28 5.55 9.59 1.42 0.60 0.33 0.01 19.51 1,060 1,070 1,075 1,090 1,165 1,182 1,190 1,205

73 L-95-40 21.33 20.95 34.11 8.52 4.49 0.47 1.00 0.43 0.38 0.01 6.51 1,108 1,116 1,120 1,163 1,310 1,380 1,390 1,410

74 L-95-58 10.86 6.13 16.68 18.21 5.15 8.53 0.61 0.10 0.39 0.06 32.93 1,160 1,175 1,180 1,185 1,205 1,230 1,245 1,273

75 L-96-101 6.13 2.17 13.35 31.96 7.03 5.25 0.29 0.17 0.21 0.10 33.92 1,240 1,260 1,270 1,280 1,260 1,270 1,280 1,290

76 L-96-107 28.26 2.18 10.71 23.22 5.63 4.57 0.27 0.09 0.25 0.01 24.16 1,040 1,120 1,150 1,180 1,148 1,171 1,180 1,190

77 L-96-111 6.34 5.77 24.19 18.29 16.51 0.46 0.19 0.62 0.19 0.40 16.20 1,250 1,250 1,250 1,275 1,232 1,318 1,323 1,353

78 L-96-112 4.76 1.26 14.56 30.08 6.60 4.25 0.31 0.12 0.04 0.01 36.83 1,180 1,240 1,250 1,266 1,200 1,277 1,280 1,290

79 L-96-118 6.15 2.18 13.04 29.06 6.89 6.06 0.33 0.13 0.08 0.01 35.94 1,190 1,260 1,265 1,270 1,240 1,250 1,275 1,285

80 L-96-120 8.77 4.95 18.17 33.46 9.46 0.67 0.46 0.32 0.24 0.05 23.04 1,289 1,289 1,289 1,315 1,303 1,310 1,325 1,335

81 L-96-61 11.59 2.17 13.30 29.82 7.18 6.12 0.43 0.09 0.08 0.01 28.71 1,230 1,240 1,250 1,260 1,249 1,260 1,265 1,270

82 L-96-67 3.93 3.22 14.18 26.53 6.75 9.19 0.45 0.09 0.16 0.01 35.79 1,160 1,170 1,206 1,230 1,290 1,295 1,302 1,310

83 L-96-73 7.08 3.18 12.47 30.22 6.95 8.37 0.38 0.11 0.04 0.01 30.29 1,230 1,240 1,250 1,257 1,225 1,305 1,333 1,415

84 L-96-74 14.34 5.61 26.91 19.77 6.89 0.61 0.43 0.73 0.38 0.05 24.03 1,196 1,210 1,215 1,218 1,227 1,295 1,323 1,330

85 L-96-81 6.14 2.18 14.67 29.03 6.89 5.91 0.30 0.11 0.12 0.01 33.84 1,180 1,250 1,256 1,267 1,200 1,260 1,268 1,280





86 L-96-86 11.72 3.31 17.49 20.35 6.45 2.61 0.72 1.69 0.11 0.05 34.92 1,163 1,198 1,211 1,224 1,185 1,365 1,382 1,455

87 L-96-98 17.78 2.14 11.34 24.95 5.97 5.00 0.28 0.09 0.08 0.01 31.83 1,119 1,150 1,170 1,210 1,130 1,190 1,200 1,210

88 L-96-GT3 11.73 2.31 17.04 20.31 6.31 9.49 0.86 0.10 0.15 0.10 31.26 1,190 1,210 1,224 1,230 1,236 1,240 1,243 1,280

89 L-97-04 11.79 7.50 28.87 19.51 5.96 0.73 0.29 0.39 0.42 0.63 25.60 1,194 1,205 1,222 1,245 1,281 1,305 1,312 1,340

90 L-97-07 33.73 2.06 20.40 12.10 3.76 4.56 0.11 0.10 0.27 0.08 22.37 1,065 1,095 1,120 1,150 1,195 1,199 1,201 1,219

D H S F D H S F

91 L-97-15 9.23 9.03 9.31 18.79 6.18 9.44 0.49 0.09 0.04 0.03 37.09 1,245 1,250 1,255 1,270 1,224 1,250 1,260 1,269

92 L-97-21 47.84 11.64 6.74 6.40 2.07 3.70 1.32 0.03 0.83 0.40 18.99 1,191 1,201 1,215 1,240 1,227 1,260 1,264 1,269

93 L-97-30 8.89 3.25 20.83 20.71 6.29 9.66 0.50 0.10 0.27 0.02 28.98 1,220 1,234 1,246 1,266 1,295 1,305 1,315 1,332

94 L-97-40 11.30 1.76 9.75 21.36 7.10 11.42 0.27 0.03 0.44 0.24 36.15 1,190 1,197 1,210 1,223 1,233 1,255 1,271 1,301

95 L-97-41 10.36 5.80 24.07 13.79 4.39 5.57 0.46 0.06 1.66 0.35 33.22 1,243 1,272 1,276 1,280 1,352 1,550 1,550 1,550

96 L-97-42 56.49 1.92 6.68 5.68 2.56 4.80 0.49 0.04 0.88 0.03 20.21 1,001 1,012 1,067 1,120 1,160 1,196 1,205 1,217

97 L-97-44 35.39 4.50 7.36 8.73 3.27 7.43 0.78 0.05 0.99 0.06 31.19 1,001 1,115 1,136 1,150 1,267 1,325 1,359 1,378

98 L-97-51 17.84 6.49 12.22 12.35 4.07 0.88 0.53 0.11 1.89 0.13 43.29 1,001 1,021 1,037 1,051 1,125 1,155 1,160 1,163

99 L-97-56 6.89 3.89 15.49 11.84 3.77 8.44 0.34 0.04 0.78 0.27 47.97 1,068 1,121 1,125 1,130 1,287 1,342 1,354 1,375

100 L-97-58 9.67 1.93 14.96 13.28 4.51 11.07 0.63 0.44 0.33 0.17 42.79 1,015 1,080 1,095 1,106 1,312 1,373 1,383 1,393

101 L-97-64 6.05 5.16 8.25 18.18 5.57 9.94 1.16 0.44 0.66 0.08 44.38 1,056 1,065 1,074 1,077 1,149 1,185 1,190 1,199

102 L-97-66B 15.33 13.93 8.12 15.34 3.88 9.01 0.66 0.07 0.82 0.64 32.08 1,015 1,063 1,085 1,100 1,145 1,165 1,175 1,200

103 L-97-68 28.11 2.17 13.35 12.18 4.44 8.10 0.36 0.03 1.62 0.11 29.29 1,038 1,055 1,065 1,075 1,143 1,170 1,175 1,190

104 L-97-71 29.42 21.61 20.25 8.24 3.96 1.75 0.46 0.95 0.14 0.09 12.90 1,128 1,155 1,168 1,181 1,276 1,305 1,313 1,329

105 L-97-72 13.75 2.34 9.99 18.33 5.20 11.59 0.31 0.03 0.22 0.17 37.86 1,147 1,156 1,160 1,167 1,123 1,162 1,189 1,225





Quality - Ash Fusion Temp

Documents

physical ash property

ash fusion temperatures

drill holes data

ash fusion temperature

seams excluded mine

seams lati area

mineable coal reserve

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