Quadrature Amplitude Modulation From Basics to Adaptive Trellis-Coded, Turbo-Equalised and Space-Time Coded OFDM, CDMA and MC-CDMA Systems Second Edition L.Hanzo University of Southampton, UK S.X. Ng University of Southampton, UK T. Keller UbiNetics, UK W. Webb Ofcom, UK IEEE PRESS \ IEEE Communications Society, Sponsor John Wiley & Sons, Ltd /
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Quadrature AmplitudeModulationFrom Basics to Adaptive Trellis-Coded,Turbo-Equalised and Space-Time CodedOFDM, CDMA and MC-CDMA SystemsSecond Edition
L.HanzoUniversity of Southampton, UK
S.X. NgUniversity of Southampton, UK
T. KellerUbiNetics, UK
W. WebbOfcom, UK
IEEE PRESS \IEEE Communications Society, Sponsor
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd/
Contents
About the Authors xxiii
Related Wiley and IEEE Press Books xxv
Preface xxvi
Acknowledgements xxviii
I QAM Basics 1
1 Introduction and Background 21.1 Modulation Methods 21.2 History of Quadrature Amplitude Modulation 5
1.2.1 Determining the Optimum Constellation . . 51.2.1.1 Coherent and Non-Coherent Reception 61.2.1.2 Clock Recovery 71.2.1.3 The Type I, II and III Constellations 7
4.6 Non-differential Coding for Square QAM 1274.7 Differential Coding for Square QAM 1284.8 Summary 131
CONTENTS
5 Square QAM 1335.1 Decision Theory 1335.2 QAM Modulation and Transmission 1355.3 16-QAM Demodulation in AWGN 1365.4 64-QAM Demodulation in AWGN 1385.5 Recursive Algorithm for the Error Probability Evaluation of M-QAM . . . . 142
5.5.1 System Model 1425.5.2 BER of 16-QAM Constellation 143
9.3.1 Transparent-Tone-in-Band Modulation 2859.3.1.1 Introduction 2859.3.1.2 Principles of TTIB 2869.3.1.3 TTIB Subcarrier Recovery 2869.3.1.4 TTIB Schemes Using Quadrature Mirror Filters 2919.3.1.5 Residual Frequency Error Compensation 2959.3.1.6 TTIB System Parameters 296
9.3.2 Pilot Symbol Assisted Modulation 2979.3.2.1 Introduction 2979.3.2.2 PS AM System Description 2989.3.2.3 Channel Gain Estimation 3019.3.2.4 PSAM Parameters 3029.3.2.5 PSAM Performance 303
9.4 Summary 304
10 Star QAM Schemes for Rayleigh Fading Channels 30710.1 Introduction 30710.2 Star QAM Transmissions 307
10.2.1 Differential Coding 30810.2.2 Differential Decoding 30810.2.3 Effect of Oversampling 30910.2.4 Star 16-QAM Performance 311
10.9.2 Hardware Imperfections 32610.9.2.1 Quantisation Levels 32610.9.2.2 I-Q Crosstalk 32910.9.2.3 Oversampling Ratio 32910.9.2.4 AM-AM and AM-PM Distortion 330
lO.lOSummary 332
11 Timing Recovery for Fading Channels 33711.1 Introduction 33711.2 Times-two Clock Recovery for QAM 33711.3 Basic Early-Late Clock Recovery for Star 16-QAM 33811.4 Modified Early-Late Clock Recovery for QAM 34111.5 Clock Recovery in the Presence of ISI 343
13.4 Spectral Efficiency 37813.5 Bandlimiting 16-Q2AM 37813.6 Performance of Bandlimited 16-QAM and 16-Q2AM 38013.7 Summary 383
CONTENTS
14 Area Spectral Efficiency of Adaptive Cellular QAM Systems 38514.1 Introduction 38514.2 Spectrum Efficiency in Conventional Cells 38714.3 Spectrum Efficiency in Microcells 388
14.3.1 Microcellular Clusters 38914.3.2 System Design for Microcells 39114.3.3 Microcellular Radio Capacity • . . 39214.3.4 Modulation Schemes for Microcells 393
14.4 Summary 395
III Advanced QAM:Adaptive versus Space-Time Block- and Trellis-Coded OFDM 397
15 Introduction to OFDM 39815.1 Introduction --= 39815.2 Principles of QAM-OFDM 40115.3 Modulation by DFT 40315.4 Transmission via Bandlimited Channels 40715.5 Generalised Nyquist Criterion 41015.6 Basic OFDM Modem Implementations 41315.7 Cyclic OFDM Symbol Extension 41515.8 Reducing MDI by Compensation 416
15.8.1 Transient System Analysis . 41615.8.2 Recursive MDI Compensation 418
17 OFDM Transmission over Wideband Channels 449. 17.1 The Channel Model 449
17.1.1 The Wireless Asynchronous Transfer Mode System 45017.1.1.1 The WATM Channel 45017.1.1.2 The Shortened WATM Channel 452
17.1.2 The Wireless Local Area Network System 45217.1.2.1 The WLAN Channel 453
17.1.3 The UMTS System 45317.1.3.1 The UMTS Type Channel 453
17.2 Effects of Time Dispersive Channels.on OFDM 45417.2.1 Effects of the Stationary Time-Dispersive Channel 45517.2.2 Non-Stationary Channel 455
17.2.2.1 Summary of Time-Variant Channels 45717.2.3 Signalling Over Time-Dispersive OFDM Channels . .• 457
17.3 Channel Estimation 45817.3.1 Frequency Domain Channel Estimation 458
17.3.1.1 Pilot Symbol Assisted Schemes 45817.3.1.1.1 Linear Interpolation for PSAM 45917.3.1.1.2 Ideal Lowpass Interpolation for PSAM 46117.3.1.1.3 Summary 465
17.3.2 Time Domain Channel Estimation 46517.4 System Performance 465
17.4.1 Static Time-Dispersive Channel 46617.4.1.1 Perfect Channel Estimation 46617.4.1.2 Differentially Coded Modulation 46917.4.1.3 Pilot Symbol Assisted Modulation 472
17.4.2 Slowly Varying Time-Dispersive Channel 47717.4.2.1 Perfect Channel Estimation 47817.4.2.2 Pilot Symbol Assisted Modulation 478
17.5 Summary 480
CONTENTS
18 Time and Frequency Domain Synchronisation for OFDM 48318.1 Performance with Frequency and Timing Errors 483
18.1.1 Frequency Shift 48318.1.1.1 Spectrum of the OFDM Signal 48418.1.1.2 Effects of Frequency Mismatch on Different Modulation
18.2.1 Coarse Transmission Frame and OFDM Symbol Synchronisation . . 49618.2.2 Fine Symbol Tracking 49618.2.3 Frequency Acquisition 49618.2.4 Frequency Tracking 49718.2.5 Synchronisation by Autocorrelation 49718.2.6 Multiple Access Frame Structure 498
18.2.6.1 The Reference Symbol 49818.2.6.2 The Correlation Functions 499
18.2.7 Frequency Tracking and OFDM Symbol Synchronisation 50018.2.7.1 OFDM Symbol Synchronisation 50018.2.7.2 Frequency Tracking 501
18.2.8 Frequency Acquisition and Frame Synchronisation 50218.2.8.1 Frame Synchronisation 50218.2.8.2 Frequency Acquisition 50218.2.8.3 Block Diagram of the Synchronisation Algorithms 504
18.2.9 Synchronisation Using Pilots 50418.2.9.1 The Reference Symbol 50418.2.9.2 Frequency Acquisition 50518.2.9.3 Performance of the Pilot-Based Frequency Acquisition in
AWGN Channels 50718.2.9.4 Alternative Frequency Error Estimation for Frequency-
Domain Pilot Tones 50918.3 Comparison of the Frequency Acquisition Algorithms 51518.4 BER Performance with Frequency Synchronisation 51718.5 Summary 51918.6 Appendix: OFDM Synchronisation Performance 519
18.6.1 Frequency Synchronisation in an AWGN Channel 51918.6.1.1 One Phasor in AWGN Environment 519
20.6.1 Summary of the OFDM-related Chapters in Part III 60220.6.2 Conclusions Concerning the OFDM Chapters in Part III 60420.6.3 Suggestions for Further OFDM Research 604
21.2.1 The 4-State, 4PSK Space-Time Trellis Encoder 60821.2.2 The 4-State, 4PSK Space-Time Trellis Decoder 61121.2.3 Other Space-Time Trellis Codes 612
21.3 Space-Time Coded Transmission over Wideband Channels 61221.3.1 System Overview 61621.3.2 Space-Time and Channel Codec Parameters 61821.3.3 Complexity Issues 620
21.4 Simulation Results 62121.4.1 Space-Time Coding Comparison - Throughput of 2 BPS 62221.4.2 Space-Time Coding Comparison - Throughput of 3 BPS 62721.4.3 The Effect of Maximum Doppler Frequency 63121.4.4 The Effect of Delay Spreads 63221.4.5 Delay Non-sensitive System 637
CONTENTS xvii
21.4.6 The Wireless Asynchronous Transfer Mode System 64121.4.6.1 Channel Coded Space-Time Codes - Throughput of 1 BPS 64221.4.6.2 Channel Coded Space-Time Codes - Throughput of 2 BPS 643
21.5 Space-Time Coded Adaptive Modulation for OFDM 64421.5.1 Introduction 64421.5.2 Turbo-Coded and Space-Time-Coded Adaptive OFDM 64421.5.3 Simulation Results 645
22.8.1 Limiting the Peak Instantaneous BEP 68222.8.2 Torrance's Switching Levels 68522.8.3 Cost Function Optimization as a Function of the Average SNR . . . . 68722.8.4 Lagrangian Method 691
22.9 Results and Discussions 70022.9.1 Narrow-Band Nakagami-m Fading Channel 701
26.3.1 Decision Feedback Equaliser Principle 83726.3.2 Equaliser Signal to Noise Ratio Loss 839
26.4 Decision Feedback Equaliser Aided Adaptive Coded Modulation 84026.4.1 Introduction 84126.4.2 System Overview 84126.4.3 Fixed-Mode Based Performance 84426.4.4 System I and System II Performance 84726.4.5 Conclusions , 852
27.3 Adaptive CM Assisted JD-MMSE-DFE Based CDMA 89427.3.1 Modem Mode Adaptation 89527.3.2 Channel Model and System Parameters 89727.3.3 Performance of the Fixed Modem Modes 89927.3.4 Performance of the Adaptive Modes 90127.3.5 Effects of Estimation Delay and Switching Thresholds 90327.3.6 Conclusion 904
27.4 CM Assisted GA-Based Multiuser Detection Aided CDMA . 90527.4.1 Introduction 90627.4.2 System Overview 90627.4.3 The GA-Assisted Multiuser Detector Subsystem 90927.4.4 Simulation Parameters 91127.4.5 Simulation Results and Discussion 91227.4.6 Conclusion 917
27.5 Summary 917
28 Coded Modulation and Space Time Block Coding Aided CDMA 92028.1 Introduction 92028.2 Space-Time Block Coded IQ-Interleaved Coded Modulation 921
28.2.1 Introduction 92128.2.2 System Overview 92128.2.3 Simulation Results and Discussion 92528.2.4 Conclusion 929
28.3 STBC Assisted DoS-RR Based CDMA 9301 28.3.1 Introduction 930
28.3.2 System Description 931
CONTENTS
28.3.2.1 Double-Spreading Mechanism 93228.3.2.2 Space-Time Block Coded Rake Receiver 93428.3.2.3 Channel Model and System Parameter Design 936
28.3.3 Simulation Results and Discussion 93728.3.4 Conclusions 941
29 Comparative Study of Various Coded Modulation Schemes 95329.1 Comparative Study 95329.2 Suggestions for Further Research 961
30 QAM-Based Terrestrial and Satellite Video Broadcast Systems 96230.1 DVB-T for Mobile Receivers 962
30.1.1 Background and Motivation 96230.1.2 DVB Terrestrial Scheme 96330.1.3 Terrestrial Broadcast Channel Model 96530.1.4 Non-Hierarchical OFDM DVB System Performance 96730.1.5 Video Data Partitioning Scheme 97330.1.6 Hierarchical OFDM DVB System Performance 976
30.2 Satellite-based Video Broadcasting 98130.2.1 Background and Motivation 98130.2.2 DVB Satellite Scheme 98230.2.3 Satellite Channel Model 98430.2.4 Blind Equalisers 98530.2.5 Performance of the DVB Satellite System 988
30.2.5.1 Transmission over the Symbol-Spaced Two-Path Channel .98930.2.5.2 Transmission over the Two-Symbol-Delay Two-Path Chan-
nel 99330.2.5.3 Performance Summary of the DVB-S System 999
30.3 Summary 1002
31 Appendix 100531.1 BER Analysis of Type-I Star-QAM 1005