QTOR

Quantitative Techniques and Operation Research in Management

Dr. Shweta Gupta

Objectives of this lesson: Primary and Secondary DataDEFINITION AND TYPES OF DATADESCRIBE PRIMARY DATA,METHODE OF

COLLECTION,MERIT AND DEMERIT.DESCRIBE SECONDARY DATA,SOURCE,MERIT

AND DEMERIT CONCLUSIONREFRENCEQUESTION AND ANSWER

DATA- Data is information in raw or unorganized form(such as alphabet, number or symbols) that refers to or represent ,ideas, object. data is limitless and present everywhere in the universe.

TYPES:- PRIMARY DATA - collected by the researcher himself

SECONDARY DATA - collected by others to be "re-used" by the researcher

TYPES OF DATA

Data that has been collected from first-hand-experience is known as primary data. Primary data has not been published yet and is more reliable, authentic and objective. Primary data has not been changed or altered by human beings, therefore its validity is greater than secondary data

PRIMARY DATA

A. Observation method B. Indirect Oral Interviews C. Questionnaire methodD. Schedule Method E. From Local Agents F. Survey Method

A.

B.

C.

METHOD OF COLLECTION OF PRIMARY DATA

A. DIRECT PERSONAL OBSEVATION

STRUCTUREDUNSTRUCTUREDPARTICIPATIVENON -PARTICIPATIVE

Standardized interviews a. Structured b. UnstructuredNon-standardized interviews a. One to one 1.Face to face, 2.telephonic, 3.internet mediated interviews b. One to many(focus group)

INDIRECT ORAL INTERVIEW

Questionnaire- A questionnaire is a research instrument consisting of a series of question and other prompts for the purpose of gathering information from respondent.

Self administered questionnaireInterviewer -administered questionnaireTelephone questionnaireDelivery and questionnairePostal or mail questionnaire

Questionnaire method

SURVEY- A detailed study of geographical area to gather data attitudes, impressions, opinions, satisfaction level etc., by polling a section of the population

TYPE

1.CENSUS SURVEY 2.CONTINOUS OR REGULAR SURVEY 3.AD-HOC SURVEY

SURVEY

Degree of accuracy is quite high.It does not require extra caution.It depicts the data in great detail.Primary source of data collection frequently includes

definitions of various terms and units used.For some investigations, secondary data are not available.

MERIT OF PRIMARY DATA

Collection of data requires a lot of time.Requires lot of finance.In some enquiries it is not possible to collect primary data.Requires a lot of labour.Requires a lot of skill.

DEMERIT OF PRIMARY DATA

Data collected from a source that has already been published in any form is called as secondary data. The review of literature in any research is based on secondary data. Mostly from books, journals and periodicals.

SECONDARY DATA

Published printed source BooksJournals/periodicals Magazines/Newspapers Published Electronic Sourcese-journals General websites Weblogs

SOURCE OF SECONDADRY DATA

Unpublished Personal Records Diaries Letters Government Records Census Data/population statistics: Health recordsEducational institutes records

Contd…………

Public Sector Records:NGOs's survey dataOther private companies records

Contd……..

MERIT OF SECONDARY DATA Use is very convenient. Saves time and finance. In some enquiries primary data cannot be collected. Reliable secondary data are generally available for many

investigations.

MERIT OF SECONDARY DATA

DEMERIT OF SECONDARY DATA Very difficult to find sufficiently accurate secondary data. Very difficult to find secondary data which exactly fulfils

the need of present investigation.Extra caution is required to use secondary data. Not available for all types of enquiries.

DEMERIT OF SECONDARY DATA

Because of the above mentioned disadvantages of secondary data, we will lead to evaluation of secondary data. Evaluation means the following four requirements must be satisfied:-

Availability- It has to be seen that the kind of data you want is available or not. If it is not available then you have to go for primary data.

Relevance- It should be meeting the requirements of the problem. For this we have two criterion:- Units of measurement should be the same. Concepts used must be same and currency of data should not be outdated.

Accuracy- In order to find how accurate the data is, the following points must be considered: - Specification and methodology used; Margin of error should be examined; The dependability of the source must be seen.

Sufficiency- Adequate data should be available.

EVALUATION OF SECONDARY DATA

Secondarydataareinformationpreviouslygatheredforadifferentpurposethatmayberelevanttotheproblemathand.

Secondarydatacancomefromsourcesinternaltotheorganizationorexternal.

Theinternetandsyndicatedfirmshave,inmanyways,enabledthegatheringofsecondarydata.

Secondarydataaregenerallyuseful,low-cost,rapidlyavailablesourcesofinformation.

Always look for secondary data first

CONCLUSION

“Tabulation”The classification of data leads to the problem of

presentation of data. The presentation of data means exhibition of the data in such a clear and attractive manner that these are easily understood and analyzed. There many forms of presentation of data of which the following three are well known: (i). Textual Presentation, (ii). Tabular Presentation, (iii). Diagrammatic Presentation. Here, we discuses in detail Tabular method of data presentation.

Meaning and Definition of TableA table is a symmetric arrangement of statistical data

in rows and columns. “Table involves the orderly and systematic presentation of

numerical data in a form designed to elucidate the problem under consideration.”

---According Prof. L.R.Connor,”

“Table in its broadest sense is an orderly arrangement of data in column and rows. “

---According to Prof. M.M. Blaire

Features of a good Table Title as compatible with the objective of the

study To facilitate comparison. Ideal Size Stubs Use of Zero Heading

Cont…..AbbreviationFootnoteTotalSource of dataSize of ColumnsSimple, Economical and Attractive

Types of Tables

There are three basis of classifying tables.I. Purpose of a table II. Originality of a tableIII. Construction of a table.

Kinds of Tables

According to Purpose

According to Originality

According to Construction

General Purpose

Table

Special Purpose

Table

Original Table

Derived TableSimple or One-Way

Table

Complex Table

Double or Two-Way

TableTreble Table

Manifold Table

Simple TableIn a simple table (also known as one-way

table), data are presented based on only one characteristic. Table 1.1 illustrates the concept.

Faculties Number of Users

Science 50

Commerce 70

Arts 90

Total 210

Table 1.1 Faculty-wise Library Users

Complex Tables

In a complex table (also known as a manifold table) data are presented according to two or more characteristics simultaneously. The complex tables are two-way or three-way tables according to whether two or three characteristics are presented simultaneously.

a. Double or Two-Way Tableb. Three-Way Tablec. Manifold (or Higher Order) Table

Double or Two-Way TableIn such a table, the variable under study is

further subdivided into two groups according to two inter-related characteristics. The two-way table is shown in Table 1.2.

Faculties

Numbers of User

TotalGirls Boys

Math20 30 50

Commerce30 40 70

Arts35 55 90

Total85 125 210

Table 1.2 Faculty-wise Library Users

Manifold (or Higher Order) Table

Such tables provide information about a large no of interrelated characteristics in the data set. Manifold (or Higher Order) Table is shown in Table 1.4.

Faculties

Numbers of UserTotal

(1)+(2)

B.A IstB.A IInd

Boys Girls Boys Girls

I

Sem

II

Sem

I

Sem

II

Sem Total (1)I

Sem

II

SemI

Sem

II

Sem Total (2)

Science 15 34 20 54 123 20 45 30 27 122 245

Commerc

e

35 23 30 34 122 45 37 40 29 151 273

Arts 25 56 35 22 138 35 34 55 36 160 298

Total 75 113 85 110 383 100 116 125 92 433 816

Table 1.4 Faculty-wise Library Users