pyrolysis oil for energy and chemicals production in the ... · Sustainable import of pyrolysis oil for energy and chemicals production in the Netherlands April 29, 2013 Pagina 3

Sustainable import of pyrolysis oil for energy and chemicals production in the Netherlands Public final report

Sustainable import of pyrolysis oil for energy and chemicals production in the Netherlands April 29, 2013

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Colophon

Date April 29, 2013

Status Public final report

This study was carried out in the framework of the Netherlands Programmes

Sustainable Biomass by

Name organisation BTG Biomass Technology Group B.V.

Contact person Martijn Vis

Although this report has been put together with the greatest possible care, NL Agency does

not accept liability for possible errors.


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Contact

Netherlands Programmes Sustainable Biomass

Kees Kwant

NL Agency

NL Energy and Climate Change

Croeselaan 15, 3521 BJ Utrecht

P.O. Box 8242, 3503 RE Utrecht

The Netherlands

Email: [email protected]

Phone: +31 - 88 - 602 2458

www.agentschapnl.nl/biomass

Organisation 1

BTG biomass Technology Group B.V.

Josink Esweg 34, 7545 PN Enschede

P.O. Box 835, 7500 AV Enschede

The Netherlands

Phone: +31 53 486 1186 Fax: +31 53 486 1180

E-mail: [email protected]

www.btgworld.com

Organisation 2

BTG Bioliquids B.V.

Josink Esweg 34, 7545 PN Enschede

P.O. Box 835, 7500 AV Enschede

The Netherlands

Phone: +31 53 486 2287 Fax: +31 53 486 1180

E-mail: [email protected]

www.btg-btl.com

Organisation 3

Tree Energy B.V.

Prins Hendrikkade 1A

3441 XD Woerden

The Netherlands

Phone: +31 348 435 510

Email: [email protected]

www.treepower.nl


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Index

Colophon 3 Contact 5

1 Introduction 7 1.1 Context of the project 7 1.2 Objectives 8

2 Activities 9 2.1 Sustainable biomass production & biomass certification 9 2.2 Sustainable pyrolysis oil production 9 2.3 Sustainable logistics 10

3 Results 11 3.1 Sustainable biomass production & biomass certification 11 3.2 Sustainable pyrolysis oil production 14 3.3 Sustainable logistics 15

4 Lessons learned 17

5 Follow up 18


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1 Introduction

1.1 Context of the project

Worldwide the demand for second generation bioliquids is increasing. Pyrolysis oil

is an easy to transport bioliquid with a high energy density produced from

biomass. The minerals in the biomass remain in the ash of the pyrolysis

production process located in the country of origin, avoiding the export of

minerals.

In Hengelo the first commercial pyrolysis plant of the Netherlands will be built. The

limited availability of biomass in the Netherlands, the high - but not yet realised -

ambitions in the field of renewable energy and biobased economy, and the

favourable location of the Rotterdam harbour, creates opportunities for import of

pyrolysis oil.

Project developer Tree Power has identified several business opportunities to

produce and import pyrolysis oil from nearby countries like Germany, France and

Spain. Especially production of pyrolysis oil in Cartaya in Spain has favourable

prospects, because of its location near marine harbours, availability of over aged

municipal forests that require management, and the friendly business

environment. The Municipality of Cartaya is the owner of the forest and welcomes

new business to create employment opportunities.

Figure 1. Location of maritime pine forests in the municipality of Cartaya.

Tree Power has established a local office, Tree Power Spain, to develop the project

further. Pyrolysis oil will become a green commodity; customers and the public

expects that biomass production, conversion and logistics are performed in a

sustainable way. Independent sustainability certification is an important tool to

communicate the sustainable practices.


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In order to develop a sustainable supply pyrolysis oil chain Tree Power, BTG

Biomass Technology Group (BTG), and BTG-BTL have performed the project

‘Import of sustainable pyrolysis oil for the production of chemicals and energy in

the Netherlands’ funded under the Sustainable Biomass Import programme of NL

Agency (DBI02002). As project developers, Tree and its subsidiary Tree Spain

have been involved in all activities of the project, and responsible for follow up and

implementation of the plant in Spain. BTG-BTL is the technology supplier of the

pyrolysis plant, and worked especially on the sustainability optimisation of the

production process. As a biomass expert pur sang BTG has brought in knowledge

of specific topics like sustainability certification, ash recycling and logistics. BTG

was also responsible for the project management.

1.2 Objectives

The project aims to promote sustainable import of pyrolysis to the Netherlands for

energy and chemicals production, by sustainability certification by Dutch and

European sustainability criteria, and to make the pyrolysis process and logistics as

sustainable as possible.

The project focusses on three main activities:

Sustainable biomass production and biomass certification:

application and the implementation of the European and Dutch

sustainability criteria on the supply chain of the pyrolysis plant in Cartaya

with special focus on the biomass production part.

Sustainable pyrolysis oil production: improving the sustainability of

the pyrolysis oil production by pyrolysis oil filtering, the recovery and

recycling of minerals from pyrolysis ash, and optimisation of the energetic

efficiency of the pyrolysis plant.

Sustainable logistics: identification, comparison and optimisation of the

relevant logistic chains for import of pyrolysis oil from Spain to the

Netherlands based on economic and environmental parameters.


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2 Activities

The project activities are presented for the three main activities of the project:

Sustainable biomass production & biomass certification

Sustainable pyrolysis oil production

Sustainable logistics.

2.1 Sustainable biomass production & biomass certification

Pyrolysis oil is one of the first second generation bioliquids that need obligatory

sustainability certification under the Renewable Energy Directive (RED). In this

activity, certification schemes suitable for sustainability certification of pyrolysis oil

have been identified and assessed in detail. There is a need for such an

assessment since most EC approved voluntary sustainability schemes are directed

to certification of biofuels like bioethanol and biodiesel made of agricultural

biomass, and not equipped for certification of bioliquids like pyrolysis oil made of

woody biomass.

The emission reductions of pyrolysis oil produced in Cartaya and imported to the

Netherlands were calculated following the calculation method of the Renewable

Energy Directive (RED). An in depth sustainability self assessment has been

carried out following NTA8080, by interviews with relevant actors like the

Municipality of Cartaya, forest maintenance companies, the engineering firm that

arranges the environmental permit of the pyrolysis factory and the project

developers during a field visit to the biomass production and conversion site in

Cartaya March 2012. This activity resulted in the formulation of Guidelines for

sustainability certification of pyrolysis oil. See this link.

2.2 Sustainable pyrolysis oil production

The pyrolysis process has been optimised and scaled up in the last 15 years and

the first commercial scale pyrolysis plants are under development. Pyrolysis oil

production should take place in a sustainable way. Specific attention has been paid

to the following three topics:

Filtering of pyrolysis oil

Recycling of minerals from pyrolysis ash

Energy optimization of the pyrolysis process.

Filtering pyrolysis-oil

Filtering of pyrolysis oil will help to reduce the emissions of dust into the air after

combustion of pyrolysis oil. It is also better for applications in further upgrading to

chemicals or fuels. It was shown that filtering can reduce the ash content from

0.15% to 0.02%.

Recycling minerals from pyrolysis ash

International trade in biomass for energy, biofuels and biomaterials results in

permanent removal of nutrients from the biomass production location. Ideally

speaking, the nutrients in the ash are recovered and sent back to the area from

which the biomass has been extracted. However, in case of imported biomass, this

becomes rather complicated. Pyrolysis oil has the advantage that it contains

http://www.btgworld.com/en/references/publications/guidelines-pyrolysis-oil-sustainability-certification.pdf


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practically no minerals. Most minerals remain in the ash after combustion of char,

a by-product of the pyrolysis oil production process. Hence, international trade in

pyrolysis oil does not lead to export of minerals. In this project it is investigated

whether it is possible to recover and bring back the minerals from pyrolysis ash

back to the biomass site, not only from technical perspective but also taking into

account nutrient value and legislative aspects.

Energy optimization

Besides the production of pyrolysis oil, also char and gases are produced which

should be used in an efficient way, which means that either useful internal energy

applications or local external energy consumers are needed. Furthermore, there

might be opportunities to further optimise the processes in the pyrolysis plant to

reduce waste heat production. Based on this work, recommendations have

developed on measures that contribute to energy savings in future pyrolysis

plants.

2.3 Sustainable logistics

Transport of the pyrolysis oil is a key issue in the sustainability of the entire

pyrolysis value chain. The best mode of transport for pyrolysis oil transport from

Spain to the Netherlands has been identified by weighing the financial-economic

costs against the environmental impacts of transport. Four logistics chains have

been identified and compared. These chains are:

Road transport only

Container ship using flexitanks

Container shop using tank containers

Bulk ship transport.

The costs and environmental impacts, i.e. greenhouse gas emission reduction,

emissions of dust, NOx, SO2 and water consumption of each chain have been

analysed and evaluated using multicriteria analysis.


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3 Results

Results of the project are presented for the three main activities of the project:

Sustainable biomass production & biomass certification

Sustainable pyrolysis oil production

Sustainable logistics.

3.1 Sustainable biomass production & biomass certification

The sustainability of the biomass production and conversion of wood from the

municipal forests of Cartaya has been self assessed following NTA8080. Final

certification will take place after construction of the pyrolysis plant.

Biomass supply

The pine forests of Cartaya have several functions. The forests are used for their

pine cones containing pine nuts, for charcoal production and to retrieve timber

wood. In addition, products are retrieved when constructing and maintaining fire

corridors. Figure 2 shows the different products after cutting a tree. The stemwood

can be used for timber; the large branches for pyrolysis oil production; both are

removed from the forest. The small branches < 4-5 cm are left for charcoal

producers. The smallest twigs and needles are chipped to avoid forest fires, and

subsequently left in the forest as a source of nutrients for the soil.

Figure 2. Harvest of pine wood. One can distinguish (1) stemwood, (2) large branches, (3) small branches for charcoal producers (under the nearest standing tree), (4) smallest branches and needles (sized and left in the field).

The Municipality of Cartaya is owner of the forest and responsible for forest

management including prevention of forest fires by requesting the construction of

corridors and taking action in case of pests or insect attacks. The municipality of

Cartaya prepares a “year plan for usufruct of the forest”. This plan is the basis of

the yearly auction of the forest activities. The company which offers their services

at the best price while accepting all conditions of this year plan will be selected to

carry out the forest maintenance activities. For construction/maintaining fire

corridors they can open additional auctions.


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Before starting the actual harvest and maintenance activities forest specialists

from the Department of Forest Management of Andalucía will determine exactly

which trees can be cut in a particular plot. In case of trees that stand very close to

each other, some of them can be cut without loss of biomass on the long term.

They mark trees with a number and after cutting the stump should obtain a similar

mark, such that the forest specialist can check whether the cutting has taken

place according to plan. Furthermore the forest specialist determines the

estimated yield in kilogram for each tree. Significant differences between the

estimated and actual cut volume/weight will be noticed.

Sustainability according to NTA8080

NTA 8080 is a biomass sustainability scheme developed by NEN based on the

Dutch Testing framework for sustainable biomass, also known as the Cramer

criteria. BTG Biomass Technology Group B.V. has assessed the sustainability of the

pyrolysis oil to be produced in Cartaya against the sustainability criteria of the NTA

8080. Interviews were held with several stakeholders. Table 1 provides a

summary of the main findings of the assessment against the various sustainability

criteria of the NTA8080. It is concluded that the biomass production and

conversion meets the NTA8080 criteria. Verification by an independent third party

is needed to check the results of the self assessment and to obtain the NTA8080

certificate.

Table 1 Summary of main findings NTA8080 sustainability assessment pyrolysis oil production in Cartaya

Principle/criterion Main issues / topics Meeting

NTA8080

requirments?

1 GHG balance Transport by truck

Utilisation of process heat

Yes

2 Carbon sinks Not relevant, no new plantation Yes

3 Food security Biomass from existing forests: no competition with

feed/food

Yes

4 Biodiversity Maintained by precision harvesting

Fire corridors necessary

Biomass production <5 km from protected area, however no

negative impacts on these areas + biomass production

already before 2007

Yes

5 Soil quality No impact: no clear cutting, no agrochemicals, small

residues chipped to avoid fire.

Yes

6 Water quality Production: no irrigation water used

Conversion: water use relevant (legal requirements

followed), however not verified in NTA8081

Yes

7 Air quality Production: not relevant; Conversion: emissions meet legal

requirement, however not verified in NTA 8081

Yes

8 Prosperity A policy plan is required, this can be provided but requires

set up of policy plan especially for NTA8081 certification.

Yes

9 Social well being All requirements are met without specific actions needed Yes


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Sustainability according to the RED

The Renewable Energy Directive (RED)1 has formulated minimum sustainability

requirements that must be met by all biofuels (for transport) and bioliquids (also

for energy purposes) that are used to meet the European renewable energy

targets. These requirements are integrated in all EC recognised voluntary

sustainability schemes. The pyrolysis oil production and conversion in Cartaya has

been assessed against these sustainability criteria.

Table 2 shows the resulting emission savings from the use of pyrolysis oil for the

different transport modes. As can be noted all emission savings are well above the

minimum values of 35%, 50% (from 2016 on) and 60% (from 2017 on) as stated

in the RED.

Table 2. Emission savings from the use of pyrolysis oil

Emission savings Truck Ship (bulk) Ship (container)

Pyrolysis oil replaces electricity 77.9% 88.1% 87.1%

Pyrolysis oil replaces heat 73.9% 85.9% 84.7%

Pyrolysis oil replaces CHP 76.3% 87.3% 86.2%

Also the RED criteria on biodiversity are met because the biomass is not retrieved

from continuously forested areas, protected areas or highly biodiverse grassland.

Even if this is the case the biomass is retrieved to improve biodiversity by thinning

the forest to foster growing conditions. Third, the biomass meets the carbon stock

criteria. Biomass is retrieved from land with high carbon stock, but the area

maintains its status by, for example, replanting. In addition, the biomass is not

obtained from former peat land. The criterion on the European agricultural

legislation is not applicable, because agricultural materials are not used. After the

self assessment it is concluded that all sustainability criteria are met, making

pyrolysis oil from the Cartaya factory sustainable according to the Renewable

Energy Directive.

Guidelines for sustainability certification of pyrolysis oil

The results of the sustainability assessment of the Cartaya case have been used

for the design of Guidelines for sustainability certification of pyrolysis oil, that can

be found here. It provides a step plan for pyrolysis oil certification, including

details on the greenhouse gas savings calculation and an in depth assessment of

suitable certification schemes for pyrolysis oil production. Of the thirteen EC

approved voluntary certification schemes only NTA8080, ISCC and RSB RED are

ready for certification of second generation bioliquids like pyrolysis oil.

1 Directive 2008/28/EC on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources.



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3.2 Sustainable pyrolysis oil production

Three topics have been investigated in detail:



Energy optimization.


Pyrolysis oil may contain small char and ash particles. The particles result in dust

emissions when the pyrolysis oil is combusted. Therefore, the particles should be

removed as much as possible to reduce or avoid end of pipe emission reduction

measures. BTG-BTL and BTG carried out preliminary tests on pyrolysis oil filtering

that show that the content of solids can be reduced to less than 0.02 wt %.


Since full scale operation of the pyrolysis plant has not started yet, an indication of

the ash composition has been constructed based on the ash composition of

fluidised bed combustion plants and the results of initial lab tests on pyrolysis ash.

From a technical point of view, it is expected that fly ash fraction from the

pyrolysis plant could be recycled. Wood ash is mainly a suitable material for liming

(about 50% effectiveness compared to common lime fertilizers), secondly for the

supply of potassium (K), and thirdly for a limited supply of other elements like

magnesium (Mg) and phosphor (P). The acid-buffering capacity and nutrient

content of wood ash makes it suitable as compensation for losses of such

elements in forest soil. Application on agricultural land is less obvious, given that

heavy metals accumulate in wood over several years, and the need for rapid and

predictable release of the effective components in the agricultural sector. In a

limited number of countries like Finland, Sweden and Austria considerable

experience has been gained with ash recycling to forests. In Spain and the

Netherlands no wood ash is recycled in forests. Administrative procedures need to

be gone through before wood ash can be supplied, or procedures are simply

absent. Moreover and most important, the demand for ash recycling is low. Ash

recycling can best be applied in remote forests: after fertilisation, the forests need

to be closed to the public at least three months to avoid visitors to come into

direct contact with the alkaline fertiliser. Given these considerations, ash recycling

to the soil is not feasible on short term in Spain, nor in the Netherlands.

Application of ash in road construction is however possible.

Energy optimization

In the pyrolysis process, pyrolysis-oil is produced as the main product together

with char and non condensable gas as co-products. The co-products can be used

for energy generation. First applications for the existing excess heat have been

identified and assessed. If there is sufficient demand for heat, additional efforts

can be considered to avoid low temperature waste heat increasing the amount of

useable heat.

The amount of heat needed for drying of incoming biomass can be reduced by use

of pre-dried debarked wood. Combined and heat and power production of char and

pyrolysis gases has the highest energetic efficiency, but requires that consumers

of the heat are identified. Given the fruit production in the province of Cartaya

that require cooling after harvest, the supply of excess heat for cooling for storage

of fruits has been investigated. Especially absorption cooling is promising. The


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supply of heat to a nearby asphalt production plant is not feasible given the high

investment costs in a 2 km pipeline and the expected fluctuations in heat demand.

If no final agreement can be made with nearby heat users, electricity generation

should be maximised that can be supplied to the grid. Additional energy saving

measures to increase the total energy efficiency of the pyrolysis plant like

reheating, additional heating of incoming water, use of supercritical steam, use of

absorption heat pump, re-use of room installation heat appear to contribute only

marginally to the environmental footprint of the plant at high costs.

3.3 Sustainable logistics

Transport of the pyrolysis oil is a key element in the overall greenhouse gas

balance of the entire pyrolysis value chain. The best mode of transport for

pyrolysis oil transport from Spain to the Netherlands has been identified by

weighing the financial-economic costs against the environmental impacts of

transport. Four logistics chains have been identified and compared. These chains

are:

Tank truck: the truck is loaded in Cartaya and is transported to the

Netherlands. The tank truck can travel back to Spain empty or is cleaned

in the harbour of Europoort to transport another product back to Spain.

Container ship using Flexitanks: a Flexitank is a polyethylene bag

which can be stored in a normal 20 feet sea container. The bag can be

filled with around 23 tonnes of pyrolysis oil. The Flexitank is transported

by container ship to the Netherlands and transport in Spain and the

Netherlands will take place by truck. Advantage is that the Flexitank does

not have to be cleaned.

Container ship using tank containers: tank containers are tanks which

are fitted in a frame and have the same dimensions as a 20 feet sea

container. The capacity of one tank container is 24 tonnes of pyrolysis oil.

Containers are transported by truck and container ship to the Netherlands.

In the Netherlands the containers can be cleaned and used for different

purposes.

Bulk ship: the pyrolysis oil can be stored in large tanks in the harbours of

Huelva (or Algeciras) and Europoort. Transport will take place by bulk ship

in which a compartment is rented of 1,000 m³. Transport from and to the

harbours will take place by tank truck. The bulk ship needs to be cleaned

in the Europoort harbour.

A summary of the weighing of the financial-economic costs against the

environmental impacts is given in Table 3. Within this table all options are ranked

from highest scoring (1 point) to lowest scoring (6 points) on a category. Both the

financial-economic costs as well as the environmental impact has been assigned a

weight of 50% (all environmental impacts have an individual weight of 10%). The

option with the least points is the best performing option for pyrolysis oil

transport.

As can be noticed bulk ship transport is ranked first and is the best option for

transport of pyrolysis oil from Spain to the Netherlands. This option is, however,

closely followed by container ship transport with cleaning and the Flexitank option.

The Flexitank option is the best scoring option on the environmental impacts, but

because of the higher costs is ranked lower overall. The other transport options


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are performing worse, with bulk truck transport without cleaning (thus with no

return cargo back to Spain) being the least attractive option.

Table 3. Summary weighing of the financial-economic costs against the environmental impacts

Eco-

nomic

Environmental Subranking Ranking

Costs CO2 NOx PM10 SO2 Water Economic Environ. Total

Bulk ship transport 1 1 1 4 5 4 1 3 2

Container ship tank

containers (no cleaning)

2 2 2 1 3 4 2 2.4 2.2

Container ship Flexitank 3 2 2 2 4 1 3 2.2 2.6

Container ship tank

containers (no cleaning)

4 4 4 5 6 1 4 4 4

Bulk truck (cleaning) 5 5 5 3 1 4 5 3.6 4.3

Bulk truck (no cleaning) 6 6 6 6 2 1 6 4.2 5.1

The transport market is very volatile and prices can change by day dependent on

the availability of cargo at the location. Therefore, the conclusion is to use the best

scoring option of bulk ship transport only when large amounts of pyrolysis oil are

produced in Spain and a steady transport line can be established. Bulk ship

transport is not very flexible, because transport is bound to the storage facility.

When only producing pyrolysis oil on one location (Cartaya) the best option is to

use ship transport using tank containers. The costs are marginally higher than the

bulk ship transport, but provides far larger flexibility. Tank containers can be

transported to one of the nearby harbours (Huelva, Cadiz or Algeciras) which is

scoring best at the time of transport.


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4 Lessons learned

Sustainability certification of pyrolysis oil

Of the thirteen EC approved voluntary biomass sustainability schemes, only three

schemes can be used for EU RED certification of bioliquids like pyrolysis oil: ISCC,

RSB EU RED and NTA8080. These three schemes have their own characteristics

that should be taken into consideration when selecting a scheme for bioliquids

certification:

ISCC is the scheme with the highest operational experience. ISCC has the

procedures for certification of bioliquids from short rotation coppice ready.

Certification of other woody biomass is not readily available; it requires

the development of procedures for verifiers, that will start up depending

on the market needs.

RSB EU RED has the most stringent sustainability requirements that have

been developed in a proper and transparent way. RSB can be regarded as

the most “green” scheme. Practical experience with the operation of the

scheme is however still limited.

NTA8080 also covers the sustainability topics more exhaustively than

ISCC. It has more operational experience than RSB but less than ISCC.

The NTA8080 has the broadest scope: NTA8080 certificates have been

submitted certificates for solid, liquid and gaseous biomass. This broad

scope makes the scheme very suitable for certification of bioliquids made

of woody and other solid biomass.

The lessons learned of the consortium with sustainability certification of pyrolysis

have been presented in a blue print document ‘Guidelines for sustainability

certification of pyrolysis oil’ that can be found here.

Ash recycling

The issue of biomass ash recycling is more complex than expected. Technically

speaking ash can be recycled as the acid-buffering capacity and nutrient content

of wood ash makes it suitable as compensation for losses of such elements in

forest soil. In a limited number of countries like Finland, Sweden and Austria

considerable experience has been gained with ash recycling to forests. Ash

recycling can best be applied in remote forests: after fertilisation, the forests need

to be closed to the public at least three months to avoid visitors to come into

direct contact with the alkaline fertiliser. Given these considerations, biomass ash

recycling is not feasible on short term in Spain, nor in the Netherlands. Like other

fly ashes, the biomass ash could be used in road construction though.

Optimisation of the supply chain

The greenhouse gas emission reductions of pyrolysis plants can be increased by

optimal utilisation of excess heat and by careful selection of logistics. In logistics

there was not much controversy between finance and environment: the cheapest

solution was also the least carbon intensive option. Only the emissions of SO2 and

dust are higher when using sea transport. Cleaning of tanks is needed to avoid

empty loads returning to Spain.



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5 Follow up

The introduction of a new production technology and a new product on a

commercial scale is a major challenge that requires patience and perseverance.

The consortium works hard to realise the pyrolysis plant in Cartaya as soon as

possible. Unfortunately the building of the pyrolysis plant and import of

sustainable biomass to the Netherlands could not take place during this DBI

project (2010-2012), mainly because key pyrolysis oil consumers were not yet

able to obtain the necessary SDE+ incentives needed for commercial operation.

On the short term realisation and duplication of the project will mainly depend on

these incentives. On the longer term duplication depends on further development

of biobased products and chemicals from pyrolysis oil. BTG works on a daily base

on these developments.

The results of the DBI project will be used to develop follow up activities that

support the realisation of the pyrolysis plant in Cartaya and similar future pyrolysis

plants:

The sustainability assessment performed in the project will be used for

efficient certification of the pyrolysis oil in the Cartaya plant. The publicly

available Guidelines for sustainability certification of pyrolysis oil (that can

be found here) will help the consortium and third parties to certify

pyrolysis oil to be produced from other plants.

The work on done on ash recycling provides a good overview of issues to

be tackled and are a good starting for further work on pyrolysis ash

recycling. As soon as the pyrolysis plant of Cartaya starts operation more

will be known on the exact composition of the ash.

The logistic analysis will be used to further optimise the logistic chain from

Spain to the Netherlands; the logistic model developed can be applied for

other pyrolysis plants as well.

Tree Power Spain will use the calculations on energy optimisation in

further discussions with potential heat users located nearby the pyrolysis

plant.



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