1 st terrace ~100,000 years old 2 nd terrace ~200,000 years old 3 rd terrace ~300,000 years old 4 th terrace ~400,000 years old 5 th terrace ~500,000 years old next terrace Podzolized Soil Hardpan sandstone terraces cut by waves Pleistocene beach deposits Pleistocene-Holocene sand dunes Pygmy Forest Ecological Staircase * About 3.5 miles About 650 feet Douglas-fir forest redwood/grand fir/ bishop pine/Doulgas-fir Beach pine, bishop pine, Sitka spruce coastal scrub and grassland Mendocino cypress, Bolander and bishop pine bishop pine, Douglas-fir, manzanita *based on Jenny 1973 and Fox 1976 www.backcountrypress.com ©Michael Kauffmann bishop pine forest