1 Private Pilot Course Private Pilot Course 1 Lesson 1 Lesson 1 Helicopter Systems Helicopter Systems After completion of this lesson you will be able to After completion of this lesson you will be able to describe these specifics of the R describe these specifics of the R-22: 22: Objectives Objectives Lesson 1: Helicopter Systems Lesson 1: Helicopter Systems describe these specifics of the R describe these specifics of the R 22: 22: Helicopter Components Helicopter Components Flight Controls Flight Controls Electrical System Electrical System Fuel and Fuel System Fuel and Fuel System Oil and Oil System Oil and Oil System Instruments Instruments
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Private Pilot CoursePrivate Pilot Course
11Lesson 1Lesson 1
Helicopter SystemsHelicopter Systems
After completion of this lesson you will be able to After completion of this lesson you will be able to describe these specifics of the Rdescribe these specifics of the R--22:22:
ObjectivesObjectivesLesson 1: Helicopter SystemsLesson 1: Helicopter Systems
describe these specifics of the Rdescribe these specifics of the R 22:22:Helicopter ComponentsHelicopter ComponentsFlight ControlsFlight ControlsElectrical SystemElectrical SystemFuel and Fuel SystemFuel and Fuel SystemOil and Oil SystemOil and Oil SystemInstrumentsInstruments
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsLesson 1: Helicopter SystemsLesson 1: Helicopter Systems
Main rotorMain rotorTail rotorTail rotorEngineEngineDrive systemDrive systemLanding GearLanding Gear
Flight ControlsFlight ControlsElectrical SystemsElectrical SystemsFuel and Fuel SystemFuel and Fuel SystemOil and Oil SystemOil and Oil SystemInstrumentsInstruments
3
An An airfoilairfoil is any is any surface such as ansurface such as an
surface, such as an surface, such as an airplane wing or a airplane wing or a helicopter rotor blade, helicopter rotor blade, which provides which provides aerodynamic force aerodynamic force when it interacts with when it interacts with a moving stream of a moving stream of air.air.
Rotorcraft Flying Handbook: Ch. 2
The The leading edgeleading edge is is th fi t t f thth fi t t f th
the rearthe rear--most edge most edge of the airfoil.of the airfoil.
Rotorcraft Flying Handbook: Ch. 2
The The chord linechord line is the imaginary straight line drawn is the imaginary straight line drawn from the leading edge to the trailing edgefrom the leading edge to the trailing edge
Each system is configured to allow the rotor Each system is configured to allow the rotor bl d t i ifibl d t i ifiblades to move in specific ways:blades to move in specific ways:
FlappingFlappingFeatheringFeatheringLead / LagLead / Lag
Rotorcraft Flying Handbook: Ch. 5
A A semisemi--rigidrigid rotor system is rotor system is able to:able to:
Hub is attached to the rotor Hub is attached to the rotor mast by a teetering hinge mast by a teetering hinge
Allows the blades to flap asAllows the blades to flap asAllows the blades to flap as Allows the blades to flap as a single unit (a single unit (rigid inrigid in--planeplane))
UnderslungUnderslung configurationconfiguration.
Rotorcraft Flying Handbook: Ch. 5
Two all metal bladesTwo all metal blades
RR--22 Main Rotor22 Main RotorHelicopter ComponentsHelicopter Components
Honeycomb Honeycomb construction on the construction on the interiorinteriorStainless steel leading Stainless steel leading edgeedgeSemiSemi--rigid systemrigid systemSymmetrical airfoilSymmetrical airfoil
R-22 POH: Section 1 & 7
8
Feather (pitch Feather (pitch change)change)
RR--22 Main Rotor22 Main RotorHelicopter ComponentsHelicopter Components
change)change)Blades flap as a unitBlades flap as a unitUnderUnder--slung on a slung on a Teeter HingeTeeter HingeConing Hinges at Coning Hinges at bl d tt h tbl d tt h tblade attachment blade attachment hubhub
RR--22 Main Rotor22 Main RotorHelicopter ComponentsHelicopter ComponentsHelicopter ComponentsHelicopter Components
diameterdiameter7.2 inch chord line7.2 inch chord line8 degree washout (twist)8 degree washout (twist)Tip speed 672 FPS at Tip speed 672 FPS at 100% RPM100% RPMRotor RPM 530 at 104%Rotor RPM 530 at 104%
R-22 POH: Section 1 & 7
9
The The swash plate assemblyswash plate assembly transfers control inputs transfers control inputs from the collective and cyclic controls to the main from the collective and cyclic controls to the main
RR--22 Main Rotor22 Main RotorHelicopter ComponentsHelicopter ComponentsHelicopter ComponentsHelicopter Components
rotor bladesrotor blades
Rotorcraft Flying Handbook: : Ch. 5
pitch horns (x2)pitch horns (x2)
RR--22 Main Rotor22 Main RotorHelicopter ComponentsHelicopter Components
The swash plate assembly is composed of many parts:The swash plate assembly is composed of many parts:
Honeycomb Honeycomb construction on the construction on the interiorinteriorAluminum skinAluminum skinSemiSemi--Rigid systemRigid systemSemiSemi Rigid systemRigid systemAsymmetrical airfoilAsymmetrical airfoil
R-22 POH: Section 1 & 7
Offset Delta Hinge to Offset Delta Hinge to ll f bl dll f bl d
Cage cooling fanCage cooling fanWet sump oil Wet sump oil systemsystemOil coolerOil coolerInduction air filterInduction air filter44 6 Q t il fill6 Q t il fill44--6 Quart oil fill 6 Quart oil fill rangerange
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsLesson 1: Helicopter SystemsLesson 1: Helicopter Systems
FlightFlight ControlsControlsElectrical SystemsElectrical SystemsFuel and Fuel SystemFuel and Fuel SystemOil and Oil SystemOil and Oil SystemInstrumentsInstrumentsInstrumentsInstruments
Function: tilt the main rotor Function: tilt the main rotor disc in the direction ofdisc in the direction of
CyclicCyclicFlight ControlsFlight Controls
disc in the direction of disc in the direction of desired horizontal flight.desired horizontal flight.While in flight, turns are While in flight, turns are accomplished by right and accomplished by right and left movement of the cyclic.left movement of the cyclic.Airspeed is controlled Airspeed is controlled primarily with the cyclicprimarily with the cyclicprimarily with the cyclic.primarily with the cyclic.Dual controls (left side Dual controls (left side controls removable)controls removable)
control is raised, control is raised, pitch is increased pitch is increased on both main rotor on both main rotor blades.blades.Dual controlsDual controls
L RPMOnly active above 80% RPMOnly active above 80% RPMCan be manually overriddenCan be manually overridden
Less RPM
R-22 POH: Sec. 7
Rotorcraft Flying Handbook: Ch. 4
The Pedals control the The Pedals control the pitch on the Tail Rotorpitch on the Tail Rotor
PedalsPedalsFlight ControlsFlight Controls
pitch on the Tail Rotor pitch on the Tail Rotor thereby adding more or thereby adding more or less thrust.less thrust.Purpose: Counteract Purpose: Counteract torque of Main Rotortorque of Main Rotor
Control heading in a Control heading in a hoverhoverhoverhoverMaintain trim in flightMaintain trim in flight
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsLesson 1: Helicopter SystemsLesson 1: Helicopter Systems
Flight ControlsFlight ControlsElectrical SystemsElectrical SystemsFuel and Fuel SystemFuel and Fuel SystemOil and Oil SystemOil and Oil SystemInstrumentsInstruments
20
Left side of engine compartmentLeft side of engine compartment12 volt 12 volt –– 25 amp25 amp--hourhour
BatteryBatteryElectrical SystemsElectrical SystemsElectrical SystemsElectrical Systems
Supplies power for engine startingSupplies power for engine startingSecondary purpose: supply nominal voltage to the Secondary purpose: supply nominal voltage to the alternatoralternatorMaster Battery switch on the console Master Battery switch on the console
R-22 POH: Sec.7
Located at the rear of the engine compartment Located at the rear of the engine compartment 14 volt 14 volt –– 60 amp60 amp
AlternatorAlternatorElectrical SystemsElectrical Systems
Primary source of power to electrical systems during Primary source of power to electrical systems during normal operationsnormal operationsAlternator switch, Ammeter, and Alternator light on consoleAlternator switch, Ammeter, and Alternator light on console
R-22 POH: Sec.7
21
Circuit BreakersCircuit BreakersElectrical SystemsElectrical Systems
Located on a ledge in front of the Located on a ledge in front of the passenger seat.passenger seat.
Electrical SystemsElectrical Systems
PushPush--toto--reset type.reset type.If a breaker pops soon after being If a breaker pops soon after being reset, do not reset a second time.reset, do not reset a second time.All breakers should be checked to be All breakers should be checked to be pushed down before each flight.pushed down before each flight.
R-22 POH: Sec.7
Ignition system is independent Ignition system is independent of the electrical systemof the electrical system
IgnitionIgnitionElectrical SystemsElectrical Systems
of the electrical system.of the electrical system.
.R-22 POH: Sec.7
22
Dual Dual magnetosmagnetosProvides voltage to distributor, then directed to Provides voltage to distributor, then directed to
IgnitionIgnitionElectrical SystemsElectrical Systems
g ,g ,spark plugs spark plugs Two spark plugs per cylinderTwo spark plugs per cylinder
Approved Fuel Grade for RApproved Fuel Grade for R--22 Beta II22 Beta II100LL100LL100LL100LL
When any two grades of aviation fuel are When any two grades of aviation fuel are combined, the mixture turns clearcombined, the mixture turns clear
R-22 POH: Sec. 2 & 7
Rotorcraft Flying Handbook: Ch.5
24
Main TankAuxiliary Tank
Tank Vents
Diagram and OperationsDiagram and OperationsFuel and Fuel SystemFuel and Fuel SystemFuel and Fuel SystemFuel and Fuel System
Main Tanky
Aux Tank Drain
Sample Point
Gascolator Drain& Sample PointCarburetor
Gascolator
Main Tank DrainSample Point(Left Side Fuselage)
p(Right Belly Panel)
Fuel Shut Off Valve
Cross-Feed fuel line
R-22 POH: 2 & 7
Rotorcraft Flying Handbook: Ch.5
MAINMAIN TankTankTotal Capacity Total Capacity -- 19.8 US gal19.8 US gal
Diagram and OperationsDiagram and OperationsFuel and Fuel SystemFuel and Fuel System
yy ggUseable Capacity Useable Capacity -- 19.2 US gal19.2 US gal
AUXAUX TankTankTotal Capacity Total Capacity -- 10.9 US gal10.9 US galUseable Capacity Useable Capacity -- 10.5 US gal10.5 US gal
Fuel Gages operated by floatFuel Gages operated by float--type sensors in type sensors in .g p yg p y ypypeach tank.each tank.Low Fuel warning light activates with Low Fuel warning light activates with approximately one gallon of fuel remaining.approximately one gallon of fuel remaining.
R-22 POH: Sec. 2 & 7
Rotorcraft Flying Handbook: Ch.5
25
Types of ContaminationTypes of ContaminationWaterWater
ContaminationContaminationFuel and Fuel SystemFuel and Fuel System
WaterWaterDebris Debris –– SolidsSolids
PreventionPreventionFill Tanks at the end of the day Fill Tanks at the end of the day Filler Cap onFiller Cap onStore aircraft in clean dry areaStore aircraft in clean dry areaStore aircraft in clean dry areaStore aircraft in clean dry area
EliminationEliminationDrain into fuel testerDrain into fuel tester
Private Pilot Test Prep: Ch 2
DetonationDetonationCause: Using low grade fuel or improper airCause: Using low grade fuel or improper air
Improper FuelImproper FuelFuel and Fuel SystemFuel and Fuel System
Cause: Using low grade fuel or improper airCause: Using low grade fuel or improper air--fuel mixturefuel mixtureResult: Spontaneous explosion of mixture in Result: Spontaneous explosion of mixture in the cylinder & extreme heatthe cylinder & extreme heat
PreignitionPreignitionCause: Premature burning of airCause: Premature burning of air--fuel mixturefuel mixtureCause: Premature burning of airCause: Premature burning of air fuel mixture fuel mixture leading to carbon or lead deposits. leading to carbon or lead deposits. Result:Result: Mixture ignites in advance of normal Mixture ignites in advance of normal ignitionignition
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsLesson 1: Helicopter SystemsLesson 1: Helicopter Systems
Flight ControlsFlight ControlsElectrical SystemsElectrical SystemsFuel and Fuel SystemFuel and Fuel SystemOil and Oil SystemOil and Oil System
DescriptionDescriptionWet S mp ers s Dr S mpWet S mp ers s Dr S mpWet Sump versus Dry SumpWet Sump versus Dry SumpOil Type and QuantityOil Type and Quantity
InstrumentsInstruments
..
27
Lubricates, cools and Lubricates, cools and cleans the enginecleans the engine
DescriptionDescriptionOil and Oil SystemsOil and Oil Systems
ggOil temp and pressure Oil temp and pressure monitored by gauges on monitored by gauges on the instrument panelthe instrument panelWet sump, oil pump Wet sump, oil pump (pressure) feed, splash(pressure) feed, splash--(p ) , p(p ) , plubricated crankshaft, lubricated crankshaft, airair--cooled systemcooled system
.Jeppesen Private Pilot: Ch. 2
In aIn a wet sumpwet sump oil system oil is carriedoil system oil is carried
Wet Sump vs. Dry SumpWet Sump vs. Dry SumpOil and Oil SystemsOil and Oil Systems
In a In a wet sumpwet sump oil system, oil is carried oil system, oil is carried pumped directly from the oil pan.pumped directly from the oil pan.
In a In a dry sumpdry sump oil is contained in a separate oil is contained in a separate tank.tank.
.Jeppesen Private Pilot: Ch. 2
28
TypeTypeA hl Di t G dA hl Di t G d
Oil Type and QuantityOil Type and QuantityOil and Oil SystemsOil and Oil Systems
Ashless Dispersant GradeAshless Dispersant Grade100W SAE50 for all 100W SAE50 for all average ambient air average ambient air temperaturestemperatures
QuantityQuantity4 to 6 Quarts4 to 6 Quarts
.R-22 POH: Section 2
29
The Drive SystemThe Drive SystemFlight ControlsFlight Controls
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsLesson 1: Helicopter SystemsLesson 1: Helicopter Systems
Electrical SystemsElectrical SystemsFuel and Fuel SystemFuel and Fuel SystemOil and Oil SystemOil and Oil SystemInstrumentsInstruments
Will continue to register even if Will continue to register even if engine is not running and master engine is not running and master battery switch is off.battery switch is off.
.R-22 POH: Sec. 2
30
Consists of a Consists of a warning light and warning light and
Static source supplies pressure to the Altimeter, Static source supplies pressure to the Altimeter, Vertical Speed Indicator, AND the Air Speed Vertical Speed Indicator, AND the Air Speed IndicatorIndicator
PITOTTUBETUBE
STATICSOURCE
AIRSPEED
INDICATOR
VERTICALSPEED
INDICATORALTIMETER
Rotorcraft Flying Handbook: Ch. 12
32
Airspeed indicatorAirspeed indicator displays displays indicated airspeed in knots indicated airspeed in knots
pp(KIAS). (KIAS). Indicated airspeedIndicated airspeedis the speed of helicopter is the speed of helicopter relative to air moving past relative to air moving past pitot tube. pitot tube. Airspeed is controlled Airspeed is controlled primarily with cyclic. primarily with cyclic. p y yp y yChanges in the collective Changes in the collective position will have a position will have a secondary effect.secondary effect.
altitude are altitude are determined by determined by measuring measuring changes in changes in barometric barometric pressure.pressure.
Rotorcraft Flying Handbook: Ch. 12
Adjustment knob allows you to Adjustment knob allows you to set local altimeter setting in set local altimeter setting in the “Kollsman” window on thethe “Kollsman” window on the
the Kollsman window on the the Kollsman window on the right.right.
Keep setting current as Keep setting current as you flyyou fly0.1 inch in Kollsman 0.1 inch in Kollsman changes indication by changes indication by 100 f t100 f t100 feet.100 feet.
Rotorcraft Flying Handbook: Ch. 12
34
The altimeter uses three ‘hands’ to display The altimeter uses three ‘hands’ to display the indicated altitude.the indicated altitude.
yymeasuring the rate of measuring the rate of change of barometric change of barometric pressure.pressure.Controlled primarily by Controlled primarily by changes in Collective changes in Collective position and position and ppsecondarily by secondarily by changes in Cyclic.changes in Cyclic.
The The magnetic compassmagnetic compass displays the heading of displays the heading of th h li t l ti t ti thth h li t l ti t ti th
Magnetic CompassMagnetic CompassInstrumentsInstrumentsInstrumentsInstruments
the helicopter relative to magnetic north.the helicopter relative to magnetic north.
Rotorcraft Flying Handbook: Ch. 12
Jeppesen Private Pilot: Ch. 2
Magnetic North differsMagnetic North differsTRUE
NORTHMAGNETIC
NORTH
Magnetic CompassMagnetic CompassInstrumentsInstruments
Magnetic North differs Magnetic North differs from True North. This from True North. This difference is known as difference is known as magnetic variationmagnetic variation
Rotorcraft Flying Handbook: Ch. 12
Jeppesen Private Pilot: Ch. 2
37
Magnetic CompassMagnetic CompassInstrumentsInstruments
The amount of magnetic The amount of magnetic variation is shown onvariation is shown on
InstrumentsInstruments
variation is shown on variation is shown on aviation charts by an aviation charts by an isogonic lineisogonic line..
Rotorcraft Flying Handbook: Ch. 12
Jeppesen Private Pilot: Ch. 2
The magnetic bar in a compass The magnetic bar in a compass will align itself with the magnetic will align itself with the magnetic field The North end of the barfield The North end of the bar
Magnetic CompassMagnetic CompassInstrumentsInstruments
field. The North end of the bar field. The North end of the bar will tip down towards magnetic will tip down towards magnetic North.North.
A small weight is placed in the A small weight is placed in the compass to compensate. compass to compensate.
This causes a series of compass This causes a series of compass errors due to errors due to magnetic dipmagnetic dip..
Rotorcraft Flying Handbook: Ch. 12
Jeppesen Private Pilot: Ch. 2
38
Magnetic CompassMagnetic CompassInstrumentsInstruments
One compass error caused by magnetic dip is known One compass error caused by magnetic dip is known as as acceleration/deceleration erroracceleration/deceleration error..
InstrumentsInstruments
A N D S = A N D S = AAccelerateccelerate NNorthorth DDecelerateecelerate SSouthouth
asas acce e a o /dece e a o e oacce e a o /dece e a o e o
Rotorcraft Flying Handbook: Ch. 12
Jeppesen Private Pilot: Ch. 2
Another error caused by Another error caused by magnetic dip is known as magnetic dip is known as northerly turning errornortherly turning error. .
Magnetic CompassMagnetic CompassInstrumentsInstruments
y gy gIntentionally Intentionally undershootundershootyour desired heading your desired heading because as you complete because as you complete your turn the compass will your turn the compass will continue coming around continue coming around and “catch up” with the and “catch up” with the
Magnetic Dip
turn.turn.
Rotorcraft Flying Handbook: Ch. 12
Jeppesen Private Pilot: Ch. 2
39
Just the opposite, Just the opposite, magnetic dip alsomagnetic dip also
Magnetic CompassMagnetic CompassInstrumentsInstrumentsInstrumentsInstruments
magnetic dip also magnetic dip also causes a causes a southerly southerly turning errorturning error. . Intentionally Intentionally overshootovershootyour desired heading your desired heading because the compass is because the compass is
Magnetic Dip
ahead and will roll back ahead and will roll back slightly after you’ve slightly after you’ve completed the turn. completed the turn.
Rotorcraft Flying Handbook: Ch. 12
Jeppesen Private Pilot: Ch. 2
U N O SU N O S
Magnetic CompassMagnetic CompassInstrumentsInstruments
To remember the turning errors, use the memory aid:To remember the turning errors, use the memory aid:
InstrumentsInstruments
U N O S U N O S --UUndershootndershoot NNorthorth OOvershoot vershoot SSouthouth
Rotorcraft Flying Handbook: Ch. 12
Jeppesen Private Pilot: Ch. 2
40
There is one other compass error known as There is one other compass error known as magnetic deviationmagnetic deviation. It is caused by components. It is caused by components
Magnetic CompassMagnetic CompassInstrumentsInstruments
magnetic deviationmagnetic deviation. It is caused by components . It is caused by components in aircraft that interfere with compassin aircraft that interfere with compass
Metal componentsMetal componentsEngineEngineRadiosRadiosEl t i l iEl t i l iElectrical accessoriesElectrical accessories
Rotorcraft Flying Handbook: Ch. 12
Jeppesen Private Pilot: Ch. 2
To correct for magnetic To correct for magnetic deviation use thedeviation use the
FOR 0 30 60 90 120 150
Magnetic CompassMagnetic CompassInstrumentsInstrumentsInstrumentsInstruments
deviation, use the deviation, use the compass correction compass correction card mounted near the card mounted near the compass.compass.
The card is specific for The card is specific for
STEER 357 31 60 88 121 152
FOR 180 210 240 270 300 330
STEER 180 209 240 272 301 329
every aircraft.every aircraft.
Rotorcraft Flying Handbook: Ch. 12
Jeppesen Private Pilot: Ch. 2
41
In this lesson you have been introduced to the In this lesson you have been introduced to the components, systems and instruments of the R22 components, systems and instruments of the R22
ConclusionConclusionLesson 1: Helicopter SystemsLesson 1: Helicopter Systems
helicopter. helicopter.
Understanding these fundamentals is imperative. Understanding these fundamentals is imperative. Future lessons will build upon this knowledge and Future lessons will build upon this knowledge and assist in providing you with the skills and assist in providing you with the skills and understanding necessary to become a safe and understanding necessary to become a safe and
f l h li t il tf l h li t il tsuccessful helicopter pilot.successful helicopter pilot.