Puro
Derived from a Sulod (also known
as Bukidnon) word settlement. Used here to represent kindred
type of social organization. Generally composed of related
persons who occupy a particular settlement and who are in close interaction with each other.
Puro
Northern Luzon
- Ibanag, Ikalahan, Ilongot, Itawis, I’wak, Kalanguya, and Yogad.
Georaphical Location
The I’wak, Ikalahan, and Ilongot inhabit the contigous upland terrain of northern Nueva Viscaya, Western Isabela, and Southern Ifugao.
In Mindoro, the groups with Puro type of social organization include the Hanunoo, Buhid, Alangan, Iraya, Batangan, Tadyawan, and Ratagnon.
In any case, most of the
settlements are established on valley slopes, rolling hillsides, and close to swidden and accessible to water supply.
Settlement Pattern
On the whole, almost all indigenous ethnic communities with Puro type of social organization share the Hanunoo basic settlement types:
(a) Minor settlement:
(b) Simple settlement:
(c) Complex settlement:
(d) Compound settlement:
(a) Minor settlement: single cluster with at least two houses (i.e., roof structures) but only one resident family.
(b) Simple settlement: single cluster with at least three houses and two or more resident families, but with only one spouse set in the oldest generation.
(c) Complex settlement: single cluster with at least four houses and three or more resident families, including at least two siblings or cousins (other than spouses) in the oldest generation.
(d) Compound settlement: linked cluster comprising two separate but close house cluster (not more than a few hundred meters apart) of the types listed above in the following combinations: ab, ac, bb, be, cc, but not aa (which according to Hanunoo principles of nucleation, would always become simple b).
Economic Pattern
- Most ethnic communities integrated at the Puro level of social organization are dry-rice agriculturists, practicing shifting cultivation.
Tiruray’s eight types of Landforms
1) Datar – plain of flat land.2) Li’ung – plateau of flatland surrounded by slopes.3) Keseligan – hillside.4) Uruk – mountain top.5) Kebak – cliff.6) Lefak – creek bed.7) Layasan – seasonal swamp.8) Luwoluwon – swamp.
Hanunoo’s 4 categories for potential swidden
sites1) Durungsulan – irregular because of rocky outcrops or boulders.2) Ma’agwad – irregular because of several close/often parallel/valleys and ridges.3) Tagudtud – slightly irregular due to the presence of at least two slopes resulting from a ridge-top location.4) Ma’ambak – slightly irregular because of a dividing ravine or sharp change of slope direction.
The examples above show the concreteness of ethnic knowledge about the site where major crops are grown.
- Farming technology is simple. Tools for clearing the sites consists of bolos, axes, and knives of different types and manufacture.