Punjabi Tonemics and the Gurmukhi Script: A Preliminary Study

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Table of Contents

1. Introduction. ................................................................................................................................... 1

1.1. Punjabi and Lexical Tone.....................................................................................................1

1.2. Previous Research. .................................................................................................................2

1.3. Proposal of this Research. ...................................................................................................5

1.4. Proposed Tonogenesis..........................................................................................................7

1.5. Thesis Outline. .........................................................................................................................8

2. Ethnography................................................................................................................................... 9

2.1. The Punjab Region. ................................................................................................................9

2.2. Language Information and History. .............................................................................. 11

3.0. Critique........................................................................................................................................14

3.1. Tones. ....................................................................................................................................... 14

3.2. Data from Previous Research.......................................................................................... 19

3.3. Vowel Length and Previous Research. ......................................................................... 21

3.4. Orthographic Considerations. ......................................................................................... 22

3.5. Proposed Solution. .............................................................................................................. 23

4. Method/Results. ..........................................................................................................................26

4.1. Methodology. .........................................................................................................................26

4.2. Results. .................................................................................................................................... 29

4.3. Relationship of Phonemes to Gurmukhi. .................................................................... 34

4.4. Tones in Punjabi...................................................................................................................37

5.0. Analysis. .....................................................................................................................................46

5.1. Word Medial Environments. .......................................................................................... 46

5.2. Word Initial Environments. ............................................................................................ 50

6. Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................62

References. ............................................................................................................................................65

Appendix A: Informed Consent ......................................................................................................70

Appendix B: Punjabi Language Study Information .................................................................72

Scholarship/Critical Language.................................................................................................... 72

Program. ............................................................................................................................................. 72

Discovery of Tone Pattern. ........................................................................................................... 74

Appendix C: Gurmukhi Script .........................................................................................................76

Index of Tables

Index of Images

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The Phonology of Tone

Punjabi Language

Punjabi Lanugage

Oceanic Linguistics Special Publications, 20

A Comparative Phonology of Hindi and Panjabi

Indian Linguistics, 17

Teach Yourself Punjabi

An Introductory Course in Spoken Punjabi

Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society ofGreat Britain and Ireland, 2

Bulletin of theSchool of Oriental Studies, University of London, 5

Bulletin of the School ofOriental Studies, University of London, 5

Punjabi: A cognitive descriptive grammar

Indo Aryan: From the Vedas to Modern Times

Compendium of the World's Languages

Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies,University of London, 4

Tone: An Linguistic Survey

Learn Punjabi in 30 Days

Anthropological Linguistics, 2

A Start in Punjabi

Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University ofLondon, 1

The Phonology of Tone and Intonation

Tonal Perception in Speech

A Theory of Phonological Weight

Teach Yourself Panjabi

Elements of Acoustic Phonetics

Preliminaries to Linguistic Phonetics

A Course in Phonetics

Phonetic Analysis: And Introduction to Fieldwork and InstrumentalTechniques

Vowels and Consonants

The Sounds of the World's Languages

The Phonetic Description of Voice Quality

Speech Physiology and Acoustic Phonetics: An Introduction

Speech Physiology, Speech Perception, and Acoustic Phonetics

The Phonology and Morphology of Panjabi

The Indo Aryan Languages

The Indus Aryans and the Vedic Culture

The Theory of Lexical Phonology

Describing Morphosyntax

Tone Languages

Tone Languages

Tone in Lexical Phonology

India's National Writing

The Indo Aryan Languages

Teach Yourself Punjabi

Panjabi Grammar

The Panjabi Language: A Descriptive Grammar

Bulletin of the School of Orientaland African Studies, University of London, 30

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 33

The Phonology of Tone: The Representation of Tonal Register

Linguistic Inquiry, 11

Journal ofLinguistics, 22

Tone

Consent Form for Research Subjects Participating in Panjabi Language Study

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