Punic Amphorae from Entella (Sicily): Archaeometric Characterisation of This Possible Consumption Centre

SOMA 2011Proceedings of the 15th Symposium on Mediterranean Archaeology, held at the University of Catania 3–5 March 2011

VOLUME II

Edited by

Pietro Maria MilitelloHakan Öniz

BAR International Series 2695 (II)2015

Università di Catania, Dipartimento di Scienze Umanistiche, Corso di laurea magistrale in

Archeologia, opzione internazionale Università di CataniaScuola di Specializzazione in

Beni Archeologici

Turkish Foundation for Underwater Archaeology

General Association of Mediterranean Archaeology

Published by

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BAR S2695 (II)

SOMA 2011 Proceedings of the 15th Symposium on Mediterranean Archaeology, held at the University of Catania 3–5 March 2011

© Archaeopress and the individual authors 2015

ISBN 978 1 4073 1342 9 (Volume I)ISBN 978 1 4073 1343 6 (Volume II)ISBN 978 1 4073 1344 3 (Set of both volumes)

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i

Table of Contents

Volume IPreface v

Part I – Prehistory and Protohistory of Europe and Anatolia 1

General Topics 3

Exchanges Between Paleolithic Hunter-gatherer Groups 3Neyir Kolankaya-Bostanci

Understanding Cross-cultural Communication in the European Bronze Age 11Paulina Suchowska-Ducke

Anatolia 21

Early Bronze Age (ca. 3000-2000 BC) Mining Activities in Central Anatolia, Turkey 21Derya Yilmaz

Observations on the Troy I Period in the Light of Recent Survey Finds from the Coastal Troad 27Derya Yilmaz

From the Middle Danube to Anatolia: Contacts During the Second Millennium BC. a Case Study 35Anca-Diana Popescu, Radu Băjenaru

Kitchen furniture in the second millennium BC: evidence from Salat Tepe 43Tuba A. Ökse, Ahmet Görmüş, Gamze Kaynak

Remnants of Incantation Rituals from the Middle Bronze Age Settlement at Salat Tepe: an Ethnoarchaeological Approach 51Tuba A. Ökse, Ahmet Görmüş, Tülin Bozkurt

Glass Trade in the Light of the Late Bronze Age Finds from Panaztepe 59Nazli Çinardali-Karaaslan

A Group of Urartian Metal Finds from the Karaman Archaeological Museum 65Makbule Ekici

Investigations in the Çaldiran Plain/Lake Van Basin: the Middle Iron Age 71Aynur Özfirat

Europe 81

Antique Bone and Antler Anvils Discovered in Romania 81Corneliu Beldiman, Diana-Maria Sztancs

A Joint Consideration of the Lithic Industries of Shell Middens in Muge, Portugal, and the Coastal Mediterranean Mesolithic Sites 89Anabela Joaquinito, Nuno Ribeiro

Daily Life and Social Reconstruction of an Argaric Settlement at Peñalosa (Baños de la Encina, Jaén) 93Juan Miguel Rivera Groennou, Eva Alarcón García

Greece 101

Archaeological Models and the Archaeology of Mesara (Crete) between the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age 101Rosario Maria Anzalone

Reconstructing the Landscape of the Dead. Some Observations on the Minoan Funerary Space in the Agiopharango Valley 111Sylviane Déderix

Some Eccentric Linear A Tablets from Ayia Triada 121Pietro Militello

Studying Grey Ceramics in the Adriatic Area. A Preliminary Report 127Eleonora Ballan

Protogeometric and Geometric Pottery from the Kos Early Iron Age Necropolis Revisited. Some Features of the Local Ceramic Production 135Maria Grazia Palmieri

ii

Italy 143

Settlement Strategies and Territorial Organization: a Methodological Approach to the Sardinian Bronze Age Context 143Francesca Cadeddu

Ceramic Ethnoarchaeometry in Western Sardinia: the Case of Oristano 155Evanthia Tsantini, Giuseppe Montana, Miguel Ángel Cau

Lyres in the Daunian Stelae: Towards a Better Understanding of Chordophones in the Mediterranean Iron Age 161Raquel Jiménez Pasalodos, Placido Scardina

Sicily 175

An Analytical Study of Neolithic Combustion Structures in the Province of Messina 175Francesca Cannizzaro, Maria Clara Martinelli

Material Culture and People. Some Methodological Remarks on the Study of Aeolian Middle Bronze Age Settlement Contexts 185Gianmarco Alberti

Oversea Lithic Exchanges Between the Aeolian Islands and Malta from an Inland Perspective: Preliminary Data from a Late Neolithic Site in Licodia Eubea, Catania - Sicily 197Damiano Bracchitta

Decorated Footed Bowls: Type, Distribution and Use 203Valeria Grasso, Carla Maria Caterina Cirino

Creating Boundaries: Elaborate Tombs and Trade Goods in the Early Bronze Age Necropolis at Castelluccio (Sicily, Italy) 211Anita Crispino, Massimo Cultraro

Dwelling in the Darkness: the Prehistoric Caves of the Hyblaean Mountains (Sicily) 217Dalma Cultrera

An Early Bronze Age Settlement Near Ragusa 227Francesco Cardinale, Giovanni Di Stefano, Milena Gusmano, Saverio Scerra

The Late Copper Age Phase in Rocchicella di Mineo: Preliminary Data 233Ivana Vacirca

Innovation and Tradition in the Technology of Large Storage Jars from the Sicilian Middle Bronze Age 239Carlo Veca

Piano dei Casazzi (Mineo, Catania). Data on the proto-historic inhabitation 249Francescaromana Alberghina

Ceramic ethnoarchaeometry in Sicily: recent traditional productions as a tool for understanding past manufactures 253Giuseppe Montana, Anna Maria Polito, Evanthia Tsantini

Use of Space in the Early Bronze Age on the Basis of Artefact Distribution: the Village of Coste Di Santa Febronia 259Roberta Mentesana

Archaeology and Sciences 265

Gis, Geographical Models and Archaeology: a Case Study for Late Prehistory Populations (5500-550 Bc) on the Ripoll River (Catalonia, Spain) 265Maria Yubero Gómez

Technical and Typological Approaches to Bronze Age Worked Bone from Central Iberia. The Settlement of Motilla del Azuer 273Manuel Altamirano García

Birch Resin Not Only As Climate Marker. Integration Between Chemical And Paleobotanical Analysis In Sicilian Prehistory 285Roberta Mentesana, Giuseppe De Benedetto, Girolamo Fiorentino

Part II – History and Archaeology of the Classical World I 291

Archaeology Greece and the Mediterranean 293

Seeing the Attic Vase: Mediterranean Shapes from 635 to 300 B.C. – The Beazley Data 293Filippo Giudice, Rossano Scicolone, Sebastiano Luca Tata

The Walled Towns of Thesprotia: from the Hellenistic Foundation to the Roman Destruction 313Marco Moderato

Ionian Sanctuaries and the Mediterranean World in the 7th Century B.C. 321Kenan Eren

iii

Stoa–bouleuterion? Some Observations on the Agora of Mantinea 329Oriana Silia Cannistraci

Archaeology The East 335

Two Fragmentary Sarcophagi from Aphrodisias in Caria: Imported Sculptors in the City of Sculpture? 335Esen Ogus

Hellenistic and Roman Pottery of Zengibar Kalesi (Isaura Nova?): from the South Necropolis Survey 349Zafer Korkmaz, Osman Doğanay

Some Archaeological Material from Seydişehir 361Asuman Baldiran

Archaeological Survey in Aksaray (Cappadocia): a Preliminary Report 379Mehmet Tekocak

Ancient Monuments between Research and Development: the Theatre of Kyme (Turkey) 391Stefania Mancuso

The Agora Basilica, Smyrna 399Burak Yolaçan

Archaeological Excavations at Istanbul’s Lake Kucukcekmece–2010 407Hakan Oniz, Sengul Aydingun, Emre Guldogan

Excavations in Ancient Smyrna 411Akin Ersoy, Gülten Çelik

The Cult of Zeus in Lykaonia 417Asuman Baldiran

‘Hierapolis of Phrygia’: a Roman imperial pottery deposit (US 274) found in the Northern Necropoli (Atlante di Hierapolis, foglio 18) 421Dario Sergio Corritore

Kyme of Aeolis. Excavations in the Necropolis (2007-2008): Preliminary Data 431Fabrizio Sudano

A Grave Dated to the Late- and Sub-Geometric Period at Mengefe 435Makbule Ekici

Archaeology The West and Africa 439

Beyond Aleria. Local Processes and Tyrrhenian Connections in the Early Corsican Iron Age (8Th–5Th Centuries Bc) 439Marine Lechenault

Genesis and Development of the First Complex Societies in the Northeastern Iberian Peninsula During the First Iron Age (7th-6th Centuries BC). The Sant Jaume Complex (Alcanar, Catalonia) 445David Garcia i Rubert, Isabel Moreno Martínez, Francisco Gracia Alonso, Laia Font Valentín, Marta Mateu

Sagué

Phoenicians in the Azores, Myth or Reality? 453Nuno Ribeiro, Anabela Joaquinito, Sérgio Pereira

The Roman uilla of Sa Mesquida: A rural settlement on the island of Mallorca (Balearic Islands, Spain) 461Catalina Mas Florit, Bartomeu Vallori Márquez, Patricia Murrieta Flore, María José Rivas Antequera,

Miguel Ángel Cau Ontivero

Lamps From the Anonymous Temple of the Main Decumanus at Leptis Magna 467Veronica Riso

New Data on the Roman Wall Paintings of Leptis Magna. A Preliminary Report 475Giuseppe Cinquemani

The Coin Hoard from Misurata: the Container 483Francesca Trapani

Archaeology Sicily and Italy 495

Francavilla Marittima: a Contextual Analysis of Male Burials in the Necropolis of Macchiabate (9Th-6Th Century BC) 495Claudia Speciale

The Fortified Settlement at Mura Pregne: an Indigenous Site Close to the Greek chora of Himera 507Calogero Maria Bongiorno

Licodia Eubea-Style: Some Remark 511Marco Camera

iv

Recent Discoveries at the Sanctuary of the Divine Palikoi 517Laura Maniscalco, Brian E. McConnell

Rock Architecture and Some Colonial and Indigenous Centres: the Case of Leontinoi and Montagna Di Ramacca (Ct) 523Maria Nicotra, Giuseppina Gisella Lidia Verde

The Necropoleis of Gela: Updated Researches and Topographical Observation 529Marina Congiu

A Sanctuary of Apollo (Re)discovered in Sicily? Archaeological Evidence, Topography and Historical Source 535Francesca Buscemi

Elite and Society in a Settlement in the Sicilian Hinterland: a New Interpretation of Some Funerary Assemblages from the Monte Castellazzo Necropolis Near Marianopoli 543Rosalba Panvini

A Female Clay Bust from the ‘Artemis Well’ in Syracuse 557Mario Cottonaro

Material Culture as an Indicator of Adoption and Resistance in the Cross-Craft and Cultural Interactions Among Greek and Indigenous Communities in Southern Italy: Loom Weights and Cooking Ware in Pre-Roman Lucania 563Alessandro Quercia, Lin Foxhall

Archaeological Analysis of Roman Naval Warfare in Iberia During the Second Punic War 575Eduard Ble Gimeno

Sailing Towards the West: Trade and Traders on the Routes Between the Iberian Peninsula and Campania Between the 2nd Century BC and the 1st Century AD 585Michele Stefanile

Roman Period Theatres in Sicily: a Structuralist Approach 593Zeynep Aktüre

A Fish-Processing Plant in Milazzo (ME) During the 1st Imperial Age 603Annunziata Ollà

Some Observations On The Road Network Through The Peloritani Region, North-Eastern Sicily 609Anna Lisa Palazzo

Volume II

Part III – History and Archaeology of the Classical World II 615

Iconography and Artistic Production 617

The ‘Mosaic of the Sages’ from Lyrbe / Seleukeia 617Nazlı Yildirim

Some Remarks on the Iconography of Hermes Kriophoros in Magna Graecia and Sicily in the 5th Century BC 627Ambra Pace

The Origins of the lorica segmentata 633Marco Conti

Handmade Terracotta Figurines: Subjects Of Daily Life 639Vanessa Chillemi

Hellenistic Plastic Vases in Sicily: Some Reflection 651Alessandra Granata

Between Myth and History: Mediterranean Funerary Monuments in the 4th Century BC 657Alessandro Poggio

Archaeology of Gesture and Relics: Early Signs of the Sacred In Veii 661Laura Maria Russo

History 677

The Dionysus Cult in Antioch 677İnanç Yamaç

Economy and Institutions in Ancient Greek Proverbs. A Contribution on Trade and Taxation 685Carmela Raccuia

Attic Weights and the Economy of Athen 691Mario Trabucco

v

Sitodosia, euerghesia and emporia: Some Examples from Sicily 695Elena Santagati

Greeks and Sikels in the Hyblaean Area: an Historical Interpretation of the Epigraphic Evidence in the Chalcidian Hinterland 699Nella Sudano

Reconstructing Aspects of pre-Roman History, Political Organization, Religion and Trading Contacts of Greek Colonies of ‘Thracia Pontica’: the Case of Histria and Kallati 709Maria Girtzi

The Role of Professional Associations in the Romanization Process of the Western Provinces. A Study Proposal 717Ilenia Gradante

The Eastern Mediterranean in the Greek Anthroponymy of Roman Hispania: the Case of Aegyptu 723Pedro Marques

In the Land West of the Euphrates: the Parthians in the Roman Empire 731Leonardo Gregoratti

The Ecclesia Dei in Early Christian Inscriptions: Bishops, Presbyters and Deacons in Sicily 737Giuseppe Falzone

The Two Agorai of the Piraeus: Literary, Epigraphic and Archaeological Source 749Valentina Consoli

From Earthquake to Archaeological Rediscovery: Two Unpublished Epigraphs from the Aquila Province 757Carla Ciccozzi, Alessandra Granata, Walter Grossi

Numismatic 763

Water Fauna and Sicilian Coins from the Greek Period 763Mariangela Puglisi

Coinage and Indigenous Populations in Central Sicily 779Lavinia Sole

Greek and Hellenistic Coins in the Central Adriatic Apennines Between the 5th and 2nd Centuries BC 789Maria Cristina Mancini

Coins in Messapia: Research and New Perspective 793Valeria G. Camilleri, Paola d’Angela, Valeria R. Maci, Stefania Montanaro, Lorenzo Rinaudo,

Giuseppe Sarcinelli, Aldo Siciliano, Adriana Travaglini

The ‘Six Emperors’ Coin Hoard’ from the Bay of Camarina 805Giovanni Di Stefano, Giuseppe Guzzetta, Viviana Lo Monaco, Maria Agata Vicari Sottosanti

Archaeology and Sciences 809

Trapeza: A Computer Approach to the Study of Domestic Pottery in Greek Sicily 809Alessandra Cilio

Punic Amphorae from Entella (Sicily): Archaeometric Characterisation of This Possible Consumption Centre 815Giuseppe Montana, Anna Maria Polito, Mariella Quartararo

Physical And Chemical Causes of Deterioration in Excavated Gla 825Ceren Baykan

Some Archaeological and Archeometric Observations on Two Amphorae from the Venice Lagoon 837Iwona Modrzewska, Giancarlo Taroni, Franco Pianetti

Part IV – Byzantine and Medieval Archaeology and History, Museography, Historiography 847

Byzantine and Medieval Anatolia 849

Byzantine Bronze Coins Found in Anatolia and Their Circulation 849Zeliha Demirel Gökalp

An Early Byzantine Graveyard Area in Ankara 857Ayse Fatma Erol

Stoneworks with Animal Motifs Along the Mediterranean Coast of Anatolia During the Byzantine Period 865Ferda Önengüt, Pinar Serdar

The Usage of the Golden Ratio in East Mediterranean Early Byzantine Churche 871Sener Yildirim

The Contribution of Women in the Construction and Decoration of Churches in the Holy Land 881Lihi Habas

vi

The Beçin–Yelli Madrasah 895Kadir Pektaş

Taş (Stone) Madrasah – The Akşehir Archaeological Museum 901Melda Arca Yalçın

Some Medieval Glazed Wares Uncovered from the Archaeological Excavations at Alanya Castle, Southern Turkey 911Sema Bilici

The 18th-Century Saliha Sultan Tomb 915Bilge Karaöz

Mediterranean Ships in the Russian Medieval Written and Graphic Tradition 919Petr Sorokin

Some Seljukid Tiles Uncovered from the Archaeologıcal Excavatıons at Alâıyye Castle, Southern Turkey 925Leyla Yılmaz

Italy, Sicily and the Mediterranean 929

Urban Topography in the Adriatic Italic Area: the Cult of S. Lorenzo in the Middle Age 929Carmen Soria

Late Medieval Pilgrim Ampullae from Southern Apulia. An Indicator of Long-Distance Pilgrimage or Local Shrines? 937Marco Leo Imperiale

Typological Analysis of a Cooking Ware Vessel for the Dating of Medieval and Post-Medieval Archaeological Contexts in Salento 941Patricia Caprino

The Serapieion and the Church of St. Pancratius in Taormina. The Building from Antiquity to the Middle Age 945Leonardo Fuduli

Importation and Trade of African Pottery in the Ancient Ecclesia Carinensis During the Late Roman Age 959Emma Vitale

Production and Circulation of Palermitan Amphorae in the Medieval Mediterranean 963Fabiola Ardizzone

Agrigento between Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Dynamics of Transformation in the Area of the Early Christian Cemetery from the 3rd to the 11th Centuries A.D. 975Giuseppina Cipriano

Vandals in the Mediterranean: a Problematical Presence 987Vincenzo Aiello

Vandals in the Mediterranean: Sicily and its Role 991Elena Caliri

Vandals in the Mediterranean: the Monetary System 997Daniele Castrizio

The Settlement in the District of Grammena-Valcorrente Near Belpasso (Ct) between Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages 1001Elisa Bonacini, Maria Turco, Lucia Arcifa

Qui eadem aqua utuntur. A Late Antique and Early Byzantine Village in Rural Calamonaci (Agrigento, Sicily) 1011Maria Concetta Parello, Annalisa Amico

The Dump of Burgio: the Kiln Wastes of the First Pottery Workshops (16th-17th Centuries A.D.) in the Garella District 1019Maria Concetta Parello

Interdisciplinary Study of a Rupestrian Site Differently Utilized from 5Th-6th to 14th Centuries (South-East Sicily) 1025Noemi Billeci, Lorella Pellegrino, Giacomo Caruso, Francesco Paolo Mancuso, Franco Palla

Marble Production and Marble Trade Along the Mediterranean Coast in the Early Byzantine Period (5th-6th centuries AD): the Data from Quarries, Shipwrecks and Monument 1033Elena Flavia Castagnino Berlinghieri, Andrea Paribeni

Medieval Byzantine Shipwrecks in the Eastern Adriatic 1043Vesna Zmaić

Museums, Historiography, Enhancement 1051

The Archaeological Museum of Thassos: the New Permanent Exhibition 1051Dimitria Malamidou, Zisis Bonias, Konstantinos Galanaki

Ancient Sardinia on the Move 1063Barbara Costa

vii

From the Universal Museum to the Public Museum: the Role of Archaeological Finds in Palermo Between the 18th and 19th Century 1075Rosanna Equizzi

The Legend of Mount Nemrud: Commagene Kingdom 3D Reconstruction of the Archaeological Remains of the Holy Sanctuary on Mount Nemrud 1081Ahmet Denker, Hakan Onız

Some Examples of Traditional Housing from the Village of Eskikizilelma and the Aktopraklik Höyük Excavations, Bursa 1089Abdullah Deveci

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Punic Amphorae from Entella (Sicily): Archaeometric Characterisation of This Possible Consumption Centre

Giuseppe Montana, Anna Maria PolitoDipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare (DiSTeM), Università degli Studi di Palermo

Mariella QuartararoScuola di Specializzazione in Archeologia, Università degli studi di Firenze

Introduction

This paper reports the archaeometric characterisation of a number of Phoenician-Punic amphorae from the ancient site of Entella in western Sicily. Entella lies in the Sicani Mountains, along the left bank of the Hypsas-Belice river, approximately 40km from its mouth (Fig.1a). It is considered to be one of the most important indigenous settlements of western Sicily, dominating the main terrestrial and fluvial commercial routes between the south-western and northern shores of the island (Nenci 1988/89; Vaggioli 2001; Moggi and Gulletta 2001).

Ancient historians first cited Entella for the unfaithful behaviour of Campanian mercenaries.1 During the first Punic War, Entella was a flourishing urban town, and remained so at least until the end of the 1st century BC.2 In the Middle Ages, a Muslim community settled in Entella, and resisted the empire of Frederick II until 1245, when it was finally expelled (De Vido 2001). Although the settlement was acknowledged by T. Fazello in 1558,3 it was only recently subjected to archaeological excavations by the Laboratorio di Storia Archeologia e Topografia del Mondo Antico of the Scuola Normale Superiore (LSATMA, Pisa, Italy), and the local Soprintendenza ai Beni Culturali e Ambientali.4

Archaeological studies of materials collected during these excavations suggest that the first human traces can be dated back to the Eneolithic period (Di Noto and Gugliemino 1994); while clear evidence was found of urbanisation and ceramic production as early as the late-archaic period, at the end of the 6th and the beginning of the 5th century BC. (Guglielmino 2000; Montana et al. 2011). It is likely that this urbanised area constricted between the 2nd and 1st century BC (Michelini 1999).

The object of the present study was to analyse 21 representative samples of the Phoenician-Punic amphorae brought to light during archaeological stratigraphic trial excavations (SAS or Saggio Archeologico Stratigrafico) marked 1/2, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 24-Tr1, 24-Tr2, 3/30 (Fig. 1b), which were conducted in the hills of Entella from 1983 to 2003.5 The original amphora corpus consists of a wider group of 105 potsherd (rims, tips and handles), whose typological identification was obtained

1 Diodoro Siculo Bibliotheca Historica, XIV, 9, 8-9.2 Diodoro Siculo Bibliotheca Historica, XXIII, 8, 1-3.3 Tommaso Fazello De Rebus Siculis Decades Duae, Panormi 1558, I, I, 9, VI, 3; X, 3. 4 G. Falsone accomplished the first survey on behalf of the local Soprintendenza ai Beni Culturali e Ambientali in 1980 (Falsone 1980), but systematic excavations started in 1983. 5 The excavations campaigns (up until 2001) are described by De Vido, Nenci and Gulletta (2001). Results concerning subsequent years can be found in the Annali Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa, Classe di Lettere (ASNP) 2002, 2004 and 2010.

according to the classification of J. Ramón Torres.6 The studied amphoric samples were carefully selected during a preliminary archaeological work (Quartararo, 2005/2006), and were found to cover a wide chronological interval, ranging from the late 7th century BC to the early 2nd century BC.7 The final aim of the present archaeometric study is to establish the compositional and textural aspects of the selected amphorae samples, in order to recognise their provenance and, consequently, make valid inferences on the role of Entella in the general trade network system of western Sicily.

Analitycal method

Laboratory methodologies applied in this study include thin-section petrography and chemical analyses by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF). Petrographic investigations were conducted using transmitted polarised light microscopy (Leica DC 200 microscope equipped with a digital camera). The relative abundance of temper constituents (non-plastic inclusions), expressed as area %, was determined by conventional point-counting procedures (Van der Plas and Tobi 1965).

Chemical analysis by XRF (Rigaku ZSX Primus) enabled identification of only the major elements: Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, K, Ca, Ti, Mn and Fe, which were recorded as oxides (weight %). Each analysis was fully corrected for line interference and matrix effects according to routine procedures (Franzini et al. 1972; Hein et al. 2002). Results were normalised on a dry-weight basis and printed with iron expressed as total Fe2O3.

Types of analysed amphorae

The amphorae analysed in this study (Tab. 1) were recognised and classified according to the following types8 (Fig. 2):

T-1.4.4.1

This type (derived from T-1.4.2.1) is characterised by an inward tilted rim, deriving from wall thickening. The handles are subcircular (circle 1/3 or 2/3). The body shape is biconvex and the foot is in the form of an ogive. This type was produced in both Sardinia and Sicily (Motya and Solunto). Production and

6 This nomenclature technique is very often used by archaeologists because it allows easier comparison between items from different areas. Its open structure permits continuous updating by the addition of new amphora types. 7 The indicated chronology is simply typological, since most of the corresponding fragments were found in surface layers.8 The morphology, distribution and chronology of amphora types were classified according to Ramon Torres (1995), with the exception of types T-4.2.2.7 (Greco 1997) and types Karthago 1 A2-A3/ Karthago 2 (Docter 2007; Becthold 2008a and 2008b).

Copyright material: no unauthorized reproduction in any medium

816

SOMA 2011

circulation of this amphora has been proposed by Ramon Torres (1995) to have occurred in the 5th century BC.

T-1.4.5.1

This amphora was one of the most common Punic shipping containers in western Sicily during the 5th century BC. Although it is related to type T-1.4.4.1 in form, it is more or less a direct imitation of type T-1.4.2.1. It has inclined edges with a re-beaten outer lip, subcircular handles (circle 1/3 or 2/3) and a generally convex body shape with an ogive foot. Based on typological and archaeometric analysis, this type was produced in Sicily (Motya and Solunto) (Iliopoulos et al. 2002), from where it diffused along the whole Mediterranean, from Ampurias to Ischia and Corinth.

T-4.2.2.6

This amphora was one of the most frequently used Punic shipping containers in western Sicily, between the end of the 5th century BC and at least the first half of the 4th century BC. It derives from type T-1.4.5.1, with which it is morphologically comparable. However, in contrast, type T-4.2.2.6 shows inclined edges with a re-beaten outer lip that is larger than that of type T-1.4.5.1, T-4.2.2.6 was produced in both western Sicily (Solunto, Motya) and southern Sardinia, and was also confirmed in the central Mediterranean area and Corinth.

T-4.2.2.7

Since its first classification, this new type, Ramon-Greco T-4.2.2.7, has been ascribed to the evolution of types T-1.4.5.1 and T-4.2.2.6 (Greco 1998). Morphologically, it is comparable to T-1.4.5.1 and T-4.2.2.6, but the rim of T-4.2.2.7 is gradually drawn up, and has a wider, slanted collar. In some cases, the shoulder line stiffens, and can be concave, with a careening shape, while the body profile is perfectly cylindrical. The shape is occasionally characterised by a cylindrical foot, or semicircular appendix, or even flat bottoms (seen in only a few individuals). It was confirmed to be produced in Sicily (Solunto), from where it spread all over western and central Sicily9 and the middle of the Mediterranean (Alaimo et al. 2005).

T-2.2.1.2./1

Both of these amphora types present vertical edges with rounded or slightly angular sections. The edge may be placed directly on the amphora body or on a short neck with a concave profile. The handles are subcircular (circle 1/2), while body wall is convex and the shape is ovoid, with an oval or opened profile foot. The first type shows more variation. Production was documented in Solunto (Alaimo et al. 2005), and also likely occurred in Tunis. In addition, Malta has been proposed as a further production centre. These types of amphorae were widespread in the central Mediterranean, especially in western Sicily, between the end of 5th century BC and the 4th century BC.

T- 3.1.1.2

This type commonly has a swollen and rounded rim that is directly set on the shoulder curve, which is separated from the rim by a slight groove. The body has an ovoid profile, with an oval foot. Handles are subcircular (circle 2/3) and are located

9 Corretti and Capelli 2003.

at the point of maximum expansion of the body. Ateliers of this type were located in Sicily (Motya), as well as in some areas of Sardinia, and probably Carthage. This type was produced between the end of the 8th century BC and the beginning of the 7th BC, with circulation up until the last decades of the 7th BC. Type T-3.1.1.2 has been confirmed in the central Mediterranean and southern Spain (Toscanos).

T–4.2.1.2. / 4.2.1.5. / 4.2.1.7

All of these amphora types are characterised by an indented rim, consisting of shoulder swellings. The upper swollen lip generally has a variable profile. The body has a cylindrical shape, with mid-points of maximum expansion (with the exception of 4.2.1.7, where the maximum diameter covers most of the body). Handles are positioned at the half-circle, and the foot has an arched open profile. Production and distribution of these amphora types has been confirmed in north Africa (Tunisia), western Sicily and other parts of the western Mediterranean.

T-7.3.1.1, 7.4.2.1/3.1

These types of amphorae are often characterised by roughly horizontal, markedly flared lips. The neck is short or medium-height, with almost concave walls, especially near the shoulders. The body is either cylindrical, or has hollow walls. The handles are subcircular (circle 1/3 or 2/3), and the foot is conical, sometimes showing a smooth concave profile. Type T-7.3.1.1 seems to represent a transition between the almost vertical-edged types and types 7.4.2.1/3.1. Type T-7.3.1.1 was produced in Punic Tunisia (including Carthage) and was found throughout the central and western Mediterranean basin. Types 7.4.2.1/3.1 were produced in Carthage, although J. Ramon Torres (1995) has suggested the existence of workshops in other towns in northern Tunisia, and were exported all over the western and central Mediterranean, as well as along the Atlantic coast of Andalusia. The amphorae belonging to this family date between the first half of the 2nd century BC and the end of the 2nd century BC.

Karthago 1 A2-A3/ Karthago 2

These typological classes include many Ramon Torres amphora types.10 Their rims display a short vertical lip, which is swollen at the inner part and roughly vertical at the outer part. The neck is absent. The above described morphological aspects and their similarity with type T-10.2.1.2 could chronologically place them approximately in the 6th century BC.

Recognized production centres of punic amphorae in western sicily

Production centres of Phoenician-Punic amphorae located in northwestern Sicily were carefully studied in previous works. These studies, which mainly focused on Motya (Alaimo et al. 1997; Alaimo et al. 1998; Iliopoulos et al. 2002) and Solunto (Alaimo et al. 1998; Alaimo et al. 2000; Alaimo et al. 2005; Montana et al. 2006), and only marginally on Selinunte (Azzaro et al. 2006), involved not only archaeometric analyses of the ceramic artefacts and kiln wastes, but also analyses of local clayey raw materials. Clays were subjected to experimental firing tests, and subsequently characterised by thin section petrography, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF). This approach allowed the ceramic paste fabric typical of

10 Docter 2007; Becthold 2008a and 2008b.


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each production centre and the corresponding reference groups to be ascertained on a chemical basis. Consequently, using this approach, the identification of all types of Punic amphorae produced in Sicily can be performed (Tab. 2).

Results and discussion

In light of the above described previous archaeometric studies, the present study focused on developing a better understanding of the role of Entella as a centre of consumption, in order to discern the provenance of the Punic amphorae, which were brought to light during excavation campaigns, by evaluating regional and/or extra-insular imports.

Petrography

Analysis of thin-sections of the Phoenician/Punic amphorae from the Entella excavations under a polarising microscope allowed identification of 4 different paste fabrics, which were well-represented at the site. In addition, fabrics that seem to be less represented at the site (Anf003) were able to be distinguished.

Fabric 1 (Fig. 3a) is composed mostly of monocrystalline quartz, followed by minor amounts of calcareous microfossils and/or ‘micritic cloths’ (Cau et al. 2002), mica flakes and minor quantities of K-feldspar, plagioclase and polycrystalline quartz. Inclusions are predominantly represented by very fine to fine sand grains, with 15% packing (area).

Fabric 2 (Fig. 3b) is composed mostly of mono and polycrystalline quartz, followed by K-feldspar, plagioclase and chert. In contrast with the previous fabric, calcareous microfossils are less abundant in Fabric 2. Inclusions were predominantly represented by fine to medium sand grains, with approximately 25% packing (area).

Fabric 3 (Fig. 3c) is composed mostly of quartz grains, common calcareous microfossils (mainly decomposed due to high firing temperatures), sporadic K-feldspar and chert. Inclusions were predominantly represented by fine sand, followed by lesser amounts of medium sand grains, with approximately 20% packing (area).

Fabric 4 (Fig. 3d) is composed mostly of angular grains of quartz. K-feldspar, mica flakes, calcareous microfossils and chert were common to sporadic. Inclusions were predominantly represented by coarse silt and very fine sand, with a very low packing that we estimate to be approximately 5% (area).

Anf003 (Fig. 3e) A single petrographic fabric, mainly composed of monocrystalline quartz, followed by microfossils, micritic cloths and K-feldspars. Mica flakes and plagioclase were rare. Inclusions were predominantly represented by coarse silt to very fine sand grains, with approximately 8% packing (area).

Chemistry

In the present study, the preliminary objective of XRF analysis was to verify previously recognised Fabrics (1-4), for chemical ‘validation’ purposes. Data deriving from these chemical analyses were in agreement with petrographic results, and were able to clearly distinguish between the above described fabrics (Tab. 3). Therefore, 4 different Paste Compositional Reference Units ((PCRUs 1, 2, 3 and 4) were identified, together with a ‘chemical outlier’ (Anf 003). These chemical PCRU’s are clearly associated with the previously described petrographic Fabrics (1-4), and

apparently represent different ceramic productions, as evidenced by principal component analysis (PCA)11 results shown in Figure 4. For statistical analyses of the raw chemical data, the majority of chemical variables was considered (% wt of SiO2, Al2O3, TiO2, Fe2O3, MnO, Na2O, K2O, CaO). The graph represents the projection of factor scores for different PCRUs and the chemical outlier (Anf 003) in the space delimited by the first 2 components (C1 and C2), which represent 84% of the total variance. The histogram on the right shows the corresponding factor loadings, which quantify the influence of every chemical variable on C1 and C2. As can be seen, PCRUs and Fabrics 1-4 form chemical clusters due to the opposing influences of CaO versus MnO and Na2O on C1 in particular, as well as the influence of CaO and MnO vs. TiO2, Fe2O3 and Al2O3 on C2.

Identification of regional imports at Entella

The petrographic features of each of the identified fabrics (Fabrics 1-4) were compared to known Sicilian fabrics, which were available from previous works and known to have been produced at Solunto, Motya and Selinunte. Consequently, Fabric 1, which chemically corresponds to PCRU 1, was found to have been produced in Solunto. Using a similar approach, Fabric 2, which chemically corresponds to PCRU 2, was associated with the Motya production of Punic amphorae. The singleton fabric, Anf003, may represent a Selinunte production according to its petrographic characteristics (Fig. 5).

A chemical comparison of the analysed set of amphorae with already existing chemical reference groups was performed as well, confirming the petrographic results. In fact, as can be clearly seen in the binary diagram of Figure 6, based on the relative abundances of both calcium and silicon oxides, PCRU1/Fabric1 was found to be chemically compatible with the ceramic products of Solunto (data from Alaimo et al., 2005 also concerning local raw clay); while PCRU 2/Fabric 2 was chemically well-matched with the Motya production (data from Alaimo et al., 2005 also concerning local raw clay). In addition, the singleton fabric, Anf003, was acceptably linked to Selinunte production (data from Azzaro et al. 2006 also concerning local raw clay).

Identification of extra-insular imports at Entella

In addition to identification of local Sicilian productions, results from the present study also enabled identification of extra-insular fabrics between amphorae imported at Entella. Based on petrographic features (mineralogical composition, size and morphology of temper grains), Fabric 3, which corresponds to PCRU 3, might be comparable to north African fabrics (e.g. Carthage and Tunisia). Finally, based on recent ethno-archaeometric works conducted in Sardinia within the European project CETRAWEM,12 Fabric 4 might be associated with the southern Sardinian (Cagliari/Assemini area) origin of this amphorae (Fig. 7).

11 The software used was S-Plus (Mathsoft).12 CETRAWEM (PIEF-GA-2009-235702): Lost and survived ceramic traditions in the western Mediterranean: The Sardinian Case; Marie Curie IEF; European Commission; REA; FP7-People; Marie Curie Actions. In this project, local clays used by traditional potters were studied in detail, executing clay firing experiments and several laboratory analyses.


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Conclusion

In general, the present study enabled a broadening of the database of Punic amphorae traded in western Sicily, and facilitated identification of the most important productions of the Entella site, whether or not they were typologically representative. Three out of the 5 identified productions correspond to in-island imports coming from Solunto, Motya and Selinunte; while the remaining 2 productions probably represent extra-island imports, 1 of which might have south Sardinian origin, while the other might be of Tunisian provenance.

All of the samples pertaining to the typological sequence T-1.4.5.1, 4.2.2.6 and 4.2.2.7 were produced in Solunto, together with a sample of type T-2.2.1.2./1. Therefore, we were able to confirm a relationship between Entella and the insular northern trade route with respect to primary product distribution: probably with its epicentre at Solunto, as suggested by other authors (Bechtold 2008b). Based on our results, we can declare that Entella had strong economic relations with these centres between the 5th century BC (perhaps around the end of this century) and the 4th century BC.

The three amphorae, T-2.2.1.2./.1 and T-4.2.1.2, were produced in Motya, and their ceramic bodies correspond to the ‘Impasto B’ already identified in Motya (Iliopoulos et al., 2002). This information confirms the economic interactions between Entella and the first Phoenician colony in Sicily between the last decades of the 5th century and the 4th century BC. Moreover, the compositional fitting of the more ancient type T-3.1.1.2 (unfortunately found in a layer with low reliability) with the same ‘impasto B’ of Motya allows us to hypothesise that these contacts might have begun even earlier. All of the above considerations are in agreement with the supposed existence of a western distribution circuit along the Motya/Lilibeo axis, which involved Entella during a specific period. Interestingly, two samples of T-1.4.4.1 were found to be produced with clays which fit well with those traditionally used in southern Sardinia (Cagliari/Assemini area). The chronology of this type (5th century BC), together with accurate comparisons, suggest the attractive hypothesis that they arrived at Entella from southern Sardinia along a trade route which used Motya as its first Sicilian port.

Four amphorae were certainly produce in Tunisia, confirming the flow of products from this area between the end of the 4th century and the first half of the 2nd century BC. Based on their morphology, the types Karthago 1A2/A3-Karthago 2, which were certainly produced in north Africa, may have been manufactured in Carthage.13 Thus, they prove trade contacts with the same area since the 6th century BC.

On the basis of its compositional features, one sample, corresponding to type T-4.2.1.7, seems to have been produced at Selinunte between the end of 5th century and the beginning of the 4th century BC. This archaeometric provenance is especially suggestive, because it introduces an interesting issue: Selinunte may be the reference harbour from where this local amphora type, along with amphorae imported from North Africa, left toward Entella.

On a socio-economic level, the above demonstrates the participation of Entella in a broader Phoenician-Punic insular or even extra-insular trade system, confirming the

13 The authors are indebted to B. Bechtold for this suggestion.

initial archaeological hypothesis, which was based only on morphological classifications of the amphorae.

Because of this, increased analyses of materials involving other Phoenician-Punic archaeological sites located in Sicily and outside of the island have been planned. Broadening this database of information will lead to improved knowledge of the trade networks in which Sicily was clearly involved during antiquity.

Bibliography

AA.VV., 2002. Relazioni preliminari degli scavi e delle ricognizioni ad Entella (Contessa Entellina, PA; 2000-2004), Annali Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa, (2002), S.IV, VII-2, pp. 427-567.

AA.VV., 2004. Relazioni preliminari degli scavi a Entella (Contessa Entellina, PA; 2000-2002, 2003, 2005), Annali Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa, S.IV, IX-2, pp. 399-582.

AA.VV., 2010. Relazioni preliminari degli scavi a Entella (Contessa Entellina, PA; 2007-08), Annali Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa, S.IV, IX-2, 2010, pp. 53-102.

Alaimo, R., Montana, G., Palumbo, V., 1997. ‘La ceramica punica di Motya (Trapani): natura delle materie prime e tecnologia di cottura dei reperti della Zona K (VI-V secolo a.C.).’ Mineralogica et Petrographica Acta, XL, pp. 11-23.

Alaimo, R., Greco, C., Iliopoulos, I,. Montana, G., 1998. ‘Le produzioni ceramiche di Solunto e Motya (VII-IV s a.C.): un confronto composizionale tra le materie prime, fabric e chimismo dei prodotti finiti’. Mineralogica et Petrographica Acta, XLI, pp. 287-306.

Alaimo, R., Montana, G., Iliopoulos, I., 2005. ‘Contribution of mineralogical, petrographic and chemical analyses in the characterisation of the ceramic productions of Motya and Solunto (Sicily)’, in A. Spanò Giammellaro (ed.), Atti del V Congresso Internazionale di Studi Fenici e Punici (Palermo), pp. 705–713.

Azzaro, E., Barone, G., Belfiore, C., Mazzoleni, P., Montana, G., Pezzino, A., G., Spagnolo, M.P., Toti, 2005. ‘Indagini minero-petrografiche e geochimiche su anfore del V e IV secolo a.C. provenienti da Selinunte’, in: C. D’Amico (ed.) Atti del Congresso Nazionale della Associazione Italiana di Archeometria, (Bologna: Patron Editore), pp. 219-228.

Bechtold, B., 2008a. Observations on the amphora repertoire of Middle Punic Carthage, in: R.F. Docter (ed.) Carthage Studies 2, (Department of Archaeology, Ghent University).

Bechtold, B., 2008b. Anfore puniche, in: R. Camerata Scovazzo (ed.) Segesta III. Il sistema difensivo di Porta di Valle (Scavi 1990-1993). Documenti di Archeologia, 48, pp. 539-580.

Cau Ontiveros, M.A., Day, P.M., Montana, G., 2002. ‘Secondary calcite in archaeological ceramics: evaluation of alteration and contamination processes by thin section study’, in V. Kilikoglou, A. Hein, Y. Maniatis (eds.) Modern Trends in Scientific Studies on Ancient Ceramics, BAR, IS-1011, pp. 9-18.

Corretti, A., Capelli, C., 2003. ‘Entella. Il granaio ellenistico (SAS 3). Le Anfore’. in: A. Corretti (ed.) Quarte giornate internazionali di studi sull’area elima, Pisa 2003, pp. 287-351.

De Vido, S., 2001. ‘Entella: fonti antiche e medievali’, in C. Ampolo (ed.) Da un’antica città di Sicilia. I decreti di Entella e Nakone, Catalogo della Mostra (Pisa: Scuola Normale Superiore), pp. 141-145.

S. De Vido–G. Nenci–M. I. Gulletta, 2001. ‘Rocca d’Entella’, BTCGI (Bibliografia Topografica della Colonizzazione Greca in occidente in Italia e nelle isole tirreniche), XVI, 235-276.


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Docter, R. F., 2007. ‘Archaische Transportamphoren’. in: Niemeyer, H. G., Docter, R. F., Shmidt, K., Bechtold, B. et al., (eds.) Karthago Die Ergebnisse der hamburger Grabung unter dem Decumanus Maximus (Hamburger, Forschungen zür Archäologie 2), pp. 616-662.

Falsone, G., 1980. ‘Per salvare Entella’, Sicilia Archeologica, 13, pp. 21-26.

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Guglielmino, R., 2000. ‘Entella: un’area artigianale extra-urbana di età tardo arcaica’, in A. Corretti (ed.) Atti delle terze giornate di studi sull’area elima, Pisa 2000, pp. 201-213.

Hein, A., Tsolakidou, A., Iliopoulos, I., Mommsen, H., Buxeda i Garrigos, J., Montana, G., Kilikoglou, V., 2002. ‘Standardization of elemental analytical techniques applied to provenance studies of archaeological ceramics: an interlaboratory calibration study’. The Analyst (Royal Society of Chemistry), 127 (4), pp. 542-553.

Iliopoulos, I., Alaimo, R., Montana,G., 2002. ‘Analisi petrografica degli impasti delle anfore fenicie e puniche’, in: M.L. Famà (ed.), Motya: Gli scavi nella “Zona A” dell’abitato, Centro Internazionale di Studi Fenici, Punici e Romani, (Bari: Edipuglia), pp. 355-363.

Michelini, C., 1999. ‘Gli ambienti del SS 16 tra età ellenistica e Medioevo–Entella Campagna di scavo 1992, Annali Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa, Classe di Lettere, pp. 97-106.

Moggi, M., Gulletta, M. I., 2001. ‘Entella e le vie della città: orizzonti politici e topografici’, in C. Ampolo (ed.) Da un’antica città di Sicilia. I decreti di Entella e Nakone, Catalogo della Mostra (Pisa: Scuola Normale Superiore), pp. 115-130.

Montana, G., Azzaro, E., Polito, A. M., Lavore, A.T., Vassallo, S., 2006. ‘Analisi petrografica e chimica di anfore puniche dagli scavi di Himera (Sicilia nord-occidentale)’, in: C. D’Amico (ed.) Atti del Congresso Nazionale della Associazione Italiana di Archeometria, (Bologna: Patron Editore), pp. 145-153.

Montana, G., Corretti, A., Polito, A.M., Spatafora, F., 2011. ‘Ceramic production in the indigenous settlement of Entella (Western Sicily) during the archaic age’, in I. Memmi Turbanti (ed.) Proceedings of the 37th International Symposium on Archaeometry, (Berlin: Springer-Verlag), pp. 113-118.

Nenci, G., 1988/89. ‘Per una definizione dell’area elima’, in: G. Nenci, S. Tusa, V. Tusa (eds.) Atti del Seminario di Studi. Gli Elimi e l’area elima sino all’inizio della prima guerra punica, Archivio Storico Siciliano, Serie IV, XIV-XV, pp. 21-26.

Quartarararo, M., 2005/2006. Materiali fenici, punici e di tradizione punica da Rocca d’Entella. Analisi tipologica e contributo storico, Tesi di Laurea, Facoltà di Lettere e Filosofia, Università di Pisa.

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Vaggioli, M. A., 2001, ‘Il territorio di Entella nell’età dell’eparchia punica: dati preliminari’, Sicilia Archeologica 34, pp. 53-66.

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Figure 1. Map of western Sicily with the main archaeological sites; (a) Entella: view of the stratigraphic trial excavation SAS 20; (b) Entella: view of the Hellenistic granary at the east valley; (c) Entella: view of trench 2.(photographs by courtesy of

LASTMA–Scuola Normale Superiore–Pisa, Italy)


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Figure 3. Thin-section representative photomicrographs (crossed Nicol; scale bar = 0.5 mm) showing: (a) Fabric 1; (b) Fabric 2; (c) Fabric 3; (d) Fabric 4; (e) Anf 003

Figure 2. The studied Phoenician-Punic amphorae: A, A1=T-1.4.4.1; B, B1=T-1.4.5.1; C, C1=T-2.2.1.2./1.; D, D1=T-3.1.1.2.; E, E1=T-4.2.1.2.; F, F1=T-4.2.1.5; G, G1=T-4.2.1.7.; H, H1=T-4.2.2.6; I, I1=T-4.2.2.7; L, L1=T-7.3.1.1.,7.4.2.1./3.1.; M, M1, M3=Kartago 1 A2-

A3/ Kartago 2


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Figure 5. Thin section microphotographs (crossed Nicol; scale bar width = 0.5 mm) showing Fabric 1, Fabric 2 and Anf 003 compared with the ceramic pastes produced at Solunto, Motya and Selinunte (see text)

Figure 4. PCA scores plot and loadings (see text). Legend: 1= Fabric/PCRU 1; 2= Fabric/PCRU 2; 3=Fabric/PCRU 3; 4=Fabric/PCRU 4


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Figure 7. Thin section microphotographs (crossed Nicol, scale bar width = 0.5 mm) representative of Fabric 3and Fabric 4. The latter is compared to southern Sardinian

clays (see text)

Figure 6. Binary plots based on XRF data comparing Fabrics/PCRUs 1-2 and the singleton Anf003 of Entella with the acknowledged Sicilian productions (Solunto, Motya, Selinunte)


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Sample Typology Chronology

ANF 001 T-1.4.4.1. 5th century BC ANF 002 T-4.2.1.2. 4th century BCANF 003 T-4.2.1.7. late 5th - beginning 4th century BCANF 004 T-3.1.1.2. second half of the 8th - 7th century BCANF 005 T-4.2.1.5. 4th century BC - first half of the 3rd century BCANF 006 T-4.2.2.7. 4th - 3rd century BCANF 012 T-2.2.1.2./1. late 5th - first half of the 4th century BCANF 013 T-1.4.5.1. 5th century BCANF 020 T-1.4.4.1. 5th century BCANF 026 T-4.2.2.7. 4th - 3rd century BCANF 040 T-4.2.1.2./4.2.1.5./4.2.1.7 5th - 4th century BC (±)ANF 055 T-2.2.1.2./1. late 5th - first half of the 4th century BCANF 061 T-4.2.2.7. (?) 4th - 3rd century BCANF 067 T-1.4.5.1 or 4.2.2.6/7 5th - 3rd century BCANF 069 T-7.3.1.1. late 3rd (?) - first half of the 2nd century BCANF 074 T-2.2.1.2./1. late 5th - first half of the 4th century BCANF 084 T-7.4.2.1/3.1. first half of the 2nd century BCANF 085 T-4.2.2.6. late 5th - first half of the 4th century BCANF 087 Karthago 1A2/A3-Karthago 2 6th century BC (±)ANF 100 T-7.4.2.1/3.1. (?) first half of the 2nd century BCANF 103 T-2.2.1.2./1. late 5th - first half of the 4th century BC

Table 1. Typology and chronology of the studied Phoenician/Punic amphorae. With the exceptions of T-4.2.2.7 (Greco 1997) and Karthago 1 A2-A3/ Karthago 2 (Docter 2007; Becthold 2008a and 2008b) all the types are referred to Ramón Torres

(1995)

Site Typology

Solunto(1) T-1.4.4.1.; T-1.4.5.1./T-4.2.2.6.; T-4.2.2.7.;T-2.2.1.1./T-7.1.2.1.

Mothia(2) T-1.3.1.2.; T-1.4.2.1.; T-1.4.3.1.; T-2.1.1.1.; T-3.1.1.2.; T-4.2.1.4.; T-4.2.1.7.; T-2.2.1.1./T-7.1.2.1.; T-2.1.1.2.; T-4.2.2.6.

Selinunte(3) T-4.2.1.5.

Table 2. Phoenician-Punic amphorae produced in western Sicily. Legend: (1) Solunto (Alaimo et al. 1998; Alaimo et al. 2000; Alaimo et al. 2005; Montana et al. 2006); (2) Motya (Alaimo et al. 1997; Alaimo et al. 1998; Iliopoulos et al. 2002); (3)

Selinunte (Azzaro et al. 2006)


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SiO2 TiO2 Al2O3 P2O5 Fe2O3 MgO MnO CaO Na2O K2O Fabric/PCRU

ANF 006 61,26 0,94 17,00 0,28 7,24 2,06 0,05 7,98 1,15 2,09 1ANF 067 60,76 0,96 17,10 0,71 6,42 1,90 0,05 9,12 0,87 2,18 1ANF 026 62,26 0,99 16,58 0,39 7,49 1,98 0,05 8,12 0,06 2,08 1ANF 085 62,19 0,95 17,31 0,29 7,12 1,77 0,06 7,34 1,05 1,96 1ANF 013 62,61 0,92 16,10 0,40 6,61 1,87 0,05 8,22 1,16 2,11 1ANF 055 63,09 0,97 16,29 0,36 7,43 1,79 0,07 6,67 1,25 2,08 1ANF 061 61,79 0,92 16,32 0,39 6,94 2,07 0,06 8,66 0,89 1,97 1ANF 002 61,27 0,82 14,78 0,25 6,90 2,02 0,05 11,03 1,00 1,92 2ANF 103 60,97 0,88 14,01 0,28 6,56 1,85 0,03 12,07 1,17 2,21 2ANF 012 61,37 0,79 14,80 0,46 6,85 1,90 0,03 11,08 0,82 1,83 2ANF 040 60,56 0,76 14,51 0,47 6,29 2,07 0,06 11,91 0,86 2,05 2ANF 004 60,64 0,79 14,27 0,37 6,76 2,03 0,03 12,19 0,96 2,03 2ANF 074 60,24 0,73 14,88 0,70 6,33 1,92 0,03 12,42 0,89 1,90 2ANF 100 63,48 0,74 15,81 0,24 6,22 2,32 0,06 7,44 1,01 2,70 3ANF 005 60,38 0,72 14,51 0,22 6,16 1,60 0,07 13,86 0,70 1,81 3ANF 087 59,76 0,82 17,33 0,28 7,32 2,38 0,06 9,15 0,59 2,35 3ANF 084 59,04 0,69 14,33 0,24 6,19 3,63 0,05 13,03 0,92 1,89 3ANF 069 57,09 0,69 14,97 0,35 5,84 1,43 0,05 17,64 0,29 1,69 3ANF 001 57,97 0,66 15,02 0,21 5,59 2,21 0,04 14,68 1,26 2,40 4ANF 020 57,22 0,63 15,41 0,42 5,15 2,24 0,05 14,52 1,31 3,13 4ANF 003 55,34 0,97 15,58 0,25 6,71 2,59 0,02 15,83 0,60 2,11 single

Table 3. Results of XRF analysis normalized against LOI (% wt)


Punic Amphorae from Entella (Sicily): Archaeometric Characterisation of This Possible Consumption Centre

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