Punctuation

PunctuationPunctuation

Commas•Use commas to separate items in a series. Use a comma BEFORE conjunctions.•Red, white, and blue

PunctuationPunctuation• Short independent clauses in a

series are separated by commas.•We swam, we jogged, and we

exercised.• Independent clauses are usually

separated by a semicolon.• To prepare for the race, we swam…

PunctuationPunctuation1. Hispanic culture is complex

diverse and rich in many historical traditions.

2. Preheat the oven beat the eggs and sift the flour.

3. The movie was long dull and humorless.

PunctuationPunctuation4. Alicia opened the door for the

dog and the cat ran out.5. It has been a vibrant vital

part of American life.6. They have traveled on land by

sea and in the air.

PunctuationPunctuation•Use commas to set off

nonessential clauses and nonessential participial phrases.•Emilia Ortiz, who lives across the street, won a scholarship.

•The capital of Alabama is Montgomery, which is in the center of the state.

PunctuationPunctuationUse a comma to separate two or more

adjectives preceding a noun.• I’ve had a long, hectic, tiring day.

Use a comma before conjunctions when they join independent clauses.

We got there on time, but Jeff was late.

PunctuationPunctuation• Rule 3/4 practice

PunctuationPunctuation• Use a comma after

introductory elements. (p. 800)•No, I haven’t had the exam yet.

• Use a comma after an introductory participial phrase.•Calling for a timeout, the ref blew

his whistle.

PunctuationPunctuation• Use commas to set off

“interrupters,” or elements that interrupt a sentence. Direct address. Mother, will you…

• To separate items in dates and addresses.• Saturday, June 21, 1991, Dad…

PunctuationPunctuation• Rule 5/6 practice

PunctuationPunctuationColons and Semicolons• Use semis b/w two complete

sentences if they are not joined by a conjunction.

• Use semi b/w independent clauses joined by conjunctive adverbs or transitional expressions.

PunctuationPunctuation• Ex. Leo is planning to be an

engineer; however, he is also interested in art.

• Can also be used to separate two sentences joined by a conjunction if there are other commas.

• B/w items in series if there are other commas.

PunctuationPunctuation• semicolon

PunctuationPunctuationColons• Use a colon to mean “note what

follows.” • Before a list of items (“as follows”)• Before a long, formal statement.• B/w hour and minute 9:55• B/w chapter and verse in biblical

references. Psalms 8:9

PunctuationPunctuation• colon

PunctuationPunctuationApostrophes• To form the possessive case of

singular nouns, add an apostrophe and an s. (boy’s)

• Possessive of plural ending in s, add only the apostrophe. (boys’)

• Indefinite pronouns in possessive case require ‘ and s. (anyone’s)

PunctuationPunctuationApostrophe• Two or more people possess

something individually, each name is possessive.•Katlin’s and Whitney’s books

• Contractions: use apostrophe to show where letters, words, or numerals have been omitted.

PunctuationPunctuationContractionsWho is=who’s she will=she’llOf the clock=o’clock I am=I’m• As a rule, only an –s is added to

form plural of most letters and words referred to as words. Ws, ands BUT s’s and i’s

PunctuationPunctuation• apostrophe

PunctuationPunctuationHyphens • Divide words at end of the line• Compound words from twenty-one to

ninety-nine and with fractions used as adjectives. Two-thirds majority

• With prefixes ex-, self-, and all- and the suffix -elect.

• With all prefixes before proper nouns or adjectives.

PunctuationPunctuationHyphens• Compound adjective that

precedes the noun it modifies. •Well-organized paper

• Do not use hyphen if one of modifiers ends in –ly.

PunctuationPunctuation• hyphen

PunctuationPunctuationDashes • Indicates an abrupt break in

thought or speech or unfinished statement.

Parentheses • To enclose material of minor

importance in a sentence.

PunctuationPunctuation• Dash/parenthesis

Quotation Marks Use quotation marks to enclose a

direct quotation—someone’s exact words.

Place at beginning and end of a direct quotation

A direct quote is set off from the rest of the sentence by a comma, a question mark, or an exclamation point.

Quotation Marks Use a single quotation mark to

enclose a quote within a quote.

PunctuationPunctuation• Quotation marks

Italics Use italics for titles of books,

plays, films, periodicals, works of art, record albums, long musical compositions, TV programs, ships and aircraft.

PunctuationPunctuation• italics