PUMPS - ThomasNet · Hydraulic Pumps are mechanical devices which move hydraulic fluid and provide pressure to operate hydraulic motors and cylinders. Key specifications of hydraulic

PUMPSBUYING GUIDE

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PUMPS

A ThomasNet Buying Guide

Pumps are mechanical devices used to

create fluid flow. Pumps fall into one of

two camps, kinetic, or dynamic,

displacement varieties and positive

displacement varieties. Dynamic

displacement pumps are represented by

axial flow, centrifugal, and mixed flow

types. All other pumps are described as positive displacement types. Dynamic pumps use impellers to

impart velocity a fluid. Positive displacement pumps instead use cavities that progressively reduce their

volumes and so squeeze the fluids through them. Dynamic pumps are used wherever they can be; their

few moving parts and forgiving operating characteristics make them workhorses in industry. There are

many applications for which dynamic pumps are unsuited, such as metering, moving viscous liquids, or

pumping air, for which positive-displacement pumps in a wide range of designs take on the role.

Types of Pumps

Axial Flow

Axial Flow Pumps are mechanical devices that rely on dynamic

displacement to move liquid. An axial flow pump relies on an

impeller inside the flowstream to move water in a fashion

similar to a propeller driving a ship. Axial flow pumps are used in

high flow, low head applications such as municipal water

treatment. Key specifications include media flow rate, pump

media, and impeller design. Axial flow pumps are often

manufactured to order and are specialized in their application.

Centrifugal

Centrifugal Pumps are mechanical devices that rely on dynamic

displacement to move liquid. Centrifugal pumps make up a large

percentage of the pumps installed in industrial service. A centrifugal

pump relies on a spinning impeller to impart motion to incoming fluid.

In its most common incarnation, a centrifugal pump can be identified

by the presence of an axial central intake, a radial casing, and a

discharge port situated tangentially to the outermost radius of the

casing. Key specifications include media flow rate, maximum discharge

pressure or head height, casing design, and inlet and discharge port

sizes. Centrifugal pumps are used for process service in industries of all kinds from wastewater

treatment to petro-chemical processing. Smaller pumps are often furnished as close-coupled units

wherein the pump and motor share a shaft and mounting. Centrifugal pumps can run against closed

valves without damage.

Diaphragm

Diaphragm Pumps are mechanical devices that rely on positive

displacement to move liquid. They are easily recognized by their

twin acting diaphragm housings and often rely on compressed air

for power, making them especially portable. Air motors allow the

pumps to stall against a clogged discharge line. The pumps rely on

valves that open and closed for suction and discharge. Key

specifications include media flow rate, pump media, and casing

and diaphragm materials. Diaphragm pumps are common for fuel

transferring because the wetted parts are completely sealed from

the atmosphere without requiring any mechanical seals. They are

also used in very high purity operations such as semiconductor making, again because the wetted parts

of the pump are completely sealed from atmosphere.

Gear

Gear Pumps are mechanical devices that rely on positive displacement to

move viscous liquids. A gear pump relies on the counter-rotating motion of

two meshed gears, or the meshing action of an internal and external gear, to

impart motion to a fluid. A pressure relief valve is often required if the possibility of running against a

blocked discharge exists. Key specifications include media flow rate, maximum discharge pressure, and

inlet and discharge port sizes. Gear pumps are ideally suited to pumping medium viscosity fluids and so

find use in moving oils, soaps, etc. They are commonly found as close-coupled designs where the motor

and pump share a common shaft and mounting.

Jet

Jet Pumps are special kinds of centrifugal pumps designed for

lifting water from shallow wells. A jet pump relies on dynamic

displacement in the form of a centrifugal rotor to move fluid.

The jet pump also incorporates a venturi in the suction end of

the pu p which i creases the pu p’s ability to lift water. A key specification is motor power.

Hand/Foot/Drum

Hand/Foot/Drum Pumps are mechanical devices that rely on dynamic or positive

displacement to move fluids. They can be actuated by manual means or with small

motors but are distinctively portable. Many such pumps are used for transferring

drum contents into other containers. The category also addresses foot and hand

pumps used as inflating devices. Key specifications include pump type and intended

application. Hand / Foot / Drum Pumps can use impellers, pistons, diaphragms, etc.

Mixed Flow

Mixed Flow Pumps are mechanical devices that rely on positive displacement

to move liquids and combine the flow characteristics of centrifugal and axial

flow pumps. By combining the attributes of both varieties of pumps, mixed

flow pumps can deliver higher flow rates and improved head over either

design alone. Key specifications include media flow rate and impeller design.

Inlet and discharge port sizes are also key considerations. Mixed flow pumps

are often manufactured to order and are specialized in their application.

Vacuum

Vacuum Pumps are mechanical devices that rely on positive displacement to

remove air or other gases from enclosed spaces or chambers. A vacuum

pump will often use reciprocating pistons or rotating vanes to draw down a

vacuum chamber. Key specifications include pump type, displacement, and

ultimate vacuum. Vacuum pumps are employed in many industries, from

semiconductor manufacturing to packaging. Although piston and vane types

are common, other varieties such as screw and scroll are popular, too.

Persitaltic and Hose

Peristaltic and Hose Pumps are mechanical devices that rely on positive displacement to move liquids. A

peristaltic pump is recognized by a series of rollers that rotate over a hose or flexible tube which

squeeze the tube contents as they pass. This action produces flow of the contents through the tube.

Many peristaltic pumps can run dry without damage. Key specifications include media flow rate,

intended application, inlet and discharge port sizes, as well as application-

specific features. Peristaltic pumps are used in drug metering applications

where precise dispensing coupled with a complete elimination of wetted

parts makes a very good fit. They are also used in larger sizes as transfer

pumps. The same pump can be used to pump different products without

needing any cleaning between changeovers.

Piston

Piston Pumps are mechanical devices that rely on positive displacement to

move liquids. Reciprocating piston pumps produce very high pressures and

are used in pressure washers and other applications requiring high pressure,

low volume fluid delivery. Radial piston pumps are used in a variety of

applications for moving low and medium viscosity fluids such as gasoline or

molasses. Key specifications include piston type, maximum discharge

pressure, media flow rate, number of stages, and pumped media.

Rotary Lobe/Circumferential Piston

Rotary Lobe / Circumferential Pumps are mechanical devices that rely on

positive displacement to move fluids and fluids containing solids. A rotary

lobe pump is a low shear device, using two counter-rotating lobes, and they

are favored by food processors because of their gentle product handling.

Key specifications include media flow rate, port type, as well as the

materials of the casing, lobes, seals, and shafts. Rotary lobe pumps handle

high viscosity products with ease, making them popular for food and cosmetic handling. They also find

use in other applications where large solids are present in the pumped media.

Rotary Vane (Sliding Vane)

Rotary Vane Pumps (Sliding Vane) are mechanical devices that rely on

positive displacement to move fluids. In its most common incarnation, a

rotary vane pump uses a series of vanes, mounted in a rotor, which sweep

along the inside wall of an eccentric cavity to impart motion to the fluid.

Flexible, or deformable, vanes are common as well. Key specifications

include pump type, media flow rate, and pump media. Rotary vane pumps are common in fuel

dispensing because their design permits them to mete out accurate amounts at high flow rates.

Screw

Screw Pumps, or, sometimes, Progressive Cavity Pumps, are mechanical

devices that rely on rotary helixes to transport or convey dry materials or

heavy slurries. A screw pump can use a single screw or two or even three

screws in mesh. Key specification include media flow rate, pump media,

along with the materials of the casing, screw, seals, and shaft. Screw pumps

are used for a wide range of products ranging from fuel oils to concrete

mixes.

Scroll

Scroll Pumps are mechanical devices that rely on positive displacement of

dual interacting spirals to remove air or other gases from enclosed spaces

or chambers. A scroll pump produces a pocket that moves outward from

center as one spiral rotates relative to a second, fixed spiral. This pocket

compresses the fluid within it thereby producing a vacuum on the intake

side of the pump. Key specifications include media flow rate and motor

power. Scroll pumps provide a source of oil-free air and are thus good fits

for manufacturing operations requiring a source of oil-less air. Scroll pumps have been applied to

refrigeration systems as well.

Shear

Shear Pumps are mechanical devices that combine blending and

pumping actions and are used for products like cheese pastes, and

are particularly common to the food and pharmaceutical industries.

Key specifications include media flow rate and pump media, with

materials of construction being important concerns too. Shear

pumps are often designed with clean-in-place provisions to fit their use for foods and pharmaceuticals.

Hydraulic

Hydraulic Pumps are mechanical devices which move hydraulic fluid and

provide pressure to operate hydraulic motors and cylinders. Key

specifications of hydraulic pumps are fluid flow rate, maximum output

pressure, and their input power source. Hydraulic pumps are used

extensively in construction and the automotive/truck industry. They can be

operated by hand or powered by electric, air, or gasoline/diesel engines.

Hydraulic pumps are most commonly used to power the cylinders which are used in construction tools,

lift jacks, log splitters, and heavy construction equipment.

Applications and Industries Many pumps are identified by what they do, for example, boiler feed pumps, pressure washer pumps,

windshield washer pumps, etc. and intended application is a good attribute for narrowing down pumps

meant for specific applications.

Centrifugal pumps are used in many general pumping applications because of their forgiving operational

characteristics, such as the ability to deadhead, that is, run against a closed valve or clogged outlet,

without incurring immediate damage. Centrifugal pumps are prone to cavitation where low pressure

and/or high temperature of the incoming fluid cause the fluid to boil. When the bubbles collapse they

impinge upon the impeller eventually eroding it and leading to performance loss.

A special kind of centrifugal pump is known as a jet pump and is used primarily for drawing water up

from wells. It rates its own category here because it is often not referred to as a centrifugal pump

though in fact it is.

Positive displacement pumps are less prone to cavitation but are also less capable of deadheading—with some exceptions—and must often be fitted with relief valves to stave off immediate damage to the pump, motor, etc. fluid. Positive displacement pumps are used for high pressure applications (pressure

washers), for metering fluids (gas pumps), moving viscous fluids (oil pumps), compressing compressible

fluids (vacuum pumps), etc. but are usually not used where a centrifugal pump could do the job, again,

with some notable exceptions. The diaphragm pump is popular on construction sites for dewatering and

can be powered by compressed air making it a very lightweight and portable pump for these instances.

Likewise, peristaltic pumps are very popular because of changeover ease and their absence of seals.

Peristaltic pumps are used in many medical applications as well where their low shear design minimizes

damage to cellular structures in plasma, etc. Other low shear pumps such as rotary lobe/circumferential

piston are used in food handling systems that contain bulk

materials that might be mangled by other pump types. On the

other hand, shear pumps are also used in food handling where the

blending of ingredients by the pump action is desired. Another

take on the centrifugal pump for handling bulk solids is shown at

right, a so-called screw centrifuge or chopper pump which might

be used to turn whole tomatoes into paste. Sewage pumps are

centrifugal pumps that incorporate blades on the intake that slice

through bulk material before it passes into the pump chamber,

minimizing clogs.

Vacuum pumps and scroll pumps are positive displacement machines used for evacuating vacuum

chambers and the like. A typical vacuum pump relies on reciprocating pistons to compress and discharge

gas from a sealed volume in much the same way a piston compressor takes in air at atmospheric

pressure and discharges it to a sealed volume at a higher pressure. Other types of vacuum pumps exist

depending on the level of vacuum required such as liquid ring vacuum pumps. Vacuum packaging

machines, thermoforming equipment, semiconductor making machinery, papermaking and converting

equipment, etc. are all heavy users of vacuum pumps.

Pumps are available both as bare pumps and with motors, engines, etc. included. Hand/Foot/Drum

pumps are a notable exception where manually operated styles require no power source while drum

pumps may be hand powered, or furnished with electric or air motors.

Considerations Centrifugal pumps are sized using pump performance curves which plot head against flow rate. These

data are arranged so that knowing the total head of a system and the desired flow rate, a specifier can

pick a pump sized to do the job. Selecting the pump with its best

efficiency point, or BEP, lying within that region of the curve ensure that

the pump will operate with minimal stresses on the impeller.

Centrifugal pump manufacturers will generally cite head and capacity

for specific speeds, and often use a similar housing and vary the

diameter of the impeller to change the characteristics of the pump.

Pumps are often supplied as close-coupled units and are sometimes

designed as back pullout types, meaning the pump internals can be

removed from the pump housing without disturbing the inlet and outlet connections. Likewise, split case

double suction pumps are designed to remove only the upper half of the casing to expose the impeller

while leaving the lower half in place and connected to the pipes.

Pump used for dispensing precise volumes of chemicals, additives, etc. are sometimes called metering

pumps and are positive displacement types usually driven through stepper motor/drive arrangements or

incorporate adjustable stroke mechanisms. Positive displacement pumps are useful for metering

applications because they deliver a precise volume of liquid for each revolution, stroke, etc. Among the

common pump types used for metering are bellows (diaphragm), piston, rotary vane, peristaltic, etc.

Positive displacement pumps are normally selected using pump performance curves that plot pressure

against flow rate or manufacturers will sometimes state the pumps maximum flow at maximum speed

or a nominal flow rate.

Positive displacement pumps are also used for moving viscous liquids without particular concern for

precise volumes. By selecting a viscosity value, users can narrow down the kinds of pumps that will

handle their particular liquid. Selecting 200,000 cP might produce a pump capable of pumping highly

viscous materials such as lipstick or toothpaste, for instance.

Popular among food handling pumps are the so-called CIP, or clean in place, varieties, which can be

disassembled readily for sanitizing.

Important Attributes

Port Type

Pumps are connected to piping in a variety of manners, with small pumps often being connected directly

to threaded pipe, usually NPT. Flanges are common for larger pumps. Tri-clamp connections are popular

for sanitary designs.

Impeller Design

Impellers can be open, semi-open, or enclosed, with semi-open (semi-enclosed) designs being popular.

An open impeller is uncovered by shrouds on either side making it least prone to clogging; an enclosed

impeller is shrouded on both sides making it more efficient; a semi-open impeller compromises on

efficiency but increases clog resistance by enclosing only one side of the impeller—generally the back, or non-suction, side.

Overhung impellers are very popular with pumps in that they require only one seal in the casing. For this

reason, overhung is not a choice here. Larger pumps and double suction designs often support the

impeller shaft between two bearings, necessitating two sealings of the pump casing. Between bearings

can be selected because it is rarer than overhung impellers. Likewise, single suction pumps are too

common to list as an attribute; double suction pumps, being rarer, are selectable.

The value screw will return solids-handling centrifugal pumps. This should not be confused with a screw

pump, which has no impeller.

Seal Type

Many pumps use stuffing boxes which hold packing and provide a wet seal of the pump shaft where it

penetrates the pump casing. Some moisture is required to lubricate the packing and this often comes

from the pump itself or via an external source. Where tighter sealing is required a mechanical, or

cartridge, seal is used, or magnetically coupled (aka seal-less ) designs, which can be selected from

Other Pump Features. Hydraulic pumps are commonly sealed with lip seals.

Pump Media

Specifying the fluid that a pump will handle will narrow down the choices of materials, seal types, etc.

Selecting brine as the media will return pumps to handle salt water, which require bronze housings,

impellers, and so on.

Pump Type

Pumps are broken out by varieties, ie, centrifugal, gear, etc., but there are many pumps which are

identified solely by the tasks they perform. Sump pumps, for instance, though they are centrifugal

pumps, are usually not identified as such. Contractor pumps are found here too. Intended application is

another place to search for pumps if unsure of the pump species.

Related Product Categories

Mechanical Seals are devices used for sealing equipment with rotary motions between their shafts and their housings and are often used in high pressure applications or where absolute

sealing is a must.

Motors See our Motors Buying Guide. Packing is natural or man-made material used for sealing moving equipment such as pumps or

valves to prevent media from passing through shaft openings, doors, etc.

Shaft Couplings See our Shaft Couplings Buying Guide.

Tubes and Tubing are hollow devices used for the transport of materials or for structural applications.

Resources

General Trade Groups

http://www.pumps.org/

A very useful pump site

http://www.pumpfundamentals.com/about_pumpfundamentals.htm

Useful discussion on pump performance curves

http://www.nesc.wvu.edu/pdf/dw/publications/ontap/tech_brief/tb55_pumpcurves.pdf

White paper on pump piping

http://www.grundfos.com/content/dam/CBS/global/whitepapers/Whitepaper%20-

%20Piping%20Connection%20Considerations.pdf

A discussion of peristaltic and diaphragm pumps for metering

http://www.waterworld.com/articles/iww/print/volume-8/issue-2/features/peristaltic-or-diaphragm-

metering-pump-.html

Manufacturers and Suppliers

http://catalog.rbapump.com/

http://products.uscosupply.com/category/pumps

http://pumps.kerrpump.com/

http://pumps.kmspecialty.com/

http://products.progressivepumps.com/

http://catalog.svpumps.com/

http://catalog.springerpumps.com/

http://tanktruckservicesalesinc.stage.thomasnet-navigator.com/category/meters-and-pumps

http://industrialsupplies.rootneal.com/category/pumps-and-pump-repair-parts

http://swimmingpoolproducts.halogensupply.com/category/pool-spa-pumps-filters-heaters-

replacement-parts

http://truck-hardware.orrorr.com/category/plumbing-equipment

http://beckerassociates.thomasnet.com/category/gorman-rupp-pumps

http://electroplating.metafinsupply.com/category/industrial-pumps&bc=100%7C1236

http://catalog.jamiesonequipment.com/category/-heaters-chillers-and-steam-generators-water-pumps

http://motors-pumps.gainesvilleindustrial.com/category/all-categories-pumps

http://agricultural-industrial-supplies.greenrubber.com/category/ater-pumps-trash-pumps-transfer-

pumps-flow-control

http://pumps.rapidservice.com/category/industrial-pumps-meters

http://product.carverpump.com/

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Types of PumpsAxial FlowCentrifugal

GearJetApplications and IndustriesConsiderationsImportant AttributesPort TypeImpeller DesignSeal TypePump MediaPump Type

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