HOLY TRINITY UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL MGA LILI’EN SA PAGPARABOATEN I’ BALAI: PAGKONSIDIRA SA PAGPASIGOAR I’ ANG SIBIL INGINIRING (BELIEFS AND PRACTICES OF CUYONON IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION AND THEIR EDUCATIONAL CONSIDERATION IN CIVIL ENGINEERING CURRICULUM) ____________________ A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School Holy Trinity University Puerto Princesa City __________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in Education Major in Educational Management __________________
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HOLY TRINITY UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL
MGA LILI’EN SA PAGPARABOATEN I’ BALAI: PAGKONSIDIRA SA PAGPASIGOAR
I’ ANG SIBIL INGINIRING
(BELIEFS AND PRACTICES OF CUYONON IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION AND THEIR
EDUCATIONAL CONSIDERATION IN CIVIL ENGINEERING
CURRICULUM)
____________________
A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School
Holy Trinity UniversityPuerto Princesa City
__________________
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in Education Major in Educational Management
__________________
by
Engr. Cesario A. Bacosa Jr.
April 2010
HOLY TRINITY UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL
APPROVAL SHEET
This dissertation entitled, “Mga Lili’en sa Pagparaboaten i’ Balai: Pagkonsidira sa Pagpasigoar i’ ang Sibil Inginiring (Beliefs and Practices of Cuyonon in Building Construction and Their Educational Consideration for Civil Engineering Curriculum)”, prepared and submitted by Cesario A. Bacosa Jr. in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy, major in Educational Management is hereby accepted.
Judas Tadeo B. Maguad, Ph.D Adviser
______________________________________________________________PANEL OF EXAMINERS
Approved by the committee on Oral Defense with a grade of 94 percent.
OFELIA F. DUSONG, Ed.DChairman
NELSON S. SALVADOR, Ph.D LOIDA P. OLAVARIO, Ph.D Member Member
ENGR. ERLINDA J. GOH, Ph.D. MA.TERESITA F. JARDENICO, Ph.D Member Member
Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy major in Educational management.
Approved:
NELSON S. SALVADOR, Ph.DDean, Graduate School
HOLY TRINITY UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL
Holy Trinity University
Abstract
Thesis Title : “Mga Lili’en sa Pagparaboaten i’ Balai: Pagkonsidirar sa Pagpasigoar i’ ang Sibil Inginiring (Beliefs and Practices of the Cuyonon in Building Construction and their Educational Consideration for Civil Engineering Curriculum)”
Researcher : Engr. Cesario A. Bacosa Jr.
Degree : Doctor of Philosophy in Education
Major : Educational Management
School : Holy Trinity University
Adviser : Judas Tadeo B. Maguad Ph. D
School Year : 2009 - 2010
Number of pages : 509
Summary
This study is descriptive, and ethnographic in nature. It make use of
guided interview and observation to gather data to ascertain some beliefs and
practices. The data were gathered from 240 respondents who are pure blooded
Cuyonon; forty of them were the key informants who are Cuyonon carpenters
and old folks. The respondents were classified according to age, gender,
economic status and educational attainment.
HOLY TRINITY UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL
The data were translated, summarized, compared and analyzed with the
use of weighted mean, ranking, and two way F- test of variability.
Statement of the Problems
The present investigation sought to find out answers concerning the
Cuyonon extent of beliefs and practices among Cuyonon in building construction
from survey phase up to the occupancy phase.
Specifically, the study sought answer to the following questions:
1. What describes the personal profiles of the respondents in terms of
a. age,
b. gender,
c. economic status; and
d. educational attainment?
2. What beliefs and practices of the Cuyonon are related to construction of
building / homes in terms of
a. selection of Location ( Survey Phase);
b. selection of materials (Mobilization Phase);
c. date of construction ( Processing Phase);
d. before construction ( Planning phase);
e. during construction( Construction Phase);
f. after construction( Completion Phase);
HOLY TRINITY UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL
g. before occupancy ( Clearing Phase), and
h. occupancy phase?
3. What are the materials, methods of construction and designs of the
houses of the Cuyonon?
4. What are the advantages and disadvantages of the designs and methods
in building constructions observed by the Cuyonon?
5. To what extent do the beliefs and practices in constructing a house are still
observed by the Cuyonon when classified into the following:
a. age;
b. gender;
c. economic status; and
d. educational attainment?
6. Is there any significant difference on the extent of beliefs and practices in
constructing a house/ building when grouped according to age, gender,
economic status and educational attainment?
7. What educational considerations can be made based on the findings of the
study?
Hypotheses
To affirm the findings of the study, the following null hypotheses were
tested at .05 level of significant.
HOLY TRINITY UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL
1. There is no significant difference in the extent of beliefs and practices in
constructing a house when grouped according to age, gender, economic status
and educational attainment.
Findings
The following comprise the findings of the study.
I. Personal description of the respondents.
The mean age of the respondents is 41 years old and majority of the
respondents are 40 years old . The average income of the respondents is
13,000.00 pesos and most of them are with college level of education.
II. The beliefs and practices of the Cuyonon in building
construction.
1. Cuyonons believe in the unseen spirits or they call it “sinilig i’ ang dios” or
“impilis” or “impakto”, they believe that this spirits will cause them sickness,
misfortune, and death during selection of location.
2. The Cuyonons believe in proper selection of materials to be used and how
they will be placed or positioned properly, so that they will bring fortune, joy, and
good luck to the home owners.
HOLY TRINITY UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL
3. The Cuyonons believe in the astronomical signs, numerological signs, and
signs of the times, date of construction and other events of the nature that
associated with misfortune/ fortune.
4. Cuyonons believe that spirits or unseen creatures will cause them
misfortune and misery if disturbed. They still believe in ancient rituals, traditions
and practices such as “sagda”, “keted”, “pasorai” and “pakalog”.
5. The house plans, proper placement of housing part, and positioning of the
house will cause good luck.
6. Cuyonons believe that ornaments or elemental signs and symbols attract
prosperity and good luck .
7. The Cuyonons believe that elemental signs, signs of the times, rituals and
traditions in transferring into a new house will bring them prosperity and bountiful
graces.
8. Cuyonons believe that elements, signs and objects positioning and
placement cast away bad energies and spirits during their stay in the building.
III. Classification of the Cuyonon design of houses based on economic status.
1. The typical house design of the low income family makes use of “pawid” or
“paod” for the roof and “tadtad” or the wall. This is called “balai nga tadtad”.
HOLY TRINITY UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL
2. Original traditional house of the Cuyonon usually has “tambi” or walkway
or a floor part of the houses connecting the main house, palayas and the kitchen
house.
3. The house of average income family is originally made of bamboo and
‘kugon”, semi concrete on the ground floor. It has windows made of sea shell
which they call “kapis”. This type of house is called “semi –tabla’sin” house.
4. The house above average income family design is called “ tabla’sin”. The
posts, purlins, joists, trusses and floors are made of wood. The window is made
of wooden jalousie, and the roofing is made of GI sheets.
5. The house design of the upper above income family is a semi - mestiza
(balai nga mestiza) - Hispanic inspired building.
6. The house of the upper income family is a mestiza design and
combination of Hispanic inspired design and native materials.
7. The rich family house design is a mansion and mestiza style
combination inspired by Hispanic design.
IV. Construction Methods and Processes.
The building construction methods of the Cuyonon is compose of the
following 12 steps, based on the interview of the key informants Cuyonon:
planning stage, selection of location, lot surveys, paketed, pakalog pasorai and
sagda, materials selection and preparation, setting the dates of construction.
HOLY TRINITY UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL
Excerpt from “signosan” states that the dates of construction should be
considered most.
In the layouting, excavation, and actual construction phase, the owners
will strictly observe their beliefs and practices. In the completion phase, the
owner of the house will clear the area and landscape the surroundings. The two
other phases are clearing phase and occupancy Phase.
IV. The Advantages and Disadvantages of the Design/Methods in Building Constructions.
Advantages.
1. The materials used are affordable and locally available in the area,
like the bamboo, patong , posog, any wood, or lomboy wood, “paod” or pawid ,
and kugon or talahib.
2. Light materials help maintain humidity and reduce heat.
3. The design is esthetically presentable, stable and durable for century.
4. The unusual wide windows provides proper ventilation. Spacious
rooms, kitchen and “salas” or living areas, “palayas” provide good ambiance.
5. The design is simple to construct and low cost.
6. The design is stable to the test of times and natural phenomenon.
Disadvantages.
1. The house design is prone to termites. It requires yearly
maintenance and its stability when there is strong wind is risky and unstable.
HOLY TRINITY UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL
2. During rainy season the occupants need shelter to go to their
kitchen. Since it is separated from their main house.
3. The height of the Cuyonon houses makes the house unstable
when there is strong wind.
4. Proper finishing is required to maintain the aesthetics of the house.
5. The old family members will find the height of house difficult to go up.
6. The native materials can cause fire hazards and termite attack.
V-A. The Extent beliefs and practices in constructing a house are still observed by the Cuyonon when grouped according to age, gender, economic status, and educational attainment.
1. Old folks Cuyonon, aged 50 year old and above, have a very high
beliefs in building construction (wx = 3.79).
2. Male Cuyonon have quite high beliefs (wx = 3.17 ) in building
Construction.
3. Low income Cuyonon have hig beliefs in building construction (wx=
3.15).
4. Cuyonon with low level of education or not college graduates have
quite high beliefs on building construction (wx= 2.8).
V-B. The Extent of practices of beliefs in building construction when grouped according to age , gender, economic status and educational attainment.
HOLY TRINITY UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL
5. Older Cuyonon, aged 40 years old and above practice much their
beliefs in building construction (wx = 3.96).
6. Male and female respondents practice the beliefs during
construction moderately (wx of 2.91).
7. High income Cuyonon had much extent of practice to a much
extent the beliefs before occupying the building (wx = 4.01).
8. Respondents with elementary level of education practice their
beliefs in building construction to a much extent (wx = 3.7).
V. Influence of selected variables to the extent of beliefs and practices of the Cuyonon in building construction when grouped according to age, gender, economic status and educational attainment.
1. Age , gender, economic status and educational attainment were
found not to be significantly corelated to extent of beliefs in the selection of
location as revealed by the computed f- values of 2.22,0.39,1.67, 1.97 which is
lower than f- critical 2.60, 6.61, 2.87, 2.22 with df= 5/25, 1/5 ,4/20 ,7/35 at 0.05
level of significant. This accepts the null hypothesis.
2. Gender , economic status, and educational attainment excluding
age did not significantly influence the Cuyonon extent of beliefs about materials
Nolledo, Jose N.. The constitution of the Republic of the Philippines Explained. Mandaluyong City: National book Store,Inc.,2006.
Omas-as , Roberta L. and et. al. General Sociology. Meycauayan, Bulacan: Trinitas Publishing, Inc., 2003.
Parker ,Dr. Ellis. Beliefs: Truth or Hoax. San Francisco Publishing Co, 2000.
Paul Oliver. Villages: their beliefs and practices. University documentary research,Indonesia,2003.
Percy Brown, Ancient Ceremonies on Building Construction. University studies.NY, 2001.
Rintala, Eggertsson., Element House. Korean Research: Anyang, Seoul, Republic of Korea, 2006.
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Sally E. Findley. Rural Development and Migrations: family Choices in the Philippines. London, Brown University Press, 1985.
Scully, Vincent J. Mountain, Village, Dance. New York: Viking Press, 1975.
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Solvyns, Balthazar .Etchings showing Hindu castles and thatched huts with bamboo posts, mat walls and awnings. Bengal, 1970.
Tchi, R., Building rituals: A century beliefs. University ethnographic study. Egypt, 2001.
Teinre, Dr. W.H. Book of Facts. New York: Macmillan Press,1999.
Viscara, Florante O.. Introduction to educational Research. Philippines: Great Book Trading,2003.
Wilson, S.Religiuos Practices . Egypt national Research Institute. Egypt, 1998.
HOLY TRINITY UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL
World Book, Inc. The world book Encyclopedia. U.S.A: World book Inc.,1986
Zulueta, Francisco M. and Costales, Nestor Edilberto B., Jr. Methods of Research, Thesis Writing and applied Statistics. Mandaluyong City: National Book Store, Inc.,
B. Unpublished Materials
Andao, Zoraida C.. Cuyono beliefs and practices on Courtship to marriage and conception to baptism, Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Holy Trinity College, 2008
Aveni, Anthony F, Archaeoastronomy Research, Special investigative Research: University of Texas Press, 1975.
Cruz, Shiela Marie S and Leocadio, Joanne Razel T. Ilang Paniniwala at Pamahiin , http://teacherjulie.Com/2006/08/21/ilang–paniniwala–at– pamahiin/,2006.
Cucamonga, Rancho. 7 Crazy superstitions Filipino when Chosing a home, http://www.elaput.org/chirn77.htm,USA, 2009.
Dickinson, Dou.Architects and houses familiarity/genius beeds contempts. http://www.articlesbase.com, 2009.
Dulnuan, Manuel B., Philippines Old houses studies ,USA, http://www.oldhouses.com.au/docs/ritual.html,2009.
Floro, A. Katutubong Pamahiin, Uso Pa Rin , http://www.seasite.niu.edu,2009.
Francisco, J. Filipino Superstitions: Examples and Possible Origins of Folkloric Beliefs in the Philippines, http://www.suite101.com,2006 .
Herschel,S.S uperstitious Beliefs in the Philippines ,http://www.trifter.com/Asia-&- Pacific/Philippines/Superstitious-Beliefs-in-the-Philippines.113065, 2008.
Oblena, L. (2008). Mga Pamahiin,http://tipakan.com/mga-pamihiin, 2009.
Oliver, Paul A. Village: Dwellings, www.travbuddy.com ,2003.
Sta Maria,Ofelia.,Isang paniniwala sa pamahiin :Namana, http://teacherjulie.com/2006/08/21/ilang-paniniwala-at-pamahiin/, 2009.
To be able to find a job that is challenging and rewarding in the field of Civil Engineering ( structural and Geotechnical Engineering), Construction, Administration/ Management, (Educational and Human Resources management), Education and Public Administration. I am willing to learn for any other related technical works.
Post Graduate: Doctor of Philosophy in Educational Management Graduate School, Holy Trinity University, Puerto Princesa City.
Dissertation Title: Beliefs and practices of Cuyonon in building
construction and their educational consideration in Civil Engineering curriculum”.
Graduate Studies: Master in Public Administration( MPA) Graduate School, Holy Trinity University, Puerto Princesa City, May 20, 2004, Benemeritus
Thesis Title: Factors affecting the compressive strength of concrete materials in the light construction projects.
HOLY TRINITY UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL
Master in Engineering in Civil Engineering ( on going)Specialize in Structural/Geotechnical Engineering Unversity of San Carlos, Cebu City.CHED –FDP Scholar
Master of Science in Physics (9 units)UP- Open University, Diliman, Quezon CityCHED Continuing Education ProgramCHED Scholar
Master in Education: Teaching Mathematics (15 units)Graduate School, Holy Trinity University,Puerto Princesa City
Master in Education: Administration and Supervisio (18 units)Graduate School, Holy Trinity University,Puerto Princesa City
Tertiary:
Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering( BSCE).Holy Trinity University, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan.CHED Scholar
Awards: Departmental Service Award.March 2000.
Secondary:
Danawan National High School,Magsaysay, PalawanMarch 1995
Awards: Salutatorian, Best in Math, Best in Science
I. Administrative / Supervisory/ Managerial Experienced:
June 2,2010- Present: College Dean, College of Engineering Holy Trinity university,Palawan
June 2, 2009 – May 2010: Head, Civil Engineering DepartmentHoly Trinity University, Puerto Princesa City
June 2008 - 2009: Dean, Computer, IT and Engineering (CITE)Holy Trinity University, Puerto Princesa City
November 2003 to May 2008: Dean, Engineering DepartmentHoly Trinity University, Puerto Princesa City
November 2002 to March 2003: Officer in Charge, Engineering DepartmentHoly Trinity University, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan.
II. CONSTRUCTION RELATED EXPERIENCE and Construction Projects.
Duties and Functions:
1. Prepare Structural Plans, Detailings, signing of Plans, Cost estimates, specifications making, Materials and soil Testing, Structural Designing, Construction Supervisions and Inspections.
March 26, 2010 : Two Storey studio flat Building
HOLY TRINITY UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL
Mrs. Jovita ArajaBaltan St., Puerto Princesa City
November 2009 : Residential Building w/ atticMr and Mrs. FerrancoPort Barton, San Vicente, Palawan.
October 2009 : Three Storey Commercial BuildingMr. Ramon ChiuNational Highway, san Pedro, PPC.
September 2009 : Three storeys Commercial BuildingCBPP commercial centerMr. Efren chuaDel Pilar Corner Rizal Avenue, PPC.
August 2009 : Residential building with atticMs. Loida LaurentePort Barton, San Vicente , Palawan
July 2009 : Two storey Residential buildingMr and Mrs. Hector HerreraTiniguiban, Puerto Princesa City.
May 2009 : Three Storey Commercial BuildingMrs. Jovita ArajaBaltan St., Puerto Princesa City
May 2009 : Two storey Boarding houseMr and Mrs. BenitezJunction 1, Puerto Princesa City.
April 2009 : Residential BuildngMr and Mrs. Vilma AndoySan Jose , Puerto Princesa City.
June 2008 : Residential BuildingMr and Mrs. BaybadoWescom Rd, Puerto Princesa City
HOLY TRINITY UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL
May 2007 : 6 - Studio flat BuildingHoly Trinity College, Puerto Princesa City
August 2006 : Residential BuildingMr. and Mrs. Beth DeqiunaWescom Road, Pueto Princesa City
April 2006 : One (1) storey residential BuildingMr and Mrs. Lea O. RenomaroNHA Ville, Sta. Monica, Puerto Princesa City.
June 2005 : Residential BuildingMr and Mrs. Luzviminda MabellaSicsican, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan.
March 2004 : Two (2) stories Lodging and Apartment Building.Mrs. Zenaida Badang25 H. Mendoza Street, Puerto Princesa City
May 2004 : One (1) story Residential Building.Mr and Mrs. Gregorio V. ManlaviBancal, Cuyo, Palawan
May 2003 : Two (2) Stormy Two door Apartment BuildingMrs. Julieta BolusaPag-asa, Puerto Princesa City
December 2002 : Two ( 2) story Four (4) Door Apartment BuildingMr. Leo Bugayong157 Manalo Street, Puerto Princesa City
November 1999 – March 2000: On the Job Training (Practicum).Department of Public Works and HighwaysPuerto Princesa City, Palawan.
III. Teaching Experienced:
June 2001 to Present: Secondary Physics Teacher Holy Trinity University, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan
HOLY TRINITY UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL
June 2000 to Present: College Faculty (Associate Professor A). Holy Trinity University, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan
Teaching( Engineering Subjects): Geotechnical Engineering, Soil Mechanics, Construction Materials testing, Foundation Engineering, Engineering Geology, Earthquake Engineering, Timber Design, Environmental Science /Engineering, Research, CE laws , Contracts and Ethics, Reinforced Concrete Design and Circuits.
Teaching Mathematics and Sciences: Algebra, Plane Trigonometry, Solid geometry, Solid Mensuration, Basic Math, Business Mathematics, Mathematics of Investments, Statistics, quantitative techniques mathematics, Applied Math, Analytic Geometry, Differential and Integral Calculus and Physics.
November 2004 to Present: Graduate School Faculty (AssociateProfessor A)
Graduate School, Holy Trinity University, Puerto Princesa City
Teaching in Doctor of Philosophy(Ph.D) in Education course: Educational Innovations and Technology.
Teaching in Master of Arts in Education (MA.Ed) major in Teaching Math Subjects: Differential Calculus, Integral Calculus, advnce mathematics, numerical methods, and computer oriented mathematics and Differential Equation.
June 2000 – October 2001: College Part Time Faculty. Engineering Department, Palawan Polytechnic College Manalo Extension, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan.
TRAININGS AND SEMINARS:
May 5-6, 2010: International Seminar on Geotechnical EngineeringMAPUA Makati
November 25 –29, 2009: PICE National ConventionCamp John Hay, CAP Building, Baguio city
HOLY TRINITY UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL
September 1- 3, 2009: National Convention of Philippines Association of Technical Education ( PATE)University of Cordilleras, Baguio City
October 26- 30, 2009: Singapore Educational- Construction Tour.Singapore
November 23 –25, 2008: PICE National ConventionLimketkai Center, Cagayan De Oro City, Philippines
May 20 – 24, 2008: IT and Engineering Education National Convention Makati University, Makati City
November 23 –25, 2007: PICE National ConventionCICC, Cebu, Philippines
July 19 – 20, 2007: National Convention of Philippines Association of Technical Education ( PATE)Paco, Manila
June 26 - 29, 2006 : Bio-Sand Filter Seminar WorkshopPuerto Princesa City, Palawan.
June 29 – July 1, 2006: PICE National Midyear ConventionLegend Hotel, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan.
April 5-6, 2004: Classroom Management, Arts of Questioning and Interactive Teaching Seminar NAL, Holy Trinity College, Puerto Princesa City
November 14 – 15, 2003: Research Capability Building SeminarAVR, Holy Trinity College, Puerto Princesa City
November 4, 2003: Strategic Planning SeminarAVR, Holy Trinity College, Puerto Princesa City
October 27 – 29, 2003: Geotechnical, Structural and Water Resources Engineering Seminar Polaris, Puerto Princesa City.
October 27, 2003: Thesis Advising Seminar
HOLY TRINITY UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL
AVR, Holy Trinity College, Puerto Princesa City
September 10 – 12, 2003: National Convention in Mathematics EducationHotel Supreme, Baguio City
May 22, 2003: Academic Leadership SeminarAVR, Holy Trinity College, Puerto Princesa City
May 20 -21, 2003: Test Construction SeminarLRC Academy, Puerto Princesa City
January 18, 2003: Seminar on Continuing EducationAVR, Holy Trinity College, Puerto Princesa City
February 24 – 25, 2006: Speaker on PICE Lecture Series on Materials Engineering, Design Methods and Structural Analysis Using Computer (STRAN).Holy Trinity College, Puerto Princesa City
Books/ Articles Written:
Construction materials and testing( simplifiead approach work – textbook), 2004( unpublished Circular book):HTC.
ORGANIZATION AFFILIATION:
HOLY TRINITY UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL
Member: Brotherhood of Christian Businessman and Professionals (BCBP)
Member: American Studies Association (ASA)
Member: Philippines Institute of Civil Engineers (PICE)
Member; LMAMFES, Palawan Cluster.
Officer: PICE – Palawan (Auditor, 2008-2009)
Officer: PICE – Palawan (Board of Directors, 2009-2010)
Chairman: PICE National Student Summit, 2006-2007
Membe : Research and Educational Development Training Institute(REDTI)
Member: Philippines Association of Technical education (PATE)
Member: International Geosynthetics Society- Philippines( IGS).
Vice President: FRHS International Service Society- Palawan, 2007- 2009
Grand Chancellor: Alpha Phi Omega International Service Fraternity - Theta Chi (HTC chapter), 1997-1999.
Adviser: Alpha Phi Omega International Service Fraternity - Theta chi (HTC chapter), 2000- 2008.
Auditor: Alpha Phi Omega International Service Fraternity - Theta Chi (HTC chapter) Alumni Association, 2009- 2010.
Computer literate, Windows Microsoft, Microsoft Excel, Microsoft Power Point, visual basic Programming, Multi media –movie making, Encoding , Book keeping, Basic Accounting, STRAN- Computer based Structural Analysis, basic Electrical Wiring, Water testing.