Energy and the New Reality, Volume 2: C-Free Energy Supply Chapter 6: Hydro-electric power L. D. Danny Harvey [email protected]This material is intended for use in lectures, presentations and as handouts to students, and is provided in Powerpoint format so as to allow customization for the individual needs of course instructors. Permission of the author and publisher is required for any other usage. Please see www.earthscan.co.uk for contact details. Publisher: Earthscan, UK Homepage: www.earthscan.co.uk/?tabid=101808
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Publisher: Earthscan, UK Homepage: earthscan.co.uk/?tabid=101808
Energy and the New Reality, Volume 2: C-Free Energy Supply Chapter 6: Hydro-electric power L. D. Danny Harvey [email protected]. Publisher: Earthscan, UK Homepage: www.earthscan.co.uk/?tabid=101808. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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This material is intended for use in lectures, presentations and as handouts to students, and is provided in Powerpoint format so as to allow customization for the individual needs of course instructors. Permission of the author and publisher is required for any other usage. Please see www.earthscan.co.uk for contact details.
Table 6.1 Potential energy generation (TWh/yr), existing (2005) of future generation (TWh/yr), total electricity demand (TWh) in 2005, and percent of total electricity demand met by hydro power in various continents and selected countries (listed for each continent in order of decreasing technical potential). UC=under construction. Source: WEC (2007) for hydro generation, UN (2007) for total generation.
Figure 6.10a Hydro reservoir power densities
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Tu
cu
rui
Sa
mu
el
Xin
go
Se
rra
da
Me
sa
Tre
s M
ari
as
Mir
an
da
Ba
rra
Bo
nit
a
Ita
ipu
Se
gre
do
Cu
rua-
Un
a
Ba
lbin
a
Bo
rea
l
An
nu
al A
vera
ge
MW
/km2
(W/m
2)
Wind energy density (based on foundation area) with 7.5 m/s mean wind speed:about 360 W/m2
Solar energy density (based on 200 W/m2
annual mean irradiance and 15% sunlight-to-AC efficiency): 30 W/m2
By comparison:
Greenhouse gas emissions
• Methane is produced from the decomposition of organic matter already on the land when it is flooded to produce a reservoir (this emission decreases over time)
• Methane is also produced from decomposition of organic matter that washes into the reservoir and decays anaerobically
• For some projects, the GHG emission per kWh, averaged over the lifetime of the projected, is greater than that from a coal-fired powerplant!
• Accurate assessment of the GHG emissions is, however, very difficult
Figure 6.10b GHG emissions from dams in Brazil (except for “Boreal”)
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
Tu
cu
rui
Sa
mu
el
Xin
go
Se
rra
da
Me
sa
Tre
s M
ari
as
Mir
an
da
Ba
rra
Bo
nit
a
Ita
ipu
Se
gre
do
Cu
rua-
Un
a
Ba
lbin
a
Bo
rea
l
Eq
uiv
ale
nt C
O2E
mis
sio
n (k
gC
/kW
h)
dos Santos
Fearnside
Natural gas at 60% efficiency
Coal at 45% efficiency
8.0
Figure 6.11a GHG emissions vs power density for reservoirs in Brazil
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0 2 4 6 8
Annual Average Power Density (W/m2)
CO
2-eq
Em
issi
on
s (g
C/k
Wh
)
Samuel
Tres Marias
Barra Bonita
Serra da Mesa
Tucurui
Miranda
Itaipu Segredo
Figure 6.11b GHG emissions vs power density for reservoirs in Quebec
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0 2 4 6 8
CO
2-e
qE
mis
sio
ns
(gC
/kW
h)
Annual Average Power Density (W/m2)
Sainte-Marguerite
Churchill/Nelson
Manic Complex
La Grande Complex
Churchill Falls
Capital cost of hydro powerplants
• Small hydro, $1000-3000/kW, developing countries
• Small hydro, $2000-9000/kW, developed countries
• Large hydro (involving dams and reservoirs), $2000-8000/kW (including access roads for high estimates)
Figure 6.12 Small-hydro capital cost
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
0 500 1000 1500 2000
kW Installed
US
$/kW
Developing country
International data
Source: Paish (2002, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 6, 537–556, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/13640321)
Cost of hydro-electricity (cents/kWh)
Table 6.4 Cost of hydro-electric energy (cents/kWh) for various capital costs, interest rates, and capacity factors, assuming amortization of the initial investment over a 50-year period. Operation and maintenance, insurance, water rent, transmission, and administrative costs are not included.