публикаций в материалах конференций на английском языке

««ССИИЛЛООВВЫЫЕЕ ЭЭЛЛЕЕККТТРРООННННЫЫЕЕ

ППРРЕЕООББРРААЗЗООВВААТТЕЕЛЛИИ:: ППРРИИЛЛООЖЖЕЕННИИЯЯ»»

СБОРНИК РЕФЕРАТОВ

публикаций в материалах конференций

на английском языке

«Силовые электронные преобразователи: Приложения»

(Power electronic converter applications)

2005

Томск - 2012

Сборник рефератов публикаций IEEEXplore, стр. 3–227

СБОРНИК РЕФЕРАТОВ ПУБЛИКАЦИЙ IEEEXPLOREПубликации на конференциях

УДК 621.313:621.314.632.001.57

Силовые электронные преобразователи: Приложения (2005)Power electronic converter applications (2005)

Сборник включает в себя рефераты публикаций электронной библиотеки IEEEXplore в 2005 г. в материа-лах конференций, симпозиумов и других научно-технический мероприятий. Рассматриваются различныеаспекты разработки и исследования различных приложений в области силовых электронных преобразо-вателей.

Condition monitoring of electrolytic capacitor in power electronic circuits using input current.

Electrolytic capacitors are responsible for frequent breakdowns of static converters. To set a predictivemaintenance, adaptive filter modeling based method is presented using LMS algorithm. Signature of changesin capacitance and effective series resistance (ESR) will reflect in capacitor ripple voltage because of aging;and these changes are monitored using this adaptive filter modeling to predict the future status of the capacitorusing only the input current of the system. [1]

Rotor bars breakage in railway traction squirrel cage induction motors and diagnosis by MCSA techniquePart I: Accurate fault simulations and spectral analyses.

In this paper the rotor bar fault diagnosis problem for a particular induction motor (1.13 MW) employed inhigh speed-railway traction is considered, by getting realistic simulations of the electromechanical converterbehaviour in specified working and feeding conditions. The use of a complete motor phase model andthe implementation of the real GTO-inverter waveforms (three-pulses PWM modulation) allow accuratecomputation of the machine currents (both stator and rotor currents), and of the real mechanical internalstresses. The numerous data needed for model settings were obtained by F.E.M. and identification of theinductance parameters was performed starting from few measured values and some informations aboutinternal machine structure. Some simulations are shown, and matched with measured waveforms. Barbreakages are easily recognized as produced by PWM-generated harmonic torques. The simulated statorphase currents are then analyzed by FFT in healthy and faulty rotor conditions. Finally, all the fault-relatedharmonic current components (sidebands) are found, and diagnostic criteria are evaluated and discussed. In acompanion paper theoretical formulations were developed for frequency and amplitude sidebands predictionand calculation. [2]

Variable On-time Control of the Critical Conduction Mode Boost Power Factor Correction Converter toImprove Zero-crossing Distortion.

The critical conduction mode boost power factor correction converter operating at the boundary ofcontinuous conduction mode and discontinuous conduction mode has been widely used in low powerapplication. But in many applications, it is hard to make the total harmonic distortion(THD) less than 10%when the input line voltage is very high. The increase of THD comes from the zero-crossing distortion nearthe ac line zero crossing point. In this paper, the reason of the zero-crossing distortion is investigated and anew variable on-time control method is proposed to improve THD. The proposed method uses the voltagemode PWM changing the ramp slope according to the ac line voltage to control the switch on-time. Theperformance was verified with a 100W boost PFC converter. Using the proposed method, THD improvedgreatly and was lower than 10% even the load was half of the full load. [3]

© Томский гос. ун-т систем управления и радиоэлектроники, 2012

4 РЕФЕРАТЫ ПУБЛИКАЦИЙ В МАТЕРИАЛАХ КОНФЕРЕНЦИЙ

Monitoring and fault diagnosis of DC-DC multistage converter for hybrid electric vehicles.

Advancements in high-power semiconductor technology have opened new avenues for application ofpower electronics converters. However, system level fault detection issues are yet to be addressed. Arepresentative (hybrid vehicle automotive power system) multistage DC/DC converter consisting of twocascaded buck-converters is used for fault detection. Faults are introduced on the converters. Type of faultis detected from the measurement of available terminal voltages/currents in load and source converters.Analytical formulations developed are compared with simulated results for identifying fault signatures underdifferent fault scenarios. [4]

Measuring active power for a converter fed induction machine.

The power measurement by acquisition systems and FFT transform can be subject of uncontrolled errorsbecause of intrinsic properties of Fourier transform. The paper proposes a correction method based on thebest evaluation of the fundamental frequency and calculation of the fundamental RMS for voltage and currentas well as their phase by using the definitions of these quantities. To validate the method we made virtualexperiments on generated signals and laboratory measurements with different forms of currents obtained byfeeding the circuits with different voltages. There is a good agreement of measurements and calculated values.[5]

Novel algebraic PWM strategy of a multilevel Voltage Source Inverter.

In this paper, the authorpsilas present one algorithm of algebraic PWM strategy for seven-level neutralpoint clamping (NPC) voltage source inverter (VSI) is presented. This algorithm uses a control model of theinverter developed previously by the authors. In the first part, we develop a working model of this inverter,without presumption on its control, by using the connection functions of this converter. In the second partthe control models of this converter by using respectively instantaneous and generating connection functionsare reviewed. In the last part, one algebraic PWM control strategy of the inverter is proposed. The obtainedresults are full of promise to use this digital strategy to control seven-level NPC VSI used in high voltage,high power applications as electrical traction. [6]

Stabilization of Grid Connected Wind Generator by STATCOM.

Recently voltage-source or current-source inverter based various FACTS devices have been used forflexible power flow control, secure loading and damping of power system oscillation. Some of those areused also to improve transient and dynamic stability of wind power generation system (WPGS). In thispaper, we propose the static reactive compensator (STATCOM) based on voltage source converter (VSC)PWM technique to stabilize grid connected squirrel cage wind generator system. A simple control strategy ofSTATCOM is adopted where only measurement of rms voltage at the wind generator terminal is needed, i.e.there is no need of reactive power measurement. Fuzzy logic controller is used as the control methodologyof STATCOM, rather than conventional PI controller. The voltage sag and swell improvement of WPGS iscompared with both fuzzy and PI controller. Moreover, the steady state capacitor value used with inductiongenerator is reduced by certain percentage when STATCOM is used with WPGS. Comprehensive results arepresented to assess the performance of the STATCOM connected with WPGS, where the simulations havebeen done by PSCAD/EMTDC. [7]

Voltage Regulator Modules with Double-Loop Relay Feedback Control.

This paper presents a double-loop relay feedback scheme for voltage regulator modules (VRM). The relayfeedback control is designed to stabilize the VRM and also to achieve good regulation and fast dynamics.The stability and performance of the presented relay feedback control are analyzed. Also, a 12V/1.5V VRMwith proposed control is designed and simulated, which shows an output regulation with 0.33% steady-state

Сборник рефератов публикаций электронной библиотеки IEEEXplore

POWER ELECTRONIC CONVERTER APPLICATIONS (2005) 5

output error and 4% load regulation error in response to the load current steps from 65A/1A to 1A/65A, at aslew rate of 6OA/g=m/sec. [8]

A Soft-Switching Single-Stage Converter with Buck-Boost PFC Based on an Asymmetrical Half-BridgeTopology.

This paper presents a soft switching single-stage converter with a buck-boost type of power factor corrector(PFC) based on an asymmetrical half-bridge topology. The proposed converter is formed from a buck-boost PFC and an asymmetrical half-bridge converter. The converter has the features of constant frequencyoperation, soft switching and low voltage stress imposed on the active switches. Moreover, it can achievehigh power factor, high efficiency, low switching losses and low component counts, which make converterapplications at medium power levels feasible. In the paper, a 150 W converter with the proposed topologyhas been designed and implemented to verify the discussed features. [9]

Implementation of Single-Phase Matrix Converter as a Direct AC-AC Converter Synthesized UsingSinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation with Passive Load Condition.

The aim of this paper is to describe work involved in investigations on the implementation of the Single-Phase Matrix Converter (SPMC) as an AC-AC converter subjected to passive load conditions. The outputvoltage was synthesized using the well-known Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM). A Xilinx FieldProgrammable Gate Array (FPGA) was used to implement the controlling algorithm with IGBTs as powerswitching device. Prior to hardware implementation, simulations were performed to predict the behaviour.A laboratory model test-rig of the SPMC was then developed to experimentally verify the result. Goodagreement was obtained between simulation and laboratory experiments. [10]

Modeling, Analysis, Simulation and Design Optimization (Genetic Algorithm) of dc-dc Converter forUninterruptible Power Supply Applications.

This paper presents the computer modeling, analysis, simulation and design optimization of an efficientdc-dc converter with synchronous rectification, which is important in battery charge/discharge circuits in dcuninterruptible power supply (UPS) systems. Simulation results from the models are presented for the forwardmode and the backup mode. The results are compared to those of the expected ideal converter operation toconfirm the validity of the simulation models. An objective function of the converter efficiency in the forwardmode is derived and presented. Genetic Algorithm (GA) is used to perform a constrained optimization on theobjective function and optimum results are presented. The resulting effects of GA parameters such as varyingthe population size and number of generations, and varying the amount of mutation and crossover fraction,are also presented. The computer modeling, analysis, simulation and design optimization (GA) are performedusing software tools within the MATLAB/SIMULINK simulation environment. [11]

Rotor bars breakage in railway traction squirrel cage induction motors and diagnosis by MCSA techniquePart II: Theoretical arrangements for fault-related current sidebands.

In a companion paper (Part I) the bar breakages for a 1.13 MW induction motor used in high speedrailway traction drives were studied, by simulating the whole system (converter + motor) and by analyzingfrequencies and amplitudes of current sidebands, for various loads (both active and inertial) and withincreasing fault severity. It was recognized that faults can be characterized by (1-2s)f sideband, but results varywith load torque and drive inertia. Other sidebands appear less dependent from these disturbs, like (5+2s)f.Unfortunately, no works presented simple and general formulas about sidebands. In this paper, theoreticalformulations for computation and prediction of rotor fault-related sideband frequencies and amplitudes aregiven, aiming to obtain relations useful for diagnostic purposes (fault severity assessment by MCSA), and byusing Part I as a case-study. A decomposition by multiphase symmetrical components is performed, taking inaccount space harmonics. Formulas for (1-2s)f sideband amplitude are carried out, extendable to many othersidebands. [12]



A Forward Converter Having an FPGA-based PID Controller with Parameters On-ine Tuned.

In this paper, a forward converter based on a field programmable gate array (FPGA) technique is presentedto design the PID controller as well as to process the signals from peripherals, so as to obtain goodperformance over the entire operating range. The on-line tuning of controller parameters is used to reducethe effect of input voltage variations on the transient load response. Besides, the improvement in the transientload response is considered further, especially for the maximum voltage input. The validity of the proposedcontrol topology is demonstrated via some experimental results. [13]

Control of Paralleled Negative Output Elementary Luo Converters.

DC to DC converters are widely used in applications such as computer hardware peripherals, powersupplies, car auxiliary power supplies, servo-motor drives and medical equipments. Luo converter is arecently developed DC-DC converter. Negative output Luo converter performs the conversion from positivesource voltage to negative load voltage. Parallel connection of DC-DC converters is used when availableconverters are of lower current rating but load requires higher current. Because of dissimilarity in devices andcomponents used in each converter, current drawn or supplied by each converter may be unequal which willlead to converter failure or mal-operation. Therefore the main control issues in parallel-connected convertersare to equalize the output currents among the converters and to ensure constant load voltage under supplyand load disturbances. The objective of this work is to develop PID and fuzzy logic controls for parallelednegative output Luo converters using MATLAB software. The simulation results are presented and evaluated.They validate the superiority of fuzzy control developed. [14]

TMS320F2407 DSP Based Fuzzy Logic Controller for Negative Output Luo Re-Lift Converter: Design,Simulation and Experimental Evaluation.

DC-DC conversion techniques have developed very quickly and are undergoing dramatic changes as aresult of two major trends in the electronic industry: low voltage and high power density. Negative outputLuo re-lift converter is a new type of DC-DC step-up converter, which provides negative output voltagefor positive input voltage using voltage lift technique. Luo converter is highly non-linear and time variantand shows complex behavior patterns as it works in switch mode. Conventional control approaches cannotprovide good dynamic performance for the above chosen converter. As it is inherently robust and model-free,fuzzy logic controller is used in the present work. The derivation of fuzzy control algorithm for regulatingthe output of the chosen converter is described in this paper. The proposed fuzzy control is evaluated bycomputer simulation as well as experimental measurements of the closed-loop performance of the negativeoutput Luo re-lift converter under line and load disturbances. The controller is found to provide satisfactoryperformance under these conditions. [15]

UPS Outage-Mode Output Power Capacity Expansion Approach via Bi-directional Converter.

An outage-mode output power capacity expansion approach of uninterruptible power supplies (UPS’s) withfull utilization of the existing components is proposed in this paper. The proposed UPS system consists of abi-directional AC/DC converter and a voltage controlled inverter (VCI). When the utility is normal, the bi-directional converter acts a power factor correction (PFC) rectifier to let the line current with low harmonicsand near unity power factor. On the other hand, when the utility fails the bi-directional AC/DC convertercan also function as a current controlled inverter (CCI) and is connected in parallel to the VCI. With suchinstantaneous current sharing controller technique, the load current is equally shared by each inverter withfast response. When compared with conventional UPS’s, the proposed built-in parallel technique possessesthe advantages of low implementation cost, high power density, fast response, and precise current regulation.Finally, simulation results with different operation modes have demonstrated the feasibility of the proposedUPS system. [16]



Scott-Connected Autotransformer Based Multipulse AC-DC Converters for Power Quality ImprovementIn Vector Controlled Induction Motor Drives.

This paper deals with the Scott (T)-connected autotransformer based multipulse ac-dc converters feedingvector controlled induction motor drives (VCIMD’s) for improving power quality at the point of commoncoupling (PCC). The proposed twenty four-pulse ac-dc converter is realized on the principle of dc ripplere-injection technique for harmonic mitigation. The proposed ac-dc converter is found capable of suppressingupto 21 st harmonics in the supply current alongwith the power factor improvement close to unity in the wideoperating range of the drive. The design of the autotransformer is given for the proposed ac-dc converter formaking it suitable for retrofit applications, where presently a 6-pulse diode bridge rectifier is used. The effectof load variation on VCIMD is also studied to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed ac-dc converter.[17]

Research on Flywheel Energy Storage System Using in Power Network.

The flywheel energy storage (FES) system presented in this paper is composed of four parts: the flywheel,the bearing, the motor/generator and the power converter. The control methods and strategy of the FES systemin power network are introduced in detail. During the storage period and generating times, the waveform ofthe power converter output currents is controlled to be sinusoidal by using sinusoidal pulse width modulation(SPWM) control method, so the efficiency of the energy conversion is high and the torque ripple of themotor/generator is minimized. The control methods of starting and operating large moment of inertia of theflywheel are simulated and studied for the power converter. The latest experimental results of the FES systemare introduced, and the control validity is verified through these results. [18]

Development of Neuro Controller for Negative Output Re-Lift Luo Converter.

The present work deals with the application of neuro control theory for the closed loop operation ofnegative output re-lift Luo converter, which is a newly developed DC-DC converter. Due to the time-varyingand switching nature of the power electronic converters, their dynamic behavior becomes highly non-linear.Conventional controllers are incapable of providing good dynamic performance and hence neural networkcan be utilized as a controller for controlling power electronic converters. The neuro controller developed inthis work is off-linerained using quasi-Newton backpropagation algorithm. The evaluated in this work usingMATLAB under load and line disturbances. The simulation results are presented. They validate the neurocontrol developed. [19]

Diagnosis of a stator winding short-circuit fault on induction machines running in variable speedconditions.

The aim of this paper is to contribute to the electrical machine diagnosis running as adjustable speeddrive. The analyzed signal is the leakage flux flowing around the machine, which is considered to be animage of the airgap flux density. An analytical expression of the airgap flux density is presented and givessensitive spectral lines to a stator winding short-circuit fault in an induction machine. The study is done ona frequency range up to few kilohertz, around the slotting spectral lines. The originality of this paper is thatthe study is focused on machines fed by the mean of a converter. The theory is verified by experimental testsand the results show what precautions are necessary to take in order to obtain spectra which can be used fordiagnosis. [20]

Condition monitoring and diagnostics of twelve-pulse LCI drive systems.

This paper addresses the condition monitoring and diagnostics of twelve-pulse load commutated inverterdrive systems, focusing on the occurrence of faults of the open-switch type in the power converters. Theresults presented are based on different monitoring techniques, namely, mechanical vibrations, axial leakage



flux and temperature measurements. The goal of this study is to analyse the variations imposed by a faultin some critical parameters, related to the operating conditions and electromechanical limits of the drive, inorder to introduce fault-tolerant characteristics and, therefore, increasing its survivability. [21]

Secondary Side Post Regulation Application in Multiple Outputs Flyback Converter.

Detailed operation of the secondary side post regulation application in flyback converter has beendiscussed. Without the minimum output power requirement in the main output just as magnetic amplifier,higher efficiency can be achieved in this circuit. The practical small signal model is also proposed in thispaper. Experimental results verify the validity of this circuit. [22]

Interactive Simulation and Verification SIMULINK Models for DC-DC Switching Converter Circuitsusing PWM Control ICs.

Interactive simulation and verification SIMULINK models for dc-dc switching converter circuits usingpulse-width-modulation (PWM) control ICs are devised in this paper. Although some assumptions are madeto simplify the SIMULINK behavior models, the likeness between the simulation and experimental results forboth transient and steady-state responses shows that these behavior models capture almost all the importantcharacteristics of the dc-dc switching converter circuits. Therefore, these behavior models can be very goodteaching aids for students to learn the differences between ideal circuits and practical implementations. Withthese SIMULINK behavior models, students can also validate quickly whether or not their designs of feedbackcontrollers for dc-dc switching converter circuits implemented with PWM control ICs meet the prescribedperformance requirements. [23]

Stability Comparison of Three Control Schemes for Bus Converter in Distributed Power System.

Recently, the distributed power system consists of bus converter and POL is usually used for ITinfrastructure equipment. The system may become unstable depending on the bus converter design evenif each converter has stable operation. Then, the bus voltage is oscillated. Recently, stability problems indistributed power system become series. It is required to overcome these problems as soon as possible.This paper investigates, the improvement of the system stability by the control method. As a result, thefull-regulated bus converter is the best as a control method of the bus converter because the full-regulatedbus converter can reduce the bus voltage oscillation and correspond to the input voltage variation flexible bythe regulation. [24]

Selective Dual Utility AC Voltage Link Soft-Switching PWM Controlled DC-DC Power Converter withHigh Frequency Transformer for 36V-350A DC Loads.

This paper presents two new circuit topologies of DC busline series active snubber assisted soft-switchingPWM full-bridge DC-DC power converter acceptable for either utility AC 200 V-rms or AC 400 V-rms inputvoltage source. One of proposed power converters is composed of a typical voltage source full-bridge highfrequency PWM inverter using DC busline side series switching devices with the aid of a parallel capacitivelossless snubber. All the active power switches in the full-bridge arms and DC busline can achieve ZCSturn-on and ZVS turn-off commutation operation and consequently the total turn-off switching losses can besignificantly reduced. As a result, a high switching frequency for used IGBTs can be actually realized morethan about 20 kHz. It is proved that the more the switching frequency of full-bridge inverter increases, themore soft-switching PWM DC-DC power converter with a high frequency transformer link has remarkableadvantages for its power conversion efficiency and power density as compared with the conventional hard-switching PWM inverter type DC-DC converter. The effectiveness of this new converter topology is provedfor low voltage and large current DC-DC power supplies as arc welding machine from a practical point ofview. [25]



Averaged Switch Modeling of the Interleaved Zero Current Transition Buck Converter.

In this paper we present large-signal and small-signal averaged switch models for the interleaved zero-current-transition (ZCT) buck converter, which has been proposed as an effective solution for high-voltage,high-power applications. It is shown that for the converter operating in continuous conduction mode the ZCTswitch waveforms result in significant lossless damping in the converter frequency responses in comparisonto the frequency responses of the standard PWM buck converter. The model predictions are verified bymeasurements on an experimental 500 V, 10 kW prototype. [26]

Optimization of CMOS Transistors for Low Power DC-DC Converters.

This paper presents analytical derivation of optimum width of CMOS transistors to minimize losses inmonolithic buck converters. High optimal width of CMOS transistors entails use of tapered inverter chain asgate driver. A novel technique called ”width-switching” is presented, which can be easily incorporated alongwith the inverter chain to maintain maximum efficiency of buck converter over a range of output powerlevels. Experimental results from a chip containing optimal CMOS transistors for power levels between 50mW and 200 mW are presented. Challenges in implementing the width-switching scheme, and technologiesin which similar schemes can be used, are also discussed. [27]

Average Current-Mode Control for a Quadratic Buck Converter.

In this paper, a methodology for controller design of a quadratic buck converter is given using averagecurrent-mode control. This scheme employs an inner loop that uses the average current of the first inductorand an outer loop that senses the output voltage for feedback purposes. Thus, a procedure is developed for theproper selection of: (a) the current gain for the inner loop, and (b) PI-controller for the outer loop. The design-oriented analytic results allow the designer to easily pinpoint the control circuit parameters that optimize theconverter ’s performance. At the end, experimental results are given for a 28 W current-programmed regulator.[28]

Autotuning of Digitally Controlled Buck Converters Based on Relay Feedback.

This paper proposes a simple autotuning technique for digitally controlled dc-dc synchronous buckconverters. The proposed approach is based on the relay feedback method and introduces perturbations on theoutput voltage during converter soft-start. By using an iterative procedure, the tuning of PID parameters isobtained directly by including the controller in the relay feedback and by adjusting the controller parametersbased on the specified phase margin and control loop bandwidth. A nice property of the proposed solutionis that output voltage perturbations are introduced while maintaining the closed-loop control of the digitallycontrolled converters. The proposed algorithm is simple, requires small tuning times and it is compliant withthe cost/complexity constraint of integrated digital ICs. Experimental investigation has been performed usingdiscrete components, implementing the digital control in a field programmable gate array (FPGA). Simulationand experimental results of a 1.5 V-5 A synchronous buck converter confirm the effectiveness of the proposedsolution. [29]

A Comparative Study of the Boundary Control of Buck Converters Using First-and Second-OrderSwitching Surfaces-Part I: Continuous Conduction Mode.

A comparative study on the performance characteristics of the buck converters with boundary control usingthe first-order switching surface (sigma 1) and a recently proposed second-order switching surface (sigma2) is presented. Performance attributes under investigation include the average output voltage, output ripplevoltage, switching frequency, and large-signal characteristics. Special emphases are given to investigate theeffects of the equivalent series resistance of the output capacitor on the above attributes, and the sensitivityof the output voltage against the variations of the input voltage and circuit component values. Generally,



converters with sigma 2 are found to exhibit better dynamic responses than the ones with sigma 1. Thetheoretical predictions are favorably verified with the experimental results of a 120 W buck converter. [30]

Quasi-optimum Efficiency in Output Voltage Hysteretic Control for a Buck Switching Converter withWide Load Range.

Successful on-chip integration of a buck switching power converter for battery-operated portableapplications concurrently requires fulfilling stringent specifications, namely low silicon area occupancy, lowrelative output ripple, proper transient response whilst assuring high efficiency for a wide range of loadcurrents. This latter key characteristic of high efficiency can be achieved not only by the power plant designbut by the use of proper control methods. This work focuses in efficiency optimization of a buck convertersuited to CMOS integration. Switching and conduction energy loss models are first discussed both forcontinuous and discontinuous conduction modes. Minimization of overall power losses yields an optimumlaw that continuously tunes the switching frequency as a function of load current. Being one of the simplestcontrol methods applied to a buck converter the output voltage hysteretic control, the work then focuses inthe implicit switching frequency tuning that results from the application of this control method and its impacton overall power efficiency. The paper contrasts the analytical models for the frequency variation, matchedwith system-level simulations, when including as non-idealities both output capacitor ESR and control delay.It is observed that for low output current values, the output voltage hysteretic control provides quasi-optimumpower efficiency. Design criteria for matching both explicit optimum law and the law implicit in hystereticcontrol are provided, and a design procedure including output voltage ripple and capacitor value is discussed.Numerical examples throughout the paper consider a standard CMOS 0.35 mum technology. Experimentalresults for a low frequency prototype demonstrate the implicit switching frequency modulation of the outputvoltage hysteretic control. [31]

Dynamic Behavior of the Doubly-Fed Induction Generator in Stator Flux Vector Reference Frame.

This paper presents an analysis of the poorly damped stator flux oscillation mode and evaluate its impact inthe dynamic behavior of the doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) used in grid connected wind turbines. Thestator flux oscillation cause by supply voltage and rotor current variations can be reduced by the appropriatedesign of the dq PI controller bandwidths. In order to validate the analysis carried out experimental results arepresented using an 1.5 kW DFIG where the rotor is supply for three phase PWM power converter controlledby DSP TMS320F241. [32]

A Wind Turbine Emulator that Represents the Dynamics of the Wind Turbine Rotor and Drive Train.

A wind turbine emulator (WTE) is an important equipment for developing wind energy conversionsystems. It offers a controllable test environment that allows the evaluation and improvement of controlschemes for electric generators what is hard to achieve with an actual wind turbine since the wind speedvaries randomly. A WTE consists essentially of a torque controlled electric motor and a reference torquecalculator. The latter usually reproduces only the average torque of the wind turbine. This paper presentsan improved version that considers also the harmonic torques due to the gradient and tower shadow effects,inertia of the wind turbine and elasticity of the drive train. It is intended to be used for the analysis ofremedial solutions for damping harmonic torques produced by the wind turbine and drive train resonances.Basic equations that represent the dynamic system are derived and used to implement the control scheme. Alaboratory prototype was built with a permanent magnet DC motor driven by either a three-phase thyristorrectifier or a pulse width modulated (PWM) DC-DC converter and a digital signal processing (DSP) system.The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the reference torque calculator, identifies inherentlimitations imposed by the phase-controlled thyristor rectifier and eliminates the problems using a DC-DCconverter. [33]



A Current Fed Two-Inductor Boost Converter with Lossless Snubbing for Photovoltaic Module IntegratedConverter Applications.

In this paper, a photovoltaic module integrated converter (MIC) is implemented with a current fed two-inductor boost converter cascaded with a line frequency unfolder. The two-inductor boost cell is fed froma sinusoidally modulated two-phase buck converter with an interphase transformer and operates at a fixedduty cycle. The boost cell features the magnetic integration approach to combine the three cores of the twoinductors and the transformer, the lossless snubbers to recover the switching losses and the silicon carbiderectifiers to avoid the reverse recovery losses. The two-inductor boost converter output interfaces with themains via an unfolding stage, where the MOSFETs are driven by the photovoltaic gate drivers. Experimentalresults are provided for a 100 W converter developing a single phase 240 V 50 Hz output. [34]

Benchmark of Annual Energy Production for Different Wind Farm Topologies.

Wind power generation has become an established alternative power source. Especially large wind farmsin remote or offshore locations are emerging strongly. Their grid connection demands new transmissionsolutions as distances increase. A newly proposed voltage source converter (VSC) based HVDC transmissionsystem looks promising compared to conventional AC and DC transmission systems. This paper presentsa benchmark of the estimated annual energy production (AEP) of a 200 MW wind farm depending on thetransmission distance and the average wind speed. The proposed system is compared to two state-of-the-art wind farm topologies: Variable-speed wind turbines with doubly-fed induction generators (DFIG) andeither AC or DC transmission systems. The benchmark comprises detailed drive-train, converter, transformer,distribution and transmission loss models. The total system losses as well as the loss distribution between thedifferent components as a function of the transmission distance and the average wind speed allows importantconclusions for future wind farm projects. [35]

Energy Management Strategies for Optimization of Energy Storage in Wind Power Hybrid System.

Wind energy has become the most promising alternate energy source and has reached high levels ofpenetration in many networks worldwide. Energy storage can provide additional beneficial features to windand aid in its further growth. However, this comes at a cost and therefore the goal is to minimize the size ofthe storage device while at the same time taking advantage of its promising features. This paper proposes anenergy management system based upon fuzzy logic in order to optimize the use of the storage. This strategywas illustrated for a system interfaced with the electric grid using a voltage source converter. System studieswere performed to demonstrate the advantages of this strategy and future developments are considered. [36]

Operation Analysis and Control of Resonant Boost Switched Capacitor Converter with High Efficiency.

Conventional switched capacitor converters have an inherent drawback that their efficiency is muchdecreased as the output current is increased. This inherent drawback is due to a periodical forced charging anddischarging operation in the internal switched capacitors accompanied by a large capacitor current, so thattheir efficiency can not be increased by decreasing its internal resistance. As a result, conventional switchedcapacitor converters have been limited to be used with a very small output current. To solve this problemwe presented a novel switched capacitor converter topology that uses a resonant operation instead of theforced charging and discharging operation. Its advantage over a conventional switched capacitor converteris a high efficiency even in a high output current region. In this paper, the operation analysis and steady-state characteristics are described in detail for a double boost type switched capacitor converter, and theyare confirmed by experiments. The output voltage control method by changing the switching frequency ispresented and analyzed by simulation. [37]



A New Hybrid Power Filter Topology Enabling Low Voltage Switching Devices and Storage Capacitors.

The increasing importance of mains harmonic content problem has been responsible for severalimprovements in active power filter topologies in the last decade. The pure multiple half-bridge configurationsare now becoming replaced by new hybrid topologies aiming to be both less bulky and expensive. Thisnew technique consists in reducing the voltages at the storage capacitors and consequently at the switchingdevices. This is achieved, introducing an extra passive filter between mains and the converter, tuned atinterest frequencies. The great majority of the solutions already studied in what concerns to this particulararea concentrate their attention at specific characteristic loads or balanced three-phase systems. Power factorcompensation in simple-phase and general three-phase systems becomes more difficult to achieve because ofthe fact that 3rd harmonic may/will no longer be null in these cases. Studies made at this paper reveal that inthese last applications the solutions previously proposed become quite unsatisfactory. This paper presents anew shunt hybrid active filter topology that can reduce the converter voltage down to 5% of mains voltageamplitude even under the conditions described at the previous paragraphs. A simple, comparative study ispresented, taking into consideration pure active solutions and a hybrid solution proposed by another author.Designing criteria and simulation results is also discussed. [38]

Buck and Boost Start-up Operation of a Three-Port Power Supply for Hybrid Vehicle Applications.

In future hybrid automotive applications there will be multiple voltage systems in a single vehicle. It isdesirable to have bi-directional, isolated power flow between these different voltage levels. The three-portpower converter is able to achieve full bi-directional power flow by using a high-frequency transformer, withthree windings, connected to a full-bridge converter on each winding or port. The normal control of thepower flow between the ports is via phase-shift control of the individual full-bridge converters. However inthe automotive application, there may be only a single power source for the initial powering up of the systemand in this case, phase-shift control can not be used to start-up the converter system. This paper presents astart-up method for the three-port converter in which the converter is first operated in a buck-mode, followedby an output voltage boosting mode, and is able to finally operate with normal phase-shift control. Detailedanalysis of the buck and boost mode during start-up is presented and verified by simulation. [39]

Non-isolation Soft-switching Buck Converter with Tapped-Inductor for Wide-input Extreme Step-downapplications.

In this paper, a new zero-voltage switching (ZVS) buck converter with a tapped-inductor is proposed. Thisconverter improves the conventional tapped inductor critical conduction mode (CRM) buck converters thathave the ZVS operation range determined by the tapped-inductor turn ratios. It includes another soft switchingrange extension method, the current injection (CI) method, which gives an additional design freedom for theselection of the turn-ratios and enables the optimal design of the winding ratio of the tapped-inductor so thatboth the switching loss and the conduction loss may be minimized. This soft-switching buck converter issuitable for extremely low step-down ratio applications. The principle of the proposed scheme, analysis ofthe operation, and design guidelines are included. Finally, the experimental result of the 100 W prototypeDC/DC converter is given for hardware verification. [40]

Space Vector Modulation for High-Power Three-Level NPC Rectifiers Without Even Order Harmonics.

Space vector modulation (SVM) is a preferred PWM scheme for multilevel converters mainly due toits flexibility, easy digital implementation and good harmonic profile. However, the conventional SVMscheme normally produces even-order voltage/current harmonics at the rectifier inputs. The even-orderharmonic currents are strictly regulated by the harmonic guidelines such as the IEEE Standards 519-1992in North America. In this paper, the mechanism of even-order harmonic generation is analyzed, and a newSVM scheme that has the ability to eliminate these harmonics is proposed for three-level neutral point



clamped (NPC) rectifiers. The harmonic profile of both schemes is investigated by computer simulation. Theeffectiveness of the proposed scheme is experimentally verified. [41]

Multi-Phase Series Resonant DC-to-DC Converters: Transient Investigations.

This paper investigates multi-phase series resonant DC-to-DC converters during transient operation.The topology is presented and its principle working during transient conditions is described for switchingfrequencies equal to the resonant frequency. It is demonstrated that load step changes may cause voltage andcurrent oscillations, which may damage converter components. These oscillations can be damped by properdesign of the output capacitor. The state space averaging technique is used to obtain a simple equivalent DCcircuit, which describes the voltage and current waveforms very precisely. A simplification of the modelenables the analytical calculation of the design rules for the output capacitor. Based on these design rules, a5 kW/100 kHz laboratory prototype of a three-phase topology has been built. The prototype is used to verifythe analysis experimentally. [42]

The Application Of Fuel Cell Emulation In The Design Of An Electric Vehicle Powertrain.

This paper presents a technique for the design of the powertrain of a fuel cell hybrid electric vehicle.The fuel cell used is a ”pseudo” fuel cell emulated using a power converter. This power converter emulatesboth static and dynamic behaviour, including the effects of the hydrogen gas supply and air compressorobserved in a fuel cell system. The powertrain is then designed around the fuel cell addressing issues inthe performance of the cell. Typical design aspects include DC-DC converters to couple the fuel cell to thebatteries and supercapacitors. The test system utilizes an inverter in the back-to-back configuration to loadthe powertrain’s inverter. It is used to subject the designed powertrain of the vehicle to practical load cyclepower demands. Load cycle analysis is done to optimize the design and develop a control strategy. Thisdesign technique promises to be an inexpensive way of analyzing both the performance issues of a fuel cellused in such an application and the interaction between the components of a powertrain. It may then be usedto develop powertrain control strategies. Real-time testing of the power converters may then be carried outunder realistic operating conditions. [43]

Comparison of Various Converter Topologies for Bipolar Switched Reluctance Motor Drives.

Switched reluctance (SR) drives manifest an effective integration of electromechanical energy conversiondevices and modern power electronics technology. Although SR drives can be operated using a unidirectionalinverter, recent studies have shown that a bipolar excitation, in which a short flux path between two adjacentphases is maintained, can provide superior performance under multi-phase excitation scenarios. In order toprovide bipolar excitation to a SRM drive, a new series of inverter topologies have been introduced. In thispaper, the primary focus has been given to circuit topologies that can provide flexibility in control, versatilityin operation, and survivability. A four phase, 2.1 kW, 42 V SRM has been used in this investigation. [44]

A Robust Controller for a Class of Front-end Buck-boost High Power Factor Rectifiers.

This paper presents the application of variable structure control (VSC) to a high power factor correctionSEPIC converter. VSC provides the advantages of simplicity of implementation and robustness leading tohaving an output, which is independent of input voltage, circuit parameters and/or output load. This controlleris used to regulate both the output voltage and the input current waveform in order to get a near unity powerfactor via the selection of a proper switching function. An observer with adaptive parameter estimation is alsodesigned to achieve current sensorless operation of the controller, and thus only two voltage measurementsare needed. This leads to a smaller size and higher operational reliability of the converter. Analysis of theproposed controller and simulation results are reported. The results show a near unity power factor and aregulated 48 V output for a universal input voltage (90-260 V) and a 500 W output power. [45]



A Dual Voltage Power System by Battery/Supercapacitors Hybrid Configuration.

This paper explores a bidirectional DC-DC converter applied for a dual voltage power system using abattery and supercapacitors. The presented converter consists of a MOSFET full bridge topology on theprimary side of the high frequency transformer and a current-fed push-pull topology on the secondary side.To reduce the device-conduction losses in the low voltage side of the converter, synchronous rectificationis employed on both modes of charging and discharging the supercapacitors. In addition, a wide range ofvoltage regulation between the battery and supercapacitors is realized by the phase shift control of the fullbridge and the cross ON-duty control of switches in the push-pull converter. Simulation results shows thatthe proposed circuit topology realizes the bidirectional power conversion with high efficiency. [46]

Design and Characteristics of a Rotor Flux Controlled High Speed Induction Motor Drive ApplyingTwo-Level and Three-Level NPC Voltage Source Converters.

This paper describes the field oriented control of a high speed induction motor (HSIM) and the designof a two-level voltage source converter (2L-VSC) and a three-level neutral point clamped voltage sourceconverter (3L-NPC VSC) for a 420 V low voltage high speed drive. The proposed control system and bothconverters are simulated to determine the drive performance under two different operating conditions. Finally,current harmonics, torque ripples, and inverter losses for two different carrier frequencies of the consideredconverters are presented and compared in detail. [47]

Bi-directional DC/DC Converter for Hybrid Vehicles.

Hybrid vehicles need a high voltage DC bus to supply power to the motor. Architectures of these vehiclesusually include a DC-DC bi-directional converter between this voltage bus and the conventional battery.When the DC bus is held by a big capacitor, the selection and design of the aforementioned converter hasan additional difficulty since the converter has to work with an output voltage ranging from 0 to 420 V insteady-state conditions. A bi-directional DC-DC converter for a hybrid vehicle is proposed in this paper. Itcan be used in the case that a big capacitor holds the voltage in the high side. The application forces threedifferent operation modes being the converter able to operate in those conditions. Experimental results of a1500 W prototype are included in the paper. [48]

Microscale magnetic components for the application of DC-DC converters operating in the 1-10 MHzrange.

A novel method to manufacture and assemble a microinductor that is based on flip-chip bonding isdescribed in this article. The microinductor is developed for DC-DC converters operating in the MHzswitching frequency. The fabricated inductors have an inductance ranging from 0.3𝑚𝑢H to 180𝑚𝑢H. Anoptimum Q-factor of 14 was attained at 1 MHz. Cobalt-copper-iron cores maintained a constant inductanceacross a 1 kHz-1MHz bandwidth. The thin film laminate minimizes the eddy current loss and the hysteresisloss was negligible. Impedance increases linearly with frequency indicating that parasitic capacitance effectsin this frequency range are negligible. The microinductor operated at an efficiency of 92% at 1MHz achievinga power density of 3.75 W/mm 3. [49]

Bootstrapped switch in low-voltage digital 90nm CMOS technology.

The design of a bootstrapped switch in digital 90 nm CMOS technology, with 1.0 V supply voltage and 1GHz sampling frequency for a 300 fF capacitive load is presented. Simulation results indicate that the switchhas 10 bit linearity up to an input signal of 1.0 V peak-to-peak and frequency of 100MHz. The switch isintended for use in state-of-the-art data converters. [50]



Single Phase PWM Controlled Voltage Converter for Pumps and Fans without DC Link ElectrolyticCapacitors.

Single-phase induction motors are widely-used to drive pumps and fans up to several kilowatts. To satisfythe increased requirements in various application areas like modern air conditioning systems, speed-variabledrives have become inevitable. Furthermore installations in homes, shops and offices make high demands onthe running smoothness of the drive. With basic concepts like a phase-controlled single-phase AC voltagecontroller it is difficult to settle these claims. Moreover the indicated application areas are very cost sensitive.Advanced solutions including frequency converters often do not have a competitive position. This papershows a novel concept to cope with these difficulties. The introduced converter is controlled by a highfrequency pulsewidth modulation (PWM) signal. This allows an almost sinusoidal motor current with smalldistortions and therefore low noise emissions of the drive. The proposed circuit topology introduces lowharmonics in the line current. This circumstance permits to comply with the relevant regulations withoutthe need of bulky inductors or an active front end. The converter has a high efficiency even at high PWMfrequencies. The absence of DC link electrolytic capacitors allows a space-saving design without drawbacksconcerning reliability and lifetime at higher ambient temperatures. [51]

A flexible high-rate USB2 data acquisition system for PET and SPECT imaging.

A new flexible data acquisition system has been developed to instrument gamma-ray imaging detectorsdesigned by the Jefferson Lab Detector and Imaging Group. Hardware consists of 16-channel data acquisitionmodules installed on USB2 carrier boards. Carriers have been designed to accept one, two, and four modules.Application trigger rate and channel density determines the number of acquisition boards and readoutcomputers used. Each channel has an independent trigger, gated integrator and a 2.5 MHz 12-bit ADC.Each module has an FPGA for analog control and signal processing. Processing includes a 5 ns 40-bittrigger time stamp and programmable triggering, gating, ADC timing, offset and gain correction, charge andpulse-width discrimination, sparsification, event counting, and event assembly. The carrier manages globaltriggering and transfers module data to a USB buffer. High-granularity time-stamped triggering is suitablefor modular detectors. Time stamped events permit dynamic studies, complex offline event assembly, andhigh-rate distributed data acquisition. A sustained USB data rate of 20 Mbytes/s, a sustained trigger rate of300 kHz for 32 channels, and a peak trigger rate of 2.5 MHz to FIFO memory were achieved. Differenttrigger, gating, processing, and event assembly techniques were explored. Target applications include >100kHz coincidence rate PET detectors, dynamic SPECT detectors, miniature and portable gamma detectors forsmall-animal and clinical use. [52]

rPET detectors design and data processing.

Small animal PET systems based on rotating planar detectors posses some interesting advantages forhigh sensitivity, high resolution imaging. We have designed the rPET detectors based on MLS crystalsassembled on a 30times30 matrix optically coupled to a flat-panel PS-PMT. Weighted position readout circuitspre-process the 64 signals from the 8times8 anodes matrix, which are digitized using a charge-integratingconverter. The amplification electronics, including the trigger output for coincidence detection, and the highvoltage supply are integrated in a three PCBs stack that forms the base attached to the back of the PMT. Thewhole assembly is enclosed in a light tight, lead (Pb) shielded aluminum box. The detectors are mounted on arotating gantry with more than 180 degrees rotation span. The digitized events are screened and histogramed,and a modified center of gravity algorithm removes from the position calculation those signals with poorsignal to noise ratio. Apparent mean crystal size on the 511 keV field-flood images is 0.6 mm, mean peak-to-valley ratio is better than 8, and intrinsic resolution is 1.5 mm at the central row, with the energy windowwide open. Sensitivity (CPS) for a pair of these detectors set in coincidence at 160 mm distance is 1%. [53]



Power flow controlling devices: an overview of their working principles and their application range.

The ongoing liberalization process causes an increase in international power flows, putting substantialstrain on the transmission grid. This is especially a problem when unidentified power flows or loop flows areinvolved. At this moment, several congestion problems arise in the European grid. Controlling power flowsis one way to extend the utilization of the current grid, without investments in new transmission lines, beingproblematic due to political, environmental and social considerations. In this respect, power flow controllingdevices are rapidly gaining interest of utilities and transmission system operators (TSO). New devices areinstalled, and it is expected that their number will rise significantly in the near future. This paper provides anoverview of the current available power flow controlling devices and their applications. Both electromagnetictransformer based solutions as the fairly recent power electronics developments are covered. Special attentionis given to HVDC, both line commutated and voltage source converter based, as they are able to fully controlthe power flow. In a final part, the use of multiple controllable devices in a meshed grid is treated with specialemphasis on the need for global control. As a conclusion different technologies are compared. [54]

Low-frequency electromagnetic environment in high-voltage converter and static VAR compensatorstations.

The functional principle of power electronic systems as used for high voltage direct current transmissionschemes or for static VAR compensators, leads to significant low frequency electric and magnetic fields inthe station area as well as in its vicinity. Beside their impact on technical systems these field strength levelshave to be assessed with respect to human exposure as well. The paper describes the field sources to beconsidered in the relevant frequency range and shows an approach to determine the field strength amplitudesby means of numerical simulations. The procedure is demonstrated for practical installations. Typical levelsfor both magnetic and electric fields are presented to be expected for areas inside and outside the stations.The numerical results are verified by means of practical measurements during the test operation of a powerfactor compensation station. [55]

The influence of failures of a multiphase p.m. synchronous generator and a static voltage convertersystem on the generator electromagnetic torque.

The electrical energy produced by a p.m. synchronous generator can be converted to the desired valueby an appropriate power electronic voltage converter. The influence of the converter on the power systemcomposed of the 9-phase p.m. synchronous generator and the driving gas turbine is the subject of this paper.The high speed generator is loaded directly with a multiphase rectifier supplying the output inverter. Themain analysed problem is connected with fault cases of the converter which may cause a significant increasein alternating component of the electromagnetic torque. This torque loads the gas turbine. The short circuitand breaking in the generator output are the main analysed failures. This paper additionally elaborates on theincrease in the gas turbine velocity and the short circuit in the converter output or short circuit on any diodeof the converter. [56]

Hybrid photovoltaic-fuel cell power plant.

Nowadays, in many countries the increase of generating capacity takes place in small units of so-called distributed power industry (distributed generation). In the paper are presented: the experiences fromexploitation of hybrid solar-wind power plant; concept of solar power plant with fuel cell. This last solutionenables optimal utilization of primary energy sources and increases the level of supply reliability. Authorshave worked for several years on stand alone hybrid solar-wind power plant for supply of telecommunicationequipment. The main problem in such installations is how to guarantee power supply all year withoutinterruptions. Weather conditions in Poland provide to breaks in winter and autumn. The paper shows proposalof a new power plant with fuel cell and solar panels. The idea is to generate energy from PV panels as long asit is possible. When there is no Sun energy will be produced by fuel cell. Because of the system will operate



rather far from service centers it has to work as long as it is possible without refueling. Power summationand control algorithm is explained, power electronics converters and control system are described. [57]

1.6-GHz low power low phase noise quadrature phase locked loop with on chip DC-DC converter forwide tuning range.

This paper presents the design of a 1.6 GHz quadrature phase locked loop for GPS applications, operatedwith a supply voltage of 1.2 V and dissipating a current of less than 5 mA. It is capable of deliveringquadrature locked signals in the range from 1.22 GHz to 1.96 GHz with a phase noise response of less than115 dBc at an offset of 1 MHz from the carrier. The wide tuning range is obtained using an on-chip regulatedDC-DC converter clocked by the reference signal, with negligible effect on phase noise and spurious levelof the PLL. The design was made using the STMicroelectronics proprietary 0.13 mum HCMOS9 technologydesign kit. [58]

Sigma delta A/D converter architecture using a current controlled oscillator.

This paper proposes a new architecture for an over sampling sigma-delta analog to digital converter usinga current controlled oscillator (CCO). The converter consists of a CCO, two analog integrator, and a feedbackD-to-A converter. Through functional and circuit simulations, an SNR of over 100 dB was obtained at 8 kHzsignal bandwidth and 2.048 MHz sampling frequency. The architecture of over sampling A/D converter wasused for audio and low voltage system-on chip applications. The CCO is simulated using CMOS 0.35 mumtechnology and a 2.5 V voltage supply. [59]

A charge redistribution SAR ADC for a pressure correction ASIC.

A charge redistribution successive approximation register analog-to-digital converter (SAR ADC) targetedfor use in a pressure correction ASIC is presented. The ASIC finds a large field of applications in automotiveindustry, where aggressive conditions of operation, such as big temperature and supply variations, are met.It is therefore necessary for the ADC to ensure good linearity with respect to temperature and supply in theentire interval of operation. This paper describes the design and implementation of an 11-bits, 25 KS/s SARADC to meet the unique requirements of digitization of the ASIC. The reported ADC consumes 1 mW at5 Volts supply and 1 MHz clock. It is designed in the ELMOS 0.8 mum high voltage BiCMOS technology.[60]

RF transformer coupled multiplexing circuits for APD PET detectors.

Avalanche-photodiodes (APDs) as photosensors in positron emission tomography (PET) detectorshave been extensively investigated in this field. Compared with conventional photosensors such as thephotomultiplier tubes (PMTs), most APDs have advantages of higher quantum efficiency ( 70% for APDvs. 20% for PMT), robust packaging and very low magnetic susceptibility. However, it usually has verylow gain ( 200 for APD vs. 10 6 for PMT), and a smaller photoactive area ( 5 mm times 5 mm for APDvs. 10-52 mm diameter for PMT). The proposal described in this paper was based on a previous APD blockdetector design, in which each block consists of a 2 times 2 APD array reading out an 8 times 8 array oflutetium oxyorthosilicate (LSO) crystals. Each crystal is 2 mm times 2 mm times 20 mm. Due to the smallblock size, in order to build an APD PET system with similar axial field-of-view of a conventional PETscanner, substantially more APD detectors would be needed. Consequently, more electronics processingchannels would be required. To simplify the detector electronics, we initiate a multiplexing concept basedon RF transformers. This approach may reduce the signal-processing channels by a factor of 16 (from 64channels to four). The circuits would work from both current and voltage sources, as opposed to resistornetworks which map signals only from current sources. We built prototype printed-circuit-boards (PCBs) toevaluate different multiplexing schemes. The initial measurements demonstrate that the multiplexing circuitscan be implemented in the detector electronics to reduce signal output channels, without increasing signal



rise-time and degrading signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The detector maintains an energy resolution of 19%and timing resolution of about 2 ns (block to single crystal). Moreover, the transformer can function as asingle-ended (pseudo-differential) to true-differential converter; this would facilitate retaining signal integrityin transmissi-on through long twisted-pair cables. [61]

Comparison of stabilizing methods for doubly-fed induction generators for wind turbines.

In this paper the stability of doubly-fed induction generators (DFIG) is investigated. At present, ascountermeasure in case of fault near or far from the generator, the most common action to limit the negativeeffects on the generator stability and to preserve the power electronic equipment is to disconnect the back-to-back converter and short circuit the machine rotor with a crowbar. Main disadvantage of such strategyis that it is not possible to increase the stability area of the machine. As a consequence, frequently thegenerator goes unstable. In this paper a new stabilizing method for the DFIG is proposed. Furthermore, it isshown how this method protects the power electronic equipment of the DFIG and considerably increases thestability area during faults in comparison with the application of crowbar. The paper presents the simulationof a single DFIG connected to a high voltage system and of a DFIG wind park connected to a bus of a localenergy system (LES). The LES is modelled as a meshed medium voltage islanding network with synchronousgenerators, lumped loads and local generation units as well. Numerical results under ATP-EMTP assumingdisturbances of short duration are reported. [62]

Maintaining the power balance in an ’empty network’.

This paper presents the concept of an ”empty network” and shows how the power balance can bemaintained in such a system. In this study, an ”empty network” is defined as a power system in whichno rotating mass is present; all generators are grid-connected via power electronic interfaces, so that thepossible inertia of the generators is ’hidden’ from the network. One generator creates a neat 50 Hz voltagethat serves as a frequency reference for the other generators. Conventional power systems are mainly suppliedby large centralized synchronous generators. These generators are connected directly to the grid so that thereis a coupling between the generator rotor speed, and thus the system frequency, and the power balance in thesystem. Therefore, an unbalance manifests itself by an altered system frequency. In the empty network, thefrequency is fixed, as it is created by a power electronic device, and an unbalance cannot be detected in theclassical way. In this paper, an empty network is simulated on an RTDS (real time digital simulator). Voltagedeviations are used to detect the power unbalances. Simple test systems that consist of 1,2 and 3 buses areapplied, in which all generators are modeled as current sources, except for the frequency reference, which isa voltage source. A load jump is simulated to cause a power unbalance in the system. The study shows thatby using voltage deviations as control signals, the power balance can be maintained in an empty network.[63]

Simulation and Real-Time Implementation of Fuzzy Logic Controller for Parallel Loaded ResonantConverter.

This paper presents a high frequency soft-switched DC-DC converter for applications especially indistributed energy generation systems like solar systems, vertical axis aero-generator and fuel-cell powersystems. These converters are nowadays widely used to achieve reduction in size of the passive componentsof the converter such as inductors, capacitors and transformers. Since soft-switched converters are non-lineartime-variant systems, conventional controllers do not provide satisfactory performance for these converters.The fuzzy logic controller provides features such as fast response, good performance and the ability to changethe fuzzy parameters to improve the control of such converters. The control algorithm used ensures trackingof the reference voltage and rejection of system disturbances by successive measurements of the convertervoltage at time instants within a conduction period. The main objectives of this work are to develop fuzzylogic control of parallel loaded resonant converters using MATLAB software and TMS320F2407 DSP based



hardware implementation to evaluate the controller’s performances. The simulation and experimental resultsprove the effectiveness of the proposed scheme. [64]

Model Predictive Control in Power Electronics: A Hybrid Systems Approach.

The field of power electronics poses challenging control problems that cannot be treated in a completemanner using traditional modelling and controller design approaches. The main difficulty arises from thehybrid nature of these systems due to the presence of semiconductor switches that induce different modes ofoperation and operate with a high switching frequency. Since the control techniques traditionally employedin industry feature a significant potential for improving the performance and the controller design, the fieldof power electronics invites the application of advanced hybrid systems methodologies. The computationalpower available today and the recent theoretical advances in the control of hybrid systems allow one totackle these problems in a novel way that improves the performance of the system, and is systematic andimplementable. In this paper, this is illustrated by two examples, namely the Direct Torque Control of three-phase induction motors and the optimal control of switch-mode dc-dc converters. [65]

Evaluation of a Power Segmentation Strategy in High Power/High Speed Flywheel Energy StorageSystems.

This paper proposes a solution for parallel interleaved connection of multiple high-power six-pulseconverters for driving high-speed flywheels for energy storage in pulsed-load applications. The solutionuses inter-phase coupled reactors (IPR) to allow only the flow of common-mode currents to the load whileblocking the flow of inter-converter currents. Optimal phase shifting between converters is employed tominimize the flow of low-order current harmonics to the load and maximize the fundamental applied voltage.A case study illustrating the feasibility of the proposed ideas includes simulation results, and an evaluation ofthe machine ripple currents and extra weigh and losses due to the IPRs. It was concluded that the extra weightand losses due to the IPRs were not significant or a small penalty considering the achieved important ripplereduction of the machine current. This ripple reduction should bring an increase in the machine efficiencyand speed range, the latter leading to an increase of the power and energy densities of the overall system. Inaddition to the reduction of the machine ripple current, power segmentation increases redundancy, decreasessemiconductor power losses and reduces the requirements in gate drivers and snubber circuits. [66]

Small scale integration of variable speed wind turbines into the local grid and its voltage stability aspects.

The effect of small scale variable speed (VS) wind energy integration into the local grid is investigated inthis paper. In particular, the effect of reactive power control from wind turbines on the local voltage stabilityconsidering different types of load is analyzed here. Both steady-state and dynamic analysis have been done.It is found that integration of wind power in several feeders of a sub station could influence the operationof the tap changing transformer at the substation. With the high level of integration of wind turbines at thelocal grid, mixed with different critical loads, high load-low wind condition is the most critical situationfrom a load power quality point of view when lost voltage-time area at the load bus will be higher for agiven disturbance at the grid. To overcome a relatively low voltage disturbance (grid voltage dip higher than85%) by utilizing the fast power electronic converter of the nearby wind turbine, keeping the active powerproduction from the wind turbine at the pre-disturbance value, it is the high wind-low load situation which isthe difficult case to handle from the wind turbine side. Mitigation of a larger voltage disturbance in this wayrequires a larger grid side converter. Instead, injecting reactive current into the grid keeping the active currentinjection from the wind turbine at the pre-fault level, gives satisfactory contingency performance of the windturbine from the grid point of view. [67]



Control of D-STATCOM for voltage dip mitigation.

A distribution static synchronous compensator (D-STATCOM) can be used to mitigate voltage dipby injecting reactive power to the point of connection with the grid. For this application, the dynamicperformance of D-STATCOM is important since the load will not maintain normal operation if it is exposedto the voltage dip for long time. In this paper, a dual vector controller of D-STATCOM is designed andtested for the application of voltage dip mitigation in both low voltage system and medium voltage systemby simulation. Simulation results are presented. [68]

Pipelined DAC architecture using gray coding.

This work describes a new architecture suitable for wideband digital to analog converter for system-on-chip. The architecture use switched capacitor pipelined D/A converter design with selection inversion basedon gray coded bits. A 95dB DC-gain fully differential folded cascode gain-boosted OTA has been designedto be used in each pipelined stage. High linearity up to 61 db (SFDR) is achieved for a 5MHz input signwave at a 50MHz update frequency. This work describes a new architecture suitable for wideband digital toanalog converter for system-on-chip. [69]

Contribution of DG units to primary frequency control.

The increasing penetration of distributed generation (DG) in the electricity grid will result in a reductionof the number of connected conventional power plants, which are nowadays responsible for control of theelectricity network frequency. Currently DG units do not contribute to frequency control. With increasingpenetration of DG it will become necessary however that they also contribute to frequency control. Asignificant part of the DG units are connected to the grid by a power electronic converter. It is possibleto implement additional control in this converter to let the DG unit contribute to frequency control. In thispaper it is investigated how these controllers can be implemented and it is analyzed how large the contributionof several types of DG units can be. [70]

A study on randomly varying harmonic currents and total harmonic distortion of currents in powersystems.

Harmonic analysis is an important application to power systems and an efficient approach to evaluate theinjected total harmonic distortion (THD) of currents flowing into a power system due to the summation ofrandomly varying harmonic currents produced by AC-to-DC power converters is presented in this paper. Aprobabilistic model is established to derive the magnitude of the injected harmonic currents using the expectedvalue and variance of the harmonic current sources. The simulated results using Monte Carlo simulation arecompared with the ones of the proposed approach to validate the proposed scheme. This paper presents theanalyzed results of statistical harmonic currents generated by ten AC-to-DC power converters with 4 differentranges of firing angle. The individual harmonic currents and total harmonic distortion of currents generatedby converters are also examined. [71]

Protecting micro-grid systems containing solid-state converter generation.

In this paper a fast fault detection method for Microgrid system based on micro-sources equipped withpower electronics interfaces is explored. This method provides reliable and fast detection for different typesof faults within the micro-grid. The micro-source output voltages are monitored and then converted to dcquantities in the d-q reference frame. Thus, any disturbance at the micro-source output due to any type offault is reflected as disturbances in the d-q values. The disturbance is used to detect the fault and this leads tothe initiation of the associated breaker to isolate the faulted section from the network. Analysis and simulationresults are presented for different types of faults within the micro-grid. [72]



Fully differential gain-boosted ota design for pipeline DA-converter in 180nm CMOS technology.

This paper describes a fully differential gain-boosted improved OTA for high performance pipeline DA-converter in UMC 180 nm technology for a 3.3 V power supply applications. The architecture chosen forthe design is a folded cascode OTA structure for the main and gain boosting stages. The designed OTAachieved a very high DC gain greater than 95 db with a unity gain band width of 500 MHz for a 500 fF loadwith a power consumption of 14.5 mW and phase margin of more then 55 degrees, which meets the designspecifications. The design is meant to be used for implementation of a pipeline DA-converter, using selectioninversion based on Gray coded bit vector. Simulation is done using Cadence Affirm Spectre circuit simulator.Layout of the OTA structure has been finished and prepared to be taped out. [73]

Comparison between sinusoidal PWM and Space Vector Modulation Techniques for NPC inverters.

The supported voltages by new high power IGBTs can reach 6.5 kV; so these devices are particularlysuited for railways traction drives inverters. To this aim, however, it is still convenient to employ a neutralpoint clamped (NPC) structure based on 3.3 kV IGBTs. The paper analyzes and compares two different kindsof modulation techniques, specifically designed for three-phase NPC inverters. The techniques are derived bythe Sinusoidal PWM and space vector modulation techniques used in classical two level industrial inverters.The simulation results are validated by experimental ones obtained employing a NPC inverter prototype anda control board, based on a TI TMS320F2407 microcontroller. [74]

Experiences with power quality related disturbances in industrial systems.

Disturbances in power systems due to oscillations of several kilohertz (1.. 15 kHz) superimposed tothe fundamental became more and more important in recent years. The paper discusses causes for thisdevelopment such as the increased use of PWM converters (e.g. for drives, active filters or FACTS devices)or reduction in system damping together with ordinary converter load leading to an excitation of naturalsystem frequency know as commutation oscillations. Measurement results as well as examples from severalcases of disturbances investigated by the authors will be presented. The effects of these disturbances vary ina wide range such as malfunction of electronic office equipment, blown power supply units, malfunction ofelectronic controls or unacceptable noise. [75]

A new approach for speed control of a d.c. motor fed from ac to dc sepic converter.

A complete modelling and numerical simulation of a system comprising a separately excited d.c. motorfed from a single-phase, single-way rectifier are presented in this paper. The strategy of this approach isbased on the cascade combination of a diode bridge rectifier and a Sepic (single-ended primary inductanceconverter) circuit. Both step-up and step-down characteristics of the output voltage can be obtained. Thesupply current is approximately sinusoidal and its power factor is high. A good performance is achieved witha simple control circuit and only one switch for the converter. Differential equations describing the systembehaviour in different modes of operations are presented. Solving these equations enable the predication ofthe motor performance in both transient and stead-state conditions. The total harmonic distortion of the supplyand motor currents are obtained using the numerical simulation of this system. Moreover, the effect of theduty ratio of the converter on the system performance is investigated. The experimental and simulation resultsconfirm the theoretical analysis. The proposed configuration provides a useful rectifier with sinusoidal inputcurrent and a satisfactory motor speed regulation. [76]

Synchronous AC/DC Converter Using Advanced Unipolar Power Electronics Device.

In this paper, the synchronous AC/DC converter using super junction type power-MOSFET is proposed,and its electrical characteristics are discussed with experimental data. Related to further application of theadvanced power-MOSFET for high current operation of large capacity synchronous AC/DC converter, the



more reduction of on-state resistance is also studied with cooling down power-MOSFET device to thecryogenic temperature of liquid nitrogen and connecting power-MOSFET devices in parallel. As it is ordinaryto have liquid nitrogen equipment for superconducting magnetic field coil, cooling down technology by liquidnitrogen is easy and useful to reduce on-state resistance of power-MOSFET. Parallel connection of manypower-MOSFET devices is available to reduce total value of on-state resistance with increasing current ratingand keeping current sharing among power-MOSFET devices equally. [77]

Simulating the dynamic response of a photovoltaic generation system to voltage sags.

Photovoltaic generation systems are usually low-power sources connected to the distribution network.As solar modules represent a voltage (current) dc-source, they must be connected to the grid through anelectronic power converter producing low-distortion ac current. Utility distribution systems were not designedfor accommodating power generation especially not during system disturbances. Because the converter ’soperation is highly dependent on the voltage at the point of connection the interaction between the networkand such generation system should be analysed. In this paper the behaviour of a photovoltaic generationsystem in case of distribution network voltage sags is investigated by means of digital simulation. [78]

Study of asymmetrical regimes in matrix converters for multi-phase high speed generators.

The paper presents results of study of application of a matrix converter as a power electronic unit forhigh-speed generators (15.000-40.000) rpm. Such generators are use in small gas power plants to improvetotal efficiency. A matrix converter should convert high frequency generator voltages to parameters of acommercial grid-3x400V, 50Hz with the neutral. To improve output voltages, multi-phase generators aredesigned and a special control strategy is used to fulfill by a matrix converter a role of a cycloconverter. Mainattention in this paper is putting on asymmetrical regimes, which occur very often in commercial low-voltagegird. Results of preliminary investigations show, that matrix converters can work also in such conditions buta proper choice of the number of generator’s phases is necessary. [79]

Research on Super Capacitor Energy Storage System for Power Network.

A Super Capacitor Energy Storage (SCES) system applied to distributed generation system and distributionnetwork is presented, which is mainly composed of three parts: the electrical double-layer capacitors arraythat stores energy, the AC/DC-DC/AC power converter system and the integrated control system composedof microprocessors. Application studies of the SCES system for active power supply, voltage control, voltageoscillation elimination and harmonic elimination are described. The stability and control effect of the systemrelation to the node impedance are analyzed in detail. This paper also presents studies on experiments of theSCES system synchronous and re-synchronous operating with power network when grid fault and recovered.[80]

Eighteen-Pulse AC-DC Converter for Harmonic Mitigation in Vector Controlled Induction Motor Drives.

This paper presents a novel autotransformer based eighteen-pulse ac-dc converter with reduced kVA rating,feeding vector controlled induction motor drives (VCIMD’s) for power quality improvement at the point ofcommon coupling (PCC). The proposed 18-pulse ac-dc converter is suitable for retrofit applications, wherepresently a 6-pulse diode bridge rectifier is being used. The proposed harmonic mitigator eliminates 5 th, 7 th,11 th and 13 th harmonic currents, thereby improving the power quality at ac mains. A set of different powerquality parameters for a VCIMD fed from the proposed 18-pulse ac-dc converter are computed to observeits performance. The effect of load variation on VCIMD is also studied to observe the effectiveness of theproposed harmonic mitigator. The simulated results are verified on the prototype autotransformer designedand developed in the laboratory. A comparative performance of different ac-dc converters based on eighteen-pulse rectification have also been presented to demonstrate the performance of the proposed AC-DC converterfeeding VCIMD. [81]



Non-characteristic harmonics and interharmonics of power electronic converters.

Power electronic converters produce not only characteristic harmonics, but also both non-characteristicharmonics and interharmonics. This paper presents physical background of both non-characteristic harmonicsand interharmonics. Generation causes are explored and discussed in detail. Extensive series of simulationof different power converter topologies are provided and compared with experimental results and existingstandards. This research offers missing background for standards covering low-frequency EMC. [82]

An analytical method for power quality assesment applied to grid-connected power electronic converters.

The wide spread use of the power electronic devices in the power networks are due to their multiplefunctions: compensation, protection and interface for generators. Adapting and transforming the electricenergy, they make possible the insertion in the power network of independent generators and renewablesources of energy. However, because of their switching components, the power electronic converters generatecurrent and voltage harmonics which may cause measurements, stability and control problems. In order toavoid the harmonic disturbances, a good knowledge on the harmonic generation and propagation is necessary.The understanding of the harmonic transfer mechanisms could make the harmonic attenuation more efficient,optimising the filters and improving the power electronics control. [83]

Selective Harmonic Elimination Techniques for Multilevel Cascaded H-Bridge Inverters.

Cascaded H-bridge (CHB) multilevel inverter is one of the popular converter topologies for use in highpower drives. It is composed of multiple units of single-phase H-bridge inverter power cells. The H-bridgecells are normally connected in cascade on their ac side to achieve high voltage operation and low harmonicdistortion. The staircase modulation scheme applied to the CHB inverter is simple to implement since allthe switching angles can be calculated off-line and then stored in a look-up table for digital implementation.However, the solving of nonlinear equations for the staircase modulation with selective harmonic elimination(SHE) remains a challenging problem. This paper presents a novel homotopy algorithm which can beeffectively used to solve the problem. The proposed algorithm is analyzed in detail, and the solutions ofdual bands (Pattern A and B) are provided. The simulation and experimental results are given for verification.[84]

A novel simulation system of marine propeller load characteristics.

This paper presents a novel efficient simulation system of marine propeller load characteristics for electricpropulsion motor examination. The simulation system is realized based on real-time simulation and controltechnique by MATLAB and data acquisition card, the cage induction motors and power electronics converterswith relative control strategies are adopted for basic control. The control strategies, including field orientedcontrol and synchronous current PI control, are described in detail. In order to test the simulation system, a30 W prototype is built. The simulation and experimental results indicate that the simulation system is valid,and provides a good reference for the realization of future large power simulation system. [85]

Unity power factor thyristor rectifier recent developments.

This paper highlights the concept of current injection in a three phase ac dc converter and discusses itsadvancements over the years. The inconveniences of passive approaches like the bulky delta-wye transformeras the medium of current injection is looked into, and an active method is proposed not only for diode, butalso for thyristor rectifier. This method is based on a set of bi-directional static witches between the dc busand the ac supply. This makes the entire topology lightweight and efficient. Further enhancements are alsocarried out in the current shaping network in order to make the scheme effective over a wide output voltagevariations. [86]



Study on isolated boost full bridge converter in FCEV.

Fuel cell engine cannot provide enough power at cold start. According to these, a 5 KW isolated boost fullbridge (IBFB) converter is developed as the auxiliary power supply. With the IBFB converter, the 24 V DCof the auxiliary storage cell of the fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV) is converted to a stabilized 300 V highDC. The IBFB converter is controlled with a double voltage and current loop based on DSP-TMS320LF2407.Experimental results show that the system has excellent properties and can be used in areas like FCEV. [87]

Some recent results on the design of power quality control center.

Some results obtained on the design of power quality control center (PQCC) are described. The Center,consisting of two back-to-back power converters, a DC-bus and a solid-oxide fuel cell (SOFC) distributedgenerator, provides varied levels of power quality services to meet the load requirements. Based on theconcept of feasible operating area of the SOFC, it is shown that the ability of the PQCC to accommodateinstantaneous power demand change is constrained. A feasible PQCC operating scheme is then proposed. Itexploits fully the ability of the converters and the SOFC to respond to external disturbances. Furthermore,by incorporating a series compensator into the PQCC, it is shown that load ride-through capability undervoltage disturbance conditions can be extended considerably. Two possible PQCC-SC structures have beenconsidered and simulation results are used to illustrate the efficacy of the proposed schemes. [88]

Measures for the limitation of voltage distortion in the kHz range.

Disturbances in industrial power systems due to oscillations of several kilohertz (1.. 20 kHz) superimposedto the fundamental became more and more important in recent years especially in installations where themajority of the load consists of power electronics. Measurement results as well as examples from severalcases of disturbances investigated by the authors is presented. The effects of these disturbances vary in awide range such as malfunction of electronic office equipment, blown power supply units, or unacceptablenoise. The paper discusses mitigation measures to solve such problems such as introducing special filtersor additional damping. Specific problems and limitations of different solutions is addressed and examplesprovided. [89]

An adaptive analog-to-digital converter based on low-power dynamic latch comparator.

This paper presents a low power adaptive flash A/D converter, which enables the dynamic trade-offbetween resolution and power consumption. Instead of using the traditional amp lifter-chain type comparators,the dynamic latch comparators are applied in order to achieve low power dissipation. Furthermore, the non-OPAmp architecture provides the design with ability to be fully compatible with standard digital VLSI process.Lower supply voltage and less mask steps is hence achievable. The A/D converter was designed with 0.5-mumCMOS technology and capable of operating up to 250 MHz with 5-bit, 6-bit and 7-bit precision. Benefitingfrom 50% less power consumption than conventional designs and exponentially reduced power with linearlyreduced resolution, the design is applicable to wireless applications and various low power portable devices.[90]

LV DC distribution network with distributed energy resources: Analysis of possible structures.

The attention of the end users to the electric power quality problem, the widespread use of the electronicpower converters and the need to integrate the new distributed generation and storage systems have increasedthe interest in considering a public distribution system in direct current. The main idea is to extend theDC section, nowadays present in many electric devices, distributed generation systems and uninterruptiblepower supplies, at the level of LV public distribution. In this way it would be possible to create an highquality electric island that achieves also the advantages of the number and the complexity reduction of thepower converters connected to the distribution network and a greater energy transport capacity with the



same conductors [1]. In the present paper some possible circuital configurations are analyzed both from thetechnical and the economical points of view. Moreover, some remarks related to electrical safety have beenpresented. Finally, some simulation results are given. This paper was developed within the activity "Ricercadi Sistema"(DM 28/02/2003). [91]

A Compact Pulsed Power Supply for ETI Applications.

Recent developments in high-energy capacitors and other high-voltage components have allowedpractical demonstration of a pulsed power supply suitable for integration into a combat vehicle to supportelectrothermal ignition (ETI), a low-energy variation of electrothermal chemical propulsion. A programmablehigh-voltage charger, based on standard commercial power electronic building blocks, offers a low-costmeans of charging the system from variable-voltage prime power sources, such as a vehicle battery packor battery-to-bus converter. A flexible control scheme allows for remote control over fiber optics, or directinterface with a host vehicle fire control system. The pulsed power system was installed in a combat vehicleand used to fire over twenty 120 mm ETI rounds under remote control. In addition, the system was usedto fire into an in-chamber dummy round while controlled by a man in the commander’s seat. Experimentalresults show negligible interaction of the pulsed power supply with vehicle electronic systems, and goodconfinement of electromagnetic fields inside the high-voltage pulse output cable and firing pin. This effort,funded in part by US Army ARDEC, Picatinny Arsenal, has proven out several concepts that contributetoward fielding a compact pulsed power supply, and suggests areas where further development would provebeneficial to future systems. [92]

Development of High Density High Voltage Power Supply for Phased Array Transmitters.

In the fields of electronic warfare airborne applications, the High Voltage Power Supply (HVPS) of phasedarray transmitters must have the characteristics of high power density and stable dc output voltage for drivingmini TWTs. The high voltage stability of HVPS is known critical to keep the directivity of phased arraytransmitters which is easily affected by the phase noise of RF output. This paper describes the developmentand the test results of high-density 3 kW HVPS that generates output voltage of-4.05 kdc. The HVPS makesuse of a newly designed a high power density pulse transformer with operating frequency of 100 kHz andcompact modulators in order to acquire a high density one. And another idea is devised by using the resonantZCS converter to reduce the noise or ripples of-4 kdc high voltage. The resonant ZCS is designed to usethe resonance of serial connection with a capacitor and the pulse transformer’s inner leakage inductance.This paper presents the configuration of HVPS for the phased array transmitter, as well as the test results ofpulse transformer’s secondary winding the perfect rectangular output waveforms. And also, the waveformsof switching on/off voltage (in the range 0 V to-1 kV) of compact modulators featured of the fast switchingtime are presented. [93]

High-performance single-phase high-power Active Front-End.

A high-performance single-phase active front-end (AFE) for modern railway applications is presented. Itcan successfully manage the well known trade-off between high power handling and high switching frequency,with regard to utility side effects. The proposed system is made-up by two parallel-connected two-level single-phase AC-DC boost converters with common dc-link capacitor. One is a high-power AC-DC boost converterwhich behaves as an unitary displacement power factor (DPF) AC-DC rectifier. It works at a low switchingfrequency and so it is able to control the fundamental components of the line currents only to be aligned withthe positive sequence of the node voltages. Adding a low-power high-frequency boost converter working asan active parallel compensator (APC), the whole system also allows a low THD factor at the point of commoncoupling (PCC). [94]



On-Chip Voice-Coil Motor Driver for Mobile Auto-Focus Camera Applications.

On-chip voice-coil motor (VCM) driver for mobile auto-focus (AF) camera applications is proposed andintegrated into image signal processor (ISP) satisfying small size and low-power consumption. In order tocontrol the location of AF lens, a charge pump (CP) or digital-to-analog converter (DAC) can be selected.Since a large current is required to drive the VCM, the buffer amplifier was inserted after charge pump orDAC. On-chip VCM driver is fabricated using a commercial 0.18 mum CMOS technology. As the result, thechip shows the fast speed enough to operate with 30-fps image signal processor and the quiescent currentconsumption of 0.32-mA. [95]

Disturbances due to voltage distortion in the kHz range-experiences and mitigation measures.

Disturbances in power systems due to oscillations of several kilohertz (1-15 kHz) superimposed tothe fundamental became more and more important in recent years. The paper discusses causes for thisdevelopment such as the increased use of PWM converters (e.g. for drives or FACTS devices) or reductionin system damping together with ordinary converter load leading to an excitation of natural systemfrequency know as commutation oscillations. Measurement results as well as examples from several casesof disturbances investigated by the authors will be presented. The effects of these disturbances vary in awide range such as malfunction of electronic office equipment, blown power supply units, malfunction ofelectronic controls or unacceptable noise. [96]

A Novel Maximum Power Point Tracking Method for PV Module Integrated Converter.

Solar cell has the current-voltage (I-V) characteristic which is affected by the radiation and the temperature.To obtain the maximum electricity from the solar cells, the power converters for PV (photovoltaic) modulehave a function called MPPT (maximum power point tracking). The dc voltage and current are controlled totrack the maximum power point (MPP) where the PV modules feed the maximum output power. AC module iscomposed of a PV module and a module integrated converter (MIC). The output port is connected with the acwiring. Each module can operate with tracking the own MPP. In case of AC module, the basic characteristic ofthe PV module is well-known by the manufacturer. Therefore the domain of MPP is approximately predicted.In this paper, a novel MPPT method for the MIC is proposed. The proposed method takes full advantage ofthe known PV module characteristic. The I-V plane is divided into two domains by a linear function. Oneincludes MPPs and the other one never includes MPPs under the normal temperature and radiation conditions.The operating point can be rapidly approached to the MPP using the linear function. Around the MPP, thealgorithm is switched to the IncCond method. Circuit experiments have been carried out. The measured timetaken for the approach to the MPP is reduced from 22 % to 48 % compared to the conventional algorithm.The proposed method is quite simple so that it can be easily applied to various MPPT algorithms. [97]

Modeling Controlled Switches and Diodes for Electro-Thermal Simulation.

Designers of advanced power converters may choose from a variety of switching device models forsimulation. Some situations call for simple idealized models, while others require physics-based models.When evaluating thermal system performance, a behavioral model that includes both conduction andswitching losses is desired. A set of models has been developed to include both unidirectional devices,such as IGBTs, BJTs, and diodes, and bidirectional devices, such as MOSFETs. Logic and timing elementsare used to insert voltage and current sources into the circuit at appropriate times. All losses affect circuitoperation, so simulation can accurately predict losses when the load affects the switching pattern. The modelwas constructed in Dymola and included thermal ports to be attached to a model of the thermal system.Temperature dependency of device parameters can be included with minor modifications. Experimentalverification is shown. [98]



Programmable PFC Based Hybrid Multipulse Power Rectifier for Utility Interface of Power ElectronicConverters.

In this paper it is proposed a novel hybrid three-phase rectifier capable to achieve high input powerfactor (PF), and low total harmonic distortion in the input currents (THD I). The proposed hybrid highpower rectifier is composed by a standard three-phase 6-pulses diode rectifier (Graetz bridge) with a parallelconnection of single-phase boost rectifiers in each three-phase rectifier leg. Such topology results in a structurecapable of programming the input current waveform and providing conditions for obtaining high inputpower factor and low harmonic current distortion. In order to validate the proposed hybrid rectifier, thispaper describes its principles of operation, with detailed experimental results and discussions on powerrating of the required boost converters as related to the desired total harmonic current distortion. It isdemonstrated that only a fraction of the output power is processed through the boost converters, making theproposed solution economically viable for very high power installations, with fast pay back of the investment.Moreover, retrofitting to existing installations is also feasible since the parallel path can be easily controlledby integration with the existing dc-link. A prototype rated at 6 kW has been implemented in laboratory andfully demonstrated its operation, performance and feasibility to high power applications. [99]

A Three-Switch Current-Source PWM Rectifier with Active Filter Function.

Thyristor and diode converters are widely used in electric power systems. These nonlinear loads producecurrent harmonics which reduce power quality by distorting the supply network voltages. Nowadays, anincreasingly popular trends is to compensate the harmonics by using six-switch active power filters. In thispaper the capability of three-switch current-source PWM rectifier (3SW-CSR) to act as an active power filterand to compensate the harmonics caused by other converter is studied. It is shown by analysis, simulationsand experimental tests that 3SW-CSR offers an effective and low-cost solution to improve the quality ofelectrical power in applications where group of three-phase rectifiers is used. [100]

Transformerless Series Dip/Sag Compensation with Ultracapacitors using a new Multilevel BoostDC-to-AC Topology.

Multilevel power converters that provide more than two levels of voltage to achieve smoother and lessdistorted ac-to-dc, dc-to-ac, and dc-to-dc power conversion, have attracted many contributors. This paperpresents a new multilevel topology that can be used in series dip/sag compensators using ultracapacitors.This boost dc-to-ac multilevel topology has self voltage balancing of cells and may be derived from thegeneralized multilevel inverter topology presented by Peng. The new dc-to-ac topology is a unique solutionthat makes the use of ultracapacitors with relative low voltage ratings cost efficient for dip compensation onlow voltage and high voltage lines. As there exists no neutral connection in the series dip compensator, littleisolation restraints exist when using this inverter on high voltage lines. A functional 20 kVA single phase dipcompensator based on the new multilevel topology is presented to verify the theory. [101]

Novel Power Loss Limit Analysis Method for High-speed, Ultra-low Loss Power Converter.

Novel power loss limit analysis method has been developed for designing future high-speed, ultra-low lossconverters. The concept of the method is consisted by 3 parts. They are (1) power loss measurement with acircuit stray parameter adjustable circuit board, (2) separation of power loss into power loss factors by usingmeasurement results and (3) parameter extraction of power loss factors. Advantages of the proposed methodare power loss limit estimation under practically operating conditions and a high OPD converter designincluding influences of circuit stray parameters. To verify an effectiveness of the method, power device lossin a high-speed switching chopper circuit constructed with a Si-MOSFET and a SiC-SBD has been analyzed.The method has successfully extracted power loss factors. Characteristics of power loss factors are modeledby using analysis results. A power device loss limit model is newly established based on power loss factors.



Power device losses have been predicted by using the power device loss model. The predicted power devicelosses are in good agreement with the power losses measured by experiments. [102]

EMI Characterisation of high power IGBT modules for Traction Application.

Performances’ improvement of the switching power drives in terms of switching losses reduction isaccompanied by a significant increase in EMI problems. In this paper, an original experimental ”single-shot” method is proposed, for the evaluation of EMI emission. As it does not require full power operationit can be used for the testing of high power converters in anechoic chamber. An extensive experimentaland theoretical characterization has been performed on the radiated noise of IGBT modules in inverter forrailway applications during inductive turn-on operation. Physical analysis of involved phenomena has beenexecuted by introducing an appropriate IGBT model that takes into account the internal stray elements. Theexperimental and simulation results demonstrate the direct dependence of the radiated noise on the dv/dtvoltage gradient, which is directly related to the di/dt current gradient, in turns on driving parameters. [103]

Efficient Space-Vector Modulation Algorithm for Multilevel Converters with Low Switching Frequenciesin the Devices.

This paper presents a novel space-vector modulation scheme that can be processed quickly by a digital-signal processor, in addition to achieving minimum switching frequencies in the devices of the converter. Themodulation algorithm takes advantage of symmetry in the space-vector diagram to process all the calculationswithin the first sextant. An equivalent reference vector in this sextant is used for the calculation of duty cyclesand the definition of optimal sequences of vectors. By simply interchanging the final states of the legs ofthe inverter of this equivalent vector generates the original reference vector in the corresponding sextant.The total number of switching steps in the final sequences is preserved; thus, optimal sequences of vectorsneed only be defined in the first sextant. This strategy is especially attractive for multilevel converters inwhich the total number of vectors and sequences is very high. Furthermore, since multilevel converters areusually applied to high-power systems, reducing the switching frequencies of the devices is an important goal.Efficiency of the modulation algorithm is verified in the three-level converter by simulation and experiment.[104]

A High Gain Transformer-Less DC-DC Converter for Fuel-Cell Applications.

In this paper analysis and design of a new transformer-less high gain DC-DC converter for fuel cellinverters is presented. Due to the low input voltage in fuel cell applications a high voltage gain DC-DCconverter is required. Typically to meet this requirement transformer based converters are used, with theconsequent cost and size increase. As an alternative to the traditional solution the proposed converter providesa voltage gain of 5 in per unit without the need of a transformer. This contributes to a significant reductionin size and cost while maintaining high conversion efficiency. Moreover the proposed converter produces asplit DC-link which can be independently controlled. This feature is ideal for bi-phase inverters to producean AC output from a fuel-cell energy source. Converter analysis, and experimental results obtained from a 1kW 45 V dc to 200 V dc prototype are presented in this paper. [105]

Reduced Switching Frequency Computed PWM Method for Multilevel Converter Control.

This paper presents two computed PWM methods for 11-level multilevel converters to eliminate thespecified harmonics in the output voltage to decrease total harmonic distortion (THD). The first method usesthe fundamental switching scheme to eliminate low order harmonics, and uses the active harmonic eliminationmethod to eliminate higher order harmonics. The second method uses these schemes in the reverse order, thefundamental switching scheme to eliminate higher order harmonics, and the active harmonic eliminationmethod to eliminate low order harmonics. The computational results show that the difference between theTHD of the two methods is small, but the second method has lower switching frequency. An experimental



11-level H-bridge multilevel converter was used to implement the algorithm and to validate the two computedPWM methods. The experimental results show that the two methods can effectively eliminate the specificharmonics as expected, while the second method results in a significantly lower switching frequency. [106]

Operation and Control of a Dynamic Voltage Restorer Realized Using Cascaded H-Bridge Converters.

The dynamic voltage restorer as a means of series compensation for mitigating the effect of voltage sagshas become established as a preferred approach for improving power quality at sensitive load locations.Meanwhile, the cascaded multilevel type of power converter topology has also become a workhorse topologyin high power applications. This paper presents the detailed design of a closed loop regulator to maintainthe load voltage within acceptable levels in a DVR using cascaded multilevel converters. The paper presentssystem operation and controller design approaches, verified using computer simulations and a laboratory scaleexperimental prototype. [107]

Active Compensation of Unbalanced Supply Voltage for Two-Stage Direct Power Converters Using theClamp Capacitor.

Unbalanced supply voltages can be fully compensated in boost type power converters with active frontend if sufficient energy storage is provided by the DC-link capacitor. In converters that have no energystorage, for example in a matrix converter, the maximum voltage transfer ratio will be reduced if one or moreinput lines is at a reduced voltage. Control techniques to compensate the effect of unbalanced voltage supplyfor matrix converters allow for a limited output voltage and power capabilities, which depends on the levelof unbalance. This paper proposes the utilization of the clamp capacitor, which is normally needed only toprotect a direct power converter (DPC), to extend the operating range of a two-stage DPC during unbalancedsupply conditions preserving its theoretic maximum voltage transfer ratio capability. This solution is validatedthrough simulations. [108]

Enhancement of Carrier-Based Modulation Strategies for Multilevel Converters.

Carrier-based modulation strategies can be improved by inclusion of zero sequences in the modulationsignals. In this paper, the modulation signals of a three-level neutral-point-clamped converter are modifiedto achieve maximum benefit of the DC-link voltage, and to help achieve voltage balance between theDC-link capacitors. The proposed strategy is obtained from the analysis of space-vector modulation patterns.Therefore, compared to standard sinusoidal PWM, 15% larger amplitudes of the output voltage fundamentals,better voltage-balancing performance, and lower switching frequencies in the devices can all be achieved.Furthermore, implementation of this modulation technique in a digital-signal processor is much easierthan space-vector modulation, and also lowers processing time requirements. Efficiency of the modulationalgorithm is verified by simulation and experiment. [109]

Circuit Oriented Model of Rectifiers for Large Signal Envelope Simulation.

Envelope simulation has proven to be an efficient tool for the analysis and simulation of resonantconverters such as frequency controlled ballasts, series-parallel and parallel resonant converters and converterswith piezoelectric transformers. In this work a nonlinear model for the envelope simulation of the half-waverectifier and full wave rectifier is presented. The model accounts for the input capacitance effect on therectifiers and can be easily implemented in a circuit oriented simulator. It is valid for transient, DC and ACanalysis, what is especially useful for the controller design. [110]

Performance of the Resonant Converters under the Self-sustained Oscillation Based Control Techniques.

This paper presents the performance merits of the self-sustained controllers used in resonant powersupplies. They are namely; self-sustained oscillation controller (SSOC), and self-sustained phase shift



modulation (SSPSM). The paper contrasts these controllers to the variable frequency controller (VF). Thecomparison is done via connecting each of them to a study case of a full bridge series resonant converter. Thepaper records the semiconductor stress, conduction loss, zero voltage switching (ZVS) capability, switchingfrequency range, and transient response of the converter under each controller. Mathematical expressions,simulation results, experimental results, and concluding tables are given to quantify the capabilities andshortfalls of each control technique. [111]

Modulation Strategies for Mutually Commutated Isolated Three-Phase Converter Systems.

Converter structures consisting of a voltage source converter and a cycloconverter connected by amedium frequency transformer have several attractive properties. Bidirectional AC/DC conversion as well asvoltage transformation and isolation by the MF transformer can be achieved. Furthermore, by consistentlycommutating the two converters in alternation it is possible to achieve soft switching for all semiconductordevices. However the demand for soft switching imposes certain restrictions concerning the modulationof the converter system that may adversely affect the harmonic properties of the AC side voltage. Unlikeconventional VSC modulation the modulation of the studied converters is heavily dependent on the loadangle. Various possible modulation schemes are described in detail. In particular a new space vector-basedmodulation method derived by adapting a method originally developed for quasi-resonant DC link convertersis presented. The studied modulation schemes are compared and evaluated in terms of the output voltageharmonic distortion and the RMS transformer current. The comparison shows that the presented SVM-basedmethod gives superior performance in almost all operating points. An exception is operation at load anglesnear ±pi/2 rad and intermediate modulation depth. Under these circumstances the harmonic propertiesdeteriorate due to an increased production of low frequency harmonics. [112]

Automated Digital Controller Design for Switching Converters.

This paper presents an approach to automated digital controller design for switching power converters.Starting from an experimentally identified frequency response, parameters of the converter transfer functionare estimated using a least logarithmic squares method. A direct digital design method then yields acompensator that results in the desired closed loop response. Application of the method is illustrated on anexperimental digitally controlled 90 W DC-DC forward converter. [113]

Current Sharing in Digitally Controlled Masterless Multi-phase DC-DC Converters.

This paper introduces modular masterless multi-phase architecture based on identical digitally controlledDC-DC converter modules that communicate over a digital bus. Advantages of the masterless architectureinclude simpler system configuration and development, and scalability to an arbitrary number of phases.Technical challenges are to facilitate proper phasing, control and current sharing functions, while minimizingdata throughput requirements for the digital bus. A chain control algorithm is proposed to implement currentsharing control in the modular masterless architecture. The algorithm performs a moving window averagingwith relatively low storage and communication requirements. Implementations of the chain control in current-mode control systems and voltage-mode control systems are described in this paper. Experimental results arepresented for a two-phase 12-V to 1.5-V, 15-A synchronous buck converter with digital voltage-mode control.[114]

A Boost Converter With Voltage Multiplier Cells.

This paper introduces the use of the voltage multiplier technique applied to the classical non-isolatedDC-DC converters. The major benefits obtained with the integration of voltage multipliers with classicalconverters are the operation with high static gain, reduction of the maximum switch voltage, zero currentswitch turn-on and minimization of the effects of the reverse recovery current of all diodes with the inclusionof a small inductance. The voltage multiplier also operates as a regenerative clamping circuit, reducing



problems with layout and the EMI generation. These characteristics allows to operate with high static again,high efficiency and to obtain a compact circuit for applications where the isolation is not required. Theprinciple of operation, the design procedure and practical results obtained from the prototype are presented.[115]

Control Design of a Three-phase Matrix Converter Mobile AC Power Supply using Genetic Algorithms.

This paper describes the control analysis and design of a 10 kVA three-phase utility mobile power supplyusing matrix converters. Instead of the traditional structure employing a diode bridge rectifier, a DC linkand a PWM inverter, a 3-phase to 3-phase direct AC-AC (matrix) converter has been used as the power-conditioning core of the system. An optimizing control design method, using a genetic algorithm approach,has been used which yields designs to minimize a cost function taking into account both the transient andsteady state performance targets. Simulation and experimental tests have demonstrated that the system meetsthe requirements of the relevant international power quality standards. [116]

A Self-Controlled Power Factor Correction Single-Phase Boost Pre-Regulator.

This paper presents a strategy for controlling the input current of a single-phase boost PFC (power factorcorrector). A sample of the input voltage is not necessary since it is naturally used as the reference current.Besides this, the model presents few simplifications, therefore, being more complete, taking better advantageof the natural characteristics of the converter and obtaining similar results, when compared to classic control,by simply using a proportional compensator. Some of the advantages of this strategy include greater robustnessand simplicity, less susceptibility to noise and a smoother turn-on characteristic. [117]

Active Neutral-Point-Clamped Multilevel Converters.

This paper proposes a multilevel power conversion concept based on the combination of neutral-point-clamped (NPC) and floating capacitor converters. In the proposed scheme, the voltage balancing across thefloating capacitors is achieved by using a proper selection of redundant switching states, and the neutral-pointvoltage is controlled by the classical dc offset injection. Experimental results are illustrated in the paper todemonstrate the system operation. [118]

Development of a 1.5 MVA Universal Converter Module for Traction Drive and Utility Applications.

This paper presents a 1.5 MVA universal converter module developed for large vehicle traction drives andutility applications. The converter module employs 3.3 kV high voltage intelligent power module (HVIPM),dry self-healing segmented dc filter capacitor, and laminated bus bar for completely snubberless and clampingcapacitor-less operation. The module is very compact, light weight, and highly flexible. Several differentsystems can be configured according to various application needs using the converter module. This paperfurther describes its structure/thermal design, specification, and performance in detail. Experimental resultsare presented to demonstrate the module and verify the specification. [119]

PEBB Concept Applications in High Power Electronics Converters.

Demand for use of power electronics continues to increase, reaching many tens of MW and even greaterthan 100 MW. The size of power electronics is a real handicap for serving this demand. Power electronicsbuilding block (PEBB) is a generic strategic concept incorporating several technology aspects which havebeen foreseen as key to major reduction in cost, losses, size and weight of power electronics. The value ofintegration can be enhanced with standardization of interfaces of the building blocks and control/protectionsrequirements. Therefore beyond the concept of physical building blocks, one must look to other aspects ofintegration, such as layout of building blocks, bus work connecting the blocks and standardization in order toderive the maximum benefits from the integration concepts. ONR has funded several manufacturers to develop



PEBBs for a broad range of applications. Some of these designs are now commercially available, some areunder development. This paper describes the latest PEBB based applications and introduces new concepts andtechnologies such as the hybrid-cascade concept for the high fidelity power drive which combines step-modeswitching with pulse-width modulation to minimize both switching and conduction losses as well as currentharmonic distortions. [120]

Development of a 1.5 MW, Seven Level Series-stacked Converter as an APF and Regeneration Converterfor a DC Traction Substation.

A prototype 1.5 MW series-stacked converter system was built and installed at a DC-traction substation.The converter inverts energy generated by slowing an electric train using regenerative braking. Theregenerated energy is fed into the local AC network at the DC-substation. A secondary function of theconverter is to perform active power filtering (APF) while a train is drawing power from the substation. Thesystems control is based on the instantaneous reactive power theory. An interleaved switching scheme isused to switch the seven level series-stacked converter, thus exploiting the natural balancing properties of theseries-stacked converter. Results obtained from tests done show that both the APF and regeneration functionsof the system were successfully implemented. [121]

Multi-Level Three-Phase Current Source Inverter based AC Drive for High Performance Applications.

This work presents a three-level three-phase current source based converter for adjustable speedapplications. The topology obtains all the benefits of multi-level topologies such as reduced harmonicdistortion in voltage and current waveforms as well as a symmetrical sharing of the load power amongthe power valves. It is shown that the dc link voltage balancing issue found in multi-level voltage sourcetopologies is also found in the proposed topology; however, in this case, the issue is the balancing of the dclink currents. It is found and presented a simple closed control loop that keeps the dc link currents perfectlybalanced and operates independently of the additional control loops. The preliminary results show very lowdistorted voltage and current waveforms at the motor side of the topology, which makes it suitable for highperformance ac drives. As expected, any modulating technique can be used to gate the arrange of powervalves; in this document, a carrier based PWM technique is used to illustrate the gating signal generationmethod. The document presents the power topology, the model in the stationary abc frame, a simple carrierbased modulating technique that allows the dc link current balancing, and a steady state analysis andcomparison. [122]

A unity power factor converter using the synchronous reference frame based hysteresis current control.

In this paper, a high performance unity power factor rectifier-inverter structure is presented. A synchronousreference frame based hysteresis current control as inner loop and dc link voltage control as outer loop areadopted for the front-end rectifier. With the proposed control algorithm, the converter draws high qualitysinusoidal supply currents and maintains good dc link voltage regulation under wide load variation, and evenunder unbalanced and nonsinusoidal supply voltage conditions. Theoretical results of its analysis are verifiedinitially through digital simulation. Finally experimental results of a 1 kVA laboratory prototype systemconfirm the feasibility of the proposed technique. [123]

Digital current control of a voltage source converter with active damping of LCL resonance.

LCL filters installed at converter outputs offer higher harmonic attenuation than L-filters but carefuldesign is required to damp LCL resonance, which can cause poorly damped oscillations and even instability.A new topology is presented for a discrete-time current controller which damps this resonance, combiningdeadbeat current control with optimal state-feedback pole assignment. By separating the state feedback gainsinto deadbeat and damping feedback loops, transient overcurrent protection is realizable while preserving thedesired pole locations. Moreover, the controller is shown to be robust to parameter uncertainty in the grid



conductance. Experimental tests verify that fast well-damped transient response and overcurrent protection ispossible at low switching frequencies relative to the resonant frequency. [124]

A novel single stage AC-DC self-oscillating series parallel resonant converter.

This paper presents an improved self-sustained oscillating controller (SSOC) suitable for the singlestage single-phase power factor correction circuits. It has a modified active controller, which improves theperformance from no load up to full load. The steady state characteristics are developed, and a designexample is given. The modified controller allows zero voltage switching (ZVS) at any loading condition witha reasonable power factor that satisfies the IEC standards together with a promising efficiency. MATLAB andPSIM simulation results assure the fulfillment of the design specifications. [125]

A novel safe shutdown strategy for matrix converter even under fault condition.

The reliability of power electronic devices is of paramount importance in practical application. This paperfirstly presents detailed fault condition of the matrix converter-induction motor drive system. Then a novelprotection strategy is proposed. The key of the proposed protection strategy is to provide a controlled free-wheeling path for the motor currents when a fault happens. By using the new protection strategy, the motorcurrents can be reduced to zero as soon as possible, while the safety of the semiconductors is assured. In orderto avoid unexpected overvoltage fault, a clamp circuit is still needed. But in cooperation with the proposedprotection strategy, the capacitance requirement of the capacitor in the protection circuit is small. And theuse of an electrolytic type can be avoided. In the end, the simulation and experimental results validate theproposed strategy. [126]

Proposal of a hysteresis controller with constant switching frequency.

This paper introduces a new control technique for power factor correction in ac-dc converters. It combinesthe advantages of conventional hysteresis control strategy and the prominent characteristics of constantswitching frequency. This is possible because the hysteresis bandwidth can be adjusted to provide fixedswitching frequency. The operating principles, theoretical analysis and results on a single-phase boostconverter are presented to validate the proposal. [127]

Proposal of a timer controller with constant switching frequency and power factor correction.

The proposal of this paper is to introduce a new control technique for power factor correction in ac-dc converters. It combines the advantages of conventional hysteresis control strategy and the prominentcharacteristics of constant switching frequency. The fundamental idea consists in determining the ideal timeperiod that exists between the moment when the input current crosses with the reference current and theconverter commutation. Thus the input current can oscillate around the reference current with constantfrequency of operation. The operating principles, theoretical analysis and results on a single-phase boostconverter are presented to validate the proposal. [128]

Current equalizing for a multi-modular current source converter.

Phase-shifted SPWM technique is adopted to control a directly-paralleled multi-modular current sourceconverter for super-conducting magnetic energy storage system (SMES) to reach high power and lowharmonics. The phase-shifting of the carriers results a serious current unbalance between each convertermodules when the high power switch devices work on low switch rate. This paper analyses the problems ofthe classic current balancing methods and introduces the carrier-swapping method into phase-shifted SPWMtechnique, to eliminate such current unbalance in a multi-modular current source converter without adjustingthe amplitude and phase angle of the modulation waveforms of each module respectively. Experimental resultsare given to prove the effectiveness of current equalization provided by the carrier-swapping method. [129]



A novel, digitally-controlled, portable photovoltaic power source.

This paper is to present a novel, digitally-controlled, portable photovoltaic (PV) power source that canbe used as a standalone power source in remote missions or made on the jacket to power portable personalelectronics. Since the solar cell has a nonlinear voltage-current characteristic, the photovoltaic power systemhas to track the solar array maximum power point to ensure the efficient operation. The battery is used tostore energy when the solar irradiance is sufficient or the load is light and to provide energy to the load in thecase of no sunlight or a heavy load. For advanced batteries such as lithium ion cells, the charging current orvoltage should be limited in order to protect the battery. The charging and discharging currents are regulatedby a charger and a discharger respectively. Since the battery voltage depends on its state-of-charge and thesolar array peak-power voltage varies with temperature level, illumination level and age of the solar array, it isessential to cascade a power converter at the system output to obtain bus regulation. To reduce the solar arraytemperature, a shunt regulator is used to limit the charging current or voltage of the battery by dissipatingthe excess solar array power. In this paper, an integrated, multi-objective digital power controller for this PVpower source is presented, and a state machine based model of the multiobjective controller is described. Thelarge-signal behavior of the system is analyzed. The controller design is then verified by numerical simulationin the virtual test bed (VTB) environment. [130]

Control of dc-dc converters by direct pole placement and adaptive feedforward gain adjustment.

A direct pole-placement control strategy is introduced, and applied in the design of a buck type, dc-dcconverter. The solution involves a feedforward component in the control strategy, to eliminate steady-stateerrors. The value of the feedforward gain, which completely eliminates steady-state error, is dependant uponthe gain of the plant, which may not be known exactly. In this design the feedforward gain is determinedadaptively, so as to drive the steady state error to zero. [131]

A novel control strategy of post buck converters cascading LLC-SRC.

This paper presents a novel synchronous control strategy for the post buck converters directly cascadinga LLC-SRC (series resonant converter) half-bridge converter, which can eliminate the input filter needed bygeneral buck converters and decrease the ripple current flowing through the output capacitor of the front-endconverter, thus leading to high overall efficiency and low cost. The separate control strategy of each postbuck converter makes the standardized and modular design possible. [132]

Optimum controller design for a multilevel AC-DC converter system.

This paper focuses on the controller design based on symmetrical optimum and extended symmetricaloptimum methods for a single-phase AC/DC converter system employing AC/AC direct converter and inverterwith a medium frequency isolating transformer. Design criteria for the control system involve DC voltagecontrol, reactive current control and AC current tracking. Simulation studies verify the designed controllerperformance for multi-level converter system. [133]

A novel charge pump high power factor ac-ac converter.

A novel charge pump ac/ac converter with power factor correction is presented in this paper. It featuressymmetrical circuit topology and ordinary PFM control. The input inductance current frequency in theconverter is twice as in CIC-CPPFC (J. Qian and F.C. Lee, 2000), because two charge pump capacitorsare charged and discharged alternately in the converter. Input inductance ripple current quantity is reduced.The operation principle of the converter circuit and high power factor condition are analyzed. The designconsiderations of circuit parameters are discussed. Experimental results verify theoretical analysis. It canattain the goal of realizing high power factor without specific controlled IC. [134]



Space-Vector Modulated Indirect Matrix Converter under Distorted Supply Voltage-Effect on LoadCurrent.

This paper concerns the effect of symmetric supply voltage harmonics in a space-vector modulatedthree-phase indirect matrix converter (IMC). The IMC is controlled using indirect space-vector modulation.The effect of symmetric supply harmonics on load voltages and currents is analysed using space-vectorpresentation. The measurement and simulation results with distorted supply voltages are compared to theresults with pure sinusoidal supply voltage. Three compensation methods are tested in simulations andmeasurements: 1) calculation of modulation index using measured supply voltages (method I), 2) feedbackcontrol of output currents (method II), and 3) combination of methods I and II, i.e. output current control withsupply voltage measurement (method III). All methods are easy to implement and do not require complicatedcomputing. It is noted that the methods I and III, where modulation index is calculated using measured supplyvoltages, compensate the effects of harmonics most effectively. [135]

An Integrated 30kW Matrix Converter based Induction Motor Drive.

This paper explores the viability of using direct power converter technology to realize integrated motordrives, at power levels significantly higher than is possible with traditional approaches, fitting within the samespace envelope as an equivalent motor. The integrated motor design was targeted at pump and fan applicationswhere the need to install motor drives in a separate location is often an impediment to the replacement offixed speed motors. In order to achieve this objective the thermal and electrical design of the integrateddrive have to be considered together. This paper presents the final design that achieves all these objectives,including fully tested and evaluated demonstrations of the power converter and the cooling arrangements.The final integrated motor drive design only differs from a standard motor in terms of one end plate, theterminal box and the shaft driven fan. Full practical results of the 30 kW demonstrator are presented in thepaper. [136]

AC Drive Systems Using Five-Leg Converter and Series-Connected Machines.

This article presents three machine drive systems with a five-leg converter and two machines connectedin series. All the configurations use ten power switches and does not have any connection to the mid-point ofthe capacitor bank. The pulse-width modulation techniques and the control laws are investigated. The maincharacteristics and some selected experimental results of the machine drive systems are presented. [137]

A Family of High Power Factor Current Multilevel Rectifiers Employing a Sinusoidal PWM Technique.

This work introduces the use of a sinusoidal pulse-width modulation (PWM) technique applied to two-stage single-phase current multilevel AC-to-DC converters. The use of a medium-frequency PWM strategyleads to a high power factor operation, with reduced harmonic content in the input current. Moreover, a safedistribution of the total current among the semiconductor switches is obtained, which is an inherent featureof the current multilevel converters. The DC-to-DC adopted converter stages employ a two-cell structure anddraw a five-level sinusoidal PWM current from the AC utility. Along with theoretical and Pspice simulationresults, the paper includes experimental details and waveforms from a 0.5 kW laboratory prototype whichprove the practical feasibility regarding the present approach. It is expected that the proposed strategy can beapplied to highly inductive DC load power systems. [138]

Implementation of a Non-Sinusoidal Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Machine Vectorial Control.

This paper shows the results of the implementation of a proposed vectorial model for non-sinusoidalair-gap magnetic flux density distribution permanent-magnet synchronous machines (SM-PMSM). This workshows a comparison between this kind of machine fed by a conventional six-step 120deg inverter and aninverter with the proposed non-sinusoidal vectorial machine model. The same machine is fed by these two



kinds of converter in a positioning drive system of a machine-tool application, both in similar situations.The results of rotor position are shown for those two situations, showing the effect of electromagnetic torqueripple in rotor position, consequently, in tool positioning. This same machine was submitted to a tractionapplication and was fed by the converter employing non-sinusoidal vectorial machine model. The measuredstator currents and simulation results were compared in similar situations. [139]

Performance Improvement of Sensorless Vector Control for Matrix Converter Drives Using PQRTransformation.

This paper presents a new method to improve sensorless performance of matrix converter drives usingPQR power transformation. The non-linearity of matrix converter drives such as commutation delay, turn-onand turn-off time of switching device, and on-state switching device voltage drop is modelled using PQRtransformation and compensated using a reference current control scheme. To eliminate the input currentdistortion due to the input voltage unbalance, a simple method using PQR transformation is also proposed.The proposed compensation method is applied for high performance induction motor drives using a 3 kWmatrix converter system without a speed sensor. Experimental results are shown to illustrate the feasibility ofthe proposed strategy. [140]

A unity power factor single-phase three-level rectifier associated with a passive nondissipative snubber.

This paper proposes a single-phase boost-type three-level rectifier employing a passive nondissipativesnubber. The converter is supposed to present high input power factor, low current harmonics, low totalharmonic distortion and simple control scheme. A theoretical analysis, design procedure, as well as analyticalresults regarding a 1.2 kW prototype are presented to validate the proposal. [141]

Power factor correction with a partial power processing converter.

When a power system needs power factor correction and fast output voltage regulation, two mainpossibilities arise: to use two converters connected in cascade or to use a single converter performing boththings. In the first case, each converter performs a different function; the first one corrects the power factorand the second one provides fast output voltage regulation. With this option, the total power is processedtwice. In the second case, a single converter achieves both specifications. In this case, the power is processedless than twice by the converter looking for a better efficiency. This paper presents a hybrid method to correctthe power factor achieving fast output voltage regulation. Two converters are used but the one in charge ofreducing the input current harmonic content only process a small part of the total power. Apart from the highefficiency of the system, the main advantage is that the voltage across the bulk capacitor can be equal to thepeak input voltage. Furthermore, the second converter is completely independent and can be chosen amongall existing converters. The main drawback is that this system is slightly more complex than a single stageconverter. A prototype for a 500 W application has been built and tested to study the real performance ofthis system. [142]

Feedforward current control of boost-derived single-phase PFC converters.

The recently developed input current feedforward control method for boost single-phase PFC convertersis generalized and applied to other, boost-derived topologies. The generalized method is applicable evenwhen additional resonant and active clamping circuits are added to achieve soft switching in the converterpower stage. The feedforward duty ratio signal in the generalized method is calculated based on the off-statevoltage of the main switch instead of the output voltage as in the existing method. Measuring the switchoff-state voltage requires a sample-and-hold circuit, which is best accomplished by using digital control.Applications of the proposed method to a transformer-coupled SEPIC converter with active clamping and itsdigital implementation are presented in detail. Numerical simulation and experimental results are reported todemonstrate the benefits of the proposed method and its suitability for different applications. [143]



Single-phase to Three-phase-Four-Wire AC-AC Component Minimized Converters Without CapacitorDC-Bus Mid-point Connection.

This paper proposes two minimized switch count ac-ac converter. The proposed topologies allow single-phase to three-phase power conversion for supply three-phase four-wire load without the capacitor dc-busmid-point connection. The converters provide bidirectional power flow and power factor control. Pulse-widthmodulation techniques based on scalar and vector approaches are developed, introducing the concept oflocal and general apportioning factor. The overall control strategy for providing dc-bus voltage, power factorcontrol and PWM generation are presented. Experimental and simulated results are presented. [144]

A Novel Carrier-Based PWM Scheme for Matrix Converters that is Easy to Implement.

Since the inception of matrix converter concept, various modulation schemes have been proposed for itscontrol. But the explanation of matrix converter operation is complex, and so is the control methodology ofit. In this paper a 3-phase to 3-phase matrix converter is explained from the point of view of multi-levelinverter topology, and a novel modulation scheme is proposed where the need for sector information andcorresponding look-up tables is avoided. [145]

A study on reduction of common-mode voltage in matrix converter with unity input power factor andsinusoidal input/output waveforms.

This paper proposes a modified space-vector pulse width modulation (PWM) strategy which can restrictthe common-mode voltage for three-phase to three-phase matrix converter and still keep sinusoidal input andoutput waveforms and unity power factor at the input side. The proposed control method has been developedbased on contributing the appropriate space vectors instead of using zero space vectors. The advantages ofthis proposed method is to reduce the peak value of common-mode voltage to 42% beside the lower highharmonic components as compared to the conventional SVM method. Hence, the new table is also presentedwith the new space vector rearrangement. Furthermore, the voltage transfer ratio is unaffected by the proposedmethod. A simulation of the overall system has been carried out to validate the advantages of the proposedmethod. [146]

Operating Region of Single-Phase UPQCs.

The stationary analysis of a single-phase unified power quality conditioner is introduced. Thedecomposition of a single-phase waveform into a sum of sine and cosine functions gives a representationof the original signals and at the same time allows to find the operating region of the system. This is dueto the fact that a model where all the state variables become dc quantities in steady state is obtained. Theoperating region establishes that sags and swells can be readily compensated by the series converter of theunified power quality conditioner. However, the range is limited by the power factor at the point of commoncoupling, the dc link voltage of the topology, and the load voltage reference. Furthermore, the angle ofthe load voltage to the PCC voltage is found to be arbitrary. However, it can be chosen to obtain either amaximum compensating range for sags and swells or to operate the topology at minimum losses. Extensivesimulated results probe the theoretical considerations. [147]

Comparison of Traditional Inverters and Z-Source Inverter.

In this paper, three different inverters-traditional PWM inverter, dc/dc boosted PWM inverter, and Z-source inverter were investigated and compared using fuel cell vehicle and photovoltaic domestic applicationas examples. Total switching device power, passive component requirement, and constant power speed ratio ofeach of these inverters were calculated. For purposes of comparison, an example of the total switching devicepower, requirement of passive components, and the constant power speed ratio of the different invertersfor fuel cell vehicle powered by the same fuel cell and loaded by the same motor were conducted. The



efficiencies of different systems for traction drive and photovoltaic residential application are also compared.The comparisons show that the Z-source inverter is very promising. [148]

Dual AC Drives with Five-Leg Converter.

This paper present six different motor drive system topologies using shared-leg five-leg converters. All thetopologies use ten power switches and does not have any connection to the mid-point of the capacitor bank.The pulse-width modulation techniques and the control strategies are investigated. The main characteristicsof the drive systems are also presented. Experimental results are presented. [149]

Buck Integrated Forward Converter.

An integrated converter is a synthesized converter based on the overall system integration, which issimplified by the system objective and can implement the system functions similar to the discrete converters.An integrated converter consists of converter sets; each converter set has a special function defined by thedesigner. A family of DC/DC buck based integrated rectifier with two active switches can be derived by theintegration concept. In this paper, buck + forward integrated converter is proposed and fully explained. Fivedifferent operating modes, formulation, waveforms, output/input voltage ratio characteristics, small-signalmodels, transfer function, simulation results, and experimental verification are presented in detail. [150]

A Novel Converter System for Fuel Cell Distributed Energy Generation.

To interface the fuel cells (FCs) to grid/loads a DC/AC energy conversion system is required with thecapability to act as an energy buffer for matching generator-load dynamics. A new power converter designis proposed based on cascade connection of a DC/DC and a DC/AC converter. The DC/DC converter has tocontrol the FC current ripple and regulate the power flow from the FC. It is characterized by only two mainswitches of low side type, operated with an interleaved control technique which requires the use of two boostinductance chokes. Such a control strategy provides input current ripple cancellation, which is mandatory infuel cell systems. A regenerative active clamp circuit is also used in order to prevent high peak voltages onthe two main switches, maintaining a high efficiency. The proposed DC/DC converter is tested on a laboratoryprototype and represents a new cost effective topology, able to operate under a wide range of input voltagesand load conditions with high efficiency. [151]

A Multi-Functional Power Electronic Converter in Distributed Generation Power Systems.

This paper presents a power electronic converter which is used as an interface for a distributed generationunit/energy storage device, and also functioned as an active power compensator in a hybrid compensationsystem. The operation and control of the converter have been described. An example of the converterinterfacing a wind power generation unit is also given. The power electronic interface performs the optimaloperation in the wind turbine system to extract the maximum wind power, while it also plays a key rolein a hybrid compensation system that consists of the active power electronic converter and passive filtersconnected to each distorting load or distributed generation (DG) unit. The passive filters are distributedlylocated to remove major harmonics and provide reactive power compensation. The active power electronicfilter corrects the system unbalance, removes the remaining harmonic components, and damps the possibleharmonic resonance. Simulation results demonstrate that the converter system can transfer the real power byfollowing a desired reference power for a variable speed wind power conversion system to effectively extractthe renewable energy and also enhance the power quality of the system where the power electronic converteris connected. [152]



A Novel Sensorless Controller for Three-Phase Power Converters.

This paper address the estimation problem in power converters using nonlinear observers. In general, mostof the schemes used to control the power converters are based on measurements of all voltages and currentsinvolved. In this paper we present the design of dynamical systems called observers or estimators which allowsto reduce the number of measurements, Ie, sensors, and still implement the controller algorithm. Using suchobservers makes it possible to reduce the number of sensors and thus reduce costs or even increase reliabilityif these soft sensors are used as backups for security purposes. In this light, we propose two nonlinearobservers based on the sliding mode theory for two particular cases. In the first case, the observer allowsus to eliminate the use of the DC-link voltage. In the second case, we show that it Is possible to eliminatethe AC-mains sensors with such observers. Finally, the performance of these soft sensors is investigated bysimulations in a control-loop which is based on the popular dead-beat space vector modulation technique.[153]

A Discontinuous Carrier-based PWM Modulation Method for the Control of the Neutral Point Voltage ofThree-Phase Three-Level Diode Clamped Converters.

The neutral-point voltage of the three-level, three-phase converter is regulated using a hysteresis controllerwhich selects the appropriate expression for the zero sequence voltage signal which augments the modulationsignal used in the discontinuous carrier-based PWM modulation scheme for voltage control. The analyticalexpressions for the zero sequence voltages are generalized to three sets making its DSP implementationvery easy. Simulation and experimental results verify the usefulness of the proposed neutral-point regulationtechnique. [154]

Experimental Basis and Simulation Methodology for Fuel Cell Fed Converters Connected to DistributionNetworks to Improve the Load Curve.

This paper proposes a high power option for power injection into the distribution network from alternativesources of energy. A conventional LVDC converter is adapted from consolidated technologies of lowfrequency, for the special case of the low voltage generation from fuel cells (FC). The adaptation of theseLVDC power converters is used for injection of energy produced from FC’s and other alternative sourcesof energy into the electric network. This paper reunites and discusses some new technologies, namelysupplementary control signals, auxiliary power converters, electronic control by the load and series reactorswith the purpose of harmonic minimization and correction of the power and utilization factors. Thesetechniques do not use the high frequencies from switched sources at high power levels but, even so, theydo dispense additional power equipments. For tests of the complete system of alternative energies for powerinjection into the electric network, a FC simulator was used with identical characteristics of a real FC. [155]

Design of Low Power Monolithic DC-DC Buck Converter with Integrated Inductor.

This paper presents the design and fabrication of monolithic buck converter using standard CMOSprocess. As the Q-factor of planar spiral inductor is low in standard CMOS process, this work uses anin-plane inductor built using a CMOS compatible MEMS based technique called PDMA (plastic deformationmagnetic assembly). The fabrication process for integrating this air-core, in-plane PDMA inductor is outlined.Optimization of MOS transistors to minimize losses in the buck converter is presented. The design of a 75-mW monolithic buck converter, using AMIS ABN 1.5 mm CMOS process and in-plane PDMA inductor, isoutlined. Experimental results from this buck converter are presented. [156]

Research on Hybrid IPEMs for Front-end Converter in Distribute Power system.

The hybrid IPEMs (integrated power electronic modules) for front-end converter in distributed powersystem are described in this paper. Three individual modules, including PFC module, DC/DC module and



DSP control board module, were developed to constitute the IPEMs. The conventional wirebond, and springstress contact technology for control and sensing signals, are employed in module fabrication process. Andthe structure of the IPEMs is demonstrated. The 1 kW PFC and DC/DC converter modules where CoolMOSand SiC diode are employed, are prototyped, And the digital control based on DSP chip is implemented. Thethermal performance of the module is simulated with ANSYS. The electrical and thermal performance of themodule has been also validated theoretically. [157]

Five-Level Selective Harmonic Elimination PWM Strategies and Multicarrier Phase-Shifted SinusoidalPWM: A Comparison.

The multicarrier phase-shifted sinusoidal pulse-width modulation (MPS-SPWM) technique is well-knownfor its important advantage of offering an increased overall bandwidth as the number of carriers multipliedwith their equal frequency directly controls the location of the dominant harmonics. In this paper, a five-level(line-to-neutral) multilevel selective harmonic elimination PWM (MSHE-PWM) strategy based on an equalnumber of switching transitions when compared against the previously mentioned technique is proposed. It isassumed that the four triangular carriers of the MPS-SPWM method have nine per unit frequency resulting inseventeen switching transitions for every quarter period. Requesting the same number of transitions from theMSHE-PWM allows the control of sixteen non-triplen harmonics. It is confirmed that the proposed MSHE-PWM offers significantly higher converter bandwidth along with higher modulation operating range. Selectedresults are presented to confirm the effectiveness of the proposed technique. [158]

Modeling and Control of a Small Scale Grid-connected PEM Fuel Cell System.

Among distributed energy resources, fuel cells show are particularly promising as they operate on multiplefuels with low to zero emissions, high efficiency (35-60%) and high reliability due to the limited number ofmoving parts. In this paper, a fuel cell model and control concept are presented for a fuel cell system intendedfor grid connected operation. First, the physical model of the fuel cell stack is described, to properly representthe slow dynamics associated with the gas flows and the fuel processor operation. Then, a suitable controlarchitecture is presented for the overall system, its objective being to regulate the input fuel flow in order tomeet a desirable output power demand, achieving at the same time a near optimal operation of the fuel cells.Then, the power conditioning system, including the DC/DC and DC/AC converters, is presented and typicalwaveforms are shown from its simulation. The fuel cell system investigated in this paper has a peak power of1 kW at 50 V and a no load voltage of 95 V. The fuel cell model and its interface to the grid are implementedin Matlab/Simulink. [159]

An Active Filter for Fuel Cell Applications.

Fuel cells are becoming a more attractive option for many remote power applications. One of the mainwell-known problems of a fuel cell system is its slow dynamic response: the fuel cell system needs significanttime to reach a new steady-state condition after a load change. Notice that fuel cell dynamics, in terms oftime-constants, may be in the order of seconds while electrical loads are usually in the millisecond range.This slow dynamic response should be compensated to allow operation under quick load variation conditions.A separate energy storage device, such as a battery, can be used to supply power to the load during alltransient periods in which the fuel cell is adapting its state according to the load request. This paper proposesa bi-directional converter to compensate for the fast load changes while the fuel cell system adjusts the fuelflow to deliver the necessary energy. Two control strategies are proposed: a current feed-forward control anda voltage feedback control. Simulink simulations have been developed to obtain insight about these controlstrategies, as well as about the behavior of the bi-directional converter. A 35 W hardware prototype has beenbuilt to verify the control performance. Experimental results of both controls are in agreement with theirsimulations and therefore validate the proposed control strategies. Both control strategies perform well. Thecurrent feed-forward control has the advantage of being extremely fast-with responses of the order of onetime step of the digital controller-but has the disadvantage of requiring a load current sensor. [160]



Reconfigurable Fault Tolerant Dual-Winding AC Motor Drive System.

This article investigates dual-winding motor drive system configurations exhibiting fault tolerantcharacteristics. Controlling effectively the power flow is allowed with this configuration even when oneleg of the converter is lost. The basic operating principles of the configuration together with the controltechniques that are be applicable when the drive system is under fault are presented. Experimental resultsdemonstrating the feasibility of the proposed solution are presented. [161]

Integrated Ultra Thin Flexible Inductors for Low Power Converters.

The integration of passive components into the printed circuit board as embedded passives integratedcircuits (emPIC) results in a higher power density of power converters. Here, we present ultra thin inductorsthat are integrated in a flexfoil printed circuit board, which results in flexible and bendable inductors of only300 mum or even less thickness. This publication presents the manufacturing method, which is compatibleto printed circuit board manufacturing processes. A number of various inductors ranging in their values from1 muH to 2 mH and in their diameter from 4 mm to 30 mm are manufactured. The measurement results arediscussed and compared to simulations with a good agreement. Using such an ultra thin inductor a low powerboost converter was fabricated. The converter steps up the battery voltage of 3 V up to 15 V at 20 mA todrive a string of LEDs. The thin inductor fits underneath the conventional driver chip without significantlyincreasing the total building height. The total converter needs an area of 6 mm times 7 mm and would thusfit in a DIL6 package. [162]

Microfabricated V-Groove Power Inductors for High-Current Low-Voltage Fast-Transient DC-DCConverters.

Microfabricated thin-film inductors for high-frequency DC-DC power conversion at high currents andlow voltages with fast transient response have been fabricated and tested. Inductors with a Co-Zr-O thin-film core and a copper conductor have been fabricated in a silicon substrate. Prototype inductors have beencharacterized and applied in a 3.3-V-to-1.1-V, 8-A, 5-MHz DC-DC converter and have been shown to exhibitefficiency of up to 89% and power density up to 96 W/cm 2 of substrate area. The inductors discussed in thispaper emerge as strong candidates for high-efficiency, high-power-density DC-DC converters for advanceddigital systems such as microprocessors wherein the fast transient response of the microfabricated inductorscan result in significant reduction in the converter ’s output capacitance. [163]

Analysis of a High-Power-Factor Electronic Ballast for High Brightness Light Emitting Diodes.

This paper analyzes the performance of a high-power-factor AC-DC converter for the supply of high-brightness light emitting diodes (HBLEDs). The considered topology is a D 2 one (i.e. a topology that,working in continuous conduction mode, has a voltage conversion ratio that is a function of the duty-cyclesquared), working in one of its possible discontinuous modes. No line-frequency energy storage element isused so that the LED current is pulsating at twice the line frequency, with a small high-frequency ripple ontop. The impact of such pulsating current supply on LED optical performance and reliability is also evaluatedby comparison with standard DC current supply. [164]

Comparison of Six Digital Current Control Techniques for Three-Phase Voltage-Fed PWM ConvertersConnected to the Utility Grid.

This paper presents a comparative analysis of six digital current control techniques applied to three-phasevoltage-fed PWM converters connected to the utility grid. Basic requirements are established and comparisoncriteria are used to justify the selected current control technique. The comparison contributes for the selectionof the best current control technique for a given application. Finally, abacuses, tables and experimental resultsare shown in order to present the performance of these controllers under unbalances and harmonics in thegrid voltages. [165]



High Resolution DPWM in a DC-DC Converter Application Using Digital Sigma-Delta Techniques.

This paper demonstrates a DC-DC converter application in which a multi-bit digital sigma-delta modulatorpre-processes the duty-cycle value before application to the DPWM, increasing the effective resolution of theDPWM dramatically. In this method, the DPWM duty-cycle command is pre-processed by a multi-bit digitalsigma-delta modulator, so that the DPWM quantization noise is shaped in frequency. As a result, the totalquantization noise at the output of the DC-DC converter is reduced, and the effective resolution of the DPWMin the control loop is increased dramatically. A prototype converter was seen to perform with an effectiveDPWM resolution of at least 11 bits, with an actual DPWM resolution of less than 6 bits. [166]

Effect of the Tolerances in Multi-Phase DC-DC Converters.

Multiphase technique is being used in several DC-DC applications such as VRM and automotive. The useof a high number of phases provides several advantages being the reduction of input and output filters one ofthe most important. However, due to the tolerances of the components (semiconductors and inductors) theseadvantages are limited. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the effect of tolerances in the inductance onthe output current and voltage ripple. Also, it is shown how the digital control may help to reduce drasticallythis problem. Experiments are included in the paper. [167]

Current Sharing in Multiphase Converters Using Temperature Equalization.

Multi-phase converters offer excellent performance advantages in transient response and efficiency. Acase in point is the core converter for personal computers. These advantages can only be fully achievedif we guarantee load current sharing between all the phases of the design. This paper offers a novelapproach in achieving this goal while at the same time guaranteeing another very important parameter-namely, equalization of case temperature of the switching MOSFETs. The approach taken here is to measurethe temperature of the switching devices in each phase and regulate the switching current per phase so asto maintain the same temperature in all phases. Since both the conduction and dynamic losses are directlyproportional to the switching current, changing the phase current amplitude higher or lower will increaseor decrease the phase temperature allowing the control loop to equalize the phase temperature and currentamong all phases. [168]

Control Technique for Series Input-Parallel Output Converter Topologies.

A series input-parallel output DC-DC converter topology inherently provides output current sharing amongthe phases, provided the input voltages are forced to share. With conventional output voltage feedbackcontrols, input voltage sharing is unstable. Recent literature work proposes complicated feedback loops toprovide stable voltage sharing, at the expense of dynamic performance. In the current work, a simple controllerbased on the sensorless current mode approach (SCM) stabilizes voltage sharing without compromisingsystem performance. The SCM controllers reject source disturbances, and allow the output voltage to betightly regulated by additional feedback control. With SCM control in place, a ”super-matched” currentsharing control emerges. Sharing occurs through transients, evolving naturally according to the power circuitparameters. The control approach has considerable promise for high-performance voltage regulator modules,and for other applications requiring high conversion ratios. Experimental results confirm the control operation.A sample four-phase converter has demonstrated good disturbance rejection, static sharing, and dynamicsharing. [169]

A New ZVS-PWM Active-Clamping Buck-Boost Converter.

A new buck-boost converter featuring clamping action, PWM modulation and soft-switching (ZVS) inboth active and passive switches, is proposed to overcome the limitations of clamped mode buck-boostconverter. The new converter is generated from an improved cell of ZVS-PWM active clamping dc-to-dc



converters. As the resonant circuits absorb all parasitic reactances, including transistor output capacitanceand diode junction capacitance, this converter is suitable for high-frequency operation. Principle of operation,of the new converter, theoretical analysis, simulation and experimental results are presented, taken from alaboratory prototype rated at 500 W, input voltage of 150 V, output voltage of 50 V, and operating at 100kHz. [170]

Switching Frequency Limit for Soft-Switching MF Transformer System for AC-fed Traction.

The migration to line side power conversion topologies comprising a medium frequency transformer inAC-fed propulsion systems may reduce size and weight of the conversion system. The switching frequencyis a crucial factor affecting the viability of such a conversion system. An increased switching frequencyof a mutually commutated conversion system comprising a medium frequency transformer employing softswitching is verified by single pulse measurements. A test bench to characterize standard IGBT modulesunder soft switching has been build and loss measurements on a 3.3 kV IGBT module are presented forhard and soft switching. A loss model of the investigated topology is developed and the maximum switchingfrequency for a converter equipped with the investigated module is estimated for hard and soft switching.[171]

An Average Current-mode Controlled Three-phase Step-up DC-DC Converter with a Three-phase HighFrequency Transformer.

This paper presents a new three-phase step-up DC-DC converter with a three-phase high frequencyisolation transformer in an average current-mode controlled closed loop. This converter was developed forindustrial applications where the dc input voltage is lower than the output voltage, for instance in, installationsfed by battery units, photovoltaic arrays or fuel cell systems. The converter ’s main characteristics are: reducedinput ripple current, step-up voltage, high frequency isolating transformer, reduced output voltage ripple dueto three pulsed output current and the presence of only three actives switches connected at the same reference,this being a main advantage of this converter. By means of a specific switch modulation, the converter allowstwo operational regions. An average current-mode control strategy is applied to input-current and output-voltage regulation. Theoretical expressions and experimental results are presented for a 6.8 kW prototype,operating in region R 2 and for a 3.4 kW prototype operating in region R3, both in continuous conductionmode. [172]

A Repetitive-based Controller to Compensate for Harmonic Distortion in the Output Voltage of a BoostConverter.

A novel repetitive based-control strategy is proposed for the pulse width modulated (PWM) boost converterto compensate the output voltage ripple due to the harmonic distortion present in the input voltage. Repetitivecontrol has shown to be a useful tool for tracking of periodic reference signals and for compensation ofperiodic disturbances, in other words, for harmonic compensation. The structure of the proposed controller ispreserved as close as possible to the conventional one, which includes outer and inner control loops. Thus,in the proposed controller, the repetitive strategy appears as a refinement term added to the inner controlloop. We show that the repetitive strategy can be built using a single analog delay integrated circuit, thussimplifying enormously the implementation. The repetitive strategy is able to cancel almost every remainingharmonic distortion component while maintaining an acceptable dynamical performance and without inclusionof additional hardware in the power stage. Experimental results on a boost converter board, using a poorlyregulated voltage source, are presented to assess the performance of our approach. [173]



High-Bandwidth, High-Efficiency Envelope Tracking Power Supply for 40W RF Power Amplifier UsingParalleled Bandpass Current Sources.

This paper presents a high-performance power conversion scheme for power supply applications thatrequire very high output voltage slew rates (dV/dt). The concept is to parallel 2 switching bandpass currentsources, each optimized for its passband frequency space and the expected load current. The principle isdemonstrated with a power supply, designed for supplying a 40 W linear RF power amplifier for efficientamplification of a 16-QAM modulated data stream. [174]

Ac Current Sensorless Control of the Current-Source Active Power Filter.

In this paper the control of the current-source active power filter is discussed. A new control system ispresented which can be realized without ac current measurements. In current-source converters the ac currentmeasurements are not needed either for protection but the overcurrent can be detected with dc current sensor.For that reason, the ac current sensors can be totally eliminated and the active filter can be realized withsingle dc current sensor. [175]

12V VR Efficiency Improvement based on Two-stage Approach and a Novel Gate Driver.

High frequency VR is demanded to meet future microprocessor’s requirements. However, the highswitching loss and body diode loss suffer the efficiency of VR. Based on two-stage approach, the snubbercapacitor paralleled with the top switch is proposed to reduce the switching loss. And a new gate driver isproposed to reduce body diode loss and gate drive loss. The experiment verified these methods. [176]

A New High Efficiency Phase Shifted Full Bridge Converter for Sustaining Power Module of PlasmaDisplay Panel.

A new high efficiency phase shifted full bridge (PSFB) converter for sustaining power module of plasmadisplay panel (PDP) is proposed in this paper. The proposed converter employs the rectifier of voltage doublertype without output inductor. Since it has no output inductor, the voltage stresses of the secondary rectifierdiodes can be clamped at the level of the output voltage. Therefore, no dissipative resistor-capacitor (RC)snubber for rectifier diodes is needed and a high efficiency as well as low noise output voltage can berealized. In addition, due to elimination of the large output inductor, it features a simple structure, lower cost,less mass, and lighter weight. Furthermore, the proposed converter has wide zero voltage switching (ZVS)ranges with low current stresses of the primary switches. Also the resonance between the leakage inductor ofthe transformer and the capacitor of the voltage doubler cell makes the current stresses of the primary switchesand rectifier diodes reduced. In this paper, the operational principles, analysis of the proposed converter, andthe experimental results are presented. [177]

Power Supply Harmonic Filter Behaviour in a Twelve-Pulse LCI Drive System Under Power ConverterFaults.

This paper presents a study concerning the behaviour of harmonic filters in a twelve-pulse LCI drivesystem after the occurrence of an open-switch fault in the line-side power converters. The main objectiveof this study is to analyse the operation of the filter subjected to the new harmonics developed by the driveunder faulty operating conditions, with and without the introduction of compensating modes of operation,developed with the goal of introducing fault-tolerance to these high-power adjustable speed motor drives.To validate the study some experimental results are presented for the case of the classical passive filtering.Preliminary results obtained by simulation, are also presented for the case of active filtering. [178]



Direct-conversion Switching-mode Audio Power Amplifier with Active Capacitive Voltage Clamp.

This paper discusses the advantages and problems when implementing direct energy conversionswitching-mode audio power amplifiers. It is shown that the total integration of the power supply and ClassD audio power amplifier into one compact direct converter can simplify design, increase efficiency andintegration level, reduce product volume and lower its cost. As an example, the principle of operation andthe measurements made on a direct-conversion switching-mode audio power amplifier with active capacitivevoltage clamp are presented. [179]

Small Signal Analysis of A Dual Half Bridge Isolated ZVS Bi-directional DC-DC converter for ElectricalVehicle Applications.

Due to its distinct operation characteristics, the recently proposed dual half bridge (DHB) isolated ZVSbi-directional dc-dc converter achieves high power density, soft-switching and easy control at one packageand thereby gains increasing interests in EV applications. These advantages are obtained at the expenseof increasing the order of the system. In this paper, the small signal derivation and analysis of the newDHB converter is performed. Particularly, the small signal models and the corresponding equivalent circuitsare developed to derive transfer functions at both voltage control mode and current programmed control(CPM) mode. The dynamic effects introduced by the phase-shift operation, capacitors and transformerleakage inductance have been modeled into the equivalent circuits. Model predictions are conformed bycircuit measurements. [180]

Dynamical Modelling of Class-E Resonant Converter for Step-Down Applications Using PiezoelectricTransformers.

A 1 to 5 Watts wide-range power supply demonstrator with a transoner-type piezoelectric transformer(PT) has been built in class-E topology to show and to model the dynamical functionality of an off-linepower supply. While modelling the feedback closed-loop control, the ZVS or near-ZVS behaviour duringtransient response, was achieved by maintaining a sufficient transistor on-time, being constant. The dynamicalmodelling was applied for 0-3 Watts and 6 V output at input voltages between 85 and 260 V AC, usingdifferent PT sample parameter sets. The PT samples were all 2.3 mm thick, and had a diameter of 17 mm.The used fieldstop-IGBT 1 A-type showed always losses less than 700 mW over the full operating range atfrequencies between 145 and 180 kHz. The application is suited for smart-card format power supplies below5 mm thickness. Compared to the half-bridge, the class E concept, as a current fed topology, promises alarger control bandwidth at the same frequency, tracking the duty-cycle with the frequency instantaneously.Modelling the transient responses, the output voltage in the high frequency model was considered as a constantvoltage source for the low frequency pass of the output network. The poles and zeros of the state-spacematrices deliver the stability criteria after the used vectors of boundary conditions do not change in averageany more. The measurements had been in good agreement with the partially applied differential equationsanalysis, and the SPICE simulation, as well. The control loop stability is given with proportional/integratingregulator up to integrating time constants of less than 20% of the switching period, while the regulationagainst line voltage by frequency modulation was completely achieved. The method provided a completeanalytical dynamical design and modelling of the class-E DC-DC-converter, including the low frequencypart, as the output rectification and charging capacitor, and the feedback loop, respectively. [181]

Small Signal Modeling of A High Bandwidth Voltage Regulator Using Coupled Inductors.

Today’s voltage regulator (VR) for the microprocessor requires a current loop to achieve adaptive voltagepositioning (AVP) and phase current sharing. A fundamental limitation, current loop sample hold effect, limitsthe control bandwidth to be pushed beyond 1/6 of the switching frequency. This paper reveals the limitationof the control bandwidth of a two-phase buck converter using peak current control scheme. The limitationcan be overcome by coupling the two output inductors. A new small signal model is proposed to study the



sample hold effect in coupled-inductor implementations. The relationship between the coupling coefficientand the sample hold effect is then discussed. Based on these understandings, a strongly coupled two-phasebuck converter has double the bandwidth of the non-coupled VR; and this is experimentally verified. [182]

Low Frequency Current Ripple Reduction Technique with Active Control in a Fuel Cell Power Systemwith Inverter Load.

A fuel cell power system that contains a single-phase dc-ac inverter tends to draw an ac ripple currentat twice the output frequency. Such a ripple current may shorten fuel cell life span and worsen the fuelefficiency due to the hysteresis effect. The most obvious impact is it tends to reduce the fuel cell outputcapacity because the fuel cell controller trips under instantaneous over-current condition. In this paper, theripple current propagation path is analyzed, and its linearized ac model is derived. The equivalent circuitmodel and ripple current reduction with passive energy storage component are simulated and verified withexperiments. An advanced active control technique is then proposed to incorporate a current control loopin the dc-dc converter for ripple reduction. The proposed active ripple reduction method has been verifiedwith computer simulation and hardware experiment with a proton exchange membrane type fuel cell using amultiphase dc/dc converter along with a full-bridge dc-ac inverter. Test results with open loop, single voltageloop, and the proposed active current-loop control are provided for comparison. [183]

Novel Sensorless Decoupled P-Q Control of Doubly-Fed Induction Generator(DFIG) Based on PhaseLocking to Gamma-Delta Frame.

The doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) is a competitive choice in the burgeoning wind power industrybecause it offers a high level of controllability through sensorless, decoupled P-Q control implemented byreduced-size voltage-source converters (VSCs). This paper presents a novel method of sensorless, decoupledP-Q control based on a gamma-delta axes tracker which applies phase lock loop principles. [184]

The Generation of DC-DC Converters using new Three-Terminal Multiple-State Cells.

This paper presents the generation of basic DC-DC non-isolated converters from a new three-terminalcommutation cell with four commutation states. The commutation cell proposed is composed of a highfrequency three-phase transformer connected in Y-Delta, associated with three switches, three diodes andan inductor. The principle of operation of the proposed cell is described. The buck, boost and buck-boostconverters generated from using the cell are shown and their static gains in both DCM and CCM are presentedalong with their output characteristics. A theoretical analysis is depicted and experimental results from a buckconverter are also presented. A generalization regarding the number of phases is also shown. The advantagesof using this cell are: distribution of the currents among the phases without the need of a control to balancethe currents; a reduction in the conduction losses; an increase in the frequency of the input and output filters,reducing the ripple. Due to the characteristics presented, this cell is indicated for applications in converterswith low voltage and high current. [185]

Dynamics of Current-Mode-Controlled DC-to-DC Converters with Input Filter Stage.

This paper shows that the previously-reported eccentric behaviors of current-mode-controlled dc-to-dcconverters combined with an input filter stage can be systematically described by means of the generalanalysis methodology for input filter interaction. This paper also shows that each of three basic current-mode-controlled dc-to-dc converters (buck, boost, and buck/boost converter) has a unique pattern of dynamicinteraction with an input filter stage, resulting in markedly different small-signal dynamics from those of theother converters. Theoretical predictions of the paper are supported by both experimental results and computersimulations. [186]



Optimal Modulation of Flying Capacitor and Stacked Multicell Converters using a State MachineDecoder.

Modulation of flying capacitor and stacked multicell converters (SMC) is complicated by the fact thatthese converters have redundant states that achieve the same phase leg voltage output. Hence a modulatormust use some secondary criteria such as cell voltage balancing to fully define the converter switched state.Alternatively, the modulator can be adapted to directly specify the cell states, such as has been proposed forthe harmonically optimal phase disposition (PD) strategy. However the techniques reported to date can leadto uneven distribution of switching transitions between cells, and the synthesis of narrow switched phaseleg pulses. This paper presents an improved strategy that decouples the tasks of voltage level selection andswitching event distribution. Conventional PD and CSVPWM strategies are used to define the target voltagelevel for the converter, and a finite state machine is then used to distribute the transitions to the converter cellsin a cyclical fashion. Experimental results for a four level flying capacitor inverter are presented, verifyingthat the natural balancing properties of this converter has been preserved, the cell switching utilization isequal and the expected harmonic gains of PD and CSVPWM compared to phase shifted carrier PWM havebeen achieved. [187]

Simulating Electromagnetic Interactions in High Power Density Inverters.

In high power density inverters with integrated functions like filters and control electronics electromagneticinteraction between components becomes an important issue. Especially filters for electromagneticinterference are very sensitive to electromagnetic fields and therefore critical to design. Neverthelessonly few guidelines for optimizing placement of filter components were published up to now. This paperintroduces a simulation method for predicting stray fields of components and conducting structures, which isverified experimentally for different passive components and setups. The examples demonstrate a possibilityof handling interaction problems. [188]

Experimental Verification of the z-Domain Model for Digitally Controlled Converters.

The small-signal z-domain model for digitally controlled converters was presented before. Thoughsimulation results showed that the theoretical predictions were valid, no experimental results were at hand.In this paper experimental evidence is provided that proves the accuracy of the small-signal z-domainmodel. For that purpose the z-domain model is applied to the input current control loop of a boost powerfactor correction converter. The accuracy of the z-domain model is studied by comparing the theoretical andexperimental closed-loop step response of the current control loop for different initial conditions and currentcompensators. After filtering out the effects of quantization, this study reveals the good accuracy of thesmall-signal z-domain models for digitally controlled converters. [189]

Improved Power Factor Interleaved Boost Converters Operating in Discontinuous-Inductor-CurrentMode.

The main goal of this paper is to investigate the operation and design trade-offs of the Nabae converter forthe universal operation condition, showing that is possible to reduce line-current distortion with an one-cyclecontrol approach besides regulating the voltage output for variable load. As a consequence of the exploitationof the Nabae converter characteristics, two integrated AC to AC converters are proposed. Simulation andexperimental results verify the theoretical studies. [190]

Digital Control of Single-Inductor Dual-Output DC-DC Converters in Continuous-Conduction Mode.

This paper investigates the application of digital control for non-isolated single-inductor dual-output step-down dc-dc converters operating in continuous-conduction mode (CCM). The accurate and independentcontrol of each output requires sophisticated digital control architecture so as to minimize cross-regulation



problem. The adopted control includes a separate regulation of common-mode and differential-mode outputvoltages. Moreover, variable gain of the differential-mode regulator and a non-linear evaluation of thecommon-mode voltage have been investigated in order to improve the system dynamic response at differentload conditions. Experimental investigation has been performed using discrete components, implementingthe digital control in a field programmable gate array (FPGA). Simulation and experimental results on dualoutput converters (V in=2.5/5 V, V o1=V o2=0.9/1.5 V, I o1=I o2=0/0.6 A) confirm the proposed analysis.[191]

A Versatile Digital Pulsewidth Modulation Architecture with Area-Efficient FPGA Implementation.

This paper describes a multi-output digital pulsewidth modulator (DPWM) that generates versatilewaveforms suitable for use in a typical multi-phase interleaved switching DC-DC buck converter. Aheterogenous DPWM is proposed that achieves a resolution of 255 ps, facilitating multi-megahertz switchingfrequencies. A novel global architecture is also introduced that exploits the phased nature of the interleavedbuck converter, limiting the number of required multiplexers/comparators and enabling a large, adjustablenumber of variable-frequency pulsewidth modulated outputs to be generated using a small, xed architecturewith programmable duty-cycles and dead-times. [192]

Topology Selection of AC Motor Drive Systems with Soft-Starting for Rural Applications.

This work presents a simulation analysis of AC motor drive systems based on single-phase to three phaseconverters with soft-start procedures. The purpose is to identify capabilities for a proper topology selectionwhich can suit rural applications. Six topologies with economic features are analyzed while driving a squirrel-cage induction motor with a load torque proportional to the square of the angular speed. Design guidelines andcontrol strategies are presented. Complete models are implemented in an electromagnetic transient simulationpackage (PSCAD/EMTDCtrade). [193]

A New Three Phase Full-bridge C-dump Converter Applied to Switched Reluctance Motor Drives.

This paper presents new ”C-dump” topologies for switched reluctance motor drives: the ”full-bridge C-dump converter ” with and without the equalization leg. The increase in the number of switches is acceptablesince a standard full bridge transistor module is used. The paper also shows the commutation and controlstrategy applied to these topologies. These topologies can be used to produce low-power, low-cost switchedreluctance drives. [194]

Dual-Source Fed Multi-phase Induction Motor Drive for Fuel Cell Vehicles: Topology and Control.

The paper introduces a new multi-source fed drive topology based on a multi-phase induction machine.The reference application is the hybrid fuel cell (FC) traction system (fuel cell and battery). The FC powerand the battery power are directly added at the machine level, without any additional DC-DC converters. Theproposed drive topology uses two three-phase inverters having different DC link voltages provided by theFC and the battery, respectively. The two inverters, controlled by an unique control system, supply a dualthree-phase induction motor having two sets of stator three-phase windings spatially shifted by 30 electricaldegrees. In this drive topology, the machine can operate asymmetrically and the control system must be ableto cope with different power levels in the two sections of the drive. A rotor field oriented control strategy hasbeen implemented using a stationary frame current control scheme. Experimental results are presented for a10 kW dual three-phase induction motor drive. [195]

A System for Dispersed Generator Participation in Voltage Control and Primary Frequency Control ofthe grid.

When the amount of power that is generated by dispersed power sources becomes a significant part ofthe total generated power, the control of grid voltage and frequency may become a problem, because ever



less centralized power plants for voltage and frequency control remain. Therefore, a method is proposedto let dispersed power sources participate in voltage control and primary frequency control. The methodis specifically meant for dispersed sources that are connected to the power system via a power electronicinterface, such as photovoltaic systems, variable speed wind turbines and fuel cells. The method takesadvantage of the possibilities to control the active and reactive current of the power electronic interfaceindependently, within limits imposed by the prime mover and the converter rating. Theory, simulations andexperimental results obtained with a scaled model are presented. Both simulations and experimental resultsshow qualitatively that dispersed generators can help to stabilize voltage and frequency. [196]

Optimized design of a back-to-back NPC converter to be used as interface for renewable energies.

As the number of wind power with power electronics interfaces in the grid increases, it becomesunacceptable to disconnect the generating units every time a disturbance occurs, as was a common practicein the past. Keeping the converter online during unbalanced voltage and guaranteeing the actual standardsof the converter connected to the grid becomes a very critical issue. From these goals, the design of arobust back-to-back NPC (three levels) converter of 100 KVA is researched in this work. The converteris divided into two main parts: the power electronics system and the control electronics system. In bothdesigns, some important contributions are shown. Concerning the first part, the paper presents primarily theconverter limitations to compensate unbalanced dips, the grid filter design and the DC-bus capacitor design.Concerning the control electronics system, the chosen electronic structure and the tasks distribution betweenthe chosen processors are shown. [197]

A new active clamp sepic-flyback converter for a fuel cell generation system.

In this paper, a new active clamping sepic-flyback converter has been proposed, which is suitable for a fuelcell based power generation system. The proposed converter is superposition of sepic converter mode andflyback mode. It has outstanding high boosting output voltage, component utilization and high efficiencycharacteristics under the inherently severe low output voltage of the fuel cell generator. The proposedconverter for a full cell generator is described and verified by simulation and experimental result that makeused of the polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) generator. [198]

Improving grid voltage quality by decentral injection of current harmonics.

This research project deals with the development of an adjustable converter for injection of fuel cell power.A DC/DC converter stage increasing the voltage level is connected to a DC/AC inverter for grid currentinjection via a high capacitance DC link. This decouples the momentary power drawn from the energy sourcefrom the momentary power being injected into the grid, allowing arbitrary output current waveforms withoutan increase of input current ripple. Conventionally, pure fundamental frequency currents are considered theoptimum waveform regarding the injected currents impact on the grid. This paper demonstrates how gridvoltage harmonics caused by nonlinear loads can be minimized by adapting the converters injected currentshape. In contrast to harmonics compensation in industrial applications where the compensation current isdetermined by measuring the local loads current harmonics, the intended decentral application in privatehouses suggests a different approach to improve overall grid voltage quality. The digital signal processorused for the converters control and monitoring functions calculates the frequency spectrum of the measuredgrid voltage run by digital Fourier transformation (DFT) and determines the current harmonics necessary tocounteract the present voltage harmonics. The resulting current frequency spectrum is modulated into a timedependant current shape that is added to the fundamental frequency current run determined by the requestedamounts of active and reactive power. This way, harmonic currents of the local loads are compensated withoutchanges in the house installation for measuring the loads currents. Also current harmonics of neighbouringhouses are compensated. [199]



Snubberless switching-off characteristics of IGCTs equipped in high power three-level neutral pointclamped converters.

Along with the improved design and broad applications of multi-level topologies, as a new commercialpower switch device in recent years, IGCT has led the rapid development of high power converters in manyapplications, such as medium voltage adjustable speed drive and FACTs. Since the power electronic deviceis the base of these converters, the switching-off characteristics of IGCTs have become one of the keypoints in converters ’ design and analysis, especially when snubber circuits are absent. This paper focuseson the snubberless switching-off characteristics of IGCTs equipped in the high power three-level neutralpoint clamped (NPC) converter. According to the physical characteristics of switch devices and commutatingmechanism between different switching processes in the converter, the switching-off characteristics of IGCTsin different topology positions under different switching conditions are described, simulated and tested. Theresults of simulation and experiments are compared, especially the voltage spikes by IGCTs’ switching off.The relation between the switching-off characteristics and the other elements of the converter is also discussedin detail, such as topology position, PWM strategy and mechanical structure. Finally, some helpful conclusionsfor high power converters ’ design and analysis are drawn. [200]

Investigation on the high power three-level DC-link voltage source inverter equipped with IGCTs.

The feature of the IGCTs makes them have excellent performance in high-voltage high-current field. Andthe high integration of the drives and the devices makes it very convenient to use them. In the adjustablespeed drive systems, the high power three-level voltage source inverters equipped with IGCTs are widely usednow. In this paper, the main topological structures used presently in the inverters with IGCTs are analyzed.Based on the theory analysis and the system simulation, a high power three-level converter with IGCTs isdesigned. With the experiment of IGCT device and the converter system, the working performance of theconverter is verified. The experiment results show that the converter reaches the design requirement and hasexcellent performance. [201]

Single-switch unity power factor electronic ballast with continuous input current.

In this paper a single-switch single-stage charge pump electronic ballast with unity power factor isintroduced for the fluorescent lamps. After a comparison between basic charge pump converters, the proposedballast circuit operation is analyzed. The simulation results with the lamp circuit modeled, justifies theconverter analysis. [202]

A three-phase four-wire high-frequency AC link matrix converter for power electronic transformer.

In this paper, a new three-phase four-wire high-frequency AC link matrix converter is discussed, andthe topology of conventional matrix converter is modified with an additional transformer for three-phasefour-wire power distribution application. The proposed approach accomplishes high output voltage transferratio which is more than unity, galvanic isolation between both voltage sources and higher power densityby employing a high-frequency transformer into the intermediate stage of the dual bridge matrix converter.It has a bidirectional power flow capability, controllable input source displacement power factor and lowerharmonic distortion on both input and output sides. Furthermore, with three dimensional space vector PWM(3D SVPWM) and modified control strategy, the input and output currents may keep low harmonic distortionunder unbalanced input voltage or variable three-phase four-wire unbalanced loads. The proposed approachis a competitive solution to the power electronic transformer. Experimental results of a three-phase four-wire220/380V 5KVA 50 Hz power electronic transformer system based on DSP controller are presented andshown to demonstrate the advantages of the proposed system. [203]



Dead-time Compensation Based on the Improved Space Vector Modulation Strategy for Matrix Converter.

In the control of matrix converter, multi-step current commutation from one input phase to another needsdead-time for safe commutation, so like the dead-time effect in VSI, there is unwanted output voltageerror occurred. In this paper, first, the widely used multi-step current commutation’s procedure and thecorresponding output voltage error under the space vector modulation (SVM) is analyzed, then, the schemeof dead-time compensation based on the improved SVM is proposed, the scheme compensates the outputvoltage error by correcting the space vector’s duty time. The experimental results show that the scheme is notonly available but also it add no hardware to the system, and it is easy to be fulfilled by the control system.[204]

Intelligent power supply for wireless sensor network nodes.

This paper focuses on the design and implementation of a low-power intelligent power supply to be used ina wireless network sensors solution intended for installation in structural monitoring systems or other powercritical systems. The system consists of a power source (battery, fuel cell or similar), a microprocessor as thecontrol unit, battery monitor, and integrated DC-DC converters. All the components communicate via an I 2C bus. The power supply will comprise from off-the-shelf technology components that are low-cost and richin functional features. [205]

Double-fed three-phase induction machine abc model for simulation and control purposes.

The aim of this paper is to develop a doubly-fed induction machine (DFIM) model suitable for thesimulation of this machine in any system with control circuits and/or connections to the grid by means ofpower electronics converters. The circuit-oriented approach has been chosen in order to represent the DFIMmodel as a rotating transformer. In fact, a class of universal machine model has been built to be used withsimple input electrical parameters such as stator and rotor resistances, self, leakage and mutual inductances.With the model, it is possible to simulate any kind of asymmetry in both stator and rotor sides with orwithout variations of the machine parameters. A specific wound-rotor induction machine model, using onlyresistances, inductances and controlled voltage sources, has been developed. The coupling effects betweenstator and rotor have been taken into account stator-rotor mutual inductances. The performances of the modelhave been verified by comparison between simulation and experimental results on a 0.09 kW-220 V/380 V-50Hz-4 poles DFIM working in motoring mode at standstill, no-load and rated load conditions. [206]

Stability improvement of distributed power system by using full-regulated bus converter.

The bus architecture, consisting of bus converter and POLs (point of load), has become very popularsince POL can respond to some demands of multi power supply voltage, low driving voltage and seriessequence/tracking of LSI with more flexibility than isolated DC-DC solution. However, the customersuffers the system instability issue caused by impedance overlap between the bus converter and POL. Busconverter has three types i) un-regulated, ii) semi-regulated, iii) full-regulated, and each type has differentoutput characteristic. This makes matter more complex to understand and difficult to resolve the instabilityphenomena. This paper presents, the availability of full-regulated bus converter for system stability ascompared with un-regulated and semi-regulated case, and is examined analytically and experimentally. Asa result, it has been found that in the case of full-regulated bus converter, the bandwidth is extended in thepresence of feedback loop due to damping of output impedance peak, and achieved higher stability. [207]

Sampled Data Model for a Self-oscillating Series-parallel Resonant Converter with the Parasitic Effectsin the Clamped and Unclamped Conduction Modes.

The paper presents a new sampled data model for a self-oscillating series parallel resonant converterincluding the effect of the transformer leakage inductance, and the output capacitor filter parasitic resistance.



The generalized set of the piecewise linear state space model is given, and then a systematic procedure isshown to develop the dynamic models in general steps. The steps are translated into a MATLAB programthat is 30 times faster and 150 times less capacity than that of the PSIM software. The algorithm is applied tomodel the converter in both of the undamped (continuous) and clamped (discontinuous) conduction modes.Analytical, simulation and preliminary experimental results are given to prove the validity of the developedmodels. [208]

Predictive Control of a Three-Phase Neutral Point Clamped Inverter.

A new predictive strategy for current control of a three-phase neutral point clamped inverter is presented.It is based on a discrete-time model of the system, used to predict future values of the load current and voltageof the capacitors in the DC-link, for each possible switching state generated by the inverter. The state thatminimizes a given quality function ”g” is selected to be applied during the next sampling interval. Severalcompositions of g are proposed, including terms dedicated to achieve reference tracking, balance in the DC-link and reduction of the switching frequency. The algorithm uses the redundancy of switching states, typicalof a three-level inverter, by means of a simple strategy. In comparison with classic PWM current control, thestrategy presents a remarkable performance. The proposed method achieves comparable reference trackingwith lower switching frequency per semiconductor and a slightly improved transitory behavior. It requires agreater sampling frequency, which should not be a problem, considering the present technologies availablein digital signal processors. The main advantage of the method is that it does not require any kind of linearcontroller or modulation technique, achieving a different approach to control a power converter. [209]

Design Issues of Natural Reference Frame Current Regulators with Application to Four-leg Converters.

Three-phase, four leg voltage source converters by virtue of the fourth leg connected to the neutral pointsof the wye-connected loads effectively handle the zero sequence currents and voltages occasioned by loadimpedance imbalances and/or nonlinearity of loads. This paper outlines a generalized carrier-based pulse-width modulation scheme for this converter which with a natural reference frame control scheme directlycontrolling the actual load currents ensure current regulation irrespectively of the nature of the load. Thecontroller structure and design are discussed explicitly with attention paid to considerations leading to theselection of the controller parameters yielding satisfactory location of system poles and zeros. The proposedmodulation and control schemes are effectively validated by computer simulation and experimental resultsfor the converter operation in the linear and overmodulation regions. [210]

Design of a Tuned Balancing Network for Flying Capacitor Multilevel Converters.

The used of a dynamic model of the flying capacitor multilevel converter employed in the design of atuned balancing network, is presented in this paper. This model presents a time domain approach instead ofa frequency domain analysis previously used to characterized the self balancing properties of the capacitorvoltage. Through this approach it is possible to obtain a better understanding of the physical properties whichgoverns the self balancing characteristics of the converter. Then it is easier to establish design criteria for thebalancing network components needed for proper operation of the multilevel converter. [211]

Low-Frequency Input Impedance Models for Boost Single-Phase PFC Converters.

Input impedance models of boost single-phase PFC converters suitable for predicting small-signal inputcharacteristics below the line fundamental frequency are presented in this paper. Existing low-frequencyinput impedance models based on double averaging predicts input current responses to perturbations in theamplitude of the input voltage. It is shown that such impedance models don’t conform to the standarddefinition of impedances, hence cannot be used to study dynamic interactions between the PFC converter andthe source in the conventional approach, in which the Nyquist stability criterion is applied to the ratio of thesource output impedance to the converter input impedance. A new input impedance model that overcomes



this limitation is then developed by using the method of harmonic balance. The new model conforms tothe standard definition of impedances and predicts input current responses to superimposed input harmonicvoltages. Numerical simulation and experimental results are presented for validation of the proposed model.Mathematical relationship between the two types of models are also presented to provide an alternativeapproach to the derivation of the new model. [212]

Stability Analysis of a Voltage Mode Controlled Two-Cells DC-DC Buck Converter.

In this paper we analyze the dynamics and stability of a power electronic two cell DC-DC buck converterfor high and medium voltage applications. The system is under voltage mode PWM control with dynamiccontroller for the output voltage loop. Numerical simulations from the exact circuit model shows that thesystem can undergo some nonlinear phenomena in the form of bifurcations. Different kinds of behaviors ofthe system are detected by varying some design parameters. These behaviors occur after losing stability ofthe nominal periodic behavior. In order to explain these phenomena, we derive a discrete time model in theform of a Poincare map which accurately describes the dynamical behavior of the system. The linearizedsmall signal discrete time model is also obtained. Numerical simulations confirm the theoretical predictions.[213]

A DSP control system for the grid-connected inverter in wind energy conversion system.

The development of power electronics leads to the idea of variable-speed direct-drive generators in thefield of wind energy conversion system. This paper discusses the PWM converter used as the grid-connectedinverter in the variable-speed direct-drive conversion system. The grid-connected inverter has to be controlledto maintain constant DC link voltage and to keep sinusoidal AC current at unity power factor. This paperintroduces the principle of PWM converter whose DC voltage and AC current are controlled by the SICTcontrol strategy which can obtain the bi-direction high dynamic features at a fixed switching frequency. Thehardware and software of the DSP control system of the grid-connected inverter are presented subsequently.Experimental results show that the AC currents are close to sinusoidal being in-phase with the AC voltageand DC voltage can be maintained constant. [214]

Advanced electrical machines and actuators for new and emerging applications.

There is a continual demand for advanced electrical machines and drives for wide-ranging applications inall market sectors. The motivation for their development varies considerably. However, common objectivesare to improve efficiency, and, thereby, to conserve energy and reduce environmental pollution, increasepower density, enhance functionality, and improve reliability and maintainability, whilst the adoption of’more-electric’ technologies is also being driven by legislation, consumer expectations regarding performanceand more fierce competition in the market place. The paper reviews recent developments in electricalmachines and actuators, facilitated by advances in magnetic materials, semiconductor switching devices,power electronic converters and control systems, by briefly describing some of the research activities whichare being undertaken at the University of Sheffield, with particular emphasis on applications in the automotiveand aerospace sectors. It also highlights the fact that there remains considerable scope for design innovation.Many of the applications pose particularly severe challenges in terms of the thermal operating environment,the rotational speed and/or space envelope constraints, for example, whilst others are particularly challengingin terms of being highly cost-sensitive or safety critical. [215]

Development of a 170GHz high-power and CW gyrotron for fusion application.

Development of 170 GHz-long pulse gyrotrons for ITER is underway in JAERI. A cooling systemwas enhanced for CW gyrotron operation and a pre-programming control of a cathode heater power wasintroduced. As a preliminary result, stable quasi-steady-state oscillations of 450s /0.2 MW and 600s /0.13MWwere obtained. An oscillation test tube with higher order mode TE 31,12 in cylindrical cavity and a high



efficiency built-in mode converter has been developed for an advanced gyrotron system. In an initialexperiment, performances of 1 MW /short pulse, the efficiency of 28% without depressed collector wereobtained and measured output RF profile was in good agreement with the design. [216]

Interpretation and Prediction of Loop Gain Characteristics For Switching Power Converters Loaded withGeneral Load Subsystem.

This paper presents a qualitative method to analyze and interpret loop gain characteristics of switchingpower converters loaded with a practical load subsystem. Effects of the load subsystem’s input impedance onthe loop gain of switching power converters are investigated. Based on the analysis results, a simple qualitativemethod is established that facilitates the interpretation and prediction of the loop gain characteristics forswitching power converters. Theoretical predictions of the paper are supported by both computer simulationsand experimental results. [217]

Analysis and Modeling of the ZVZCS Full Bridge PWM DC-DC Converter Using a Secondary AuxiliaryCircuit.

In this paper a novel ZVZCS FB-PWM DC/DC converter is analyzed. Comparing with the small signalmodels of the buck converter and the ZVS-FB PWM converter, the paper indicates that the characters ofZVZCS small signal model are significantly different from the latter. On the basis of small signal modeling,the compensation network is designed and verified by the simulation and experiment results. [218]

Cancellation of 3rd common-mode voltage generated by matrix converter.

Matrix converters which remove the reactive energy storage component, have many merits overconventional converters. Unlike traditional converters, such as 3-level inverters, which can producesinusoidal output without low common-mode harmonics, matrix converters generate third common-modeharmonics. In this paper, an approach to cancel the third common-mode voltage is proposed. The selfcharging technique is applied and a fast start-up scheme is described. A resonant controller is introducedas a feed back controller. Two modulation methods are implemented and feed forward control is applied toaccelerate system response. The proposed techniques are validated by simulation. [219]

Space vector feature extraction for condition monitoring of the slip energy recovery drive.

Mechanical imbalance and eccentricity are usual faults in induction motors. These two faults can beidentified by their effects in the stator current spectrum using motor current signature analysis. However, ifthe motor is supplied by electronic converters the identification of the fault is more complex, since additionalharmonic components appear, caused by the converter. The main objective of the present work is to investigatethe possibility of identifying these faults in a motor which is supplied by a power converter, specifically theslip energy recovery drive. To this purpose, the rotor current space vector modulus harmonic components areexamined. The system is at first investigated through simulation in Matlab-Simulink. Thereafter, experimentaltests are conducted. Characteristic results are presented and discussed. [220]

A double-ended inverter system for the combined propulsion and energy management functions in hybridvehicles with energy storage.

This paper proposes a double-ended inverter for hybrid vehicles with energy storage. The double-endedinverter consists of two electrically isolated three-phase inverters connected to each end of an open end-winding AC motor. By controlling the individual inverter voltages, it is shown to be possible to simultaneouslycontrol both the motor output power and energy flow between the two inverters. A unity power factor controlmethod, voltage quadrature control method, and optimum inverter utilization control method are proposed asmethods to achieve the combined motor control and energy management functions of the hybrid system. Theproposed double-ended inverter system is free of the DC-DC converter and associated magnetic components



found in traditional hybrid vehicle systems with energy storage. The complete modeling and operation of theproposed system is developed and simulation results are presented verifying the proposed control methods.[221]

A new voltage regulator module with integrating coupled magnetic.

Multiphase interleaving synchronous buck converter is widely adopted for voltage regulator module(VRM), which requires strictly steady and dynamic performances to power microprocessor. In this paper,a new non-isolated multiphase VRM with integrating coupled magnetic is introduced to improve steady anddynamic performances. Firstly, a integrating coupled magnetic is modelled by gyrator-capacitor approach.Then all these magnetic components can be coupled into one single ferrite core shape to reduce the magneticsize. By proper designing the air gap and coupling coefficient of integrating coupled-inductor, this newtechnique can greatly improve the performances of VRM with faster transient response and lower outputripple current. The Matlab simulation and 1.5 V/40 A prototype experimental results of two-phase VRMshow that integrating coupled inductor can improve steady and dynamic performances. [222]

Study on static electricity induction load-matched of voltage-source converter for induction heating.

Over-compensated and less-compensated three-order resonant circuits which are used in static electricityinduction load-matched of voltage-source induction heating converter are analyzed. The ways of design andcalculation are given. According to the configuration and respond of circuits, the switches states of invertersare studied. By means of analyzing the switch-loss, the conclusion is provided that, for high frequency voltage-source inverter, over-compensated circuit is better than less-compensated. The simulated and experimentalresult shows that the conclusion is correct. The guiding designing ways of over-compensated circuit, beingused as voltage-source induction heating supply load-matched, are provided. [223]

System integration and demonstration of a 4.5 MVA STATCOM based on emitter turn-off (ETO) thyristorand cascade multilevel converter.

Static synchronous compensator (STATCOM), providing quick and robust voltage support, is an ”enablinginfrastructure technology” for power engineering today. The emitter turn-off (ETO) thyristor, as an emergingkilohertz power semiconductor device, provides significant advantages over other competing power switchtechnologies and will result in a fast response STATCOM system with reduced overall cost per kVA.Meanwhile, the cascade-multilevel converter (CMC) is the most feasible topology for STATCOM becauseof its compact structure, fast response, clean power quality, easy modularity and scalability. Combiningadvanced switch technology, modular converter technology and control technology, a 4.5 MVA STATCOMsystem is developed. This paper discusses system integration of the STATCOM with emphasis on power stagedesign and verification, digital controller design and verification. Finally, the grid tie system demonstrationof STATCOM is presented. [224]

Induction motor drives equipped with diode rectifier and small DC-link capacitance.

This paper deals with sensorless vector-controlled induction motor drives that are fed by a frequencyconverter equipped with a diode front-end rectifier. A small DC-link capacitance is used, which makes itpossible to replace the electrolytic capacitors with film capacitors. The natural frequency of the DC link ischosen considerably higher than six times the mains frequency but lower than the switching frequency. Arecently proposed sensorless controller can be exploited; only minor modifications for small capacitances areneeded. Simulation and experimental results of a 2.2-kW drive equipped with a capacitance of only 24 𝑚𝑢Fdemonstrate operation in a wide speed range. [225]



Single controllable switch power converter for SRM drive systems.

A low cost single controllable switch, single power diode power converter for switched reluctance drivesystems is demonstrated in this paper. The introduction of this converter is yet another step in the switchedreluctance machine’s movement towards full implementation in the high volume, low precision commercialapplications market. With the lowest number of power devices and thus using the least possible PCB realestate, a full four-quadrant single-phase SRM drive with reliable starting can be realized using this convertertopology. [226]

A novel double loop control design and analysis of STATCOM.

The static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) based on voltage source converter is one of the mostused FACTS device. The primary purpose of a STATCOM is to support busbar voltage and maintain thestability of the DC-link capacitor voltage. In this paper, the operating principle and model of STATCOMare introduced, and a novel double loop control strategy of current feed-forward plus double PI loop foradjusting transmission line real power is proposed. Busbar voltage outer loop control system adopts voltagedroop control which consists of PI regulation and scaling factors of droop characteristic. A current feed-forward control is introduced into double loop de-coupled control system of DC capacitor voltage regulation.Designing process of control system is discussed briefly in this paper. The simulation results for a case studyindicate that DC capacitor voltage and busbar voltage can be controlled efficiently, attest that control schemeand controller design are viable and effective. It is also proved by the experimental results on a 15-kVAlaboratory-scale equipment. [227]

Drive circuit for a mode conversion rotary ultrasonic motor.

A mode conversion rotary ultrasonic motor (USM) has potential applications in miniature robotics.However, its electrical drive circuit presents some unique challenges, particularly in producing a highfrequency (∼40 kHz), high voltage (∼200 V peak-to-peak) signal into a low impedance (∼100 Ω) capacitivemotor, while achieving high efficiency. This paper describes the design of such a drive circuit, intended for usewith a 12 V battery. The drive circuit consists of a switch-mode power converter driving the USM via a step-up planar transformer. Compensation and resonant elements are added to improve the power efficiency. Whilethe peak efficiency of this circuit is 45%, in practice the equivalent impedance of the USM changes withmechanical load and temperature, resulting in an average efficiency of 16%. The admittance vs. frequencycharacteristic and the equivalent electrical model for a USM prototype are also presented in this paper. Thecircuit simulations and loaded testing of a full-bridge DC-AC resonant converter with DC-offset module wereperformed. A load-adapted frequency tracking method has also been proposed to improve the efficiency andstability of the drive circuit. [228]

Analysis and control of a cascaded doubly-fed induction generator.

Due to the recent interest in renewable energy systems (windmills, small-scale hydropower) andembedded applications (more electric aircraft and vehicle), control of variable speed constant frequency(VSCF) generators has become a very important research topic. Among the possible types of VSCFgenerators, a good candidate is the cascaded doubly-fed induction generator (CDFIG). This brushless robuststructure is also driven by a low power converter in comparison to the power provided to the grid. However,because of its inherent complexity, an efficient control design methodology is needed. The presented paperproposes to establish a rigorous design methodology based on the inversion of the dynamical model of thesystem. It also uses an original representation of the system called dynamical equivalent circuit. This methodhas been successfully applied to two cases: a CDFIG connected to a utility grid and a CDFIG connected toan isolated grid in the presence of a significant amount of nonlinear load. [229]



Study of regeneration power control inverter for DC traction with active power filter ability.

This paper proposes a regeneration inverter system, which can regenerate the excessive power from the DCbus line to the AC source for traction systems. The proposed regeneration inverter system for DC traction canreduce harmonics which is a characteristic of the AC current source. The regeneration inverter operates in twomodes. First, in the regeneration inverter mode, it can recycle regeneration energy generated by deceleratingtraction. Second, in active power filter mode, it can compensate for harmonic distortion caused by the rectifiersubstations. In the paper, a regeneration inverter was used a PWM DC/AC converter algorithm and an activepower filter used p-q theory. The parameters of simulation were composed of a prototype model [3.7 kW],Simulation results show that two algorithms can be used in real model [100 kW]. Finally, it is shown that theinverter can successfully operate in regeneration mode. [230]

Control of power electronic converters for distributed generation units.

The traditional power systems are changing globally, a large number of dispersed generation (DG) unitsare being integrated into power systems at distribution level. Power electronic, the technology of efficientlyprocessing electric power, plays an essential part in the integration of the dispersed generation units for goodefficiency and high performance of the power systems. This paper describes the frequency and voltage controlof the power systems with the power electronic interfaced generation units. A control scheme is proposed.Simulation study has been performed and the results show the good performance of the control scheme. [231]

An AC voltage regulator with high-power-factor, and control using a FPGA device.

This paper presents the analysis, design, simulation, and experimental results for a high frequency highpower-factor (PF) AC (alternate current) voltage regulator, using a sepic converter as power stage. Thecontrol technique employed to impose a sinusoidal input current waveform, with low total harmonic distortion(THD), is the sinusoidal variable hysteresis control. The control technique was implemented in a FPGA(field programmable gate array) device, using a hardware description language (VHDL). Through the use ofthe proposed control technique, the AC voltage regulator performs active power-factor correction, and lowTHD in the input current, for linear and non-linear loads, satisfying the requirements of the IEC61000-3-2standards. Experimental results from an example prototype, designed for 300 W of nominal output power,50 kHz (switching frequency), and 127 Vrms of nominal input and output voltages, are presented in order tovalidate the proposed AC regulator. [232]

Efficiency and Power Factor Investigation of Characteristic Converter Topologies via Simulation.

The use of power electronic converters to control the power flow from the AC grid to a DC load leadsto reactive power increase and affects the efficiency. These two important energy quantities depend on thestructure of the converter topology, the operating switching frequency and the power percentage related tothe nominal power. In this paper, the quantitative changes of the power factor and the efficiency each asa function of the output active power and for different switching frequencies are investigated, taking intoconsideration four basic converter topologies. [233]

AC/AC Buck Converter Instantaneous Value Control Modeling, System Analyzing and Designing.

Close-loop control to the power electronics transformer (PET) was not well solved still now, we studiedthe basic topology of PET-AC/AC buck converter, built its small-signal model, analyzed its frequencycharacteristic, and pointed out that: under general inductive load condition, the open-loop model is anapproximate second-order undamped oscillation system, it is marginally stable and output voltage oscillationcan be induced by instant disturbances of input voltage and/or output current, therefore, we must find outa suitable close-loop adjustment. Here, we employed the classical PID control algorithm to instantaneouslycontrol output voltage following the reference signal. The close-loop system was stable and had good dynamic



response characteristic. In addition, during one switching period, the line-frequency input/output voltage andoutput reactance were treated as constants, and a parameter-lambda, which is related to load feature, wasintroduced to simplify the modeling and analysis process, it is a valid method for AC/AC converter small-signal modeling and system dynamic analysis. [234]

Research on the passive integration in ZCS buck quasi-resonant converter.

Paper takes the buck ZCS QRC for example to illustrate the passive integration. First, adopt the planarmagnetic integrated technology to integrate the resonant inductor and the filter inductor in order to reducethe volume and the height of the converter; second, base on the basic LC unit to attain the passive integrationwhich integrate the resonant capacitor with the above integrated magnetic element; finally, the simulated testis shown that the integration don’t affect the attainment of the soft switching and the volume is reducedobviously. [235]

Generalized Averaged Dynamic Modeling of Vector Switching AC Power Flow Controllers.

Various devices based on thyristor phase control technology such as the SVC, TCSC and dc linktechnology such as HVDC, STATCOM, SSSC, and UPFC have been proposed and applied for ac power flowcontrol. Alternatively, ac link power flow control devices based on pulse width modulation technology havebeen proposed in various forms including phase angle control, series reactance control, back-back interties,etc. The objective of this paper is to develop low frequency dynamic models for these converters thatenable their application for power flow control. The analytical development follows generalized averagingtechniques in the phasor domain to develop a state space model that captures the low frequency responseof the system. Due to nature of the excitation functions being ac, the classical state space averagingtechniques are refined further to accommodate the multiple frequency-cross product terms introduced due tothe switching process. Detailed analytical development along with computer simulation results verifying themodels are presented in the paper. [236]

Novel Current Mode AC/AC Converters with High Frequency AC Link.

A novel circuit topologies family of the current mode AC/AC converter with high frequency ac link, basedon flyback converter, are proposed. These circuit topologies which can transfer one unregulated sinusoidalvoltage with high THD into another regulated constant frequency sinusoidal voltage with low THD, areconstituted of input cycloconverter, high frequency storage transformer and output cycloconverter. The circuittopologies family include single four-quadrant power switch mode, push-pull mode, half-bridge mode, andfull-bridge mode circuit. The single four-quadrant power switch mode and push-pull mode converter are suitfor low input voltage fields, but the half-bridge mode and full-bridge mode converter are suit for high inputvoltage fields. The operational mode, steady principle and transient voltage feedback control strategy of thekind of converter are investigated. The output characteristic curve, its relation to internal resistance, and thedesign criterions for the key circuit parameters are given. The current mode AC/AC converters with highfrequency ac link have the advantages such as simple topology, two-stage power conversions, bi-directionalpower flow, high frequency electrical isolation, good line current waveform, strong load adapting ability. Thecorrection and advance of the converters are verified by the Pspice simulation and test results. [237]

Space Vector Modulation for a 4-Leg Matrix Converter.

This paper describes the design of space vector modulation strategy for a 4-leg matrix converter. In thechosen modulation technique the input and output current/voltage spaces are used separately to allow controlover both the output voltage and input current. The paper presents results verifying the operation of the spacevector modulation technique. [238]



Optimal design of a DC/DC converter for photovoltaic applications.

Renewable energy is taken into consideration as the only viable alternative for the future energy demandin response to the undesired global warming perspective caused by the increase in CO 2 level which isassociated with the excessive exploitation of the fossil energy supplies in the last century. As the wind energyalready became industrially competitive, most of the research effort is now directed on cutting down the costof capturing and utilizing the solar energy, which is another source of clean energy. This paper presents anapproach on how to design and minimize the power losses and the cost of a DC-DC converter suitable forphotovoltaic applications. [239]

A nonlinear robust controller for matrix converter fed induction motor drives.

Matrix converter (MC) fed induction motor drive has more attractive advantages than conventional pulsewidth modulation (PWM) inverter drives for the absence of large DC-link capacitors, higher input powerfactor and energy regeneration capability. However, due to the direct conversion characteristic of matrixconverter, the drive performance of induction motor is easy to be influenced by input voltage disturbances ofthe MC. A nonlinear robust auto disturbance rejection controller (ADRC) is applied to the MC fed inductionmotor drive system, taking the place of proportional-integral (PI) regulator. In the drive system, the effects ofexternal disturbance and model uncertainty are estimated and compensated by ADRC. Using this controller,the anti-disturbance capability of the drive system under abnormal input voltage conditions can be enhanced.In addition, the dynamic drive performances of induction motor are also improved, such as fast responses ofspeed change and load torque change. Experiments have been carried out to analyze the drive system, andsimulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed controller. [240]

Novel direct torque control for induction motors using short voltage vectors of matrix converters.

This paper investigates the use of short voltage vectors of matrix converters to reduce the electromagnetictorque ripple which appears when direct torque control technique is used in induction motors. Direct torquecontrol for induction motors using matrix converters is reviewed and it is pointed out the problem of theelectromagnetic torque ripple which is one of the most important drawbacks of the direct torque control. Thestandard look up table for direct torque control, when using matrix converters, is improved in order to includethe uncommonly used short voltage vectors. This novel direct torque control approach can differentiatebetween small and large torque errors and consequently the electromagnetic torque ripple is reduced. Finally,some results, which prove the improvement of the novel direct torque control when using small matrixconverter voltage vectors, are shown. [241]

A new developed pulse width modulation for supplying induction motors.

A variable speed induction drive is supplied by the output voltage of a pulse-width-modulation (PWM)based converter. This technique is widely used for speed control of induction motors. This paper introduces anew method for development of PWM. In order to trigger power electronics switches in this PWM method,the required pulses are generated using a direct torque control (DTC) switching table of a virtual permanentmagnet synchronous (PMS) motor. The most important advantage of this method is low current distortionin application of drives and inverters. Lower current harmonics can reduce the losses of the motor andconsequently improve its efficiency. [242]

High frequency modeling of bearing currents and shaft voltage on electrical motors.

The paper proposes a general method to investigate the common mode high frequency current componentsflowing through electrical motors supplied by electronic converters, especially focusing on bearing currents.An innovative model is defined able to address a wide frequency range (50 kHz/3 MHz) for EMI/EMC issues.By connecting the obtained model with an appropriate model of the whole electric drive, prediction of HF



phenomena occurring at the addressed frequency becomes possible using a standard simulator such as Spice.A detailed analysis on a standard 3.5 kW induction motor is carried out and simulation and experimentalresults are presented. [243]

Stability study and simulation analysis on aircraft transformer rectifier unit (TRU) with constant powerload (CPL).

The electronic converters have been extensively applied in the distributed power system, which will impactto the power system’s power supply quality and its stability since the non-linear characteristic of the electronicconverters. However, the distributed configuration has been commonly used in modern aircraft power system.The models of constant power loads are established in this paper. Based on these, the impacts of the loadson the aircraft power system are analyzed with the small-signal approach. Finally, the simulation results arepresented here which coincide with theoretical analyses. [244]

Variable Frequency Control of the Zero-Voltage Switching Two-Inductor Boost Converter.

The two-inductor boost converter has been previously presented in a zero-voltage switching (ZVS) formwhere the transformer leakage inductance and the MOSFET output capacitance can be utilized as part of theresonant elements. In many applications, such as maximum power point tracking (MPPT) in grid interactivephotovoltaic systems, the resonant converter is required to operate with variable input output voltage ratios.This paper studies the variable frequency control of the ZVS two-inductor boost converter to secure anadjustable output voltage range while maintaining resonant switching transitions. The design method ofthe resonant converter is thoroughly investigated and explicit control functions relating the circuit timingfactors and the voltage gain for a 200 W converter are established. Three sets of theoretical, simulationand experimental waveforms are provided for specific operating points. A variation of the basic circuit, theresonant converter with a voltage clamp, which is capable of operating with a wider output voltage range buta lower switch voltage stress, is also given at the end of the paper. [245]

Reduced Switch Count AC-AC Two-Phase Drive Systems.

This paper presents two reduced switch count ac-ac two-phase drive systems. The configurations wereconceived to operate with two-phase machines. The drive systems provide both bidirectional power flowand power factor control. The overall control of the drive system is presented, including the pulse-widthmodulation techniques. Experimental results are presented. [246]

Resonant converter with Loss Free Resistor Characteristic.

A novel loss free resistor realization based on a resonant converter is presented. The resonant loss-freeresistor is suitable for applications that need a resistive element or high quality rectifier, yet desire a highefficiency and low EMI. Simulations studies were carried out show that the circuit is indeed a loss freeresistor and to verify the analysis. [247]

Modeling, Analysis and Control of Single-Stage Voltage Source PFC Converter.

Among single-stage single-phase PFC circuits, voltage source topology seems to be among the most suitedfor low power universal line applications. So far, modeling and control of such circuits was neglected. Thispaper presents simple and accurate quasi-static models for the single-stage voltage source PFC converter.Based on the small-signal analysis, the authors show the duty cycle to output voltage and switch currenttransfer functions for different line conditions. A few examples of single and two-loop compensators aredemonstrated. This study is useful for engineers designing fast compensators for modern single-stage CCMPFC converters. [248]



Modeling of Five-Level Converter Used in a Synchronous Rectifier Application.

In this paper it is presented a modeling process of a five-level neutral point clamped converter used in asynchronous rectifier application and the resulting model that describes the dynamics for such converter. Thehighly nonlinear model, originally in abc-coordinates, is also expressed in its alphabetagamma-coordinates.Special attention is given to the gamma-component of the control input, which represents a degree of freedomthat can be used for the balancing of the capacitors voltages. It is shown that the sum of capacitors voltagesis a natural state of the system since it is necessary to control the total voltage on the DC side and, indeed, itreduce considerably the model expression which describes the dynamics of that voltage. It is also shown thatthe controller gamma-component has a minimum influence on the sum of the capacitors voltages, but it hasa strong influence on the difference, hence its importance in the capacitors voltages balance. Simulations arepresented to validate the proposed model. This new modeling approach and resulting model it is expected tostimulate new control proposals in the future. [249]

Control Strategy for Zero-Voltage-Switching Multi-Resonant Three-Level Converters.

Zero-voltage-switching multi-resonant three-level converters have some advantages such as reduced thevoltage stress of the switches and diodes; ZVS achieved in a wider range and significantly reduced filter.They use the interleaved PFM control strategy. This paper presents the implementation of the interleavedPFM control strategy. Due to slight differences between the control circuits and drive circuits of the switches,there is slight difference between the duty cycles of the two switches, which results in the voltage of flyingcapacitor is not equal to the half of the input voltage. This paper proposes voltage control of the flyingcapacitor, which adjusts turn-off time of the switches, to ensure the voltage of flying capacitor equal to thehalf of the input voltage. The experimental results are presented to verify the effectiveness of the proposedmethods. [250]

Low Reactive Energy ZCZVT PWM Converters: Synthesis, Analysis and Comparison.

In this paper a novel methodology to synthesize zero-current zero-voltage transition (ZCZVT) topologies ispresented. The proposed methodology is based on the auxiliary voltage source (AVS) concept, which permitsto generate not only a new topology but an entire class of converters. As the AVS concept is derived from theResonant Transition mechanism, the new class of ZCZVT converters resembles some of the well-known zero-voltage transition (ZVT) converters, holding their characteristics, as simplicity, low reactive energy and highperformance. The experimental results have been obtained from three boost converter laboratory prototypesrated to 1 kW, 50 kHz, and confirm the novel synthesis concept and also the high performance of the newZCZVT converters at both: efficiency and, di/dt and dv/dt control. [251]

A High Voltage Converter for Auxiliary Supply Applications using a Reduced Flying Capacitor Topology.

Most power electronic conversion systems use low voltage control and supervisory circuitry to managethe switching processes and other ancillary functions. This circuitry is typically supplied from a separate lowpower auxiliary supply, commonly derived from the main power stage supply. Usually it must be energizedprior to the main power stage to ensure safe operation of the converter. Auxiliary supplies can be realizedusing either a low frequency AC transformer/diode rectifier, or a switched mode power supply (SMPS)supplied directly from the power converter ’s main DC bus. While transformer/diode based rectifiers aresimple to design and build, SMPS’s have the advantages of improved efficiency, reduced size and weight,regulation and the ability to operate directly from the main converter ’s DC bus. However, SMPS basedauxiliary power supplies for higher voltage converter systems are more challenging to design, partly due toa more limited range of high voltage, low power, active components, and partially due to the increased levelof second order and parasitic effects that become significant when switching higher voltages. This paperpresents a design methodology and performance results for a fully regulated, non-isolated, DC-DC auxiliarySMPS derived from the flying capacitor family of multilevel converters. The topology achieves reduced



device voltage switching stresses and a tightly regulated voltage output. The design methodology has beenconfirmed by constructing a 200 W converter operating from a 1500 Vdc supply. A topological extension isalso presented to incorporate galvanic isolation, at the expense of poorer output voltage regulation. [252]

Cascaded Converters with Synchronized Control in the Overmodulation Zone.

A novel method of direct synchronous pulsewidth modulation (PWM) is disseminated for control inthe overmodulation zone of modular multilevel converters consisting from three standard triphase invertermodules along with an 0.33 p.u. output transformer. The proposed method provides synchronisation of thevoltage waveforms for each module and the composed voltage at the output of the converter. The four-leveloutput voltage of the converter has quarter-wave symmetry during the zone of overmodulation. Basic versionsof the discontinuous scheme of synchronous PWM, based on vector approach for determination of the pulsepatterns, have been analysed and compared by simulations of the systems with low switching frequencies,which are used normally in high power systems. [253]

Multi-Phase Series Resonant DC-to-DC Converters: Stationary Investigations.

This paper investigates multi-phase series resonant DC-to-DC converters during stationary operation. Theprinciple working of the converter is described in detail for switching frequencies equal to the resonantfrequency. Design rules for all components are derived analytically. Additionally, the converter ’s advantagesand disadvantages are discussed and the different topologies are compared with each other. Based on thesedesign rules, a 5 kW/100 kHz laboratory prototype of a three-phase topology has been built. The prototypeis used to verify the analysis experimentally. [254]

Overmodulation in Voltage Source Inverter with Small DC-link Capacitor.

Overmodulation (OM) is used to increase the voltage output of the PWM controlled frequency converter.Full inverter voltage utilization is important because of the cost and output power improvement perspectives.The voltage source inverter (VSI) with high overmodulation performance is less sensitive to inverter DC-link voltage disturbances. DC-link voltage drop may result in unintentional entrance to the Overmodulationregion. DC-link drop is often due to line voltage sag or fault conditions. When small DC-link capacitor is used,voltage drops due to full-wave rectifier bridge are present all the time. A high performance overmodulationmethod improves the drive performance under such conditions. [255]

DC-link capacitors voltage balancing in multilevel four-leg diode-clamped converters.

Multilevel four-leg four-wire converters are creating increasing interest nowadays in applications as activefilters. They present several advantages compared to the three-leg converter topologies. Recently the controlcomplexity has been reduced thanks to the use of new and powerful microprocessor systems, hence thebalance of the DC-link voltage is the major drawback of this kind of topologies. In this paper, the first controlstrategy to carry out the balance of the DC-link voltage in the multilevel four-leg four-wire diode-clampedconverter is presented. This strategy uses the known technique based on choosing the most suitable redundantvector in the space vector modulation algorithm in order to reduce the unbalance. It is important to noticethat the proposed method is independent of the load and independent of the number of levels of the converter.Some simulation results show the obtained balance using the proposed technique. [256]

Power Electronics Building Block (PEBB) for Static Conversion Apparatus Devoted to Low-Voltage FedElectric Drives.

This paper investigates the potential use of the PEBB concept in low-voltage fed power converters, suchas those being currently utilized in particular traction drives (e.g. forklift drives or wheelchair drives) or thosebeing envisaged to be soon utilized on board automobiles being equipped with a 42 V electric power system



including both engine directly-coupled starter/alternator and ultracapacitor-based storage system. Concerningsuch specific applications, various power converter topologies having input voltage in the range from 24 V to80 V and rating power from few kW up to 30 kW are likely to be used in order to accomplish bi-directionalDC-DC or DC-AC power conversion. Thereby, the envisaged development of a low-voltage PEBB (i.e. LV-PEBB) module including standardized power, thermal, and control interfaces is of great interest for powerconverter manufacturers as it would be expected to lead to great simplification in converter design andassembly and thereby should allow substantial reduction of mass-production costs. [257]

A Low THD Current Mode DC/AC Converter Apply Power Flow Waveform Library Analysis.

A novel bi-directional series resonant inverter is present in this paper, which all switch can work in a ZCScondition with fixed frequency. A bilateral switch is connected to primary side of transformer which willcontrol the energy following more perfectly. With the bi-directional switch k degree of current control wasimproved. Power flow with different switch combination was analyzed and its waveform library was used tocontrol the energy following. The topology has a bright prospect in low THD inverter and special inverter.Experimental result proves the validity of the theoretical analysis. [258]

Research on Single-Stage Flyback Inverter.

In this paper, a novel flyback inverter is proposed. It is composed of two basic bi-directional flybackconverters, which can operate independently. This circuit can fulfil the isolation, transformation and thecontrol of output performance simultaneously. It only includes four power switches, and the inductor ofoutput filter is eliminated. The circuit is very simple and in the same period only one switch is high frequencymodulated. Also, this circuit use MOSFETS as switches, so the bode-diodes of MOSFETS can be used torealize synchronous rectification and ZVS easily. So it owns the anticipant characters of the low profile andhigh reliability inverter. Simulation and experimental results of the experimental prototype verified that it hasfollowing advantages such as: compact topology, simple control scheme, good dynamic response and lowcurrent stress of the switches at the output ports. Also with the realization of the synchronous rectification,the converter efficiency can be improved. [259]

A Novel Soft Switching Scheme QRAS Converter Aimed for FCEV.

This paper introduced a new soft switching scheme QRAS (quasi-resonant regenerating active snubber)converter aimed for the fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV). The QRAS offers a simple structure resulting ineconomical and reliable power converter for the FCEV. Furthermore, the QRAS operates in high efficiencyand high power. For confirming the practical effectiveness and novelty of the QRAS, the one-tenth prototypemodel was actually tested at the 8 kW rating. The circuit geometry, the basic operation, the 8 kW one-tenth-prototype test results were verified successfully. In addition, the preliminary evaluation of efficiency riseusing ”silicon carbide (SiC)” power devices is given with successful experimental results. [260]

A New High Efficiency ZVZCS Bi-directional DC/DC Converter for 42V Power System of HEVs.

A new high efficiency zero-voltage and zero-current switching (ZVZCS) bidirectional DC/DC converteris proposed in this paper. The proposed converter consists of two half-bridge cells as the input and outputstages, symmetrically. MOSFETs of input stage are turned-on in ZVS condition, and those of output stageare turned-off in ZCS condition. In addition, MOSFETs of input and output stages have low voltage stressesclamped to input and output voltage, respectively. Therefore, the proposed converter has high efficiency andhigh power density. The operational principles are analyzed and the advantages of the proposed converter aredescribed. The 300 W prototype of the proposed converter is implemented for 42 V hybrid electric vehicle(HEV) application in order to verify the operational principles and advantages. [261]



Battery Equalization Using Bi-directional Cuk Converter in DCVM Operation.

A systematic approach to the analysis and design of a bi-directional Cuk converter for the cell voltagebalancing control of a series-connected battery string is presented in this paper. The proposed individualcell equalizers (ICE) are designed to operate at discontinuous-capacitor-voltage mode (DCVM) to achievethe zero-voltage turn-off switching (ZVS) for reducing the switching loss of the bi-directional DC/DCconverters. Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed battery equalization scheme cannot only enhance the bi-directional battery equalization performance, but also can reduce the switching lossduring the equalization period. The switch power is significantly reduced by about 52.8% from MOSFETsand the equalization efficiency can be improved by 68-72% using the proposed DCVM ZVS battery equalizerunder the specified cell equalization process. [262]

Reduced Switch Count Dual-Winding AC Drive Systems.

This paper proposes four reduced switch count dual-winding ac motor drive topologies. Two topologiesconsist of a five-leg converter feeding a dual-winding induction machine. The other topologies are conceivedto be used with four-leg converters. The control strategies for the motor drive systems are investigated. Themain characteristics of the motor drive systems are also presented. Simulated and experimental results arepresented to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed solutions. [263]

A Geometric Approach to Large-signal Stability of Switching Converters under Sliding Mode Control andSynergetic Control.

The objective is to study the large-signal stability of switching converters operating in sliding mode orunder synergetic control. Under both control approaches, the system state reaches a desired control manifoldand then stays on that manifold at all times. The question of stability on the control manifold is examined,i.e., whether the system converges to the desired steady-state point. The proposed geometric method allowsthe determination of the direction of evolution at any point on a control manifold, therefore providing large-signal stability information. Stability conditions with a clear geometric interpretation can be established forany point on a control manifold. In particular, if the method is applied to the steady-state operating point,it yields stability conditions that exactly match conditions obtained from a small-signal linearized analysis.This validates and demonstrates the power of the proposed approach. The method is fairly general and itcan be applied to any second-order converter. The paper discusses the cases of buck, boost and buck-boostconverters under resistive load and under constant power load, a case of particular interest in multi-convertersystems. [264]

DSP Sliding-Mode Controllers for Three-Phase Four-Wire Converters with Split DC Link Capacitor.

This paper presents the voltage regulation system design for a three-phase four-wire voltage converterusing sliding-mode control techniques. Two regulation systems proposed are applied to a three-leg voltagesource converter with split dc link capacitor connected to the ac mains. System modelling and controllerssyntheses with digital implementation are realized. Experimental results highlight the voltage regulationcharacteristics in terms of steady-state and transient responses. The robustness to disturbances influenceis also analysed. Conclusions are taken with respect to the different approaches presented and the type ofapplication where the dc voltage regulation is needed, like active power filters, unified power flow controllers,neutral current compensators, PWM rectifiers and others. [265]

Analysis of Dynamic Variation on a Combined Control Strategy for a Five-Level Double Converter.

We have studied a three-phased five-level double converter for high power induction motors, whichconsist of a three-phase five-level rectifier and three-phase five-level inverter. In this paper, a novel controlstrategy with a combination of the pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) in the high-speed area and pulse width



modulation (PWM) in the low-speed is proposed. The strategy can reduce the loss of switching devices in theinverter circuit and the harmonic distortion of the inverter output current waveform, and allows high powerinduction motors to achieve higher efficiency and smooth drive. These high performances are confirmed bysimulation results. [266]

Analysis and Proposal of Capacitor Voltage Control for an Asymmetric Cascaded Inverter.

This work presents an analysis of the distribution of power handled by H-bridge cells of asymmetriccascaded multilevel converter. Applications of such converters require DC sources connected to DC link inorder to establish constant voltage. The voltage must be independent of the modulation index and the loadcurrent. Even in applications like for SVAR compensation, where the inverter does not need to provide activepower, the DC voltage must be present. The proposed control algorithm eliminates the need of additionalisolated DC sources. The control strategy regulates the DC link voltages of capacitors connected to the twosmallest voltages of a tree cells cascaded H-bridge inverter. Experimental results validate the voltage controlstrategy. [267]

A Novel Simple Three Level Push-Pull Inverter Suitable for Renewable Energy Based DistributedGeneration Systems Applications.

The aim of this work is to propose a novel simple three level push-pull inverter topology. Some topologieswith the same objective were already proposed, but they have at least two more switches. It turns push-pullinto the same complexity level as full-bridge. Of course that it is not desirable, because simplicity is thegreat advantage of the push-pull. Other proposed solution consists in snubbers. In this case, no switch moreis added, but inductors and capacitor are added instead, which may be greater than acceptable and the resultsmay not be as good as expected. This inverter is achieved adding only one switch to the standard push-pull.Its main advantage is the complete control for three level and inductive loads operation while it keeps thesimplicity close to that of the standard push-pull. This novel inverter is suitable for applications that requirethree-level modulation, such as renewable energy based distributed generation systems. In this paper, firstthe inverter topology is presented, then operation steps are given, describing the operation principle andcontrol law. Finally, simulation and experimental results are shown to validate the topology. The converterperformance was found to be excellent. [268]

Small-Signal Model of a 5kW High-Output Voltage Capacitive-Loaded Series-Parallel Resonant DC-DCConverter.

This paper presents an accurate method, based on first harmonic analysis, to derive the small-signal modelof the series-parallel resonant DC-DC converter with capacitive output filter for high-voltage applications. Themodel provides a fast and reliable way to obtain the desired transfer functions of the system for each operatingpoint. For this reason, the small-signal model simplifies the controller design task for resonant convertersby removing the need of complex mathematical analysis and saves the time required for measurementswhen using trial and error design method. The small-signal model has been verified through simulation andexperimental measurements. [269]

A Simplified Three-Dimensional Space Vector Algorithm for Three-phase Four-leg Converters Based onClassifier Neural Networks.

Four-leg voltage source converters have successfully been used to nullify the zero-sequence currentgenerated by unbalanced or nonlinear loads. This paper introduces an intelligent and computationallyefficient neuro-computing classification algorithm for the implementation of three-dimensional space vectormodulation (SVM) on four-leg voltage-source inverters. The proposed technique avoids non-linear functionapproximations, and removes any dependency on complicated look-up tables. This advantage makes theuse of the proposed technique of major gains in modern power systems and applications such as packaging



technology and application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) design. The proposed scheme is validated byanalytical analysis, and simulations on a four-leg voltage-source converter. [270]

Exploration of Deadbeat Control for DC-DC Converters as Hybrid Systems.

The concept of large signal controllability for switched electrical networks is reviewed for DC-DCconverters. Small signal models and controllers are limited by assumptions of fixed operating point. Hybridsystem representations allow use of geometric control methods including sliding mode and boundary basedswitching controls. The comparison of geometric control response with small signal response shows afundamental difference: only geometric methods are capable of deadbeat (finite time duration) recovery tosteady-state after a transient disturbance. However, these deadbeat geometric laws are only known for secondorder systems. The possibility of deadbeat control for higher order DC-DC converter systems is examined.[271]

Using Switching Function in Preliminary EMI-analysis of a Switching Power Supply.

Electromagnetic interference (EMI) is usually difficult to predict and the interference problems maydramatically lengthen the time-to-market of a new power supply product. The possibility of predicting theEMI-spectrum from the switching function of a switching power supply by means of simulation is analyzedin this paper. Simulated spectra are compared to the measurements made with a spread-spectrum DC-DCconverter. [272]

Current-Mode LDO with Active Dropout Optimization.

Power supplies for portable end equipment need to be optimized for highest efficiency and low outputvoltage ripple e.g. for TFT display applications. In general, the output voltage ripple of switched mode powersupplies can be further reduced by means of an additional linear regulator (LDO) which is used as post-regulator/filter for the output voltage. Since the LDO is not coupled to the DC/DC converter there is eithera too high dropout voltage which results in a reduced over-all efficiency or the dropout voltage is not highenough so the ripple rejection of the post regulator is not sufficient since the pass element of the LDO isoperated in the linear region. To overcome this problem, a current mode LDO in combination with a loadcurrent dependent dropout tracking circuit where the output current information comes from a replica of thepass transistor in the LDO is used. The dropout tracking circuit compares the voltages on the LDO terminalsand sends a load current dependent control signal to the DC/DC converter. The goal of this configurationis a high power supply rejection ratio and therefore a low output voltage ripple at optimized efficiency.Depending on the type of the converter (hysteretic or linear regulated PWM) the dropout tracking circuit hasto be realized as a hysteretic type with a comparator or linear type with an OP-AMP. A current mode LDOmeans that the PMOS passelement works like a voltage controlled current source. This concept is possiblefor all converter topologies like buck-, boost-converters, charge-pumps etc. The converter can be regulated inan energy saving PFM mode without sacrificing the ripple performance. Since the current mode LDO limitsthe load current, the system is inherently short circuit protected. [273]

A Differentiation Matrix for Simulating the Steady-state Response of Power Converters.

A technique for simulating the steady-state response of power converters has been proposed in this paper.The technique is based on the definition of a differentiation matrix and it allows obtain directly the steady-state responses of power converters without generating all the previous transients points. It is simple to applyand is rapidly convergent. The accuracy of the technique has been established and the responses of severalcircuits, some of them with soft-switching and feedback control have been presented. [274]



A Precisely-Regulated Multiple Output Forward Converter With Automatic Master-Slave Control.

An automatic master-slave control scheme for a multiple outputs forward converter is presented in thispaper. With this method, the duty cycle is minimized and the efficiency is improved for all load conditionswhile achieving independent and precise regulations on all outputs. Description of operation and steady stateanalysis are performed to understand the multiple outputs converter with the automatic master-slave control.Simulation results verify the concept. [275]

Application of SMC with I/O Feedback Linearization to the Control of the CascadeControlled-Rectifier/Inverter-Motor Drive System with a Small DC-Link Capacitor.

The necessity of the compactness of the converters in many applications imposes the reduction of thesize of their different components when it is possible. In this paper a control method allowing the use ofa small size DC-link capacitor for the assembly voltage controlled-rectifier/inverter-motor drive system isproposed. This is achieved by adding the power balance equation in the system’s model and the applicationof an exact I/O feedback linearization technique in a way that the rectifier controller compensates any suddenchange in the inverter load, which is here an induction motor. Since the exact I/O feedback linearizationtechnique is sensitive to the uncertainties over system parameters, a robust control strategy based on slidingmode controller (SMC) is proposed. By this approach, the DC-link voltage becomes almost insensitive to theload variations. As a result, the DC-link voltage level is stabilized with a small DC-link capacitor. The robustproperty of the overall controlled system to the variation of the rotor time constant of the induction motoris investigated when an opened loop flux observer is used. The simulation and experimentation results canconfirm the performance of the control system. [276]

Design of a Flexible Control Platform for Soft-Switching Multi-Level Inverters.

In modern high power medium voltage drives, multi-level converters are increasingly used. By employingtopology modifications recently introduced, soft-switching technology can be applied to multi-levelconverters. Thereby, the switching losses are reduced significantly. As a result, the switching frequencycan be increased thereby reducing the output filter size. However, common converter controls have to bemodified. In this paper, a flexible control platform is presented that allows rapid prototyping of soft-switchingtopologies. An analysis of different ARCP topologies showed that all switching commands can be synthesizedwith synchronized signals of two-level ARCP converters. Therefore, a flexible state-machine for 2-levelconverters was developed first, which can also be used to build controls for multi-level topologies. It supportsdrivers with built-in intelligence as well as the control of additional switches that are required in some ARCPneutral-point-clamped (NPC) topologies. The switching commands for the state machines can be generatedby standard multi-level modulation methods. Illegal switching states are filtered and multiple simultaneouscommutations per phase are prevented for ARCP NPC converters. To verify the functionality, the controlscheme was realized in an FPGA and a completely modular test-converter was developed. It can be usedto quickly implement all common multi-level topologies and test different modulation strategies. Someexperimental results are presented in this paper. [277]

Better Understanding EMI Generation of Power Converters.

This paper describes how the use of a specific signal processing method can help understanding theEMI generation of a switched mode power supply. It provides an equivalent system between a supposeddisturbance source and the actual EMI signal. To identify this system, the ”Wiener filtering” method isapplied. Both experimental and simulation waveforms may be used. This method is illustrated in the simpleexample of a boost switching cell. The application to more complicated power electronics structures withseveral switches is also possible. [278]



An Hybrid Fixed Frequency Controller Suitable for Fuel Cells Applications.

The authors investigate a hybrid constant switching frequency current controller that uses both turn-on and turn-off current and sliding mode control techniques. It is suitable for one-, two-or four-quadrantoperations and can be used with most topologies of DC-DC converters. Two methods are presented to studycharacteristics of the proposed current controller. First, a high frequency average model is presented. It allowsto get some basics design concerns such as overflow and time response. Second, to explain some behaviorsnot predicted by the high frequency average model, a mathematical analysis derived from chaos theory isdeveloped. [279]

Digital Control Techniques for Current Mode Control of Interleaved Quasi Square Wave Converter.

The synchronous buck converter, in quasi square wave operation, and with interleaved parallel outputs hasbeen successfully used in low voltage high current DC-supply for microprocessors. This topology results infast transient response and high power density. In this paper, two digital control techniques for current sharingare implemented and tested. The digital control techniques are tested using a 150 MHz Texas InstrumentTMS320F2812 DSP and studied with regard to the transient response. [280]

Linear-Non-Linear Control Applied in Multiphase VRM.

Microprocessors are exigent loads that require specific power supplies, voltage regulator modules(VRM), that provide a well-regulated voltage, high efficiency and very good dynamic response. Multiphaseinterleaving synchronous buck converters are one of the best topological alternatives. In this paper a newapproach to the non-linear control of multiphase VRMs is proposed. Thanks to the non-linear control, theproposed approach provides very good dynamic response and allows higher equivalent inductance valuesthat other solutions, which means that, from the transient response point of view, the number of phases orthe frequency can be reduced. [281]

A Resonant DC-DC transformer with Zero Current Ripple.

The paper presents a resonant converter topology capable of providing zero ripple conditions (ZRC) ateither its input or output current. The basic properties of the proposed topology are discussed in detail. Theremarkable symmetry and the proportional voltages of the circuit allow it to maintain ripple-less currentindependent of the load or switching frequency. Theoretical predictions are well supported by simulation andexperimental results. [282]

Design of an efficient fuel cell vehicle drivetrain, featuring a novel boost converter.

Most automobile manufacturers have invested in the development of fuel cell vehicles. The motivationbehind this has been the escalating concerns about energy security, dwindling fossil fuel reserves, and adverseenvironmental effects of operating internal combustion engine vehicles. The cost of fuel cell vehicles has tobe dramatically reduced and many technical problems in hydrogen storage, fuel cell reliability, and powermanagement have to be solved before fuel cell vehicles can be commercially available. In this paper, adesign process for developing a highly efficient power management system for a cell-powered small SUVis documented. An analytic approach is used to select the optimal energy storage system for a fuel cellSUV. Also, a novel high-efficiency DC/DC converter for the fuel cell vehicle is introduced. Simulation andexperimental results are presented to prove the concept. [283]

Stability Analysis of HID lamp and Non-Resonant Ballast Using a Non Linear Lamp Model.

In this paper a stability analysis based on the remaining dynamics for an HID lamp and electronic ballastwithout resonant tank (non resonant ballast) is presented. This analysis uses the non linear lamp model. Thelamp is the metal-halogen lamp (CDM-TD70/830). The system model is based on Euler-Lagrange modeling



and the average modeling technique. The resultant equations are non linear then this method is more accuratethan the classical method. This graphical-stability analysis is systematic and easy to evaluate in a mathematicalpackage (Maple, Mathematica, Matlab). To avoid the acoustic resonance phenomenon, the selected ballastsfeeds the lamp with low frequency square waves, and then to stabilize the lamp current a dc-dc converterwith a closed loop control stage is included. Analysis, simulations and experimental results of the selectedHID lamp and electronic ballast are presented. [284]

Full Bridge Single Stage Electronic Ballast for a 250 W High Pressure Sodium Lamp.

In this paper is reported the study and implementation of a single stage, high power factor (HPF) electronicballast for high pressure sodium (HPS) lamps using a LCC filter. In the recent years, many authors are workingto obtain single stage HPF electronic ballast for fluorescent lamps. Normally, to obtain HPF in electronicballast for high-pressure sodium lamps, a power factor pre-regulator (PFP) is used between the mains and theelectronic ballast. The main idea of this work is to present a simple and low-cost electronic ballast with HPFfor HPS lamps, which does not require an additional PFP converter. To get all this advantages the price to bepaid is accepting a high crest factor on the lamp. [285]

Resistance Compression Networks for Resonant Power Conversion.

A limitation of many high-frequency resonant inverter topologies is their high sensitivity to loadingconditions. This paper introduces a new class of matching networks that greatly reduces the load sensitivityof resonant inverters and RF amplifiers. These networks, which we term resistance compression networks,serve to substantially decrease the variation in effective resistance seen by a tuned RF inverter as loadingconditions change. We explore the operation, performance characteristics, and design of these networks,and present experimental results demonstrating their performance. Their combination with rectifiers to formRF-to-DC converters having narrow-range resistive input characteristics is also treated. The application ofresistance compression in resonant power conversion is demonstrated in a DC/DC power converter operatingat 100 MHz. [286]

The Active Clamp Sepic-Flyback Converter.

A high efficiency active clamp sepic-flyback converter is presented. The proposed converter issuperposition of sepic converter mode and flyback converter mode. Not only sepic mode output but alsoflyback mode output can be fully regulated by constant frequency PWM control. Merging sepic and flybacktopology can share the transformer, power MOSFET, and active clamp circuit. It has outstanding advantagesover the conventional dc-dc converters with respect to high efficiency, high power density, and componentutilization. The operation principle of the proposed converter is described and verified by simulation andexperimental result. [287]

Control of Boost type Converter at Discontinuous Conduction Mode by Controlling the Product ofInductor Voltage-Second.

Battery-operated system such as cell-phone, digital camera becomes more and more popular. In thisapplication, a boost-type converter is usually required to convert low battery voltage to high voltageapplication. In this paper, a variable frequency control of boost converter is discussed. The prototype circuitis built to prove the concept. The extension of this approach in power factor-correction application isdiscussed. [288]

A PWM Family of ZVT Self-resonant Converters with Improved Features.

This paper presents a PWM family of ZVT self-resonant converters that use a magnetic coupling toaccomplish the minimum total losses point of the auxiliary switch. Their great advantage is the overall



size reduction, because allows to reduce the auxiliary switch heatsink as well as the number of magneticcomponents of the circuit, once the auxiliary inductor is incorporated into the main one. This fact alsoreduces the number of radiated EMI sources. A design procedure and a design example are presented, as wellas experimental results obtained from a 500 W, 120/300 V DC, 100 kHz prototype of the boost converter,confirming the operation of the proposal and the benefits obtained by its use. [289]

Low-Cost PFC Electronic Ballast for 250W HID Lamps Operating as Constant Power Source with 400kHz Switching Frequency.

In this paper, a low-cost PFC electronic ballast for 250 W high intensity discharge (HID) lamps basedon the using of LCC parallel-series inverter with resonant current mode control operating as constant powersource with 400 kHz switching frequency is presented. With this control method, the inverter does nothand any reactive energy, and both switching and conduction losses are minimized. The design performs anautomatic power control without exceeding the maximum power recommended by the lamp manufacturerwithout additional power control circuitry. An adequate bus voltage (120 V) allows using buck converteroperating in discontinuous conduction mode as low-cost power factor correction (PFC) pre-regulator. Theignition process do not needs additional elements to ignite the lamp. The acoustic resonances phenomenonshould be taken into account in the design process. The 400 kHz switching frequency is selected above allthe lamp acoustic resonances frequencies avoiding the risk of appearance of acoustic resonance phenomenon.Simulations and experimental results have validated the design proposed in this work. [290]

New Step-Up and Step-Down 18-Pulse Direct Asymmetric Autotransformer Rectifier Units.

This paper presents two new step-up and step-down 18-pulse direct asymmetric autotransformer rectifierunits for aircraft applications. The converters are designed to operate with variable frequency power supplies(400-800 Hz), while meeting tight harmonic, power factor and output voltage requirements. The main featuresof the proposed converters are: a minimum number of windings used to achieve the step-up and step-downvoltage variation (simplifying the autotransformer structure), the lack of series-connected windings at theoutput of the secondary voltage terminals (reduced sensitivity to leakage inductance), and the reduced kVArating of the autotransformers, 0.30 and 0.32 p.u. respectively. The paper includes an in-depth analysis of theATRU autotransformers, together with a complete description of their autotransformer currents. Experimentalresults obtained with laboratory prototypes are used to validate the correct operation and high-performanceof the proposed autotransformer rectifier units. [291]

Stability Approach for Vehicles DC Power Network: Application to Aircraft On-board System.

Vehicles of the future stores, transports and use large amounts of electrical energy. The main componentsof DC networks are power electronic converters. Combinations of such converters are known to be unstablein certain situations. By investigating the causes of instability and comparing current methods, a state spacerepresentation is chosen for converter modelling. The concepts of sensitivity and participation factors appliedto network models are proposed to address the requirement for algorithms aimed at optimisation. Conclusionsare drawn for converters under development for aircraft systems. It is possible to identify parametersresponsible for instability, sensitivity to network parameters at different operating points and the safetymargins available. Thanks to this method, passive elements are optimised by reducing their global weightand volume. [292]

Contributions to the DC-bus voltage controller of back-to-back voltage source converters.

A very interesting feature of VSC based back-to-back converters connected to the grid is their capacity towork in the four quadrants, and consequently their capability to change the converter power flow directioneventually. Variable speed wind turbines represent one of the main applications of these devices. The objectiveof this article is the study of the influence of R L and C DC value over a back-to-back converter from a



classic linear control point of view. The analysis that is presented in this article begins with the extraction oftwo different models for the DC bus which permits the deduction of ranges of nominal values for the DC buscapacitor (C DC) and for the load resistance (R L) which ensures system stability. A stability analysis of thesemodels as a function of the operating mode of the VSC (rectifier, inverter), of the DC-bus capacity and of thevalue and sign of the current across the DC-bus is the objective of the second part of this article. Finally, acontrol scheme for both models is proposed. Special interest is dedicated to the effects of DC-bus parameters(R L and C DC) over the controller operation and to a correct chose for that values: an analytic method forconstant design is presented. Control system correct operation is verified under a non-linear back-to-backsimulation environment. [293]

Performance/Cost Comparison between Single-Stage and Conventional High Power Factor CorrectionRectifiers.

A cost review and performance comparison between Single-Stage and Conventional High Power FactorCorrection Rectifiers is presented in this paper. A new family of converters is often presented detailingelectrical performance, yet discounting a cost evaluation of the topology; this paper attempts to address thisissue. Detailed is an overview of two such topologies based upon a Boost Converter, for Input CurrentShaping, ICS, and a Forward Converter for output regulation. The paper outlines essential design equationsfor the Single-Stage approach, discussing issues of importance and predicted behavior of such a design. Thefocus then moves onto measured operational performances of two 170W prototype PFC rectifiers, a Two-Stage and a Single-Stage respectively. Results obtained display comparable electrical performance, both intheir abilities to limit input current harmonics and regulate the output voltage. However, a cost analysis thatwas performed indicated that monetary savings with the Single-Stage variants are not as significant as onewould first expect. The unexpectedly small savings are a combination of the requirement for componentswith ratings that can withstand the stresses applied to them, and current market trends. [294]

ZCS Switched-Capacitor Bi-directional Quasi-Resonant Converters.

This paper presents the new topologies of zero-current switching switched-capacitor (ZCS SC) quasi-resonant converters with bidirectional power flow control conversion schemes. It possesses the features ofquasi resonant switched-capacitor converters : low weight, small volume, high efficiency, low EMI emissionand low current stress. A family of zero-current switching switched-capacitor bidirectional converters isproposed to improve the current stress problem during the bidirectional power flow control processing. Theyare able to provide the voltage conversion ratios from double-mode/half-mode to n-mode/1/n mode by usingfour power MOSFET main switches and a set of switched-capacitors with a small series connected resonantinductor for non-inverting or inverting modes. The operation principle of converter operation of the proposedbi-directional power conversion scheme is described in detail with circuit model analysis for non-invertingmode. Simulation and experimental results are carried out to verify the concept and the performance of theproposed double-mode/half-mode ZCS SC bi-directional quasi-resonant converters. [295]

Double Synchronous Reference Frame PLL for Power Converters Control.

This paper deals with one of the most important issues in the control of grid-connected converters, which isthe detection of the positive sequence fundamental component of the utility voltage. The study carried out inthis paper conducts to a fast, precise, and robust positive sequence voltage detector offering a good behavior,even if unbalanced and distorted conditions are present in the grid. The proposed detector utilizes a new”double synchronous reference frame PLL” (DSRF-PLL), which completely eliminates the existing errorsin conventional synchronous reference frame PLL systems (SRF-PLL) when operating under unbalancedutility voltages. In the study performed in this paper, the positive and negative sequence components ofthe unbalanced voltage vector are properly characterized. When this unbalanced vector is expressed on theDSRF, the analysis of the signals on the DSRF axes permits to design a decoupling network which isolatesthe positive and negative sequence components. This decoupling network gives rise to a new PLL structure



which detects the positive sequence voltage component quickly and accurately. In this paper, conclusions ofthe analytical study are verified by simulation and experiment. [296]

An undervoltage lockout of hysteretic threshold of zero temperature coefficients.

This paper presents a method of merging the threshold voltage of zero temperature coefficients andcomparative function into a single circuit. With application to undervoltage lockout circuit, it can reducetemperature sensitivity of threshold voltage and improve accuracy of threshold. Meanwhile, this undervoltageprotection circuit realizes hysteretic threshold by a feedback control method so as to overcome disadvantageof poor interference rejection capability of single threshold. This undervoltage lockout circuit can be appliedto DC-DC converter. [297]

Accurate Measurement of Active Power of Discharge Lamps.

The active power provided to a discharge lamp appears strictly related to its luminous flux, therefore anaccurate measurement of the power is required to grant stable lamp operation. A technique is presented toreach a measurement on the power with a relative uncertainty of about 0.01%. The method is based on twocommercial digital multimeters with integrating analog to digital converter. The main causes of uncertaintyare considered and their contributions are evaluated. The case of a 150 W sodium lamp is considered as anexample. [298]

Research on the planar magnetic integration in quasi-resonant converters.

Paper bases on the principles of the coupling inductor and the quasi-resonant converts to illustrate theplanar integration of the resonant inductor and the filter inductor, then the decreasing in the volume andheight can be achieved, and the technical support for the power electronic integration can be provided. Papertakes the buck ZCS QRC for example to illustrate the specific planar integration, through comparing theforward coupling with the backward coupling, the soft switching can be achieved when the coupling is loosecoupling. The simulated results of the circuit and the flux line are also included in this paper. [299]

Synthesis of impedance using switching converters.

A general impedance synthesizer using a minimum number of switching converters is studied in thispaper. We begin with showing that any impedance can be synthesized by a circuit consisting of only twosimple power converters, one storage element (e.g., capacitor), and one dissipative element (e.g., resistor) orpower source. The implementation of such a circuit for synthesizing any desired impedance can be performedby (i) programming the input current given the input voltage such that the desired impedance function isachieved; (ii) controlling the amount of power dissipation (generation) in the dissipative element (source) soas to match the required active power of the impedance observed at the input terminals of the given electricalto be synthesized. Then, the instantaneous power will automatically be balanced by the storage element. Suchimpedance synthesizers find a lot of applications in power electronics. For instance, a resistance synthesizercan be used for power factor correction (PFC), a programmable capacitor or inductor synthesizer (comprisingof small high-frequency converters) can be used for control applications. [300]

Low-Power 4-b 2.5 GSPS Pipelined Flash Analog-to-Digital Converters in 0.13 𝑚𝑢m CMOS.

This paper presents a 4-bit high-speed, low-power, pipelined flash analog-to-digital converter (ADC).The proposed ADC is pipelined and mainly consists of three stages: 1) track-and-hold (T/H), 2) differentialcomparator, and 3) Differential Cascode Voltage Switch with Pass Gates (DCVSPG) encoder. The T/H usesa current mode, dual-array structure to reduce the aperture jitter for high input frequency. The differentialcomparator eliminates the use of the resistor ladder circuit by generating the reference voltages internally. TheDCVSPG encoder has a full output signal swing and compact logic design style of pass gate circuits which



makes it suitable for high sampling frequency. The DCVSPG encoder reduces the power consumption by afactor of 88% as compared to the conventional ROM encoder. The ADC is designed in 130 nanometer CMOStechnology. FFT tests prove proper operation of the ADC sampled at 2.5 GHz for input signal frequency upto 1 GHz. [301]

Novel Direct-Power-Control Strategy of Current-Source PWM Rectifier.

This paper describes a novel control strategy of a current-source PWM rectifier, which is based on relaycontrol of instantaneous active and reactive power, and presents its experimentally examined operationcharacteristics, followed by a theoretical derivation of the control algorithm. The most important featureof this strategy is a direct selection of switching modes of the PWM rectifier to restrict errors betweenthe feedback values and the command values of the active and reactive power. Therefore, a theoreticalanalysis on relationship between the instantaneous power and the switching modes of the PWM rectifier isdeeply investigated, which is essential to compose a switching mode table in the controller. Feasibility of theproposed strategy is experimentally verified, using a prototype setup. As a result, 92.7-% maximum efficiencyand 99.9-% maximum total power factor are confirmed through the experimental tests. [302]

Generalized Impedance Converter as a New Sensor Signal Conditioning Circuit.

Generalized impedance converters (GIC) are electronic circuits which have been widely used ascontrollable impedance in AC regime, especially in active filter synthesis. In the work presented, the GIC isused as a biasing circuit of a magnetoresistive current sensor (Wheatstone bridge) which is located inside theGIC itself. In this case, the GIC works under DC bias unlike its usual AC bias use. [303]

Simulation and analysis of current controlled PFC converter-inverter fed SRM drive.

Switch reluctance motor (SRM) drives are simpler in construction and their combination with powerelectronic equipments yield an economic solution to its variable speed operation. Power electronicsequipments are the major source of harmonic pollution of the utility supply and reduce the efficiency andcould be avoided by using the techniques presented in this paper. The paper presents the circuit configurationof power factor correction (PFC) that includes a single-phase diode bridge rectifier together with a boostconverter and hysteresis current controller (HCC), which improves the quality of the current drawn from theutility supply. The advantages of the developed system are low harmonic distortion in ac supply currents,nearly unity power factor over a wide operating shaft speed range. The proposed system is modeled includingSRM and the simulated performance in MATLAB frame is presented and discussed. Significant reduction ofthe THD and rms value of the supply current is achieved with the proposed method. [304]

Utility Friendly Magnet-Load Power Supply.

In order to meet the input and output requirements of an ac-dc converter used for magnet loads, a single-phase two-stage cascade switch-mode rectifier topology for a magnet load power supply is proposed. Thefirst stage is a single switch boost rectifier to shape the input current in phase with the supply voltage.Second stage consists of a dc chopper, which satisfies the steady state and dynamic requirements of such kindof power supply. Judicious use of feedback and feedforward loops enhances the steady state and dynamicperformance of the second stage. Novel circuit topology reduces the overall component count, system costand offers a simple control. [305]

Conductive EMI Analysis and Suppression in an Active Power Filte.

Active power filter (APF) is one of major power quality controllers to deal with harmonics issues. Itcan compensate the low frequency harmonic components in power system by using PWM method. But,being a kind of switching power converter, APF will generate electromagnetic noise in high band. In this



paper, the mechanism and path of two kinds of noise are analyzed and an EMI filter is designed to decreasethe EMI noise. For APF, whose output current frequency may over 1250 Hz (for compensate 25th orderharmonic component in 50 Hz system), EMI filter may deteriorate its compensation performance. The multi-modular approach has been applied in the paper to achieve high equivalent switching frequency and reducethe switching ripple. [306]

Identification and Model of Near Field Magnetic Coupling in a PFC Converter.

The attenuation characteristic of on board EMI filter may be deteriorated greatly by the stray magneticfield produced by main circuit of switched mode power supply. In this paper, the magnetic coupling effectbetween a PFC inductor and an EMI common mode inductor is studied by experiments after analyzing thestray magnetic field distribution characteristic of PFC inductor and the sensitivity of common mode inductor.A differential mode EMI model of this PFC converter is built up, which includes the magnetic coupling effect.Based on this model, the coupling EMI component is distinguished. The unequal EMI emission phenomenonon L and N line is explained too. In the end, several measures are proposed to decrease DM emission andverified by experiments. [307]

Decoupled Reactive power Compensation Using Neural Network Based control scheme.

It is proposed to decouple three phase load reactive power in fundamental and harmonic power componentsand then compensate these using a combination of conventional shunt and parallel hybrid active filter. Thisapproach results in use of low power rated PWM converters and offers many other advantages as comparedto conventional shunt compensation. A simple neural network assisted scheme for decomposing of threephase current or voltage waveforms under unbalanced and non-sinusoidal conditions has also been proposed.Detailed mathematical model of decomposing algorithm and its real time implementation on DSP has beenpresented. Experimental results obtained on a laboratory model under steady state and dynamic conditionsunder different operating conditions have been analyzed and presented to demonstrate the effectiveness ofproposed decoupled reactive power compensation scheme. [308]

Efficiency Evaluation in Grid Connected Photovoltaic Energy Conversion Systems.

This paper introduces a comparative study of efficiency for topologies in photovoltaic energy conversionsystems. In special, a study of losses is presented and the methodology is used to compare differenttopologies for grid connected photovoltaic systems in such a way that can be chosen the option of bestefficiency. The systems are also tested with photovoltaic generation as well as current harmonic and reactivepower compensation simultaneously. The system that uses only inverters presents increased efficiency whencompared to the conventional system. The synchronous reference frame method is used to control thethree-phase inverter for all topologies. The proposed design is used to test efficiency for different pulse-width-modulation techniques and different loads in an electric system and simulation results demonstrate thegood performance of the proposed configuration. [309]

Control of Rubber Tyred Gantry Crane with Energy Storage Based on Supercapacitor Bank.

This paper proposes a hybrid energy system, which consists of a diesel-engine generator and asupercapacitor, for improving performance of a rubber tyred gantry crane (RTGC). The supercapacitorcontributes to the energy recovery associated with regenerative braking in ’hoist-down’ braking operationand to the rapid energy consumption related with acceleration in ’hoist-up’ operation of the RTGC. Henceit does save energy, which is conventionally wasted by a braking resistor. In addition, the large enginegenerator is replaced by the much smaller one, for the supercapacitor reduces high power demands awayfrom it. For power conversion between the supercapacitor and the DC link, a 3 legs bidirectional DC-DCconverter, which has the same structure as the commercially available 3-phase inverter, is used. Two kindsof simulations are performed to study the behaviors of the proposed system under the worst operating



conditions. The performance of the proposed hybrid energy system is evaluated through several experimentswith a real RTGC. [310]

New Phase Shift Modulated ZVS Full-Bridge DC/DC Converter with Minimized Auxiliary Current forMedium Power Fuel Cell Application.

This paper presents a new DC/DC converter topology for low input voltage, medium power applicationssuch as a 7.75 kW residential solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC). The proposed converter uses adaptive energystorage to minimize auxiliary circulating currents and maximize efficiency. It also has a simple topologyand low component count. Analysis and a design process are presented. The proposed topology and anotherwidely-used ZVS-PSM-FB topology are simulated to compare conduction losses and converter efficiency.The proposed circuit is found to have 50-70% lower MOSFET conduction losses and 2-4% higher efficiencyfrom full load to no load. [311]

A New Single-Phase HF-Link Multilevel Inverter.

This paper introduces a new single-phase multilevel inverter with HF isolation and bi-directional powerflow capability. The advantage is to provide compact HF isolation, without an additional dc-stage and withlower harmonic distortion in the load. Typical applications of this converter are: photovoltaic systems, fuel cellsystems and small wind power systems. The topology is based on a high-frequency push-pull inverter, a high-frequency transformer and an ac/ac multilevel converter. A detailed HF-link multilevel inverter descriptionis presented. A modulation strategy and a commutation strategy for the ac/ac converter is proposed withthe benefits of soft-switching commutations with no extra components. The multilevel topology permits asignificant reduction of the output filter and an improvement of the efficiency. [312]

PV Solar Energy Electronics Processing System Operating at the MPP for Commercial RefrigeratorSupply Applications.

The analysis of a PV solar energy electronics processing system, operating at the maximum power point(MPP) for commercial refrigerator supply applications is presented in this paper. The refrigerator is fed froma battery bench using two electronics processing stages. The first one is a step-up push-pull converter that isresponsible for the dynamic of the refrigerator and the DC bus voltage control, and the second stage is a full-bridge voltage source inverter with three levels PWM modulation. A closed-loop voltage is used to controlthe step-up stage, and a closed-loop current to control the compressor starting current. The main features ofthis system are: simple control strategy, robustness, low harmonic distortion of the load voltage, and naturalisolation. The principle of operation, design procedure and experimental results are presented. [313]

Dynamic Analysis of Grid Connected Wind Farms Using ATP.

The use of wind turbines is increasing in very high rates in many countries around the world. Studies toevaluate the impact of connecting these new generation units to the existing power systems must be doneand the alternative transients program-ATP, one of the most used simulation tools for power systems transientanalysis, does not contain wind generation systems in its libraries. In this paper, three types of variable speedwind generation system models are developed using ATP. The model include the representation of the wind,the turbine mechanical parts, the generator, the static converter, the control systems and the power system.Simulation results of connecting a 10 MW wind farm to a real power system are presented. [314]

Advanced Active Filtering in a Single Phase High Frequency AC Microgrid.

In this paper a single phase high frequency AC (HFAC) microgrid is presented as an exciting steptowards integrating renewable energy sources in a distributed generation system. A very important taskin the microgrid is to control the power flow between the microgrid and the local grid, which can beaccomplished by using an active filtering solution called universal active power line conditioner (UPLC).



Besides, for optimum HFAC bus utilization, it is extremely important to compensate for reactive power, loadcurrent harmonics resulted from non-linear loads, and voltage distortions resulting from the source and/orconverter non-linearity. A unified power quality conditioner (UPQC), which integrates shunt and series activefilters, is a power electronic solution to accomplish all these functions. The controllers for both the UPQCand UPLC are based on the instantaneous single phase p-q theory and the results obtained show that thesuccessful implementation of HFAC microgrid with adequate power flow and power quality control ensuringthe improved system utilization. [315]

Dynamic Interaction of an Intergrated Doubly-Fed Induction generator and a Fuel Cell connected toGrid.

For the past decade, the deregulation of the electric power industry has created an environment wheretraditional generation is being reexamined and new forms of generation are being created. Most likely windturbines and fuel cells will be the dominant grid connected distributed generators. This paper proposes anovel integration of a doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) and a fuel cell. With the proposed scheme,it is possible to inject power from a DC power source like a fuel cell into the AC grid without using anexpensive inverter. The fuel cell is connected across the DC link of the back-back converters of a DFIG andpower from the fuel cell is either injected into the generator or the grid depending upon wind conditions andenergy requirements at the site. This is achieved by a low voltage DC link which also results in considerablesavings. Dynamic models of DFIG and fuel cell have been derived which are used to simulate the proposedintegrated system. Vector control schemes to operate the DFIG both as a power source and as an active filtercompensating for harmful harmonics generated by non-linear loads are described. It has been shown thatactive and reactive power generated can be controlled. Power factor correction and reactive power controlcan also be achieved. Complete system has been simulated in Matlab/Simulink. Simulation results showinginteraction of DFIG and fuel cell with the AC grid have been presented. Power flow between these systemshas been analyzed. [316]

An Improved ADC Error Correction Scheme Based on a Bayesian Approach.

The paper presents an improved method for the ADC nonlinearity correction based on a Bayesian filteringapproach. In particular, the dependence of the previous method version on the statistic characterization of theinput signal has been removed. The proposed improvement has been validated in simulation using behaviouralmodels provided by an ADC producer and on actual ADCs. [317]

A mixed continuous-pulsed reset technique for digitized preamplifiers of radiation signals.

We have realized a mixed continuous-pulsed reset preamplifier suitable for multi-channel gamma-raysensors. The continuous-reset mode is used for typical signal amplitudes within the ADC input range, or 1V. The pulsed-reset mode works on larger signal amplitudes, either caused by individual events or by burstsof piled-up events. Such operation mode maximizes the live time in the typical energy range and minimizesthe dead time caused by ADC saturation on large individual signals or at high count rates. The amplitude oflarge individual signals can also be estimated from the reset time still achieving a high resolution. Using thistechnique and a bulky high purity germanium detector we got a ”continuous-reset” range of 2 MeV with aresolution of 2.02 keV fwhm at 1.408 MeV, and an extended ”pulsed-reset” range of 27 MeV, with a typicalresolution of 0.3% at 27 MeV. [318]

Development of a pipelined ADC chip for the gas electron multiplier readout.

A 10-bit 10 Msps A/D converter chip with low power consumption is designed for gas electron multiplier(GEM) readout based on the n-well 0.35 𝑚𝑢m CMOS process. A pipelined ADC architecture consisting ofan array of 1.5-bit unit ADCs is used. The opamp sharing between two stages is adopted in order to reduce



the power consumption. The expected power consumption is about 12 mW. In this paper, the progress of thedesign development is reported. [319]

Implementation of a Regenerative Pulse and Equalization Battery Charger Using a DSP.

This paper presents batteries charger methods using DSP control system. This technique is described thatcharge a serial string of cell during charging. In this paper, two charge modes have been activated. When aregenerative pulse charger mode starts, the charging current through the string is equal to that of the chargingcurrent 10A. If this charge mode ends, the string battery voltage reaches a threshold voltage V T. Then theequalization charge mode starts, thus maintaining the string cell at V T. This circuit topology is composed oftwo-stage converter, in which the first stage is a bidirectional converter and flyback converter. This chargingcharacteristics (charging time, charging current, switching frequency, and pulse period) of different chargingmethods are analyzed and presented. The advantage of the hybrid converter CC/CV method is able to reducethe charging time, extend its life, reach 100% battery state of charge and avoid damage to the batteries. [320]

Intelligent Controllers for an Isolated Wind Energy Conversion Scheme.

This paper focuses on the controller designs for an isolated wind electric generator supplying powerto heating and voltage sensitive loads. The wind driven self-excited induction generator (SEIG) and othernetwork components are modeled and simulated using Matlab/Simulink. The variable voltage and frequencyof the generator is first rectified and the DC power is then transferred to the load through a DC link converter.By adjusting the modulation index of the PWM inverter, either maximum power can be obtained from thesystem or the terminal voltage can be maintained constant under varying wind velocities and load conditions.The design of neuro controllers is presented: 1) to maximize the power extraction for heating type of loadsand 2) to regulate the terminal voltage for voltage sensitive loads. [321]

High Voltage DC-DC Converter of Pulsed Plasma Thruster for Science and Technology Satellite-2(STSAT-2).

Normally, +28V is used to provide the power with a micro satellite, which is generated the solar panelas well as a power regulation unit. However, the pulsed plasma thruster (PPT) requires a high power around+1500V to work for satellite attitude control. Therefore, this paper describes the power processing unit (PPU)for the pulsed plasma thruster by using a flyback switching circuitry as well as a protective circuitry with afeedback control to avoid an over charging. [322]

UC3907 ASIC and TMS320F2407A DSP based Control of Paralleled Buck DC-DC Converters.

UC3907 ASIC and TMS320F2407A DSP based control of paralleled buck DC-DC converters aredeveloped and presented in this work to maintain a regulated output voltage under variations in the line andload and to control the output current of each converter so that they share the load current equally. Automaticmaster slave method is implemented in the present work. UC3907 load share controller and TMS320F2407ADSP based fuzzy logic controller perform linear regulation with satisfactory load current sharing. [323]

Power Flow Optimisation and Grid Integration of Wind Turbines with the Doubly-Fed InductionGenerator.

In this work the integration of wind turbines with the electrical network as a conventional energy supplieris focused. A procedure to reduce the electrical losses on a doubly-fed induction generator drive and toattend to the new requirement of the power companies on wind energy conversion system is presented. Themethod is based on the control of the reactive power flow on a back-to-back converter consisting of 2 IGBT-inverters connected by a DC-link. The machine and mains side inverters allow together with the active powerbalance between generator and mains supply the production of reactive power on both rotor and net-side



independently. The output LC-filter contribution is also taken into account. Experimental results from a 4 kWtest bench are shown. [324]

New Control Strategy for 2-stage Utility-Connected Photovoltaic Power Conditioning System with a lowcost digital processor.

In this paper, a simple control method for two-stage utility grid-connected photovoltaic power conditioningsystems (PCS) is proposed. This approach enables maximum power point tracking control with post-stageinverter current information instead of calculating solar array power, which significantly simplifies thecontroller and the sensing part. Furthermore, there is no feedback loop in the pre-stage converter to controlsolar array voltage because the MPP tracker drives the converter switch duty-cycle. This simple PCS controlstrategy can reduce the cost and size, and can be utilized with a low cost digital processor. For verification ofthe proposed control strategy, the 2.5 kW two-stage photovoltaic grid-connected PCS hardware that consistsof boost converter cascaded with a single-phase inverter has been built and tested. [325]

2-D scintillation position-sensitive neutron detector.

A new 2-dimensional scintillation position-sensitive neutron detector (PSND) with an active area of155times155 mm 2 was developed for use on the single crystal diffractometer at the intense pulsed neutronsource at Argonne National Laboratory. The detector is based on the well-proven Anger camera techniqueand uses a 6 Li glass scintillator as the neutron converter. This PSND incorporates a 6times6 PMT arraywith 29.6 mm pitch and optimized optics to achieve an average spatial resolution of 1.75 mm full widthat half maximum. The detector read-out has separate electronics for each PMT and the neutron position iscalculated by a microprocessor during acquisition. A newly developed position extraction algorithm makesuse of an analytical calculation to determine the event position. This new method improves the linearity ofthe calculated position, provides a slight improvement in resolution, and in principle allows for the correctdetermination of position to the edge of the scintillator. The design of the detector enclosure allows multipledetectors to be tiled with minimal dead space between them. In addition, the design incorporates a means ofattaching external shielding plates that minimizes the shielding surface area required. [326]

Comparison between digital and analog pulse shape discrimination techniques for neutron and gammaray separation.

Recent advancements in digital signal processing (DSP) using fast processors and a computer allows oneto envision using it in pulse shape discrimination. In this study, we have investigated the feasibility of usinga DSP to distinguish between neutrons and gamma rays by the shape of their pulses in a liquid scintillatordetector (BC501). For neutron/gamma discrimination, the advantage of using a DSP over the analog methodis that in an analog system, two separate charge-sensitive ADCs are required. One ADC is used to integratethe beginning of the pulse rise time while the second ADC is for integrating the tail part. In DSP techniquesthe incoming pulses coming directly from the detector are immediately digitized and can be decomposedinto individual pulses waveforms. This eliminates the need for separate ADCs as one can easily get theintegration of two parts of the pulse from the digital waveforms. This work describes the performance ofthese DSP techniques and compares the results with the analog method. [327]

Parallel Operation of Battery Power Modules.

Operating batteries in parallel is attempted to overcome the problems with the conventionally used batterybank in which the batteries are operated in series. With parallel operation, a more reasonable managementcan be made to prevent the batteries from being over-charged or over-discharged. The discharging currentsof the parallel batteries are independently controlled but are coordinated to execute a full amount of the loadcurrent. Some of the batteries may take rest or be isolated from the system for the detections at a time. Thisfacilitates the estimations of the state of charge (SOC) and the state of health (SOH). In addition, sophisticateddischarging profiles can be realized to efficiently utilize the available stored energy in batteries. [328]



Feasibility Study of Conversion of Double Circuit ac Transmission Line for Simultaneous ac-dc PowerTransmission.

Long EHV ac lines cannot be loaded to its thermal limit to keep sufficient margin against transientinstability. EHV lines may be loaded to a very high value if the conductors are allowed to carry superimposeddc current along with ac current. The added dc power flow does not cause any transient instability. In HVDCline the capacitive VAR of the line cannot be tapped to compensate a part of the lagging VAR consumed bythe converters. Present paper studies the feasibility of converting a double circuit ac line for simultaneousac-dc power flow to get the advantages of parallel ac-dc transmission to improve stability and dampingoscillations as well as for independent control of ac and dc power transmission. No alterations of conductors,insulator strings and towers of the original line are needed. Substantial gain in the loadability of the line isobtained. Unlike HVDC line, capacitive VAR of the line is available to compensate a part of the laggingVAR. [329]

Modeling of a Converter-Connected Six-Phase Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator.

A MATLAB/Simulink model of a six-phase permanent magnet synchronous generator is established forsimulation purpose. The machine is part of a microturbine generation system and is to be connected witha rectifier and a grid-connected inverter. It has two sets of three-phase windings on the stator side, whichare shifted by 30 electrical degrees with each other. The internal dynamics of the machine is derived in astationary d-q frame and then realized in MATLAB/Simulink with a user-definable S-function. The electricalinterface with the converter is realized with a combination of voltage measuring units and controlled currentsources provided by Simulink itself. [330]

Power Electronics and Motor Drives-Technology Advances, Trends and Applications.

The technology of power electronics and motor drives has gone through dynamic evolution in therecent years due to many innovations in power semiconductor devices, converter topologies, analytical andsimulation techniques, machines, drives, and control techniques. Artificial intelligence (AI) techniques, suchas fuzzy logic, neural networks and genetic algorithms are now extending its frontier and bringing newchallenge to power electronic engineers. As the technology is advancing, the applications of power electronicsare proliferating in industrial, commercial, residential, aerospace, military, transportation and utility systems.Power electronics is destined to play key role in global industrialization and energy conservation trendsof the 21st century. In the environmentally clean renewable energy systems, such as wind, PV and fuelcells, the role of power electronics is significant. Power electronics is helping efficient energy utilizationin the ever-increasing energy demand of the world, and thus conserving our dwindling fossil fuel energyreserve and helping environmental pollution control. The importance of power electronics will be similar toinformation technology that is currently causing revolution in our society. The half-day advanced and state-of-the-art tutorial is designed to give a comprehensive overview and recent advances of power electronicsand motor drives with emphasis on industrial applications. Starting with historical evolution, importance andenergy saving aspects of the technology, the tutorial will review advances and trends on power semiconductordevices, converter topologies, machine drives and control. The application features in renewable energysystems (wind, PV and fuel cells) will be covered. [331]

The Analysis of the Charge Unbalance in Flying Capacitors of a Novel Three-level ZVS Converter.

This paper analyzes the two different operation principles of an improved three-level ZVS converter,which employs a coupled inductor to achieve zero-voltage switching, under two different control strategies.It indicates that an inapposite choice of control strategy will cause the charge unbalance in flying capacitorsand result in the failure of the three-level operation under light load and open voltage loop condition (thiscondition may occur in dynamic load). The reasons are analyzed in detail. With a modified control strategy



the charge unbalance is removed, and a 1kW, 80kHz experimental proto type is made to verify the phenomenaand the theoretical analysis. [332]

A Novel ZVS-PWM Single-Stage Single-Phase AC/DC/AC Converter with High Power Factor.

This paper proposes novel zero-voltage-switching pulse-width modulation (ZVS-PWM) single-stagesingle-phase ac/dc/ac converter to give high power factor and low current distortion on the rectifier sideand provide clean and stable ac voltage on the inverter side. In the proposed converter, besides operatingat constant frequency, all semiconductor devices operate at soft-switching without additional voltage stressand current stress. An average-current-mode control is employed in the rectifier side of proposed converterto detect the transition time and synthesize a suitable low harmonics sinusoidal waveform for the inputcurrent. The sinusoidal pulse-width modulation (SPWM) control strategy is employed in the inverter ofproposed converter to achieve well dynamic regulation. A design example of 1000W ZVS-PWM single-stagesingle-phase ac/dc/ac converter is examined to assess the converter performance. [333]

High Current Resistance Sintering For Producing Brass Powder Components.

Heat-treatment (sintering) is essential for manufacturing metal components through powder metallurgy(P/M) route. A typical heating eliminates the inter-particle surfaces of metal powder. Thus a metal powdercomponent gets consolidated into one mass. Conventional muffle furnace heating (MFH) is common meansto heat-treat a powder component. However, apart from dezincification (escaping of volatile zinc) of brasscomponents, the method is time consuming, costlier and occupies more space. In this work, an alternativemethod is proposed. Direct resistance heating method is employed for this purpose. A high current (5.8 kA)ac-to-dc converter and a time delay circuit are used. Only the magnitude and the duration of the currentthrough the component are controlled. A high current of the order of kA shows better results and it avoidsdezincification too. Microstructures of components are also analyzed which give satisfactory results. [334]

Modeling of Switched Reluctance Motor Drive System using Matlab/Simulink for Performance Analysisof Current Controllers.

This paper deals with a new technique in modeling switched reluctance motor (SRM) drives usingMatlab/Simulink. The model is solely based on Matlab/Simulink environment, i.e. using available block setsfor SRM, converter, as well as current controllers design. The model is to assist in initial study for performanceanalysis of any algorithms including closed loop operations such as current, speed and torque controllers. Theactual hardware system is represented in the model taking into account all necessary drawbacks such as theelectrical time constant, the inverter switches behaviors etc. Simulation results are presented here for twoSRM drives system models; one, a model that uses complete M-file scripts and second, a model that utilizescomplete Matlab/Simulink blocksets. [335]

Safe Commutation Strategy in Single Phase Matrix Converter.

The use of direct AC-AC converter based on matrix converter topology is restricted due to inherentlimitations. One of those limitations is the absence of the natural free-wheeling path afforded in conventionalconverter topology through the use of diodes. In this work a simple commutation strategy for implementationin single phase matrix converter provides the required free-wheeling operation similar to those available inother converter topologies is proposed. The commutation scheme establishes a current path for energy toflow during dead-time, thus avoiding the generation of voltage spikes. Experimental results obtained in alaboratory test-rig are also presented to verify successful application of the technique. [336]



Generalized Predictive Controller for a Boost AC to DC Converter Fed DC Motor.

This paper presents generalized predictive controller (GPC) applications to speed control of a separatelyexcited DC motor using single phase, single way rectifier. Step up and step down characteristics of theoutput voltage can be obtained. The supply current is approximately sinusoidal with nearly unity powerfactor. The output voltage and current are smooth and a ripple free. A digital signal processor is used toimplement and control the converter switch in open and closed loop operation. The proposed modeling andsimulation are performed using differential equations which describing the system behavior in run up andsteady state are presented. The speed control using predictive control is satisfy the best required responsefor load disturbances. The experimental results ensured the GPC controller robustness, simple and powerfulcontrol application capabilities. A digital signal processor based (DSP-ds1102) has been successfully usedfor on-line control of the separately excited DC motor drive. The high level C language has maximized theprogramming flexibility for on-line implementation of complex algorithms. This offers an efficient, robust andeasy to implement high performance drive system. The operational characteristics of the converter for bothopen and closed loop speed control system are verified and proved to yield good agreement when comparedwith the experimental results. [337]

Maximum Power Point Tracking: A PSPICE Circuit Simulator Approach.

As the photovoltaic source exhibits non-linear v-i characteristics, which are dependent on solar insolationand environmental factors, development of an accurate circuit-oriented model is essential to simulate anddesign the photovoltaic integrated system. In this paper a simple photovoltaic source PSPICE circuit-oriented models are developed useful for integrated PV system design. These include modeling of solararray, maximum power point algorithm, and converter modules. The solar array module takes care of celltemperature variation, solar insolation and incident angle, while the maximum power point tracking moduleadjusts the operating point. This module is integrated with a dc-dc converter to extract maximum powerfrom the photovoltaic array under all operating conditions. For verification a SEPIC converter suppliedphotovoltaic system is considered in this paper. The developed model is validated with experimental results.In all the cases the developed models are working without any convergence problems. [338]

Switching Pattern Analysis for AC to High DC Voltage Converter.

An analysis of the switching pattern for AC to high DC voltage converter is presented. Four differenttypes of Pulse Width Modulation (PWM); Multiple-pulse PWM, Sinusoidal PWM and two Modified PWMsare compared. PSpice simulation software is used to investigate the switching pattern that produce high DCoutput voltage and less low order harmonics content in the input current supply. From the simulation resultsobtained, the best switching technique is selected and implemented in the Xilinx Complex ProgrammableLogic Devices (CPLD) chip and the laboratory model of the converter is developed and tested. To validate theselection, the performance of the constructed prototype unit is investigated and compared with the simulationresult. [339]

Zero-Voltage-Switching PWM Hybrid Full-Bridge Three-Level Converter with Clamping Diodes.

Hybrid full-bridge three-level converter can realize zero-voltage-switching for the switches with the useof the leakage inductance and the intrinsic capacitors of the switches. As it can operate in three-level modeand two-level mode, the secondary rectified voltage is very close to the output voltage over the input voltagerange, so the output filter inductance can be reduce significantly. Moreover the voltage stress of the rectifierdiodes can also be reduced as well. So the converter is very attractive for wide input range applications.However there is voltage oscillation across the rectifier diodes resulted by the reverse recovery. In this papera resonant inductance and two clamping diodes are introduced to the converter to achieve ZVS in a wide loadrange, and meanwhile to clamp the secondary rectified voltage at the reflected input voltage in three-levelmode and reflected half input voltage in two-level mode respectively, thus the voltage oscillation across the



rectifier diodes is eliminated. The operation principle of the proposed converter is analyzed in details in thispaper. A 1.2 kW prototype converter is built and the experimental results have shown the validity of theproposed converter. [340]

Fast Response Control of Stepping Inductance Voltage Regulator Module.

Voltage regulator modules (VRM) have stringent efficiency and transient response requirements. Astepping inductance based VRM (SI VRM) has been proposed by other researchers with the aim of achievingfast dynamic current response under step-load conditions. However, the scheme proposed to control the SIVRM has several problems, such as high voltage ripple under ’inductor current recovery’ condition andinterruption of inductor current without any freewheeling action. In this paper, a new control scheme isproposed for the SI VRM which can achieve fast transient response, smooth transition between differentoperating states, low ripple voltage both under normal and inductor current recovery conditions. The paperalso investigates the requirements of the stepping inductance and its design. Simulation and experimentalresults are provided to confirm the expected improvements in performance. [341]

A Combined Wide and Narrow Pulse Generators for Processing Microbes.

This paper proposes a wide pulse combined with narrow pulse generator for solid food sterilization. Theproposed generator is composed of a full-bridge converter in phase-shift control to generate high dc-linkvoltage, and a full-bridge inverter associated with an L-C network and a transformer to generate wide pulsescombined with narrow pulses. These combined pulses can prevent undesired strong air arcing in free space,reduce power consumption and save power components, while can sterilize food effectively. The converterand inverter can be operated at high frequencies and with PWM control, thus its weight and size can bereduced significantly and its efficiency can be correspondingly improved. Experimental results obtained froma prototype with ±10 kV wide pulses combined with ±10 kV narrow pulses and with 10 50 kW peak outputpower, depending on pulse width of the output pulses, have demonstrated its feasibility. [342]

Current-Doubler-Rectifier ZVS PWM Hybrid Full-Bridge Three-Level Converter.

This paper proposes a zero-voltage-switching (ZVS) PWM hybrid full-bridge three-level converter withcurrent-doubler-rectifier (CDR), which achieves ZVS for all the switches under wide load range which the useof the energy stored in the output filter inductance, and meanwhile the rectifier diodes commutate naturally,therefore no voltage oscillation across the rectifier diodes occurs. The output current ripple can be reducedsignificantly compared with traditional full-bridge converter with CDR over the input voltage range. It isvery attractive for wide input voltage range applications. The operation principle of the proposed converteris analyzed in this paper, and the condition of ZVS and reduction of output current ripple are discussed. Theexperimental results are presented to verify the validity of proposed converter. [343]

Research on a Novel Hybrid Five-level DC-DC converter.

A novel hybrid five-level DC-DC converter is proposed, which utilized two series connection bidirectionalswitch and two flying capacitors to provided middle electrical levels. With proper controlling, the volume ofoutput inductance can be reducing to 1/8 compared with traditional full bridge DC-DC converter. The principleof operation and the dc characteristics of the new converter are analyzed and verified on a experimentalprototype. [344]

A Non-isolated Voltage Regulator Module with Integrating Coupled-Inductor.

With lower output voltage and higher output current demands, today’s VRM is almost based oninterleaved multiphase buck converter, which requires strictly steady and dynamic performances to supplymicroprocessor. In this paper, a non-isolated multiphase VRM with integrating coupled magnetic is introduced



to reduce magnetic component and improve steady state and dynamic performances. All these magneticcomponents can be coupled into a single ferrite core. By proper designing the gap of integrating coupled-inductor, this novel technique can greatly improve the performances of VRM with fast transient responseand high efficiency. The simulation and experimental results of two-phase VRM show that integratingcoupled-inductor can improve VRM’s steady and dynamic performances, compared with the conventionalVRM. [345]

Comparison of Three Front-end DC-DC Converters for 1200W Server Power Supply.

Server power supply with universal input is composed of power factor correction (PFC) stage and front-enddc-dc stage. The output voltage of PFC stage varies with input voltage rms in order to improve the efficiencyat low line. So it is important to select a dc-dc converter with wide input range. This paper proposes that ahybrid full-bridge three-level (HFB TL) converter is suitable for this application. The merits of this converterare low voltage stress of power semiconductor, small circulating energy and output filter inductor. The featuresof proposed converter are compared with the conventional phase-shift full-bridge (PS FB) dc-dc converter.The prototypes of two PS FB converters with different input range and HFB TL converter are built up toverify the analysis. [346]

A New Transformer-Based Non-Isolated Topology Optimized for VRM Application.

The duty cycle of conventional multi-phase buck converters becomes extremely small as the output voltagebecomes lower and lower. This is a severe challenge with the switching frequency goes up. This paperintroduces a non-isolated half bridge converter which can extend the duty cycle to a favorable range. Thus,the converter will have symmetrical dynamic response ability. The switching loss will reduce dramatically.The primary current is directly transferred to the output. The energy transferring is more effectively then thatof conventional isolated half bridge converter. In addition, the voltage stress of the primary MOSFETs equalsto the input voltage, which is much lower than that of non-isolated forward or push-pull topologies. A 12 Vinput, 0.8 V/30 A output, 500 kHz prototype was built to demonstrate the advantages. [347]

A Novel Averaged-Model-Based Control of a SEPIC Power Factor Corrector Using the Input/OutputFeedback Linearization Technique.

In this paper, a new multiple-loops nonlinear control scheme, based on the input/output feedbacklinearization method, is proposed for a DC-to-DC single ended primary inductance converter (SEPIC).Compared to conventional buck or boost converters, this topology allows a low current ripple at the input fora relatively low level of the DC-bus voltage. Consequently, the high frequency filter needed at the AC-sideof a buck converter is avoided, and the high voltage stresses applied on the switches are significantlyreduced with respect to the boost converter. The converter is integrated as a power factor correctioncircuit at the DC-end of a single-phase diode bridge. Based on the averaged model of the converter, apulse-width-modulated (PWM) control algorithm is developed in order to ensure a unity power factor atthe AC-source side and a regulated voltage at the DC-load side. In order to verify the performance of theproposed control scheme, numerical simulations are carried out on a switching-functions-based model of theconverter, which is implemented using Matlab/Simulink. The proposed model of the converter is valid in thecontinuous current mode (CCM) and the discontinuous current mode (DCM). The control system is testedunder both rated and disturbed operating conditions. The system performance is evaluated in terms of sourcecurrent total harmonic distortion (THD), input power factor, DC voltage regulation and robustness toward aload disturbance. [348]



Hybrid Full-Bridge Three-Level LLC Resonant Converter-A Novel DC-DC Converter Suitable for FuelCell Power System.

This paper proposes a novel hybrid full-bridge three-level LLC resonant converter. It integrates theadvantages of the hybrid full-bridge three-level converter and the LLC resonant converter. It can operatenot only under three-level mode but also under two-level mode, so it is very suitable for wide input voltagerange application, such as fuel cell power system. The input current ripple and output filter can also bereduced. Three-level leg switches just sustain only half of the input voltage. ZCS is achieved for the rectifierdiodes, and the voltage stress across the rectifier diodes can be minimized to the output voltage. The mainswitches can realize ZVS from zero to full load. A 200-400 V input, 360 V/4 A output prototype converteris built in our lab to verify the operation principle of the proposed converter. [349]

High Step-up Coupled-inductor-based Converter Using Bi-direction Energy Transmission.

In this study, a high step-up converter with coupled-inductor by way of bi-direction energy transmission isinvestigated. In the proposed strategy, a coupled inductor with a lower-voltage-rated switch is used for raisingthe voltage gain whether the switch is turned on or turned off. Moreover, a passive regenerative snubber isutilized for absorbing the energy of stray inductance so that the switch duty cycle can be operated under awide range, and the related voltage gain is higher than other coupled-inductor-based converters. The capacityof the magnetic core can be utilized completely by way of bi-direction energy transmission. In addition, alldevices in this scheme also have voltage-clamped properties and their voltage stresses are only related to theoutput voltage. Thus, it can select low-voltage low-conduction-loss devices, and there are no reverse-recoverycurrents within the diodes in this circuit. Some experimental results via an example of a proton exchangemembrane fuel cell (PEMFC) power source are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed powerconversion strategy. [350]

Boost Converter with Coupled Inductors and Buck-Boost Type of Active Clamp.

This paper proposes a boost converter with coupled inductors and buck-boost type of active clamp. Inthe converter, the active-clamp circuit is used to eliminate voltage spike induced from the trapped energyin leakage inductor of the coupled inductors. The active switch in the converter can still sustain a properduty ratio when even under high step-up applications, reducing voltage and current stresses significantly.Moreover, since both main and auxiliary switches can be turned on with zero voltage switching, switchingloss can be reduced and conversion efficiency therefore can be improved significantly. A 200 W prototype ofthe proposed boost converter was built from which experiment results have shown that efficiency can reachas high as 92% and surge can be suppressed effectively. It is relatively feasible for applications to fuel celland battery power conversion. [351]

Sensorless control of 3-Phase PWM rectifier.

This paper presents a simple sensorless voltage oriented control strategy for PWM rectifier and a phasevoltage tracking method is presented. The experimental tests show the advantages of the proposed phasetracking method. The control method is applicable to PWM drive converters without hardware changeswhether they use space vector modulation method or hysteresis based modulation. [352]

Built-in self-test for analog-to-digital converters in SoC applications.

This paper presents a built-in self-test (BIST) architecture for testing high speed analog-to-digitalconverters (ADCs) with sampling rates in excess of 1 GHz. A methodology for performing mixed-modeBIST simulations in SoC applications is proposed along with hardware for performing on-chip BIST. Thearchitecture presented utilizes an on-chip ROM and allows for the generation of test signals with singlefrequency as well as multiple frequencies signals. The issues associated with BIST signal generation for low



voltage ADCs are also discussed. Simulations revealed that the SFDR of the sinusoidal signal generated fromthe BIST hardware was 25.28 dB with a frequency of 312.5 MHz and 19.88 dB with a frequency of 416.67MHz. [353]

Architecture and design synthesis of 2.5 Gsamples/s 4-b pipelined flash ADC in SoC applications.

This paper presents an architecture and design synthesis of a 4-bit pipelined flash analog-to-digitalconverter (ADC). The preliminary results show the ADC designed in 130 nanometer CMOS technologyhas superior performance of sampling rate of 2.5 GHz for an input signal bandwidth of 1 GHz. For thepurpose of design reuse, a general architecture and synthesis flow of the ADC is proposed. One of such workis about solution of a long-standing open problem on the design synthesis of high-performance ADC. [354]

Modelling and control of single VSI leading experimental hybrid power system integrating a wind turbinesimulator.

This paper discusses a hybrid wind diesel system aims to validate wind powered section of theexperimental system. The experimental system proposed consists of a wind turbine simulator, a permanentmagnets generator, a diode bridge rectifier, a step down converter, a bank of battery, a load and a controlunit. An other operation of three-phase, four-wire voltage source inverter (VSI) under unbalanced voltageconditions is also investigated. [355]

A novel maximum power point tracking method for PV module integrated converter using square rootfunctions.

Solar cells have a current-voltage (I-V) characteristic which is affected by the radiation and thetemperature. To obtain the maximum electricity from solar cells, the power converters for PV (photovoltaic)modules have a function called MPPT (maximum power point tracking). The DC voltage and current arecontrolled to track the maximum power point (MPP) where the PV modules feed the maximum output power.A module integrated converter (MIC) is individually installed behind of a PV module to seek the MPP. Oneexample is AC module composed of a PV module and a small inverter. In case of AC module, the basiccharacteristic of the PV module is known by the manufacturer. The domain of MPP can be approximatelypredicted. The proposed MPPT method takes full advantage of the known I-V characteristic. The I-V planeis divided into two domains by the square root function. One includes MPPs and the other one doesn’t. Inthe previous research, we proposed to use linear functions. However, the linear functions with high slopeare effective for high radiation, and those with low slope are suitable for low radiation. The square rootfunctions can cover the both. The operating point can be rapidly approached to the MPP. Around the MPP,the algorithm is switched to the IncCond method. Circuit experiments have been carried out. The measuredapproaching time to the MPP is reduced from 56.8% to 85.4% compared to the IncCond algorithm. Theproposed method can be easily applied to various MPPT algorithms. [356]

An optimal design of a grid connected hybrid wind/photovoltaic/fuel cell system for distributed energyproduction.

This paper proposes a hybrid energy system consisting of wind, photovoltaic and fuel cell designedto supply continuous power to the load. A simple and economic control with DC-DC converter is used formaximum power point tracking and hence maximum power extraction from the wind turbine and photovoltaicarray. Due to the intermittent nature of both the wind and photovoltaic energy sources, a fuel cell is addedto the system for the purpose of ensuring continuous power flow. The fuel cell is thus controlled to providethe deficit power when the combined wind and photovoltaic sources cannot meet the net power demand.In worst environmental conditions, when there is no output power from the wind or photovoltaic sources,the fuel cell will operate at its rated power of 10 kW. Hence this system under any operating condition willensure a minimum power flow of 10 kW to the load. This hybrid system allows maximum utilization of freely



available renewable energy sources like wind and photovoltaic and demand-based utilization of hydrogen-based fuel cell. The proposed system is attractive owing to its simplicity, ease of control and low cost. Also itcan be easily adjusted to accommodate different and any number of energy sources. A complete descriptionof this system is presented along with its simulation results which ascertain its feasibility. [357]

Full-bridge Three-Level Converter with the Flying Capacitor and Two Clamping Diodes.

This paper proposes a chopping plus phase-shift (CPS) control for the full-bridge (FB) three-level (TL)converter to obtain the following advantages: 1) the main switches suffer only the half of the input voltage; 2)zero-voltage-switching (ZVS) is achieved for the main switches; 3) the converter has two operation modes;4) the output filter inductance is reduced; 5) the input filter can be reduced. The flying capacitor and the twoclamping diodes are analyzed, which are used to avoid the unequal voltage stress of the switches due to theasymmetrical driving of the switches. The operation principle of the FB TL converter is analyzed and verifiedexperimentally. [358]

Wide Range Dual Switch Forward-Flyback Converter with Symmetrical RCD Clamp.

This paper proposes a wide range dual switch forward-flyback with current-doubler rectifier (CDR)converter which adopts staggered clamp structure with two symmetrical RCD type circuit. It overcomesthe shortcoming that duty ratio cannot be more than 50% of conventional dual switch forward converters.Compared with the conventional single switch active-clamp forward-flyback converter with CDR, it maintainsthe advantages of wide voltage input and high efficiency, moreover, reduces the voltage stress of mainswitch to half of the former in a relative low cost and simple structure. The improved symmetrical RCDclamp structure are also recommended to be used in dual switch forward converter for high and wide rangevoltage input application, which is a kind of slight dissipative type clamp circuit for it enhances the magneticreset efficiency greatly compared with conventional RCD clamp circuit. The principle of operation andcharacteristics of the novel converter are verified on a 200 V-400 V input and 9.5 V/15 A output experimentalprototype. [359]

Resonant converters: properties and applications for variable loads.

This paper summarizes a complementary lesson on resonant converters intended for under-graduatestudents finalizing the industrial engineering program (equivalent to MSc Electrical Engineering) or post-graduates initiating the PhD program that begin their research activities on power electronics. The contentsmotivate the students to find suitable resonant converter applications of industrial interest. An approach toresonant converters is presented focused on their properties at certain frequencies, such as for voltage sources,current sources or sink and power source operation with very variable loads. The analysis of the convertersenables the identification of these operating points and, by means of a sensitivity analysis with respect tothe components of the resonant tank, explains the robustness of their behavior. Using as a starting pointthe fulfillment of the desired property, we propose that the students develop open-loop designs with stablebehavior, or closed-loop designs with very small variation in the operating point. Two practical applicationexamples are shown: electronic ballasts for high-intensity discharge (HID) lamps and power supplies forelectrical discharge machining (EDM). [360]

Power balancing in variable speed wind-energy systems using vector control of front-end converters.

This paper presents a novel power balance control method for wind energy systems feeding an isolatedgrid. The system is based on a variable-speed wind energy conversion system (WECS) connected to anAC load using a power converter. An energy storage system, connected to the AC load using an additionalconverter, is used to balance the power generated by the WECS with the load. In this paper the vector controlsystems for both interfacing power converters are discussed. The proposed control methods are implemented



in a 2 kW experimental prototype and the experimental results are fully analysed and discussed in the paper.[361]

FPGA implementation of the race-control algorithm for the full-bridge passive resonant commutatedpoles converter.

The inedited race control algorithm (RCA) for full-bridge passive resonant commutated poles (FB-PRCP)is presented and implemented with FPGA technique. It enhances the basic control algorithm of that topologyallowing quicker responses, like those required by welding applications, as manual metal arc welding (MMA),in which very fast duty cycles dynamics are required. The effectiveness of the RCA have been experimentallytested on a true converter. [362]

500 W Class-D Single-Stage Power Supply.

This paper proposes the use of a single-stage PFC converter to feed those cost-effective applicationswhich must comply with class D limits of IEC 61000-3-2 in the range of 500 W. The circuit operation, designguidelines of the converter have been presented for both European and universal line-voltage range. Finally,experimental results are provided in order to check the performance of the proposed converter and its design.[363]

Lifetime of Electrolytic Capacitors in Regenerative Induction Motor Drives.

Electrolytic capacitors are normally used as the energy storage element in the DC link of voltage-sourceconverters because of their high density. Unfortunately, they are bulky and their lifetime is significantlyreduced by their operating temperatures. Thus, reducing, or even better eliminating, the amount of electrolyticcapacitors is an important goal since the capacitor could be a single point of failure. This paper analyses thelifetime of electrolytic capacitors used in the DC link of an induction motor (IM) drive whose front endconsists of a controlled rectifier. The latter controls the DC-link voltage and input power factor. Both, theinverter and rectifier operate under space vector modulation (SVM). The peak ripple voltage, ripple current,core temperature and lifetime of electrolytic capacitors ranging from 200 muF to 12000 muF are calculatedfor different values of the source inductance and the ambient temperature when the IM is operating at ratedload. In addition, the IM ripple torque and speed response time are also calculated and an 8.2 muF ceramiccapacitor case is included for completeness. The evaluation is based on Matlabtrade/Simulink simulationresults of the IM drive that are used to calculate harmonic components of the different current waveforms.The results show that the lifetime of electrolytic capacitors is significantly reduced for decreasing capacitancevalues. The main reason is that the effective series resistance (ESR), and hence heat losses, increases fordecreasing capacitance values leading to increased core temperatures that are detrimental to the capacitorlifetime. [364]

Analysis and Design of High Power Interleaved Boost Converters for Fuel Cell Distributed GenerationSystem.

This article proposes a novel topology of high power interleaved boost converter for fuel cell. Withthorough analysis of the operating principle of the converter, eight equivalent sub-circuits are described.According to the waveforms of the inductor current, the operation modes of the converter are classified to sixkinds, including CCM (continuous conducting mode) and DCM (discontinuous conducting mode), and theuniform state-space averaged model of the converter in CCM and DCM are developed. Based on the transferfunction, the two-loop controllers are designed, and a prototype of 150 kW converter that is controlled byDSP-320F2407 is constructed. The volume and weight of the proposed converter are decreased 1/3 thanconventional converter and the efficiency is over 97%. The experimental results show that the converter hasexcellent electrical characteristics, and it can be applied in the fuel cell distributed generation system. [365]



Bidirectional Coupled Inductors Step-up Converter for Battery Discharging-Charging.

The present paper shows the preliminary results of a project that looks for a high power, high efficiencybidirectional step-up converter which could be used as a battery discharge/charge regulator. High efficiencyand low mass are the main goals, no galvanic isolation is required and MTBF should be as large as possible.Taking into account all these parameters our proposed solution has been a new topology based on a boostconverter with output filter and that couples input and output inductor. The use of a bidirectional converterreduces the mass of the overall charge/discharge subsystem and lowers cost and component count. Stabilityhas been studied theoretically and verified experimentally. [366]

Very Simple Active Snubber Based on the Use of a Low Cost Integrated Switch.

Many topologies need over-voltage snubbers to improve the reliability of the main switch operation. Ingeneral, industrial solutions consist of an RCD network because it is the simplest solution. However, theenergy driven by the snubber is lost in a resistor. In medium and high power applications, the power lossesin the snubber become a problem due to the size of the resistor and the temperature management on thatcomponent. Obviously, it is possible to give that power back to the input source. However, this usually meansusing complicated and expensive circuits which are not too competitive. This paper presents a very simpleand cost effective over-voltage snubber based on the use of a low cost integrated switch. The system allowsreturning the snubber energy back to the input, improving the efficiency of the system and simplifying thetemperature management in the converter. [367]

Integrated Auxiliary Commutation Circuits: A Generalized Approach.

This paper presents the concept of integrated auxiliary commutation circuits applied to multi-stage powerconversion systems. This concept has two main objectives, which are: to reduce the number of additionalelements to obtain the soft-switching and to reutilize the reactive energy of one commutation to assist anotherone, so that the efficiency improves without penalizing the cost. A symbolic representation is proposed tomake the understanding and analysis of the integration concept easier. A new integrated ZVT (iZVT) auxiliarycommutation circuit composed of only one additional active switch is applied to a double-conversion UPSto demonstrate the functionality of this new concept and its symbolic representation. By using this newintegrated circuit, the main switches operate under soft-switching of ZVT type, and auxiliary switch underZCS type for all operating modes of the converters that composes the UPS, namely they are: preregulator(boost), battery charger (buck), backup converter (boost) and inverter (full-bridge). Experimental results of a1.2 kW@100 kHz prototype ensure the feasibility of the proposed iZVT. [368]

Ripple Correlation Control of a Multiple-Input Dc-Dc Converter.

A multiple-input buck-boost converter is used to combine a photovoltaic source with a secondary sourceto meet the load requirement. A maximum power point tracking technique called ripple correlation controlis used to maximize the power out of the photovoltaic source. The output voltage of the converter issimultaneously regulated using a simple proportional-integral feedback controller. Ideal steady-state equationsare developed for duty cycles of the converter. Experimental results are compared to the ideal formulation ina power budgeting application. [369]

A Simple, Passive 24-pulse AC-DC Converter with Inherent Load Balancing Using Harmonic VoltageInjection.

A new converter topology for a 3-phase, multi-pulse rectifier circuit is described, which is especiallysuitable for aircraft applications. This converter draws almost sinusoidal currents from the AC system withvery low harmonic content, typically less than 3% total harmonic distortion. The topology uses only passivecomponents and has a lower component count than other rectifier circuits with similar performance. Two six-pulse rectifier bridges are connected in series, fed by a series connection of transformers, to form a 12-pulse



system. An additional low power harmonic injection circuit enhances the performance of the circuit to obtainlow harmonic current pollution levels that are comparable with those achieved from a 24-pulse rectifier. [370]

5kW Weinberg Converter for Battery Discharging in High-Power Communication Satellites.

To be competitive on the telecommunication commercial satellites market, the electrical power subsystemshave to be more easily adaptable to the output power level and to the payloads specifications. A trend in recentyears has been a steady increase of the payload power of telecommunication spacecraft. The communicationsatellites of the next generation will increase their capacity of power thus to be able to still lodge morepayload on their platform. The powers that will be reached in the next years are above 25 kW. This hasmanifold implications. Among them we emphasized that it is not possible to use the used constituent modulesat the present time whose power is of 1 kW or 2 kW, since up to 25 modules would be needed. To reducethe burden of the thermal control and to utilize more efficiently the power sources, solar arrays and batteries,higher bus voltage have been introduced also in order to reduce the circulating currents. In this paper wepresent an overall design and experimental results of a high-efficiency non-isolated 5 kW Weinberg converterwith conductance control working as a battery discharge regulator module. [371]

A Single Cell Maximum Power Point Tracking Converter without a Current Sensor for HighPerformance Vehicle Solar Arrays.

A maximum power tracker is developed for a single high performance GaAs solar cell to reduce theimpact of variations in cell illumination for highly curved arrays as required for vehicle applications. Thissolution also finds applications in concentrating photovoltaic systems where the incident energy may varydue to optical imperfections. On a curved array, each cell has a directly connected tracker that operatesautonomously. An examination of the switching ripple performance of a large number of series connectedasynchronous converters is made. The tracker uses a highly efficient 600 mW buck converter operating at20 kHz with a synchronous rectifier. A dedicated MSP340 processor is capable of the total converter controltask. Operating at 1.8 V the controller can be directly powered by the cell. A charge pump is used to developgate drive voltages for the converter MOSFETs. A maximum power tracking algorithm based on observationsof cell voltage and converter duty cycle is demonstrated. The load power may be maximized by maximizingthe converter average output voltage. An interior voltage loop is used to control cell voltage and assists insecuring a 1.5 mS response to illumination changes. [372]

Shunt Active Power Filters Applied in the Aircraft Power Utility.

An aircraft shunt active power filter using three-phase four-leg converter is proposed in this paper. TheSAPF provide an appropriate solution for the neutral current in three-phase four-wire system and the suitablecurrent controller in higher frequency aircraft power systems. The fixed frequency current controller adopting3DSVM strategy is applied to balance the asymmetrical current. The simulation results convince that theproposed active filter can compensate the harmonics, reactive and unbalanced currents totally. With a highperformance, the SAPF can also be applied in the general three-phase four-wire power system. [373]

Control of the Single-Phase to Three-Phase Four-leg Converter for Constant Frequency Output Voltage.

This paper proposes a control strategy to a reduced switch count single-phase to three-phase converterfor constant frequency output voltage applications. The topology allows single-phase to three-phase powerconversion for supply three-phase load. The control strategy is proposed to obtain the same voltage ratingof a five-leg converter. The system can be used for applications in which the load operates with constantfrequency. Pulse-width modulation techniques are developed, introducing the concept of local and generalapportioning factor. Experimental and simulated results are presented. [374]



A 1kW Phase-Shifted Full Bridge Converter incorporating Contact-less Transfer of Energy.

This paper addresses the problem of reliable power transfer from the stationary to the rotating part ofan airborne radar without any electrical contact. An inductive interface (rotating transformer) is proposedas a replacement for the well-established slip-ring technology. The aim is to design a reliable and efficientconverter free of moving parts and mechanical faults. The resulting design has a long life expectancy and isideal for equipment in aerospace, military and underwater applications, where minimal or no maintenance isa key objective. The paper initially examines the electrical properties of the rotating transformer and deriveselectrical equivalent models for the adjacent and coaxial winding arrangements. The phase-shifted full bridgeconverter is proposed as a topology that can effectively utilise the rotating transformer leakage inductanceand poor coupling coefficient. A step-by-step design algorithm is described in the third section and theexperimental results are finally presented and discussed. [375]

The Overall Dynamics of Power-Factor-Correction Boost Converter.

The overall dynamics of power-factor-correction (PFC) boost converter, including the fast-scale instability,the low-frequency stable periodic operation, the low-frequency bifurcation and chaos, are investigated byusing the combined continuous conduction mode (CCM) and discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) model.It is conventionally assumed that the converter operates in CCM in the design and analysis process of a PFCboost converter, which prevents us to understand the overall dynamics of the converter. It has been pointedout that the DCM can occur in the PFC boost converter, especially, in the light load condition. Therefore,the DCM model has to be included to analyze this PFC converter to cover the possible DCM operation. Theunified model for describing the overall dynamics of the PFC boost converter is derived, which can be usedto analyze the overall dynamics uniformly. By using the proposed combined model, the fast-scale instabilitycan be detected. At the same time, the low-frequency bifurcation diagram is derived by proposed model,which makes the route from period-double bifurcation to chaos clear. The overall dynamics derived from theproposed method is verified by the experimental results. [376]

An Ac-Dc Single-Stage PWM Full-Bridge Converter with a Magnetic Switch.

A new ac-dc single stage voltage-fed PWM full-bridge converter is proposed in the paper. The convertercan simultaneously perform input power factor correction and dc-dc conversion using conventional phase-shift PWM and can maintain a primary side dc bus voltage of less than 450 V even at a high input linevoltage of 265 V. The proposed converter has these features due to the novel implementation and design of a”magnetic switch”, which is an auxiliary transformer winding placed in series with the input inductor. In thepaper, the general operation of the proposed converter is explained and its operation during a switching cycleis examined in detail. The converter ’s steady-state characteristics are discussed and guidelines for the designof the converter are given. Experimental results, obtained from a prototype, that confirm the feasibility of theconverter are presented in the paper. [377]

Generalization of the delta-differential autotransformer for 12 and 18-pulse converters.

This work proposes a methodology to generalize the Delta-connections for 12 and 18-pulse autotransformers.A single mathematical expression, obtained through simple trigonometric operations, represents all theconnections. The proposed methodology allows choosing any ratio between the input and the output voltages.The converters can operate either as step-up or as step-down voltage. To simplify the design of the windings,graphics are generated to calculate the turn-ratio and the polarity of each secondary winding, with respect tothe primary winding. A design example, followed by digital simulations, and experimental results illustratethe presented steps. The results also show that high power factor is an inherent characteristic of multi-pulseconverters, without any active or passive power factor pre-regulators needs. [378]



Design and Evaluation of a 33-kW PEBB Module for Distributed Power Electronics Conversion Systems.

The power electronics building blocks (PEBB) concept has evolved into an alternative to conventionalpower converter design, and many industries have adopted this concept. This paper outlines the designprocess of a 33 kW PEBB, from power stage design and component selection to the design of the hardwaremanager board. The hardware manager encompasses the intelligence behind the PEBB, managing controlcommands and sensing functions, as well as local protection schemes. Finally, the paper shows thoroughexperimental evaluation of the PEBB module in standalone and system tests. [379]

Condition Monitoring of Electrolytic Capacitor in Power Electronic Circuits using Adaptive FilterModeling.

Electrolytic capacitors are responsible for frequent breakdowns of static converters. To set a predictivemaintenance, adaptive filter modeling based method is presented using LMS algorithm. Signature of changesin capacitance and ESR will reflect in capacitor ripple voltage because of aging; and these changes aremonitored using this adaptive filter modeling to predict the future status of the capacitor using only the inputcurrent of the system. [380]

Coupled-Magnetic Filters with Adaptive Inductance Cancellation.

Conventional filter circuits suffer from a number of limitations, including performance degradation due tocapacitor parasitic inductance and the size and cost of magnetic elements. Coupled-magnetic filters have beendeveloped that provide increased filter order with a single magnetic component, but also suffer from parasiticinductance in the filter shunt path due to imperfectly-controlled coupling of the magnetics. In this paper, weintroduce a new approach to coupled-magnetic filters that overcomes these limitations. Filter sensitivity tovariations in coupling is overcome by adaptively tuning the coupling of the magnetic circuit with feedbackbased on the sensed filter output ripple. This active coupling control enables much greater robustness tomanufacturing and environmental variations than are possible in the conventional coupled-magnetic approach,while preserving its advantages. Moreover, the proposed technique also adaptively cancels the deleteriouseffects of capacitor parasitic inductance, thereby providing much higher filter performance than is achievablein conventional designs. The new technique is experimentally demonstrated in a dc/dc power converterapplication and is shown to provide high performance. [381]

Three Phase Z-Source Rectifier.

This paper makes the research on an impedance-source rectifier (abbreviated as Z-source rectifier),describes the operating principle, operating modes, and its concept and superiority. Analysis and simulationresults show that the three-phase Z-source rectifier can buck-boost voltage by using the shoot-through state,which is harmful for the conventional VSR. It needs small dc-link inductor L and capacitor C, and makes theinput unity power factor become possible without any additional circuits, minimize component count, andincrease efficiency. [382]

Double Closed Loop Control and Analysis for A Static Synchronous Series Compensator.

The paper describes the theory, the modeling technique, control scheme of static synchronous seriescompensator. Two control modes which maintain a desired voltage on the DC storage capacitor C withoutenergy storage system and with energy storage system are proposed from the control performance view ofthe device. The synchronous rotating dq frame and SVPWM technique are used in control system of SSSC.The utilization of DC link voltage and output voltage of series converter are increased by SVPWM technique.Based on park transformation, a double closed loop decoupled control scheme of SSSC in d and q-axis isdesigned, which eliminates the dynamic interaction between active and reactive power flow through the line.In addition, in control system, the response of the inner current loop is much faster than response of the outer



voltage loop, which ensures that input current follows input voltage and improves dynamic performance ofSSSC. The advanced control method is rapidly implemented by a digital signal processor (DSP). Simulationand experimental works are done to verify the effectiveness of applying such control strategy in SSSC. [383]

Hybrid Power Conversion System: An Integrated Solution for Low Power Applications.

An integrated power system is proposed in this paper in order to supply the energy demand of a low powerresidence, using photovoltaic modules and wind turbines. The main functions of the proposed system are themanagement of the load and the energy stored, in order to increase the autonomy and the integration of allequipment necessary for the system operation, reducing the complexity and cost. The proposed structures andresults of each power stage are presented in the paper. [384]

ZVS Hybrid Three-level Converter with Low Voltage Stress and Reduced Filter.

A novel soft-switching three-level (TL) topology for dc-dc converters is proposed. It is very suitable forhigh voltage and high power conversion applications. It is essentially a hybrid combination of a half-bridge TLsection and a full-bridge section. The main advantages of the proposed converter are as follows: the voltagestress of all switches is ensured to be only the half of the input voltage; the secondary rectified voltage is athree-level waveform having low high-frequency content which can reduce the output filter significantly; thevoltage stress of the rectifier diodes is reduced; the input current of the converter has quite little ripple, andas a result, the input filter can also be minimized. A prototype converter has been tested for the verificationof the principles and advantages. [385]

New Synchronization Method for Three-Phase Three-Wire PWM Converters under Unbalance andHarmonics in the Grid Voltages.

This paper proposes a new open-loop synchronization method for three-phase three-wire PWM convertersconnected to the utility grid. It presents a better performance in terms of distortions in the synchronismsignals if compared with other open-loop methods. Moreover, it has a good transient performance due to bothangle and frequency disturbances, as well as input currents with low total harmonic distortion (THD) whenused to synchronize PWM rectifiers, even under unbalanced and highly distorted grid voltages. In addition,a frequency adaptation algorithm is proposed for applications where large frequency variations are expected,such as in weak grids. Experimental results using a DSP TMS320F2812 are given to demonstrate the goodperformance of the proposed synchronism method. [386]

Auto-tuning self-compatibility of power converters.

In this paper, an auto-tuning system, which takes into account the self-compatibility of power converters, isproposed. It is based on a start-up routine and a self-disturbances evaluation board, which selects the optimalswitching frequencies for the power modules in order to avoid internal disturbances in terms of EMI betweenthe power section and the control one. The entire test and tuning system does not require any field or currentsensor, but just digital comparators and counters. This configuration allows to achieve a robust and low costauto-tuning system for internal compatibility of power converters. [387]

A new zero voltage switching single stage power factor corrected three level resonant AC/DC converter.

This paper presents a new single stage power factor correction (SSPFC) AC/DC converter based on athree level LCC resonant converter topology. The proposed circuit integrates the operation of the boost powerfactor pre-regulator and the three level resonant DC/DC converter. The proposed control technique for thiscircuit is based on two control loops: the output voltage is regulated by controlling the switching frequencyof the resonant converter, whereas, the DC bus voltage is regulated by means of duty cycle control of theboost part of the converter. This provides a regulated output voltage and a nearly constant DC bus voltage



regardless of the loading condition; this in turn allows using smaller switches and consequently having alower on resistance helping to reduce conduction losses. Zero voltage switching (ZVS) is also achieved fora wide range of loading and input voltage by having a lagging resonant current in addition to the flowing ofthe boost inductor current through the body diodes of the upper pair of switches in the free wheeling mode.The effectiveness of this method is verified on a 2.3 kW, 48 V converter, input voltage (90-265 Vrms). Theconverter has a resonant frequency of 770 kHz, and is operated above resonant frequency. [388]

A novel asymmetrical-pulse-width-modulated CLL resonant converter with improved efficiency.

In this paper, a novel circuit configuration is presented as an attractive option for point-of-use powersupplies (PUPS) used in telecom applications. A CLL resonant tank is used to guarantee zero voltageswitching (ZVS) for the entire working range. The proposed circuit arrangement offers an extended inputvoltage range of 35 V-75 V; while significantly reducing the associated conduction loss to improve theoverall efficiency. Proper resonant tank design will ensure efficient operation over the entire working rangeby maintaining zero voltage switching for all line and load conditions, as well as minimizing conduction lossby decreasing circulating current commensurate with load. The design steps for a 25 W, 48 V/2.5 V converterare given in a detailed analysis. SIMetrix simulation results are presented to validate the proof-of-conceptdesign and to highlight the merits of the proposed topology. [389]

A single stage three level resonant PFC AC/DC converter using combined phase-shift and frequencycontrol.

This paper presents a new single stage three level resonant power factor correction AC/DC convertersuitable for high power applications (in the order of kilowatts) with a universal input voltage range (90-265Vrms). The proposed topology integrates a boost input current shaper with a half-bridge three-level LCCresonant DC/DC converter. The converter operation is controlled by means of a combination of phase-shiftand frequency control. The phase-shift between the switch gate pulses is used to regulate the DC-bus voltageto a specified level for all loading conditions, whereas, frequency control is used to tightly regulate the outputvoltage. An auxiliary circuit is used in order to balance the voltage across the two DC-bus capacitors. Theinput inductor operates in discontinuous conduction mode. The effectiveness of the proposed converter isverified for a 2.3 kW, 500 kHz converter with an input voltage range of (90-265 Vrms) and a DC outputvoltage of 48 V. [390]

PDM control applied to an AC/AC converter with three-phase diode rectifier.

A control strategy based on pulse density modulation (PDM) is established for an AC/AC converter,consisting of a three-phase diode rectifier without smoothing filter and a series resonant inverter, to controlthe load power and optimize the power factor of the current drawn from the AC-supply. Two control laws areelaborated. The first considers the optimization of the power-factor but requires very heavy calculations. Thesecond optimizes the displacement factor but requires less calculations. [391]

Nonlinear PI control for three-phase PWM AC-DC converter.

This paper proposes a nonlinear PI control strategy for three-phase PWM AC-DC voltage source converter.The nonlinear controller, consisting of the special nonlinear function of the error and the traditional PIregulator, improves the DC voltage response as well as the robustness against the load uncertainty. In addition,the sinusoidal AC current and unity power factor is achieved. This controller is also easy to be realized. Thesimulation and experimental results are provided to verify the validity of the proposed control algorithm.[392]



Algorithms for controlling both the DC boost and AC output voltage of the Z-source inverter.

This paper aims to achieve the good performances of both the DC boost control and AC output voltagecontrol of the Z-source inverter. The algorithm to control linearly the capacitor voltage is suggested in orderto improve the transient response for DC boost control of the Z-source inverter. The peak AC output voltageis used to control exactly the AC output voltage to its desired level. The proposed algorithms are verifiedwith simulation and experiment with 32-bit DSP. [393]

32 V-300 A/60 kHz edge resonant soft-switching PWM DC/DC converter with DC rail seriesswitch-parallel capacitor snubber assisted by high-frequency transformer parasitic components.

The conduction losses of the active switches can be lowered, which are connected to the primary side ofextremely step-down high frequency transformer because of low voltage large current rectifier configuration.This paper presents two new circuit topologies of DC busline side active edge resonant snubber assisted soft-switching PWM full-bridge DC-DC converter acceptable for either utility AC 200 V-rms or AC 400 V-rmsinput voltage source. One topology of proposed DC-DC converters is composed of a typical voltage source-fed full-bridge high frequency PWM inverter using DC busline side series power semiconductor switchingdevices with the aid of a parallel capacitive lossless snubber. All the active power switches in the full-bridgearms and DC busline can achieve ZCS turn-on and ZVS turn-off commutations and the total turn-off switchingpower losses of all active switches can be reduced for high-frequency switching action. It is proved that themore the switching frequency of full-bridge soft switching inverter increases, the more soft-switching PWMDC-DC converter with a high frequency transformer link has remarkable advantages for its efficiency andpower density as compared with the conventional hard-switching PWM inverter type DC-DC converter. Inthis paper, another modified version topology of utility AC 200 V-rms grid-connected soft switching DC-DCconverter mentioned above is also implemented and evaluated, which is more suitable for utility 400 V-rmsgrid power source. The effectiveness of these new DC-DC converters topologies is proved for low voltageand large current high efficiency DC-DC power supplies as TIG are welding machine from a practical pointof view. [394]

Large signal compensation network design for VRM transient response improvement.

Most of the compensation network designs in power supplies are based on the small signal modelmethods, which can not apply to the transient periods because it goes into the saturation region. The largesignal response is determined by error amplifier dv/dt and main converter di/dt, a trade off between thestability and transient response. This paper presents one new control circuit to improve large signal transientresponse. Finally, experimental prototype was carried out in VRM with current injection converter to verifythe theoretical analysis. [395]

A single switch double forward converter without commutation losses.

This paper introduces a new forward converter topology that uses the full hysterisis cycle with twosymmetric forward converters coupled in a single magnetic core. It also presents lossless commutation whenturning on and off managed by an LC circuit and auxiliary switches. As a result, high frequency switchingcan be achieved not increasing the switching losses. [396]

A new polyphase matrix converter topology.

A new topology for bidirectional sinusoidal AC-AC power conversion is proposed in this paper. The powerconverter topology is derived from conventional three phase-three phase matrix converters. The approach usespolyphase balanced three phase AC voltage stiff sources interfaced to three phase current stiff loads using aswitching matrix. Availability of isolated balanced three phase AC sources allows the use of reduced numberof switches with two quadrant switches, thereby allowing a simple realization of the converter. A set of



phase shifting transformers is used to generate polyphase voltages sets to drive the converter. An analysisof the semiconductor and transformer VA rating is presented. A switch modulation technique is developedusing vector representation of the converter input-output properties. Experimental results from a laboratoryprototype converter are presented to verify the operation of the converter. [397]

Analysis and design of full bridge resonant inverter for high frequency AC distributed power systemapplication.

This paper investigates series-parallel resonant inverter for high frequency AC power distributionarchitectures for future computer and telecom applications. Resonant inverter differs from resonant converterin that the output side of the inverter is subject to linear load directly, while in the converter, a rectifier isfollowed by a filter with much lower resonant frequency compared to the operation frequency. The resonantinverter in AC DPS is complicated by the factors that the load impedance is unknown and the input linevoltage varies for a wide range. Soft-switching design of the resonant inverter is challenging because it ismandatory to take into consideration of load of different power factors as well as the wide input range.Analysis and design curves for the inverter with a general load model are developed and analyzed fornon-resistive load conditions. Experimental verifications on one prototype inverter of 1 MHz, output power150 W at 28 V RMS are presented. [398]

Voltage doubler application in isolated resonant converters.

Two basic conditions of voltage-doubler adopted in isolated DC/DC converter are analyzed. Accordingto the basic conditions, that voltage-doubler can be both adopted in LC series resonant converter and LLCmulti-resonant converter. Operation characteristic of voltage-doubler adopted in isolated DC/DC converteris described in detail based on the analysis of voltage-doubler rectifying LLC multi-resonant converter.Advantages of voltage-doubler rectifying LLC multi-resonant converter are described in detail as follows,structure of transformer, in which one winding is involved on its secondary side, is simple, voltage stress ofoutput capacitor is half of output and extra voltage balancing circuit is excluded. Two rectifier diodes areincluded on output end, voltage and current stress of diodes respectively equal output voltage and current.Therefore, the topology is a preferable candidate for such application as low-medium power level DC/DCconverter with high output voltage. In addition, principle of automatic voltage balancing for output capacitoris presented, moreover design of key parameter is specified as well. Presented characteristics of the verytopology are verified by a prototype, whose output is 500 V and efficiency of full load reaches 92.3%. [399]

Analysis and design of the two-transformer asymmetrical half-bridge converter.

Two-transformer asymmetrical half-bridge converter allows duty cycle larger than 50% and hence has themerits of lower output rectifier stress and wider input voltage range. In this paper, detailed circuit operationsof the converter are analyzed. A practical design procedure is then developed. Zero voltage switching (ZVS)conditions of power switches are quantitatively investigated. Experimental results obtained from a 24 V/10 Aprototype operating at 200 kHz are presented. [400]

Impact of control model deviations on the DC link capacitor minimization in AC-DC-AC converters.

This paper presents the investigations on the minimization of the DC link capacitance in AC-DC-ACconverters for induction motor (IM) drives. The major focus is the impact of the linearized model deviationsfrom the real system on the minimization of the DC link capacitor. Different input-output power controlschemes were applied to the AC-DC-AC converter. The impact of estimation errors, parameter mismatchesand distorted grid voltages on the DC link voltage and the system stability were investigated. Simulationresults are verified by experimental results obtained from a 15 kVA induction motor drive with a DC linkcapacitance of only 80 muF. [401]



Simple sensorless active damping solution for three-phase PWM rectifier with LCL filter.

Three-phase PWM (active) rectifiers are connected to the line power through inductance or LCL filter.LCL filter is more effective (better attenuates switching harmonics), however such solution causes stabilityproblems. In order to assure stable operation either a damping resistor or active damping algorithm has tobe used. However, extra resistor causes additional losses and active damping algorithm usually needs extrasensors. Therefore, this paper shows simulation and experimental results of a simple AC voltage sensorlessactive damping solution suitable for industrial application. [402]

A ZVS bi-directional DC-DC converter for vehicular electronics.

A ZVS bi-directional DC-DC converter for vehicular electronics is analyzed in this paper. As a kindof current-voltage hybrid converter, the converter is composed of an isolated boost converter and a bridgeconverter. The principle of soft switching is presented in detail. The boost inductor is designed appropriatelyto satisfy the ZVS for all power devices. A control scheme adopting one port voltage regulated and anotherport current regulated is proposed to realize the energy conversion in bi-directional freely. A prototype rated12 V/42 V bi-directional DC-DC converter adopting the proposed control scheme is tested. The simulationand experimental results convince the high steady state and dynamic state performance of the converter. [403]

Sliding mode control for AC signal power amplifier.

In this paper, the detailed analysis and design for DC-AC buck inverter with sliding mode control ispresented. As the new inverter is composed of two independent current bi-directional buck converters, thesliding mode controller is analyzed by an equivalent circuit. The design of the sliding surface coefficientis analyzed according to its relationship with the dynamic response of the system, the existence of slidingmotion and the inductor current during starting-state. The stability of sliding mode controlled buck inverteris researched on system parameters and the frequency of output signal. Furthermore, the switching frequencyis calculated for the practical system. Finally the experimental results are presented to support the analysisand to prove that the sliding mode control strategy can achieves a stable, robust, and good dynamic goal. Thenew inverter can be used in signal amplifier and uninterruptible power supplies (UPS), etc. [404]

Experimental verification of a dual single-input single-output model of a three-phase boost-type PWMrectifier.

This paper proposes a simple dual SISO (single-input-single-output) model for a three-phase boost-typePWM rectifier under balanced line voltage conditions. In the proposed model, the q-axis model is a firstorder linear system determining the power factor regulation, whereas the d-axis model, which is shown to besimilar to a traditional DC-DC boost converter, is a second-order non-linear system determining the powerdelivery. It is much easier to analyze and control a complex three-phase PWM rectifier using the proposedmodel. In addition, the complex non-minimum phase feature inherent in a AC-to-DC rectifier becomes asimple right half plane (RHP) zero appearing in the small-signal control-to-output transfer function of theproposed d-axis model. The knowledge of RHP zero’s location is vital to the successful design of a stablecontroller for the rectifier, as the presence of the RHP zero imposes a strict limit on the achievable closed loopperformance. The validity of the proposed model is verified through experimental Bode plot results obtainedusing a hardware prototype. [405]

A real-time neuro-computing three-dimensional space vector algorithm for three-phase four-legconverters.

Four-leg voltage source converters have successfully been used to nullify the zero-sequence currentgenerated by unbalanced or nonlinear loads. This paper introduces an on-line, simple, intelligent, andcomputationally efficient neuro-computing classification algorithm for the implementation of three-dimensional space vector modulation (SVM) on four-leg voltage-source inverters. The proposed technique



uses the concepts of counter propagation neural networks (CPN) for prism identification, and employs anonlinear classifier network for tetrahedron identification. Nonlinear function approximations and bulky lookup tables are successfully avoided, and exact positioning of the switching instants is obtained. Analyticalanalysis and simulations on a four-leg voltage-source converter validate the proposed scheme. [406]

Space vector modulation scheme for dual-bridge matrix converters using safe-commutation strategy.

The proposed space-vector modulation scheme for dual-bridge matrix converters uses the principle of theindirect modulation strategy to calculate the duty cycles of the active vectors. On the other hand, zero-vectorsduration and distribution within a switching cycle are elaborated such that the line side switches commutateat zero-current leading to safe commutation of the converter. The switching frequency (f s) can be expressedin terms of the line frequency (f l) as: f s= 6*N s *f l. For integer values of N s, synchronization in timebetween the starting of each switching period and the position of the input current reference in the complexplane is performed. Compared to a previous modulation scheme, this strategy leads to reducing the harmonicdistortion factor of the input current in particular case when N s is odd. The effectiveness of the consideredmodulation scheme is emphasized using Matlab and Simulink software. [407]

A comparative analysis of nonlinear current control schemes applied to a SEPIC power factor corrector.

In this paper, a comparative analysis of two nonlinear control schemes proposed for a single ended primaryinductance converter (SEPIC) power factor corrector (PFC) is presented. The SEPIC converter, compared toconventional buck or boost ones, allows a low current ripple at the input for a relatively low level of the DC-bus voltage. Consequently, the high frequency filter needed at the AC-side of a buck converter is avoided, andthe high voltage stresses applied on the switches are significantly reduced with respect to the boost converter.The converter is integrated at the DC-end of a single-phase diode bridge. In order to ensure a unity powerfactor at the AC-source side and a regulated voltage at the DC-load side, a multiple-loops feedback controlscheme has to be developed. Two control strategies are considered in this paper. The first one uses a robusthysteresis current controller, whereas the other method is based on the application of the input/output feedbacklinearization technique on a state-space averaged model of the converter. In order to verify and compare theperformance of both control schemes, numerical simulations are carried out on a switching-functions-basedmodel of the converter, which is implemented using Matlab/Simulink. The proposed model of the converteris valid in the continuous current mode (CCM) and the discontinuous current mode (DCM). The controlsystems are tested under both rated and disturbed operating conditions. The systems performance is evaluatedin terms of source current total harmonic distortion (THD), input power factor, DC voltage regulation androbustness toward a load disturbance. [408]

A new analysis and design method for fuzzy logic controllers used in power converter.

This paper proposes a novel design procedure of fuzzy logic controller (FLC) for DC-to-DC convertersthat integrates linear control techniques with fuzzy logic. The design procedure allows the small signal modelof power converters and linear control design techniques to be used in the initial stages of FLC design.This simplifies the small signal design and the stability assessment of the FLC. By exploiting the fuzzylogic structure of the controller, heuristic knowledge is incorporated into the design, resulting in a non-linearcontroller with improved large signal performance over linear PI controllers. [409]

Wavelet analysis of the effectiveness of conducted EMI reduction in power converters.

It has been demonstrated that modulating the switching frequency of a power converter is a worthy wayto reduce EMI due to switching process. Since modulations following periodic patterns are time dependentprocesses, wavelets are well suited to analyze the performance of such techniques. Wavelet analysis showsthe frequency content of the switching waveform as a function of time that cannot be seen using conventionalFourier analysis. In this paper, wavelets are used to compare three periodic modulation patterns by means



of figures of merit derived from time-dependent energy density distribution in frequency, represented by thescalogram. Similar indexes of merit, involving coscalograms, are proposed to be used in the future work.[410]

Discrete time-based model of the sinusoidal pulse width modulation technique.

This paper presents a novel mathematical model for the sinusoidal pulse-width modulation (SPWM)technique. The proposed mathematical model is based on the sampling theory and discrete-time signalprocessing tools. In this model, the carrier signal is represented as a non-uniform sampling function, while theswitching actions are viewed as an interpolating process. The proposed mathematical model is used to simulatea single phase SPWM voltage source inverter. The simulation results are compared to the conventional SPWMmodel for the same inverter. The match between the results of the proposed and conventional SPWM modelsvalidates the accuracy of the new mathematical model. [411]

Comparison study of inductors current sharing in non-isolated and isolated DC-DC converters withinterleaved structures.

Current sharing is an important issue in both isolated and non-isolated DC-DC converters. In the paper,average current sharing is modelled and analyzed for both interleaved multi-phase buck converters andisolated DC-DC converters with current doubler rectifiers. Important design rules and guidelines are providedbased on the modelling and analyses. A passive current sharing method is presented to achieve balancedcurrent sharing between two inductors in a current doubler rectifier. Experimental results are presented toverify the modelling of the proposed topology. [412]

A new resonant gate drive circuit with centre-tapped transformer.

This paper presents a new resonant gate drive circuit for a pair of low side switches with 50% dutycycle or less, which is suitable for variable frequency resonant converter, push-pull converter and so on. Acentre-tapped transformer is utilized to boost switches’ gate voltage twice high as Vcc voltage. Charging anddischarging the gate input capacitance by a constant current source increases MOSFETs switching transitionspeed. The theoretical analysis and simulation waveforms are provided. A prototype board working at 1 MHzis built and experimental results are also given. [413]

Fault diagnosis and failure prediction of aluminum electrolytic capacitors in power electronic converters.

This paper gives the equivalent circuit model of aluminum electrolytic capacitor, and analyzes the maindegradation mechanism, based on which the life model and degradation parameter of aluminum electrolyticcapacitor is discussed in detail. To realize online fault diagnosis of aluminum electrolytic capacitor in powerelectronic converters, a parameter identification method to identify the equivalent series resistance (ESR)based on the circuit model is presented, and the trend of ESR with time is also deduced to realize failureprediction. [414]

A fast calculation tool for the design of PFC converters-method and application.

In order to dimension a power-factor correction circuit (PFC) and select suited components it is necessaryto know the corresponding current waveforms as well as their rms and average values. As a consequencethis paper shows a method to simulate and calculate these currents both in every switching cycle and over amains half cycle. The predominant advantages of the presented method are firstly the short calculation timeand secondly its stability (avoidance of unrealistic results-e.g. oscillations). The method is demonstrated incase of a boost-converter as power-factor corrector. [415]



Output current sensitivity analysis of the LC/sub p/C/sub s/ resonant inverter: current source designcriteria.

The effects of the tolerance of circuit elements in the parallel-series (LC p C s) resonant inverter arestudied in order to optimize the design parameters that ensure the circuit performance with no feedback andalso good repeatability. The analysis shows that the capacitor ratio affects the sensitivity values. Results areconfirmed with experimental results and a statistical study by the Monte Carlo method. [416]

Comparison among SiC JFETs at 1 MHz hard-switched DC/DC converter.

Silicon carbide (SiC) is a wide bandgap semiconductor material that offers performance improvementsover Si for power semiconductors. This paper presents the characteristics of experimental SiC JFETs andSchottky diodes. Also, this paper presents a performance comparison among these SiC devices in a 1 MHzhard-switched DC/DC converter. Further, it will identify the limitations of present SiC JFETs. [417]

Emitter turn-off (ETO) thyristor: an emerging, lower cost power semiconductor switch with improvedperformance for converter-based transmission controllers.

The emitter turn-off thyristor (ETO) is a new emerging high power semiconductor switch which combinesthe advantages of thyristor’s high voltage/current capability and MOS easy gate control. Due to very highsilicon utilization and use of conventional thyristor technology, it has much lower cost compared with othercompeting technologies. Furthermore, it has significantly improved performance in current conduction, turn-off speed, and snubberless turn-off current capability. Future ETO switches under development will alsopack with additional features that no-competing technologies offer, including built-in voltage, current andtemperature sensing capability, control-power self-generation capability and high-voltage current saturationcapability. These capabilities make ETO a very promising power semiconductor device to reduce the cost ofconverter-based transmission controllers while improving the controller output power, dynamic performance,and operating reliability. [418]

A non-isolated UPS topology with 110 V/220 V input output voltage.

A circuit configuration of a single phase non-isolated on-line uninterruptible power supply (UPS) with110 V/220 V input output voltage rating is proposed, allowing the bypass operation even if the input voltageis different of the output voltage. The converter consists of an AC-DC/DC-DC three level boost convertercombined with a double half bridge inverter. In this type of configuration, size, cost and efficiency areimproved due to reduced number of switches and batteries, as well as no low frequency isolation transformeris required to realize bypass operation because of the common neutral connection. Both stages of the proposedcircuit operate in high frequency, using a passive non-dissipative snubber circuit in the boost converter andIGBTs switches in the double half bridge inverter, with low conduction losses, low tail current and lowswitching losses. A simple and well-known control strategy is used and explained. Principle of operation andexperimental results for a 2.6 kVA prototype are presented to demonstrate UPS performance. [419]

The influence of the DC-link voltage control on the current harmonic filtering of the series hybrid activepower filters.

Non-linear loads, such as diode and thyristor converters, saturated transformers and arc furnaces aretypical sources of harmonic currents. Current harmonics have direct and indirect harmful effects on thecomponents connected to the same power supply with harmonic source and on the surrounding device viaelectric and magnetic fields. Therefore current harmonics must be filtered. The harmonic currents can befiltered using either parallel-connected passive or active power filter or series hybrid active power filter(SHAPF). The filtering performance of active and hybrid filters is strongly affected by the DC-link voltageof the converter included in these filters. In this paper, this influence of the DC-link voltage control on the



harmonic compensation result of two SHAPFs is investigated. Research is verified by experimental tests withSHAPF prototypes. [420]

Converting a VSC modulation strategy for controlling a CSC used in FACTS.

The use of a DSP with peripherals, such as PWM modules, in the control of voltage source converters(VSC) is widely used in our days in FACTS. These peripherals allow some concurrent operation, the controland modulation algorithms can be executed at the same time, they have internal hardware which can bededicated to producing the most common technique of space vector modulation (SVM) for VSC. Anyway,these simultaneous tasks cannot be executed when a current source converter (CSC) is controlled because themodulation algorithm cannot be implemented in the DSP peripherals. The algorithm must be executed in asequential mode and most computation resources of the DSP must be devoted to generating the modulationalgorithm. As a result, the bandwidth is reduced due to the increasing in the sampling time. This paperpresents a field programmable gate array (FPGA) based algorithm for adapting any VSC modulation strategyto control a CSC. Many engineers know the VSC and its modulation strategies, but they do not know sodeeply the strategies for controlling the CSC. The main advantage of this proposal is that the wealth ofknowledge and experience associated with series VAR compensators based on VSC can be immediatelyapplied to a series VAR compensator based on CSC without requiring further analysis. Experimental resultsconfirm the feasibility of the proposed structure. [421]

Modelling and control of a cascade-multilevel converter-based STATCOM for electric arc furnace flickermitigation.

As an industrial customer of the utility, electrical arc furnace (EAF) is the major flicker source thatdegrades the grid power quality. As a possible solution, STATCOMs with high bandwidth can be used. In thispaper, the normalized model of a CMC-based STATCOM and an EAF model are introduced, and then a DQ-model based control strategy is proposed for flicker mitigation. Case studies are conducted for STATCOMapplying to a 40 MVA EAF arc furnace. Simulation results verify the controllers’ stability and performance.A transient network analyzer (TNA) is developed to experimentally test the developed controller. [422]

Performance of a decoupling control scheme for a unified power flow controller.

A pair of back-to-back power electronic inverters can control the real and reactive power flow in atransmission line. This configuration is called a unified power flow controller (UPFC). This paper presentsa control strategy based on d-q axis theory for the operation of a UPFC. A new decoupling control strategyfor the series converter and coordination control for the shunt converter is tested with a laboratory prototypeUPFC. Experimental results indicate the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme. [423]

Achieving high efficiency in a double conversion transformerless UPS.

This paper describes the design of a transformerless UPS that uses two high frequency PWM powerconverters in series without sacrificing efficiency compared to their transformed forerunners. It has long beenaccepted, however, that a high frequency PWM converter will have higher losses than a diode rectifier orSCR phase control rectifier and that the loss in efficiency is simply one way to bare the cost for the increasedperformance. The advantages of using a high frequency PWM converter for the AC-to-DC stage are generallywell known: improved input power factor; improved input current THD; and improved performance on agenerator. This paper presents, as a case study, how one UPS design addressed the efficiency issue andcontrolled the losses to produce a product with efficiency equal to or better than the SCR forerunner. [424]



A modular digital controller architecture for multi-node high power converter applications.

Modular voltage source converter has drawn great interest in high power applications. To achieve highersystem control reliability and multi-functionality, a modular digital controller architecture is proposed in thispaper that will facilitate the concept of modular converter. It can be reconfigured to multiple-node highpower converter applications. A hybrid multitap bus and inverse-star structure are adopted in the architecture.Detailed descriptions of the controller structure and function partitioning are described in the paper. Centraland local control units are designed individually. A case study on a 13 level cascaded multilevel converteris investigated. Moreover, the data communication protocol and design considerations will be shown. Inaddition, the hardware circuits and experimental results are shown to verify the structure. [425]

Multilevel inverter modulation method with DC-link disturbance compensation.

Multilevel inverters have emerged as the state of the art power conversion systems for high power mediumvoltage applications. However, like most power converter families, these inverters are nonlinear systems withdead times, voltage drops across the power semiconductors, load and supply dependent DC-links, that alltogether can generate considerable low frequency voltage and current distortion affecting negatively thequality of important variables of the global process powered by the inverter. In high power applications thiscan be very critical due to the amount of energy involved in non desirable harmonics. This paper presentsa solution to these problems by including the disturbances in the modulation strategy. Results are presentedfor a nine level cascaded asymmetric inverter, showing how the algorithm rejects DC-link voltage rippleand compensates voltage drops and dead times of the converter. The proposed method is also compared tomultiple carrier phase disposition PWM to highlight the differences obtained when using the compensation.[426]

Zero steady-state error input current controller for regenerative multilevel converters based onsingle-phase cells.

Multicell converters are one of the alternative topologies for medium voltage industrial drives. Forapplication requiring regenerative capability each power cell must be constructed with a three-or single-phasePWM rectifier as a front end. The choice of single-phase PWM rectifiers for the input of the cells results in areduced number of power switches and a simpler input transformer than the three-phase equivalent. However,its control is not as straight forward. This paper proposes the use of higher order resonant controllers in theclassical control structure of the single-phase PWM rectifier. This ensures a zero steady-state tracking errorof the reference current at fundamental frequency. A detailed description of the design criteria for the positionof the zeros and poles of the controller is given. Experimental results showing the good performance of thesingle-phase input cells and its proposed control are included. [427]

A ZVS bi-directional DC-DC converter for high-low voltage conversion.

A ZVS bi-directional DC-DC converter for high-low voltage conversion is analyzed in this paper. A novelcontrol scheme adopting one port voltage regulated and another port current regulated is proposed to realizethe energy conversion in bi-directional freely. A start-up circuit is presented for eliminating the surge currentin boost mode. The operation characteristics and parameter design are analyzed in detail. A prototype rated100 W 10 V/100 V bi-directional DC-DC converter adopting the proposed circuit and control scheme istested. [428]

Integrated circuit approach for soft switching in boundary-mode buck converter.

An integrated circuit approach is presented for ensuring soft switching operations in boundary-mode buckconverters. This technique, accomplished by integrated circuitry, can automatically track the soft switchingpoint without taking energy storage components into account. This control concept may be applied to boost



and buck-boost converters as well. Circuit design and simulation results for an example circuit with V IN 5V and V OUT 1.2 V are shown. [429]

A novel ZVZCS full-bridge PWM DC-DC converter with active voltage clamp and energy recovery circuit.

An improved zero voltage and zero current switching (ZVZCS) full-bridge (FB) PWM DC-DC converteris proposed. The new converter overcomes drawbacks such as voltage ringing and voltage overshoot inconventional ZVZCS converter. An auxiliary circuit consists of auxiliary switcher, clamping capacitor, dioderectifier and energy recovery transformer. The auxiliary circuit alleviates the voltage ringing and voltageovershoot in secondary side of transformer and recovers the energy absorbed by clamping capacitor to thepower supply in primary side. Because the auxiliary circuit is shunt to main circuit, the energy loss isvery small so high efficiency of the converter is achieved. Synchronizing rectifier is used in secondary sideof transformer so this converter is very attractive to low voltage, high current application. The operation,analysis, and design consideration are illustrated and verified on a 1 kW 100 kHz IGBT based experimentalcircuit. [430]

Stacked multicell converter (SMC): reconstruction of flying capacitor voltages.

We present in this paper a new method for the observation of the flying capacitor voltages dedicatedto stacked multicell converters (SMC). Unlike the imbricated-cell converter, the new SMC topology allowsincreasing the input voltage level while decreasing the energy stored in the converter. This consists of ahybrid association of commutation cells, which enables to share the voltage constraint on several switches.During normal operation, the flying capacitor voltages have to be kept constant by the control strategy. Dueto high voltage/high power applications, it is difficult and expensive to measure the flying capacitor voltages.Therefore, a new method has been developed to estimate those voltages. After an introduction and a briefreminder on the SMC topology, we will present a new strategy to estimate the capacitor voltages based on thedetermination of an image of those ones regarding the control signals and the chopped voltage. The influenceof the measurement noise on our new technique has also been studied carefully and appropriate strategieshave been developed. The last part will be devoted to conclusions and perspectives. [431]

Magamp post regulation for LLC series resonant converter with multi-output.

Strategy of time-sharing is adopted in LLC resonant converter with multi-output for increasing theadaptability of the very topology to such application as multi-output with requirement of high regulating ratio,meanwhile strategy of magamp post regulation is applied by adding two saturable inductors in secondaryoutput ends as well. Principle of influence generated by dead time of magamp involved in LLC resonantconverter on regulating ratio, is analyzed in detail. That influence of problem of dead time existing in magampin flyback converter is much worse than in LLC resonant converter is verified both by principle analysis andexperimental result. An experimental prototype of 310 V input, 24 V/3 A and 12 V/2 A outputs, whose fullload efficiency reaches 88.5%, is built to verify achievement of ZVS at full range and the wonderful crossregulating ratio. [432]

Maximizing resonant converter efficiency through optimal switch selection.

This paper presents the value of completing loss analysis for semiconductor switches in order to maximizethe efficiency of any converter topology. A novel constant frequency CLL load resonant converter topologyis used as the basis for the presented study. However, the analysis can be extended to other resonant, soft-switched, or hard-switched converters. For the 25 W converter used to present the analysis, it is shown thatcompleting such a study can improve converter efficiency by more than 5%. Comparison between analysisresults and switches with the lowest figure of merit (FOM) reveals that analysis is the only way to guaranteethe most efficient switches for a given application have been selected. [433]



Investigation on the start-up of low wattage metal halide lamp controlled by low-frequency square-waveballast.

Using conventional three-stage low-frequency square-wave electronic ballast, low-wattage MH lampsmay have trouble in starting-up instantly and smoothly. This paper investigates the special starting-upcharacteristics of low-wattage MH lamps and presents some novel control strategy according to the lamps’special characteristics. A prototype of 70 W electronic ballast with the new control circuit designs wasconstructed and experimental results verified the novel control strategy can greatly increase the probabilityfor lamps to successfully start up instantly and smoothly. [434]

A photovoltaic generation system with unified power quality conditioner function.

This paper presents a system that provides photovoltaic generation as well as the functions of aunified power quality conditioner. The system can be controlled for current harmonics and reactive powercompensation simultaneously by using a converter operating as active shunt filter. Another converter is usedas active series filter and it compensates voltage harmonics or voltage sags and swells. The proposed topologyfor photovoltaic energy conversion process has increased efficiency when compared to the conventionalsystems. Voltage vector oriented reference frame models are used to control the three-phase converters.Simulation results demonstrate the good performance of the proposed configuration. Experimental resultscorresponding to the operation of the series filter as voltage sag compensator are presented. [435]

Novel cell based on reduced single-phase active front end for multicell converters.

Multilevel converters are a very interesting alternative for medium and high power drives. One of themore flexible topologies of this type is the multicell converter. This paper presents a new regenerative cellsuitable for cascaded multilevel inverters. The cell uses a reduced single-phase active rectifier at the inputand an H-bridge inverter at the output side. The cell has a reduced switch count and presents a very goodperformance, controlling effectively the waveform of the input current and of the output voltage. The resultspresented in this paper confirm that this medium voltage inverter effectively eliminates low frequency inputcurrent harmonics at primary side of the transformer and operates without problem in regenerative mode.[436]

A novel multiple-input ZVS bidirectional DC-DC converter.

A. novel multiple-input DC-DC converter is proposed in this paper. Compared to other multiple-inputDC-DC converters, the new topology has achieved bidirectional power flow between individual inputs andoutput, soft switching implementation without additional devices, high efficiency, high reliability and simplecontrol. The Delta and Y type model of multi-winding transformer is developed to assist the circuit analysis.The operating principle, soft-switching conditions and steady state analysis are presented in this paper. Circuitsimulation results are provided to verify the theoretical analysis. [437]

A new zero-voltage-zero-current-transition chopper SAZZ for a FCEV drive.

A new snubber assisted zero voltage and zero current transition chopper (SAZZ) is proposed for the fuelcell electric vehicle (FCEV) or the hybrid vehicle. The SAZZ topology provides a simple soft switchingtechnique resulting in the compact and low-loss power converter for the FCEV. Furthermore, the SAZZoperates without voltage spike across the output diode during the reverse recovery. A SAZZ mini-modelusing IGBT was fabricated and evaluated by a fundamental operational test. The experimental results show theverification of the circuit geometry and the basic operation. In addition, the preliminary SAZZ configurationfor the high frequency using the stray capacitance is investigated to minimize the current of the auxiliaryresonant stage. Some experimental results are also presented. [438]



High boost converter using voltage multiplier.

With the increasing demand for renewable energy, distributed power included in fuel cells have beenstudied and developed as a future energy source. For this system, a power conversion circuit is necessaryto interface the generated power to the utility. In many cases, a high step-up DC/DC converter is neededto boost low input voltage to high voltage output. Conventional methods using cascade DC/DC converterscause extra complexity and higher cost. The conventional topologies to get high output voltage use flybackDC/DC converters. They have the leakage components that cause stress and loss of energy that results inlow efficiency. This paper presents a high boost converter with a voltage multiplier and a coupled inductor.The secondary voltage of the coupled inductor is rectified using a voltage multiplier. High boost voltage isobtained with low duty cycle. Theoretical analysis and experimental results verify the proposed solutionsusing a 300 W prototype. [439]

Load power compensations for stabilized DC-link voltage of the cascade controlledrectifier/inverter-motor drive system.

The necessity of the compactness of the converters in many applications imposes the reduction of thesize of their different components when it is possible. In this paper, the cascade of a grid connected voltagecontrolled rectifier and an inverter supplying a motor is considered and the effect of diminution of DC-linkcapacitor (C 0 on Fig.1) on the stability of the DC-link voltage is investigated using small-signal linearizationand impedance criterion. The output impedance of the controlled rectifier is studied in both cases of DC-linkvoltage control (DC-VC) and DC-link energy control (DC-EC). The input impedance of the inverter-motorstage, for which the control is based on the classical field orientation, is also explained. In ideal case, ifthe power delivered by the controlled rectifier can track the load power, the DC-link voltage remains almostconstant even in transitory state. Under this condition a low value of C 0 could ensure the stability of theDC-link voltage. Then, three methods of power load compensation, i.e. a decoupling matrix, a nonlinearfeedback compensation and the feedback linearization technique, are proposed and studied for stabilizing theDC-link voltage. The results are illustrated by means of digital computer simulations of complete inductionmotor and controlled rectifier models with full order linear closed loop flux observer. [440]

A low-area decimation filter for ultra-high speed 1-bit Σ ∆ A/D converters.

We present a low-area and low-power implementation of the first antialiasing and decimation filterfollowing an ultra-high speed 1-bit Σ ∆ A/D converter operating between 430-600Msps in a wirelesstransceiver. This filter is implemented as a sinc 4 polyphase structure that decimates by 16. Reduction inarea is achieved by interleaving I and Q data and by implementing each phase of the filter as a hard-wiredlookup table. The filter provides more than 150 dB of rejection in 400 kHz band and more than 87 dB ofrejection in 4 MHz band making it suitable for multistandard wireless applications. It is implemented in90-nm digital CMOS process and the combined area for both I and Q channels is less than 3800 gates. [441]

Evaluation system for current source converter modulation techniques.

Modulation techniques have been the subject of intensive research during last decades. They are usedfor generating switching patterns for several converter topologies. Nowadays, there are many proposals ofmodulation strategies applied to current source converters (CSC) and to voltage source converters (VSC). Thispaper presents an evaluation system for analyzing the characteristics, advantages and drawbacks of severalmodulation techniques used in CSC. This tool includes the study of carrier-based techniques and space-vectortechniques. Implementation in rapid prototyping system Simulinktextregistered-dSPACEtextregistered is described, simulation and experimental results obtained in 4 kVA current source converterare given. This evaluation system shows the operation, characteristics and properties of each modulation.[442]



Prediction of limit-cycles oscillations in digitally controlled DC-DC converters using statistical approach.

Digitally controlled DC-DC converters are affected by quantization effects on A/D converters and digitalpulse-width modulators (DPWMs) which may result in undesirable limit-cycle oscillations. Existing staticand dynamic models predict the existence of only a small part of limit cycle oscillations, so that extensivetime-domain simulations are usually needed in order to verify the presence of limit-cycle oscillations underdifferent load and input voltage conditions. This paper proposes an alternative approach based on statisticalmodels. Modelling the quantization error as a white noise, including the quantization effects on the controllerand converter state variables, and evaluating the correlation between state variables, a statistical predictionof limit-cycle oscillations is obtained. By means of the proposed method, design criteria for the regulatorparameters, in terms of achievable bandwidth, location of PID zeros and desired phase margin, can bederived. Simulation and experimental results confirm the validity of the proposed method. [443]

Analysis of new 18-pulse direct symmetric autotransformer rectifiers with dual AC-voltage feedingcapability.

Ever increasing power quality requirements have impelled the development and usage of new frontend AC-to-DC converters. Multi-pulse direct symmetric autotransformer rectifiers (DSAR) have arisen asa most advantageous passive solution, featuring high reliability and simplicity of operation, minimum kVAratings, solid multi-pulse operation insensitive to impedance path mismatch or voltage distortion, reducedcommon-mode voltage, and reduced size and weight-hence the interest for transport applications. This paperproposes three new DSAR topologies with the capability to operate from 0.5 pu and 1 pu voltage sourceswhile generating 1 pu output DC voltage, thus significantly enhancing their operational flexibility. The paperpresents a complete evaluation using simulated (Synopsys Saber) and experimental results in order to fullyassess the thermo-electromagnetic capabilities of these new topologies, focusing on losses and efficiency,size and weight, and the overall power quality of these converters. Specifically, it analyzes efficiency, inputcurrent distortion, common-mode voltage and DC voltage ripple, all of this while operating from ideal andlow power quality AC voltage networks rated at 0.5 pu and 1 pu. From these results specific design guidelinesand criteria for selection are derived and presented. [444]

Multipulse power rectifier without using multiphase transformers.

In this paper it is proposed a novel hybrid three-phase rectifier capable to achieve high input powerfactor (PF), and low total harmonic distortion in the input currents (THD 1). The proposed hybrid highpower rectifier is composed by a standard three-phase 6-pulse diode rectifier (Graetz bridge) with a parallelconnection of single-phase boost rectifiers in each three-phase rectifier leg. Such topology results in a structurecapable of programming the input current waveform and providing conditions for obtaining high inputpower factor and low harmonic current distortion. In order to validate the proposed hybrid rectifier, thispaper describes its principles of operation, with detailed experimental results and discussions on powerrating of the required boost converters as related to the desired total harmonic current distortion. It isdemonstrated that only a fraction of the output power is processed through the boost converters, making theproposed solution economically viable for very high power installations, with fast pay back of the investment.Moreover, retrofitting to existing installations is also feasible since the parallel path can be easily controlledby integration with the existing DC-link. A prototype rated at 6 kW has been implemented in laboratory andfully demonstrated its operation, performance and feasibility to high power applications. [445]

New boost-active clamp one-stage soft switching PWM high frequency inverter using trench-gate IGBTs.

This paper presents a novel soft-switching PWM utility frequency AC to high frequency AC powerconversion circuit incorporating boost-half-bridge inverter topology, which is more suitable and acceptablefor cost effective consumer induction heating applications. The operating principle and the operation modesare described using the equivalent circuits with the operating voltage and current waveforms. The operating



performances are illustrated and evaluated, including the power regulation and power conversion efficiencyversus duty cycle characteristics based on the power dissipation as compared with those of the previouslydeveloped high-frequency inverter. The power converter practical effectiveness is substantially proved basedon experimental results from practical design example. [446]

A family of non-isolated ZVS DC-DC converter based on a new active clamp cell.

A new ZVS cell is proposed based on the active clamping technique. With a small clamping diode in thecell the voltage ringing caused by the auxiliary inductor is eliminated, and the circulating loss is minimized.A new ZVS boost converter is presented and analyzed in detail to demonstrate the operation principle of thenew ZVS cell. Utilizing this cell a new family of ZVS DC-DC converter can be constructed based on typicalnon-isolated DC-DC converters. A 500 W/200 kHz ZVS boost prototype is made to verify the analysis. [447]

Active resonant tank to achieve zero-voltage-switching for non-isolated DC-DC converters withsynchronous rectifiers.

A concept of active resonant tank (ART) is proposed for high frequency non-isolated DC-DC convertersto achieve zero-voltage-switching (ZVS) of the main switch and eliminate reverse recovery and body diodeconduction losses of the synchronous rectifier in order to improve conversion efficiency and reduce EMInoises. The concept is generalized for six basic non-isolated converters. A buck converter with the ARTcell is analyzed in great detail, and a 100 W prototype is built to verify the concept. Experimental resultsagree with theoretical analysis and improvement in efficiency is achieved due to the reduced switching andreverse-recovery losses. [448]

Bimodal DC-DC converter with an efficient pass-through zone.

A new, efficient DC-DC converter is formed by combining buck and boost stages and controlling theswitches to provide a pass-through zone such that when the value of the input is close to the output voltageno switched-mode processing occurs. Efficiency is improved throughout the entire range of operation. It isideally suited as a preregulator in automotive applications. [449]

A 10-bit 80-MSPS 2.5-V 27.65-mW 0.185-mm 2 segmented current steering CMOS DAC.

This paper presents a 10 bits 80 MSPS 2.5 V digital-to-analog converter (DAC) using 0.25 micrometerdouble poly four metal CMOS technology for mixed-signal applications. A segmented current steeringarchitecture is used for this DAC. This architecture gives the most optimized results in terms of speed,resolution, area and power. The DAC can operate at a frequency of 80MHz and above. Total power dissipationis 27.6525 mW with 2.5 V power supply. It achieves differential nonlinearity and integral nonlinearity of±0.55 LSB and ±0.4 LSB. It occupies an area of 0.185 mm 2. [450]

High performance CMOS converter design in TSMC 0.18-𝑚𝑢m process.

This paper demonstrates the low voltage operation of a double balanced Gilbert mixer fabricated in 0.18-𝑚𝑢m standard/bulk CMOS process. A tuned load was used to ensure the rail-to-rail swing and a sourcedegeneration resistor was used to improve the linearity. As an upconverter, the mixer demonstrates 1.65 dBof conversion gain at an RF frequency of 1.9 GHz with an applied local oscillator power of-1.2 dBm. Thenoise figure of the designed mixer is 17.2 dB, and the third-order input-referred intercept point (IIP3) is 20.45dBm. [451]

A three-level power factor correction converter with digital control.

This paper presents design consideration and performance analysis of three-level PFC topology basedon digital control. Two voltage regulators are proposed to keep voltage balance; furthermore the method



of current detection and novel adaptive control of current loop design are introduced. All proposals areexperimentally verified by a 2.4 kW prototype. [452]

Low frequency architecture for multilamp CCFL systems with capacitive ignition.

This paper presents a low frequency architecture for driving parallel cold cathode fluorescent lamps(CCFLs) in large screen LCD TV backlighting applications. Key to the architecture is a proposed capacitivecoupling approach for AC lamp ignition. The system consists of a single high voltage converter, an AC lampignition circuit, current regulation devices and a single primary controller. The topology is capable of drivingan arbitrary number of parallel lamps with independent accurate lamp current regulation, while maintaininghigh efficiency and achieving significant size, weight, and cost reduction when compared to typical highfrequency AC ballast designs. Experimental results for a pair of parallel 800 V 40 cm CCFLs demonstratesimultaneous ignition and DC current regulation. [453]

A low cost, triple-voltage bus DC-DC converter for automotive applications.

Before the automotive industry completes moving the 14 V vehicle loads to the 42 V net, HEVs andfuel cell vehicles will likely employ a triple voltage-14 V/42 V/high-voltage (200 500 V) bus system. Thispaper presents a low-cost, soft-switched, bidirectional DC/DC converter for connecting the three voltage nets.The converter consists of two half-brides and a high-frequency transformer, which provides voltage levelmatching and galvanic isolation between the two half-bridges for safety requirements. The use of dual half-bridges minimizes the number of switching devices and their associated gate drive components. Moreover,snubber capacitors and the transformer leakage inductance are utilized to achieve soft-switching. Therefore,no extra active switches or passive resonant components are required for softswitching, further reducingcomponent count. Control of power flow among the three voltage buses is achieved by adjusting the dutyratio and phase angle between the half-bridge output voltages. Simulation and experimental data on a 2 kWlab unit are included to verify the power flow control scheme. [454]

Piezoresistive CMOS-MEMS pressure sensor with ring oscillator readout including ∆-Σ analog-to-digitalconverter on-chip.

The application of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) is currently growing, increasing the demandsfor efficient interfacing between the MEMS sensor and CMOS interfacing circuitry. This paper presentsa fully integrated CMOS-MEMS pressure sensor, including a frequency-to-digital converter on the sameCMOS die. The main purpose of this work is to explore the properties of monolithically integrated MEMS-sensors and CMOS circuitry. The expected features are reduced production cost and reduced noise sensitivity.The fully integrated sensor has been fabricated in a standard 0.6𝑚𝑢m CMOS process from Austria MicroSystems (AMS). Only one single post-processing step is required to form the pressure sensitive diaphragm.Theoretical discussions are presented along with measured results. The measured results confirm thetheoretical discussions. The chip size is 13mm 2 and the power consumption is [email protected]. [455]

Three-dimensional SVM for modular power electronics systems.

Space vector modulation (SVM)-based on the explicit control of converter switching states-is not themost suitable approach for the modulation of modular power electronics systems due to its apparent lack ofmodeling flexibility. This paper addresses this issue by presenting a new analytical standpoint for the analysisof SVM in modular power conversion systems, namely power electronics building blocks (PEBB)-basedsystems. Specifically, the paper presents a mathematically and physically sound modulation technique forPEBB-based converters developed by means of a three-dimensional (3D) space-vector representation. As aresult, a processing efficient three-dimensional space-vector modulation algorithm is proposed (3D-SVM).The algorithm itself rests on the well-known carrier-based pulse width modulation technique, therefore itdoes not require any trigonometric calculations, definitions of optimal sequences, and direct control over the



switching states of the three-phase converter. The proposed 3D-SVM technique is verified by simulation andexperimental results obtained with a three-phase power converter using 33 kW IGBT-based PEBB modules.[456]

DC link harmonics of three phase voltage source converters influenced by the pulse width modulationstrategy-an analysis.

DC link current harmonics are the predominant factor to be considered for dimensioning DC capacitorsin three phase PWM voltage source converters. In this article an analysis of the DC link current harmonicsapplying double Fourier series is derived. The analytical results for the DC link current spectra of continuousand discontinuous PWM are presented and compared with measurement results taken from a converter testsetup. A good match between theoretically expected and actually obtained experimental results can be stated.Moreover significant differences between the investigated modulation strategies regarding their DC linkcurrent spectra can be found. [457]

Modeling and control of a fuel cell based Z-source converter.

This paper presents the analysis of dynamic response of the fuel cells, PWM implementation, and designof a closed-loop controller for a Z-source converter. For an electrical analysis of the fuel cell poweredsystems, the fuel cell is modeled by a R-C circuit including its voltage-current polarization curve. A discrete-time state space equation is given to implement digital control and a space vector pulse width modulation(SVPWM) technique is modified to realize the shoot-through zero vectors that boost the DC-link voltage.Also, two feedback controllers are designed to obtain a sinusoid AC voltage under linear/nonlinear loads:voltage controller in the outer loop and current controller in the inner loop. [458]

Robust control of a buck-boost DC-DC switching regulator for the electronic systems of next-generationcars.

In this paper the buck-boost DC-DC switching regulator based on PWM techniques is used to supply arobust, stable negative voltage source to the electrical and electronic systems of next-generation cars, whichwill have to perform not only under 42 V technology, but also with many automotive electrical and electronicsystems which have been designed to work under the soon-to-be obsolete 14 V technology. In this researchH ∞ integral control techniques are applied to the problem of designing a low-cost robust voltage regulatorbased on PWM techniques. Furthermore, QFD techniques are used as tools to better focus on the applicationof these voltage regulators to the automotive industry and the cost of their implementations. Moreover, thepresent robust control approach allows us to deal with uncertainties and modelling errors in the switchingregulator due to nonlinearities and changes in the operating conditions, neglected dynamics, components’tolerances, external disturbances, and so on. The experimental results show the importance of using robustcontrol techniques when designing power converters for the next-generation cars. [459]

Strategy for power quality improvement and maximum demand smoothing.

In this paper, a distributed strategy for improving the power quality and maximum demand smoothing ispresented. Many authors have presented the power quality improvement as a centralized issue, which implieshigh power capability of compensators. Based on multi-functionality of specific switching-mode converters,a decentralised model is presented. A discussion of simultaneity of different functions is presented in details.The results of this paper are intended to be a guideline for application designers. [460]

A general SVM algorithm for multilevel converters considering zero-sequence component control.

Space vector modulation (SVM) scheme plays a significant role in high-voltage high-power applicationsof multilevel converters for its good performance. This paper presents a novel general SVM algorithm formultilevel converters. It includes two parts: one is control of fundamental component of three-phase outputs



corresponding to reference vector; the other one is control of zero-sequence component of converter foradditional goals. The algorithm in which a special coordinate transformation is introduced can easily identifythe three vertices of small triangle that reference vector falls into, as well as corresponding duration time.And different objectives of multilevel converters can be accomplished with appropriate selection of zero-sequence components in each sampling period. This algorithm can be easily implemented without calculationof trigonometric function, and is applicable to different topologies with any number of levels. Simulation andexperimental results are given to verify advantages of the algorithm. [461]

Voltage stabilization and reactive compensation using a novel FACTS STATCOM scheme.

This paper presents the use of a new full 48 pulse GTO model of voltage source converter FACTS-STATCOM (static synchronous compensator) for reactive power compensation and voltage stabilization onelectric grid network. The device is a power electronic GTO converter connected in parallel with the powersystem bus and is controlled by a novel controller. The complete digital simulation of the STATCOM withina power system is performed in the MATLAB/Simulink environment using the power system blockset (PSB).The STATCOM scheme and the electric grid network are modeled by specific electric blocks from the powersystem blockset while the control system is modeled using simulink. The control system is based on adecoupled strategy using the direct and quadrature components of the STATCOM current. The performanceof the selected ±100 MVAr STATCOM scheme connected to the 230-kV grid is evaluated. The operationof the STATCOM is validated in both the capacitive and inductive modes of operation. Reactive powercompensation and voltage regulation is validated for load and system excursions. [462]

Reliability of the adjustable speed drives in power electronic waveform environment.

Industrial controls have experienced dramatic changes in the past twenty years. Especially advances inadjustable speed drive technology are very well observable. However, this technology is an advantage fordrive control; the voltage waveforms generated by power frequency converters may affect significantlythe reliability of electric motor insulation system. It has been observed over voltage phenomenon, bearingcurrents, charge accumulation, partial discharges activity increasing due to the high frequency squarewaveform voltage generated by power converters. Any of above could case the electrical motor reliabilitydecreasing. The result of this work shows how the life time of the electrical insulation material is significantlydecreasing in high frequency square waveform voltage environment. [463]

Practical application of PHM/prognostics to COTS power converters.

An easily-adopted method of adding prognostics/health management (PHM) to electronic systems isdescribed. As an example, a PWM-type switching power supply was chosen for analysis in this paper,due to the ubiquitous nature of these power converters in Mil/Aero systems, and the criticality of theirreliable performance. Switch mode power supplies (SMPS) provide significant advantages to users in termsof conversion efficiency, weight, and size. According to Industry Analysts, over USD 7.7 Billion of SMPSpower systems were produced worldwide in 2002. However, SMPS’s have unique reliability issues when usedwithin a system due to size constraints, heat dissipation and varying load conditions. The internal componentsof a SMPS, including the power switch (MOSFET or IGBT), catch diode, capacitors, and magnetics are underrepetitive stress conditions that contribute to elevated failure rates. Often the SMPS is considered the mostvulnerable and weakest part of a system. Having an early warning of an impending failure (through PHM)would be very useful information and critical to mission success. [464]

A 55 kW three-phase automotive traction inverter with SiC Schottky diodes.

Silicon carbide (SiC) power devices are expected to have an impact on power converter efficiency, weight,volume, and reliability. Presently, only SiC Schottky diodes are commercially available at relatively low



current ratings. Oak Ridge National Laboratory has collaborated with Cree and Semikron to build a Si IGBT-SiC Schottky diode hybrid 55 kW inverter by replacing the Si pn diodes in Semikron’s automotive inverterwith Cree’s made-to-order higher current SiC Schottky diodes. This paper shows the results obtained fromtesting this inverter and compares it to a similar all-Si inverter. [465]

500oC Electronics for Harsh Environments.

Solid state vacuum devices (SSVDs) are a relatively new class of electronic devices. Innosys is a leadingproducer of high frequency SSVDs for a number of applications, including RF communications. SSVDscombine features inherent to both solid state and vacuum transistors. Electron transport can be by solidstate or vacuum or both. The focus of this talk is on thermionic SSVDs, in which the primary vacuumtransport is by thermionically liberated electron emission. SSVDs can be fabricated on a number of substrates(e.g., silicon, silicon carbide, silicon on insulator, sapphire, alumina, etc.). SSVDs are compatible and canbe integrated with most other semiconductor process and device technologies. SSVDs can be used as highvoltage/high power devices (from DC to well into the GHz range) or as small analog or mixed signal circuits.Examples of such SSVD circuits include operational amplifiers (op amps) and eventually digital to analogconverters. [466]

Development of a fuel cell simulator based on an experimentally derived model.

Fuel cells (FC) are power sources that convert electrochemical energy into electrical energy in a cleanand efficient manner. FC technology presents one of the most promising solutions to reduce fossil fuelconsumption. FC simulators are expected to play a key role in the development of FC systems due to theirlow cost and flexibility. This paper presents the development of a stand-alone FC simulator based on a lowcost digital signal processor (DSP). The proposed fuel cell simulator emulates the electrical dynamic behaviorof a direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) stack. This is achieved via a power converter with a robust controlstrategy with fast dynamic response. The reference signal for the power converter that represents the dynamicbehavior of the FC is generated from an experimental model of the DMFC that can be extended to other FCs.The output of the FC simulator is a reproduction of the dynamic behavior of DMFC model, thus emulating aFC stack. Test results of the FC simulator and the actual FC are compared and discussed. From the viewpointof educational purposes, the proposed FC simulator provides a flexible solution at a low cost for student andengineers in training. In addition, the proposed simulator can be used for the design and development of FCpower electronics. [467]

Monitoring and fault diagnosis of cascaded multiconverter systems in hybrid electric vehicles.

Advancements in high-power semiconductor technology have opened new avenues for application ofpower electronics converters in safety critical applications such as in hybrid vehicle automotive power system.This paper discusses the use of statistical moments to detect and identify faults. Existing system current andvoltage sensors are used without the need for any addition sensors. The technique not only detects systemmalfunction, but provides information on the device under fault and the nature of the fault. An accurateknowledge of the same will allow appropriate action to be taken to avoid propagation of fault that may leadto catastrophic failure. [468]

ZVS-SR bidirectional DC-DC converter for supercapacitor-applied automotive electric energy storagesystems.

This paper explores a bidirectional DC-DC converter for supercapacitor-based energy storage systems inautomotive applications. The presented converter consists of a half-bridge converter and a current-fed push-pull inverter with a transformer-isolation. Owing to the isolation topology, the supercapacitor can be operatedin the wide voltage range, which results in an increase in the utilization of supercapacitor-stored energy.In order to reduce the switching losses in the half-bridge converter, zero voltage switching technology is



employed in the half-bridge converter. In addition, synchronous rectification is employed in the push-pullinverter so that the device conduction losses in the low voltage side is reduced. The proposed converteroperation is verified by the simulation and the system feasibility is discussed from the view point of thepractical automotive electrical systems. [469]

Power electronic interface with ultracapacitors and motor control for a fuel cell electric vehicle.

In this paper, the power electronic interface with ultra-capacitor hybridization for a fuel cell electricvehicle system is presented. The isolated DC/DC converter topologies for interface has been analyzed basedon performance, cost, size, volume, component count and simplicity. Another feature of the topology is theuse of ultra-capacitor bank and the reduction of battery pack size. The proposed approach consists of a full-bridge DC/DC converter to boost the fuel cell voltage. The induction motor operated with vector controlis driven by a three-phase PWM inverter supplied by the DC-link voltage. The investigation of the electricvehicle performance due to parameter variation of the induction motor is also reported. [470]

Optimal design of power electronic systems using electromagnetic transient simulation.

Transient simulation programs find numerous applications in the design of nonlinear systems, where theyprovide the designer with a powerful tool to examine the short-term transient behavior of the system and totune the parameters. It has been shown that the a combination of a nonlinear optimization algorithm with atransient simulation program can lead to a remarkably enhanced design tool, in which the power of transientsimulation is accompanied with the intelligence of a dedicated optimization program that steers the search forthe optimum. This paper extends the application of this tool into the design of switching and nonlinear powerelectronic converters, and describes methods for the design of efficient objective functions and also proposesmethods for imposing constraints on the optimization parameters. The ideas are illustrated using the exampleof a Cuk dc-dc converter whose control system parameters, and filter elements are simultaneously optimized.[471]

DC/DC converters for fuel cell powered hybrid electric vehicle.

Many automotive companies are working in developing fuel cell powered hybrid electric vehicles(HEV) because they offer a reduced emission and improves the fuel economy. The key technology forsuch development of fuel cell for propulsion is the power electronics. This paper reports different DC/DCconverter topologies used to interface the fuel cell to the motor controllers in HEVs. The aim is to present asimple and practical boost converter topology with a coordinated control that can regulate both the outputvoltage and the input current simultaneously. The performance of the proposed power conditioning system isevaluated in simulation results under different dynamics. [472]

Review of multiple input DC-DC converters for electric and hybrid vehicles.

Batteries, ultra capacitors, fuel cells, and solar arrays are widely used in electric and hybrid vehicles(EVs/HVs) as an electric power source or an energy storage unit. In the structure of the electric powersystem of modern EVs/HVs, more than one of these units may be employed to improve the performanceand efficiency; hence utilization of a multi-input DC-DC converter is inevitable to obtain a regulated busDC voltage. In this paper, a review of multiple input DC-DC power electronic converters (MI-PEC) devotedto combine the power flow from several on-board energy sources of an EV/HV is presented. Several multi-input DC-DC converters based on various topologies are studied and analyzed. The operating modes of eachtopology is presented and compared with other topologies. [473]



Different topologies of active EMI/ripple filters for automotive DC/DC converters.

Newer models of vehicles employ an increasing number of critical and luxury electrical loads. Multiconverter systems including AC/DC and DC/DC converters will be utilized in vehicles that will producehigh frequency ripple and noise and will increase the electromagnetic interference. In this paper, differenttopologies of active ripple filters are introduced and discussed. Different topologies for current sensors,current injectors, and voltage injectors are also explained. The results of the experimental setup for twotopologies are presented and compared with the results of passive filters. [474]

Modeling and simulation of various hybrid electric configurations of the high-mobility multipurposewheeled vehicle (HMMWV).

Although hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) have been studied mainly with the aim or increasing fueleconomy, little has been done in order to improve both fuel economy and performance. However, vehiculardynamic performance characteristics such as acceleration and gradeability are of prime importance in militaryvehicles such as the high-mobility multipurpose wheeled vehicle (HMMWV). This paper is concentrated onthe models that describe hybridized HMMWV vehicles and the simulation results or those models. Paralleland series configurations have been modeled using the advanced vehicle simulator (ADVISOR) softwaredeveloped by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). Both a retrofit approach and a constantpower approach have been tested and the results are compared to the conventional model results. In addition,the effects of using smaller engines than the existing ones in hybrid HMMWV drive trains have been studiedand the results are compared to the data collected from an actual implementation or such a vehicle. Moreover,the integrated starter/alternator (ISA) configuration has been considered and the results were encouraging.[475]

A simulation study of hybrid electric Hummer H3: effects of drive train hybridization on performanceand fuel economy.

The main objective of this paper is to investigate the performance and efficiency improvements of sportsutility vehicles (SUVs) after hybridization. For this purpose, the model vehicle chosen was the Hummer H3.We modeled the vehicle using the Hummer H3 parameters and named this a representative Hummer H3. Themodeling software that was used for this purpose was ADVISOR (advance vehicle simulator) and Matlab.[476]

Comparative evaluation of linear PID and fuzzy control for a boost converter.

Both linear PID controllers and fuzzy controllers are designed and implemented for a boost converter.Comparison between the two controllers is made in the aspect of design, implementation and experimentalresults. Design of fuzzy controllers is based on heuristic knowledge of the converter and tuned using trialand error, while the design of linear PID and PI controllers is based on the frequency response of theboost converter. Implementation of linear controllers is quite straightforward, while implementation of fuzzycontrollers has its unique issues. A comparison of experimental results indicates that the performance of thefuzzy controller is superior to that of the linear PID and PI controllers. The fuzzy controller is able to achievefaster transient response, has more stable steady-state response, and is more robust under different operatingpoints. [477]

A lossless, accurate, self-calibrating current-sensing technique for DC-DC converters.

High-performance, state-of-the-art applications demand smart power supplies to be adaptive, powerefficient, and reliably accurate, which is why monitoring inductor current flow in a lossless fashion is notonly desirable but also critical for protection and feedback control. Filter-based lossless current-sensingtechnique use a tuned filter across the inductor to estimate current flow, and its accuracy is dependent on



the inductance and equivalent series resistance (ESR) of the device. Because of process-related tolerances,errors as high as ±28% are reported, even when the nominal inductor value is known, which is not thecase for the IC designer, whose errors will then grossly exceed this value. A technique is proposed to boostthe accuracy of these current-sensing filters by automatically adjusting their bandwidth and gain via phaseand gain feedback control loops. The proposed scheme essentially measures the inductance and ESR valuesduring startup and power-on reset events. Because the filter is automatically tuned to the inductor, the currentduring normal operation can be measured accurately by simply sensing the voltage across the inductor. APCB prototype implementation of the proposed technique achieved overall DC and AC gain errors of 2.3%and 5% at full load, respectively, when lossless, state-of-the-art schemes achieve 20-40% error. [478]

A high bandwidth, bypass, transient-mode sigma-delta DC-DC switching boost regulator with wide LCcompliance.

DC-DC switching regulators are critical building blocks in electronic systems and integrating them on chipaffords numerous savings in system size, cost, and design complexity. A key portion of these regulators isthe frequency compensation circuit and, because of its dependence to the passive LC filter parameters in thepower stage, it resists integration. This hindrance to system-on-chip (SoC) integration can be overcome byadopting a sliding-mode control scheme, which, in implementing a variation of a sigma-delta (Σ ∆) converter,gives stable operation for a wide range of LC filter values, without the need for a frequency compensationcircuit. However, sliding-mode boost DC-DC converters designed to tolerate wide LC variations exhibit aslow transient response because the bandwidth of the feedback circuit is necessarily low, significantly lowerthan the main power path’s bandwidth, which is a requirement for stability. This paper proposes a switchingboost converter with a high bandwidth, bypass, Σ ∆ path that yields fast transient response (up to 50 % ∆ Σreduction)-limited only by slew-rate conditions. The proposed converter achieves this fast response withouta degradation in LC filter compliance, steady-state voltage ripple (± 0.2 %), or efficiency. In effect, thepresented strategy decouples the conflicting design requirements of high relative stability and fast transientresponse without requiring compensation circuits and therefore offering integrated, user-friendly solutions.[479]

All-optical OC-192 NRZ-to-PRZ data-format conversion by injection-locking a synchronously modulatedFabry-Perot laser diode.

An OC-192 all-optical non-return-to-zero-to-pseudo-return-to-zero data-format converter with 1.5 dBpower penalty at bit-error-rate of-9 is demonstrated by employing an optical-injection-induced thresholdreduction technique to gain-switch a Fabry-Perot laser diode synchronously modulated at below thresholdcondition. [480]

Novel automatic control for the optimum optical gain and phase difference in SOA-MZI wavelengthconverter.

We have proposed and experimentally embodied the novel automatic control method for automaticallyadjusting and constantly maintaining the optimum optical gain and phase difference, to achieve the stableSOA-MZI wavelength converter with wide IPDR. [481]

Ultrahigh-speed polarization modulator.

Recent measurements on an ultrahigh-speed polarization modulator, capable of circumscribing a greatcircle on the Poincare sphere, are presented. Such a device, when fully packaged, has been demonstrated witha bandwidth of ∼50 GHz. [482]



Modeling and analysis of switched mode DC-DC converters for vehicular power systems.

With the initiative for more electric (MEV), hybrid electric (HEV) and electric vehicles (EV), numerouselectric loads have been added to the vehicular power system. Such changing trends have increased the useof switch mode DC-DC converter that would require very low conversion/duty ratios. Duty ratios close tozero greatly deteriorate O/P voltage/current and hence affect control signals. The use of cascaded DC-DCconverters increases this conversion ratio. Different modeling techniques based on averaged, sampled-data anddetailed model are discussed. Based on these modeling approaches, cascaded system behavior and dynamicsare observed and the importance of hierarchical modeling is emphasized. [483]

Variable voltage variable frequency options for series hybrid vehicles.

This paper explores concepts for advanced series hybrid vehicle propulsion systems. These concepts arevariations on the variable voltage variable frequency (VVVF) concept, where the electrical bus frequencyand voltage vary proportionally with the system operating point. The concepts involve doubly fed machines.Each of these concepts has the potential to provide a full series hybrid drive with substantially reduced needsfor electronic power conversion. The paper discusses the basic structures and performance of these machines,and provides a tabulation of the machine and power converter requirements over a typical operating range.Finally, conclusions are offered regarding the relative merits of these schemes. [484]

3.48mW 2.4GHz range Frequency Synthesizer Architecture with Two-Point Channel Control for FastSettling Performance.

A new frequency synthesizer architecture with low-power and very short settling time is introduced for2.4GHz ZigBee applications. It uses two-point channel control with divider control and direct VCO control.A DAC with tunable gain is used along with a linearized varactor for the direct VCO control path. Despitethe use of an integer-N architecture with 50kHz loop bandwidth, we have achieved a frequency settling timeof less than 10musec for 80MHz frequency jumping from 2400MHz. The proposed modified-TSPC circuittopology with 2-transistor stacks operational with lower supply voltage is used for the high frequency dividercircuits. With a lowered supply voltage of 1.0V, the power consumption is significantly reduced and so is theswitching noise induced by TSPC and digital circuits. With the-112 dBc/Hz phase noise at 1MHz offset from2.44GHz, total power consumption using 0.18mum CMOS technology is only 3.48mW. [485]

Flow calorimeter for equipment test.

The efficiency of power supplies and power electronic converters is increasing. The loss measurementis often the difference between much lager numbers. The output frequency can be high or the output mayrequire a high number of wires, which make the power measurement difficult. The presented flow calorimeteris intended for equipment test but it is also suited for passive component test in the range of 4-80 W losses. Acompact design is obtained having an inner room (in mm) of 220times260times180 high and outer dimensionsof 280times320times290 high. It is simple in realization and transportable. [486]

Analysis of propulsion systems in electric vehicles.

At the present time due to the environmental problems and to the problem of conservation of energy, thedevelopment of electrical vehicles (EVs) and hybrid vehicles (HEVs) have taken a great importance at world-wide level. Because of this problem the present paper describes the main parts of a EV propulsion system.The above mentioned is focusing mainly in the electrical parts, which are: the motor, the power converter,the electronic control and the batteries. This article was made with the intention of to analyze each one of thebasic characteristics of EV with the goal of designing and construct an scaled EV. [487]



Power Density Optimization in High Fidelity Power Drive.

This paper analyzes factors determining power density in high current and high MVA power electronicconverters & solid-state switches and recommends practical approaches to increase power density. For yearsincrease in power density was the result of improvements in the power semiconductors density, which is thedetermining factor in medium power applications at voltages below 1 KV. However in most high current &medium voltage applications, the power density is more influenced by withstanding of short circuit currents,over-voltage stresses caused by the short circuit current interruption and uneven current sharing betweenparalleling semiconductors. In practice, these factors determine the power density of the MVA industrialpower electronics converters and switches and significant increases in the power density could be achievedby current limiting control system, voltage suppression assemblies to absorb the switching transient energyand novel devices such as inter-phase and ring transformers to balance transient current sharing betweensemiconductors. This paper describes results of the testing of such devices in bi-directional high currenthybrid circuit breaker. It also demonstrates how power density of the hi-fidelity power drive (HFPD) couldbe increased by cascade hybrid topology and harmonics elimination. [488]

A review of power converter topologies for wind generators.

Wind energy conversion systems have become a focal point in the research of renewable energy sources.This is in no small part due to the rapid advances in the size of wind generators as well as the developmentof power electronics and their applicability in wind energy extraction. This paper provides a comprehensivereview of past and present converter topologies applicable to permanent magnet generators, inductiongenerators, synchronous generators and doubly fed induction generators. The many different generator-converter combinations are compared on the basis of topology, cost, efficiency, power consumption andcontrol complexity. The features of each generator-converter configuration are considered in the context ofwind turbine systems. [489]

Rapid analytical optimization of eddy current shield thickness for associated loss minimization inelectrical machines.

A copper or another high conductivity shield is often used in solid rotor machines for reducing armaturereaction space and time harmonic induced surface eddy current losses in the rotor. Since finite elementsimulations can make the design process very time consuming and complicated, an analytical model forcalculating the surface losses is derived in this paper. A set of equations is derived based on Maxwell’sequations for a general case and applied to a solid rotor synchronous machine. The simulation resultsshow that the model can serve as an effective screening tool for determining the optimal shield thicknessfor minimizing the surface losses, especially for high speed machines operating in conjunction with powerelectronic converters. [490]

A very low-power flash A/D converter based on CMOS inverter circuit.

A/D converter (ADC) is a basic device in digital signal processing systems. For high-speed applications,a flash ADC type is often used. Due to require many analog comparators, the chip complexity and powerdissipation become very high. Moreover, the accuracy of dividing resistors requires very high for referencevoltage if the converting resolution is high. In this study, we develop a new kind of flash ADC based ona simple CMOS circuit. By adjusting the ratio of channel length and width, the transition threshold of theCMOS inverters is various to detect input analog signal. Then their results are encoded to the digital code.The advantages are that the ADC circuit does not need any resistor and use simple CMOS inverters ratherthan analog comparators. The new 8-bit ADC chip only used 634 transistors. The power dissipates 0.9mWusing 0.35𝑚𝑢m process when it operates at 100MHz. [491]



Analysis, simulation and physical implementation: modified-SEPIC DC/DC converter.

The present paper presents a methodology and electronic analysis in PSPICE for a CD/CD converterwith power factor correction (PFC); it is presenting the comparation between the simulated and experimentalresults. A SEPIC topology is used but with a modification with respects the common configuration in whichthe second inductor is built as a self transformer with a higher voltage between the external ends an a lowervoltage at the middle of the inductor. Beside that the circuit includes an integrated circuit for correcting thepower factor, the MC33262. The entire system was simulated and later it was probed in the laboratory whereit seems to be working properly. [492]

Is loss free modulator the central component of switching power electronics? application to flybackstructure.

To account for time variation in equivalent circuits, we introduce a macro component: the loss freemodulator (lfm). In practice, it is made of a chopper inserted between two loss free smoothing filters so itbehaves as an ideal transformer with a time varying voltage ratio. That way, a converter can be presented asa set of inductors and capacitors, only required to temporally store energy, associated to one or more lfm. Asa first illustration, behavior of modulated inductors and capacitors, made of an lfm loaded respectively by aninductor or a capacitor, is derived and some surprising applications of these circuits are described. Then, it isshown that, whatever its structure, a power factor corrected ac-dc converter must store a minimum energy towork properly. In most of practical designs, this minimum is overcome by a 10 ratio. Lowering this energyclose to its minimum, offers an opportunity to use the lfm concept. Owing to two lfm, one of which beingdigitally controlled, the goal is reached. Simulated and measured results are presented and discussed. Finally,the approach followed in this paper is summed up and it is suggested that it can be useful for many converterdesigns. [493]

HID lamps with electronic ballast.

In this paper, the start-up characteristics of automotive HID lamps with electronic ballast is investigated. Inorder to prevent the lamp from extinguish immediately after break-over, auxiliary current circuit is proposedto provide additional current to lamp. During warm-up or run-up phase, DC lighting period also is needed tolight a discharge lamp more reliably at the starting time of the discharge lamp. Experiments have been carriedout to verify the function of these two proposed solution. [494]

Circuit for logical-binary functions using MOS floating-gate devices.

We have designed a logical external configuration circuit in which a highly-functional device calledNeuron MOS Transistor (vMOS) is utilized as a key component. A dramatic reduction in the number oftransistors as well as in complexity of interconnections has been achieved by the new circuit configurationusing vMOS. In this work, simulations of our circuit of logical external configuration are presented usingPSpice and we included the elimination of input-stage D/A converter like proposal to future. This circuit isable to represent the logic functions: AND, OR, NAND, NOR, Exclusive-NOR, Exclusive-OR, among others,with a 4-bits input option. [495]

A hybrid converter for high speed operation of switched reluctance motor drives.

Switched reluctance motor (SRM) drives have remarkable characteristics, which make them attractive forhigh-speed applications. In this paper, the basic control strategy for a switched reluctance motor drive circuitis explained. A new power electronic converter is then presented. This topology provides faster rate of riseand fall for the phase current, which permits the motor to operate at higher speeds, hi this hybrid converter, acapacitor is charged through the resonant circuit which consists of the motor phase winding inductance duringthe phase turn off interval. This capacitor is discharged during the next working stroke into the appropriate



phase winding. A detailed description and demonstration of the converter circuit have been included in thedigest. [496]

Resonant tank and transformer design in series resonant converter.

The objective of this paper is to establish the industrial design procedure of the resonant tank componentsand HF transformer in series-resonant converter or inverter. Based on the analysis of the main operationprinciples of the resonant tank and HF transformer, an industrial design process of these components is givenby considering the design requirements which is acquired via the simulation; utilizing the aforementionedcomponents, a 1 KW series-resonant inverter prototype has been constructed, and the validity of the designprocedure has been proved via the experimental results. [497]

Advanced high-speed flywheel energy storage systems for pulsed power applications.

A flywheel energy storage system (FESS) for naval applications based around a high-speed surface mountpermanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) is explored in this paper. A back-to-back converter controlsthe bi-directional flow of energy for charging and discharging the flywheel. At first, the impacts of powerfactor and armature reaction on the operation of the PMSM are discussed and then the developed controlmethod is outlined. Finally, the operation of the FESS in the discharge mode with leading power factorand no armature reaction is explained. The overall system is simulated in PSIM package and the results arepresented as a proof of what has been claimed. [498]

Power electronics building blocks for high power highly stabilised or pulsed magnet power supplies.

The aim of this paper is to present a power electronics building blocks (PEBB) concept for high powermagnet (superconducting or classical) power supplies for physics research institutions such as nuclearaccelerators and synchrotron sources. A PEBB system described in this paper is based on [13 kA, 18 V] highfrequency zero-voltage/zero current switching (ZVZCS) converters built by Transtechnik for large hadroncollider (LHC) machine at CERN. After a basic system description, interconnection and parallel operation ofthe basic system in order to increase the output current/voltage will be presented. [499]

Ship power system testing and simulation.

This paper highlights the capability at CAPS and some of the key research efforts underway in support ofthe Navy’s all-electric ship program. This includes the testing and evaluation of the 5 MW superconductingprototype propulsion motor developed by American Superconductor Corporation for ONR and the applicationof the RTDS in ship system simulation and hardware in the loop testing of controls, protection and rapidreconfiguration and power transfer. A major part of the work is to develop and validate component modelsfor the ship electrical system, such as the various types of propulsion motors, their drives, other powerelectronic converters for AC-DC-AC and DC-DC distribution and zonal loads and power sources for pulsepower weapons and directed energy weapons of the next generation navy ships. [500]

General impedance synthesizer using minimal configuration of switching converters.

A general impedance synthesizer using a minimum number of switching converters is studied in this paper.We begin with showing that any impedance can be synthesized by a circuit consisting of only two simplepower converters, one storage element (e.g., capacitor), and one dissipative element (e.g., resistor) or powersource. The implementation of such a circuit for synthesizing any desired impedance can be performed by: (i)programming the input current given the input voltage such that the desired impedance function is achieved;and (ii) controlling the amount of power dissipation (generation) in the dissipative element (source) so asto match the required active power of the impedance to be synthesized. Then, the instantaneous power willautomatically be balanced by the storage element. Such impedance synthesizers find a lot of applications in



power electronics. For instance, a resistance synthesizer can be used for power factor correction (PFC), aprogrammable capacitor or inductor synthesizer (comprising of small high-frequency converters) can be usedfor control applications. [501]

Active compensator prototyping tools for electric ship applications.

Future naval electric distribution systems will require compensation of harmonic distortion causedby numerous power electronic converters. Active compensation with various control methods and activecompensator configurations have been proposed as a solution. In order to efficiently evaluate the variousoptions, prototyping tools and procedures are developed. Namely, a hardware-in-the-loop prototyping toolis developed using commercially available hardware and software from National Instruments. It allows thedeveloper to evaluate performance of a DSP based digital controller without the need to complete the entirehardware prototype of the active compensator. [502]

Constant power loads and negative impedance instability in sea and undersea vehicles: statement of theproblem and comprehensive large-signal solution.

Power electronic converters are usually loaded by passive loads or combinations of passive elements andvoltage and current sources. However, there is an emerging vehicular system configuration where convertersare loaded by power converters and a better model for the load is a constant power model. This converteroperation appears in multi-converter applications such as advanced sea and undersea vehicles where a mainconverter has as loads a set of converters operating in closed-loop with tight output voltage regulation. Thisset of converters present at the input terminals a dynamic behavior similar to a constant power load (CPL) fora range of input voltages and a frequency span that ranges from DC up to the bandwidth of the converters.The primary goal of this paper is the development and extension of a technique for large-signal analysisof power electronic converters operating with constant power loads in sea and undersea vehicles using aphase plane analysis. This proposed approach could be used to present advantages and limitations of differentcontrollers and, based on that analysis, define the selection and synthesis of controllers to achieve the requiredperformance and robustness of the system. [503]

AC Drive Systems Using Four-Leg Converter with Maximum DC-Bus Voltage Utilization.

This paper presents a reduced switch count AC drive system using the single-phase to three-phase four-leg converter. The configuration was conceived to operate with a three-phase machine. A control strategy isproposed to obtain the same voltage rating of the five-leg converter. The system can be used for applicationsin which the machine operates with frequency and amplitude constants at high speed and with amplitude andfrequency variables at low speed. Simulation and experimental results are presented. [504]

A 15-bit 30 MS/s 145 mW three-step ADC for imaging applications.

A 15-bit 30 MS/s three-step ADC for imaging applications is presented with a peak-to-peak signal to rmsnoise ratio of 84 dB. The offsets of the residue amplifiers are independently background calibrated. The ADCis realized in single poly, 0.18 𝑚𝑢m CMOS, measures 1.4 mm 2 and dissipates 145 mW from 1.8 V and 3.3V supplies. [505]

AC Impedance Measurement Techniques.

Naval ship as well as aerospace power systems are incorporating a greater degree of power electronicswitching sources and loads. Although these power electronics based components provide exceptionalperformance, they are prone to instability due to their high efficiency and constant power characteristicswhich lead to negative impedance. When designing these systems, integrators must consider the impedanceversus frequency at a system interface (which designates source and load). Stability criterions have been



developed in terms of source and load impedance for both DC and AC systems and it is often helpfulto have techniques for impedance measurement. For DC systems, the measurement techniques have beenwell established. This paper suggests several methods for measuring AC impedance including utilization ofpower converters, induction machines and chopper circuits. Simulation results on an example AC systemdemonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods. [506]

A high-power PWM adjustable speed drive with low current harmonics.

An approach recently introduced to correct the power factor of single-phase and three-phase diode rectifiersis extended to high-power PWM adjustable speed drive. The proposed AC/DC stage of the converter is basedon a new three-phase diode rectifier, obtained by properly connecting three single-phase diode rectifiers. Thepower factor of each single-phase rectifier is corrected by using a passive correction technique based on aresistive-capacitive branch connected at the DC-terminals of the rectifier. The design of the passive branchesfor the power factor correction is performed by substituting the PWM inverter-motor group with a simpleresistor and having in mind the nominal power of the drive. Analyses of performances of the new PWMadjustable speed drive scheme are developed with the help of PSPICE simulations. Some considerations onthe possibility to reduce additional costs and to improve efficiency of the new scheme are also developed.[507]

Time-domain design of motor drive current regulators using genetic algorithms.

In this paper, the design of switching modulators that provide gating signals to the semiconductor devicesin a power electronics converter is addressed. Specifically, modulators for permanent magnet synchronousmachine drives are considered. Both current source-based and voltage source-based modulators may be usedin a current-regulated drive application. The choice of the class of modulator, the specific type of modulator,and the parameters of the modulator and control constitute a significant design problem. Performance metricsto assess the quality of a design are set forth. They are used in conjunction with a genetic algorithm toautomatically select the class, type, and parameters of the modulator. [508]

Comparative assessment of ultra-capacitors and advanced battery energy storage systems in PowerSplitelectronic-CVT vehicle powertrains.

The power split architecture has become the dejure ”gold standard” of hybrid propulsion systems becausethe global OEM’s have converged to the electronic-continuously variable transmission, or e-CVT in twodifferent configurations. For Toyota and Ford the single epicyclic gear set, THS and FHS respectively e-CVT.For GM-Allison and others to the dual epicyclic gear set, AHS designs possessing 2-modes of operation.Regardless of architecture, power split transmissions require a pair of electric motor-generators in order todeliver their intended function. The power electronic architecture for the Toyota hybrid system, THS can bein either a battery unbuffered THS-I or battery buffered via a buck/boost converter as in THS-II. The GM-Allison advanced hybrid system, AHS is configured as a battery unbuffered configuration, but it could alsobe realized using the battery buffered configuration. Benefits of ultra-capacitor augmentation of the energystorage system in both unbuffered and buffered configurations are investigated. [509]

Matrix based event-driven approach for current control design of VSI.

This paper investigates the possibilities for the design of current control for VSI from the discreteevent point if view. Event-driving determines the transistor switching pattern directly from the currenterror logic signals change and is designed using a novel matrix based approach for the description of thediscrete event systems. A new approach for description of event-driven systems is introduced. It is basedon matrix description of Petri nets, supplemented with a combination of logic and algebraic equations. Thecontrol algorithms designed by proposed approach can be easily implemented on modern DSP an FPGAdevices. Instead of traditional coding, the control algorithms are loaded in the form of logical matrices.



Such implementation does not include time consumptive A/D converters and transistor duty cycle algebraiccalculations which significantly reduces the modulator calculation efforts. The approach is illustrated by thedesign of direct current controller for a three phase inverter fed permanent magnet synchronous machine andis examined by simulations. [510]

Performance analysis of an all-optical wavelength converter using a semiconductor optical amplifiersimulator.

An analysis of the performance of a semiconductor optical amplifier-based all-optical wavelength converteris presented. The converter relies on cross-gain modulation between a CW beam (target at 1552.4 nm) anda random data stream (pump at 1550 nm). A well-validated simulator is used to evaluate the extinction ratioand, for the first time with this device, the quality factor Q of the converted signal. An improvement of Qis observed when the average input power of the data stream, but particularly of the probe, is increased.In contrast, a decrease of the average input power of the input signals leads to a better extinction ratio. Atrade-off between Q and the extinction ratio has then to be set in order to optimize the device performance.[511]

DSP implementation of a naturally commutated matrix converter open loop control.

This paper deals with the design concept of a naturally commutated matrix converter control system.Matrix converters provide an all-silicon solution to the problem of converting AC power from one frequencyto another, offering almost all the features required of an ideal static frequency changer. Until few years ago,control of switch mode power supply systems used analog controllers. Digital signal processors (DSP) areemerging as the processors of choice in monitoring and control of power electronics systems. In recent years,with the progress of high speed, lower cost digital signal processing (DSP) there has been a blossoming of theuse of DSP techniques especially in power converters control. Using the 16-bit fixed point TMS320LF2407DSP of Texas Instrument, a control strategy is implemented and tested on a 3 KW variable speed constantfrequency generating system (VSCF) by using a naturally commutated matrix converter (NCMC). [512]

On-chip integrated CMOS optical detection microsystem for spectrophotometric analyses in biologicalmicrofluidic systems.

An integrated optical detection microsystem, which includes photodetectors and a light-to-frequencyconverter for readout, is designed and fabricated in a standard CMOS process without extra masks. Thisdetection microsystem is designed for use in biological microsystems for fluids analysis. The application isin the low-cost concentration measurement of biomolecules in biological fluids, by the optical absorption in apart of the visible spectrum defined by the specific molecule. Signals proportional to the intensity of the lighttransmitted through the biological fluid are available at the output in the form of bit streams, which allowssimple computer interfacing. The quantitative measurement of uric acid in urine is successfully demonstrated.The photodiode responsivity is 224 mA/W at 𝜆= 495 nm (the wavelength at which the uric acid has itsabsorption maximum). The optical system sensitivity is 1 kHz/Wm-2 at 𝜆=670 nm (using the TLS230 fromTexas Instruments as reference). [513]

Self-adaptive A/D converter based on a frequency based acquisition method for smart sensorsapplications.

The main objective of this work is to develop an indirect counting method acquisition system improvementcalled self-adaptive frequency based on acquisition converter, being integrated in a programmable system onchip developed by Cypress ™MicroSystems. The classical external data acquisition mechanisms and digitalto analogue conversion methods are being compared with the most recent powerful acquisition techniques(voltage to frequency-code converters). These topologies of conversion method give us a very versatile,precise and scalable structure of data acquisition. Our improvement, the new self-adaptive mechanism offersa superlative linear and precise response. [514]



Photovoltaic maximum power point tracking employing load parameters.

Photovoltaic maximum power point tracking can be accomplished by monitoring the readings of the loadparameters instead of the photovoltaic panel output parameters. It is demonstrated that load parameters basedmaximum power point tracking has advantages over conventional method in terms of tracking efficiency andsimplicity of the hardware and software involved. [515]

Equipment for the analysis of the maximum energy of real photovoltaic systems.

This paper proposes the use of an electronic equipment for the analysis of the maximum available energyof photovoltaic generators as a function of the number of MPPT’s implemented on the system. The equipmentmeasures and stores systematically the real evolution of the I-V characteristic curves of photovoltaic modulesor generators (group of modules). The equipment consists of a current-controlled converter, a microcontrollerand a data storage unit. The microcontroller is a DSP that drives the converter by means of generating theproper current reference. It also organizes the measured characteristic curves from the arrays and generatorsto be stored in the data storage unit. Both the DSP and the data storage unit are placed in a PC. The equipmentcan measure three times per second the complete I-V characteristic curves of up to seven different arrays orphotovoltaic generators. Software has been developed and implemented to deal with the measured curves insuch a way as to decrease the number of points per curve, reduce the number of curves depending on theirradiance variation, code the curves, and store them in a database. Finally, another software makes possibleto analyse off line the stored data and calculate the energy of the photovoltaic generator in different workingconditions. As an example, a 2 kW photovoltaic generator is analysed in different weather conditions as afunction of the number or MPPTs used. [516]

Low frequency multilevel inverters for renewable energy systems.

High efficiency converters are desirable for renewable energy systems, especially those related withphotovoltaic applications. In this paper, a losses analysis for the diode clamped asymmetric full bridgemultilevel inverter (AFBMI) is presented. As this circuit minimizes the number of switches per level [HValderrama-Blavi et al., 2003] has the same advantages of other multilevel circuits but keeping the conductionlosses at acceptable levels. Low switching frequency operation is also investigated and some preliminaryresults given. [517]

Synthesis of PWM-based power gyrators.

A systematic procedure to synthesize power gyrators operating at constant switching frequency ispresented. Based on the gyrator equations, topological constraints on the power stage are first establishedand two types of gyrators, i.e., G and R, are defined. Subsequently, the equivalence between ideal sliding-dynamics and PWM zero-dynamics is used to derive the control law of the duty cycle. As a result, newgyrator structures are eventually disclosed. Namely, the buck converter with input filter and the Cuk converterare shown to have stable characteristic of a G-gyrator if damping networks are inserted and certain parametricconditions are satisfied. Similarly, a boost converter with output filter is also shown to behave as a powerR-gyrator with stable dynamics. [518]

Shunt active power compensator/photovoltaic generator for delta loads using the symmetrical componentstransformation.

The paper describes a new method to obtain the reference currents for a three-phase shunt activepower compensator-generator (SAPC/G). Simulated and experimental results as generator and in dual mode(generator/compensator) are presented, obtained with a low scale prototype. The use of photovoltaic panels,fuel cells and/or batteries, connected to the DC bus of the three-phase VSI inverter, supplies to the system theenergy necessary for generation. Depending the voltage of the DC sources, the connection to the VSI inverter



is done directly or via a DC/DC converter. In this paper SAPC/G is applied to compensate inefficienciesin unbalanced systems with delta linear loads connected to three-phase system at the same time that isgenerating active power. SAPC/G reference currents are obtained from the sensed voltages and currents inthe point of common connection (pcc) with the load. The current and voltage symmetrical components areobtained applying Stokvis-Fortescue transformation. The new method of the SAPC/G reference currents usesthe current symmetrical components in the load and a generating current term that depends on the maximumpower point of photovoltaic panels. A MPPT algorithm indicates the energy available from the photovoltaicpanels that can be transformed in useful electrical energy as an AC three-phase balanced current. The systemimproves the efficiency of the electrical system and can be used to prevent faults in the distribution lines.All the control systems are done with the digital processor TMS320LF2407. A tolerant band current controlis used to control the SAPC/G output currents. [519]

An electronic ballast to supply automotive HID lamps in a low frequency square waveform.

This paper presents an electronic ballast to supply a 35 W high intensity discharge (HID) xenon lamp forautomotive applications. The ballast consists on a bidirectional flyback operating in discontinuous conductionmode (DCM) and an igniter circuit. The converter supplies the lamp in a 400 Hz square waveform and theigniter is responsible for providing the necessary voltage for lamp start up. The purpose of this work is tosupply the xenon lamp from a 12 V battery with a reduced number of components, decreasing the systemfinal costs without penalty the reliability. Some experimental results are presented to validate the proposedballast behavior. [520]

Multilevel intelligent universal transformer for medium voltage applications.

The solid-state transformer allows add-on intelligence to enhance power quality compatibility betweensource and load. It is desired to demonstrate the benefits gained by the use of such a device. Recentadvancement in semiconductor devices and converter topologies facilitated a newly proposed intelligentuniversal transformer (IUT), which can isolate a disturbance from either source or load. This paper describesthe basic circuit and the operating principle for the multilevel converter based IUT and its applications formedium voltages. Various power quality enhancement features are demonstrated with computer simulationfor a complete IUT circuit. [521]

Direct control methods for matrix converter and induction machine.

Several methods for direct control of matrix converter and induction machine have been developed inrecent years. To give an overview and comparison some of them are selected and presented in this paper.Included are the basics of direct torque control, direct current control and sliding mode control of matrixconverters. [522]

New optimization in photovoltaic installations with energy balance with the three-phase utility.

The paper propose a new maximum power point tracking (MPPT) system built in the control block, usefulfor three-phase (4 wires) photovoltaic (PV) generators connected to the utility. The system can be connecteddirectly to the PV panels, avoiding the use of DC/DC converters. The number of sensors is reduced. TheMPPT algorithm establishes an energy balance between the DC and AC sides through the DC bus voltagecontrol. The three-phase inverter output currents are controlled using a hysteresis-band control. The simulatedresults show the control loop dynamic response and stability against the most typical perturbations. The PVpanel model used in the simulation is described. [523]



Linear and sliding-mode controllers for three-phase four-wire power converters.

This paper presents the voltage regulation system design for a three-phase four-wire voltage converterusing linear and sliding-mode control techniques. The regulation systems proposed are applied to a four-legvoltage source converter connected to the ac mains. System modelling and controllers syntheses are realizedand compared. Digital simulations highlight the voltage regulation characteristics in terms of steady-state andtransient responses. The robustness to disturbances influence is also analysed. Conclusions are taken withrespect to the different approaches presented and the type of application where the dc voltage regulation isneeded, like active power filters, unified power flow controllers, neutral current compensators, PWM rectifiersand others. [524]

ZVS active-clamped compensative reset dual-switch forward converter.

Paper presents a new topology named ZVS active-clamped compensative reset dual-switch forwardDC/DC converter, which overcomes the disadvantage of high voltage stress for main switches, and maintainsthe advantage that duty cycle can be more than 50%. Therefore, this topology is particular suitable forhigh-line input and wide range applications. In addition, soft switching is achieved for all switches of thepresented topology, which improves the efficiency of the converter. In this paper, the operation principles andcharacteristics of this topology are analyzed in detail Finally, the advantages mentioned above are verified byexperimental results. [525]

A new topology for a modular active power filter.

This paper presents a new topology of modular (multi-converter) active power filter (APF), with reducedswitch number. First, the basic topologies constituted by only one inverter of the active power filter forharmonic compensation in a three-phase three-wire electrical network is presented. Then, the classicaltopology and the new topology of a modular active power filter which has as advantage a minimum numberof switches, therefore reduced losses and overall cost of the system are discussed. After, the control strategyadopted for this topology is developed. Simulation results, compared with classical modular active filter,prove the validity of this topology as well as the used control strategy. [526]

Sensorless operation of active damping methods for three-phase PWM converters.

The three-phase PWM (active) rectifiers with bi-directional power flow and regulation of power factor tounity become to be more popular. These converters are connected to the supply network through inductanceor LCL filter, what ensures attenuation of switching harmonics. LCL filter is more effective and reduceharmonic distortion at lower switching frequency, however such solution brings stability problems. In orderto assure stable operation either a damping resistor or active damping algorithm has to be used. However,extra resistor causes additional losses and active damping algorithm usually needs extra sensors. This papershows possibility to eliminate AC voltage sensors in two active damping methods making them more reliableand inexpensive. [527]

Conductive EMI reduction in DC-DC converters by using the randomized PWM.

In this paper, a comparative investigation on use of different random modulation schemes against thenormal pulse width modulation (PWM) for the dc motor drive with step-down chopper (buck) and withhalf-bridge configuration is presented. For that purpose one experimental setup with DSP2 board has beendeveloped. The board consists of the signal processor TMS320C32 which is suitable for verifying thedifferent modulations strategies. The effectiveness of randomization on spreading the dominating frequenciesthat normally exist in constant-frequency PWM schemes is evaluated by the power spectral density (PSD)estimations in the low-frequency range. Finally, one universal demo board with both power convertersconfiguration (driven by the micro controller PICF16F876) has been used in EMI measurements to complywith the CISPR 25 (or EN 55025) regulative. [528]



Improving performance of a switching converter using a PID compensator with disturbanceaccommodation control.

Switch-mode converters are used to convert unregulated DC input into a controlled DC output at adesired voltage level. Load changes complicate this process by introducing voltage fluctuations and steady-state errors. Disturbance accommodation control (DAC) theory is used to reduce the influence of externaldisturbances (load changes) on the switch-mode power converter voltage output level. SIMULINK/MATLABsimulation is used to show the performance improvement using DAC as a supplement to the primaryPID controller. Results show a 28% improvement in percent overshoot and a mixed result in settling timedepending on the type of load change. The system investigated can be implemented with DSP rather thandiscrete analog components. [529]

A novel dimmable electronic ballast with very high frequency.

An electronic ballast with very high frequency can avoid the intrinsic acoustic resonance problem of HIDlamps. The ballast consists of a PFC converter circuit and an inverter circuit The inverter circuit includesa half bridge inverter and a T type filter running on very high frequency. Based on the T type filter, widedimming ability can be achieved within a narrow frequency variation range. At the same time the lamp currentis kept a perfect sine wave, which means low lamp current crest factor is achieved. Frequency modulationwith power control is implemented to dim the lamp. Its validity is proved by both theoretical analysis andexperimental results. [530]

Power quality conditioning based on space vector transformation.

The paper presents a novel solution for power quality conditioning exploiting the capabilities of the DC/ACconverter of a system that has been developed to generate electric power by utilizing alternative, renewableand waste energies, pointing out that the solution can also be applied in other fields of power electronicenergy conversion. The solution of power quality conditioning is based on the application of space vectortheory, using an algorithm easy to implement. The theoretical analysis is confirmed by computer simulationresults. [531]

One-cycle control for the parallel operation of synchronous buck converters.

This paper presents a novel control for a multiphase dc-dc converter, which provides tight output voltageregulation, fast transient response, and robustness against large-signal disturbances in the input-voltage andthe load-current. [532]

Disturbance emission of medium-frequency converter for melting ovens in MV-systems.

The connection of medium-frequency converters applied for melting ovens to medium-voltage systemsare investigated in this paper. The influence on the voltage quality, especially on harmonics needs specialattention in this case. Measurements of harmonic currents and voltages for a time period of one week,determined by the characteristic of the load were carried out. It was recognized, that the harmonic voltagelevel depends significantly on the configuration of the feeding power system as well. This is due to the factthat parallel and serial resonances exist in the power system with resonance frequencies typically close tosignificant harmonics. Taking account of the worst conditions, the MF-converters cannot be operated withoutviolating the emission limits and/or the compatibility levels defined in international standards. Solutions wereinvestigated and applied which allowed the operation of the converter ovens without any additional equipmentto be installed. [533]



Novel converter topology and its in line voltage conditioner.

This work presents the study of a new converter topology and its application in line voltage conditioner. Inthis paper it is studied the description of the operation, the operation modes, the modeling and the applicationof this new converter topology in line voltage conditioner. This conditioner supplies energy for linear andnon-linear loads, providing stable output voltage and with smaller harmonic content, in relation to the input.At the end of this work the design and the experimental results of the voltage conditioner of 10 kVA, with anoutput voltage of 220 V and the switching frequency of 20 kHz, are presented. [534]

Power factor correction and efficiency investigation of AC-DC converters using forced commutationtechniques.

In this paper the power factor and the efficiency of a suggested AC-DC converter topology is studied viaMathlab/Simulink simulation. This converter topology consists of four MOSFET elements in bridge form and:a) two antiparallel IGBT elements between the bridge and the AC grid, b) one MOSFET element betweenthe bridge and the DC load. These switching elements control the conduction time intervals of the bridge bya hysteresis current controller in order to achieve an AC current waveform in phase with the AC voltage aswell as a very low content of higher harmonics. This way the values of the power factor and the efficiencybecome very high (e.g. 0,98... 0,99). [535]

Predictive controller for interleaved boost converter.

In this paper, a predictive current control technique is proposed for interleaved boost converter operatingin continuous current mode. State-space averaging technique is used to model the interleaved boost convertersystem. Predictive valley current control law with trailing edge modulation is derived so as to track the sourcecurrent to the predefined reference value. The control loop is designed to ensure equal load distributionamong the parallel branches. Further, the same control law is capable of regulating the load voltage againststep changes in load and line voltage. Predictive control strategy is implemented by using analog DSPADMC401. Simulation and experimental results prove the validity of the proposed technique. [536]

A three-phase step-up DC-DC converter with a three-phase high frequency transformer.

This paper presents a new 3-phase step-up DC-DC converter with a 3-phase high frequency isolationtransformer. This converter was developed for industrial applications where the DC input voltage is lower thanthe output voltage, for instance in, installations fed by battery units, photovoltaic arrays or fuel cell systems.The converter ’s main characteristics are: reduced input ripple current, step-up voltage, high frequencyisolating transformer, reduced output voltage ripple due to three pulsed output current and the presence ofonly three actives switches connected at the same reference, this being a main advantage of this converter. Bymeans of a specific switch modulation, the converter allows two operational regions. Theoretical expressionsand experimental results are presented for a 6.8 kW prototype, operating in region R2 and for a 3.4 kWprototype operating in region R3, both in continuous conduction mode. [537]

Experimental analysis of a matrix converter prototype based on new IGBT modules.

This paper describes the design and the solutions adopted for a matrix converter prototype of 10 kW basedon new power modules manufactured by International Rectifier Corporation Italy. Experimental results arepresented along with the comparison among different design possibilities. [538]

Full order dynamic model of SEPIC converter.

In this paper a full order dynamic model of the non-isolated and isolated DC-DC SEPIC (single endedprimary inductance converter) is presented. The switches (transistor and diode) are substituted by PWMaveraged switch model equivalent circuit. The SEPIC converter is used in the cases when the wide range of



input voltages has been required. There are two inductors and two capacitors inside the converter circuit. Dueto this, its mathematical model is of the fourth order differential equations system. Duty-cycle and transformerturn ratio have impact on the converter dynamics. The derived dynamic model was verified by simulationtoolbox Sim PowerSystems. [539]

LQR control of an asymmetrical interleaved boost converter working in inherent DCM.

The analysis in steady state, the controllability calculation and the linear quadratic regulator (LQR) controldesign for a new fifth order DC/DC boost converter are presented. This new converter is based on theasymmetric connection of two boost cells with complementary activation of their switches giving rise toan asymmetrical interleaved dual boost (AIDB) converter. This system inherently operates in discontinuousconduction mode (DCM). Because of this conduction mode a new outline for getting the converter stateapace averaged model is applied. This model is verified by numerical simulation. Based on this model, aLQR control was designed. Matlab-Simulink and PSIM simulation results confirm the accuracy of the modelderived. [540]

Control techniques for the single magnetic push-pull forward converter with built-in input filter.

The single magnetic push-pull forward converter is a suitable topology for power delivery, supplyinglow voltages and fast transient currents for high performance microprocessors. This paper covers a lack ofresearch in the literature from control techniques applied to this converter topology. Three different controltechniques using adaptive voltage compensation are applied to this converter. Classical PWM voltage-mode,basic hysteretic and advanced hysteretic mode control are analyzed and simulated using a derived nonlinearaveraged large signal model from the push-pull forward converter. [541]

Study of an AC-AC indirect converter for application as line conditioner.

This work presents a study and design of an AC line conditioner operating in closed loop, which canprovide energy to linear and non-linear loads. The converter is able to operate as an active filter, correctingdistortions in the AC mains, providing an output voltage with low harmonic distortion. In order to validatethe study, the experimental results of a 10 kVA prototype are presented. [542]

Development and implementation of a power quality controller for a mobilephone telecom stationsupplied by a rural utility end.

Power quality problems in power distribution systems have been drawing more and more attentions theseyears, especially with the development of modern electronics industry. In practice a mobilephone stationsupplied by a rural utility end in North-West of China caught the author’s attention. Lots of power qualityproblems were found in the supply voltage. These power quality problems caused severe damages to themajor equipment inside the mobilephone station building, including the off-the-line switching mode powersupply for the telecom equipment and the air conditioner. As a solution, a series power quality controller(SPQC) was developed by the authors and installed to condition the power supplied to the mobilephonestation. With three combined single-phase converters power stage, the SPQC provides multiple compensationfunctions including the filtering of voltage harmonics, regulation of voltage amplitude and frequency, andsuppression of oscillations so that it could guarantee high quality power supplied to the mobilephone station.For practical purpose, a new control scheme was proposed and hereby introduced in this paper, in which twonecessary complicated feedback control loops in regular control scheme are substituted by two coefficientsand this scheme is quite easy to realize with advanced digital signal processor (DSP). The proposed controlscheme is very simple, but quite effective and highly reliable. Plenty of laboratory experiments and field testsin the mobilephone station were conducted and verified the validity of the developed SPQC and the proposedcontrol scheme. The SPQC with the proposed control scheme has already been put into practical operationsuccessfully. [543]



Analysis and design of a power factor correction rectifier with load current injection.

A robust control technique for power factor correction rectifiers with average current mode control isproposed in this paper. By adding a load current loop to the conventional current mode scheme, the outputvoltage response to load steps is much faster and therefore the typical voltage over-shoots that this kind ofconverters presents are reduced. Although the load current injection is traditionally considered as a ’load feed-forward’, this paper shows that this technique introduces also an additional feedback loop, which modifiesthe linear dynamic model of the converter. In order to validate the concept, a 250 W prototype working fromuniversal input line has been designed and tested. [544]

Predictive valley current control for two inductor boost converter.

In this paper, a predictive control is proposed for the two inductor boost converter. State-space averagingtechnique is used to model the converter system. Predictive control law is derived, to track the inductorcurrent to the predefined reference and to achieve load voltage regulation. The system is stable even for dutyratio’s greater than 0.5. The proposed control concept is verified through PSIM simulations and comparedwith conventional current mode control. [545]

Fast-processing modulation strategy for the neutral-point-clamped converter with total elimination of thelow-frequency voltage oscillations in the neutral point.

This paper presents a novel modulation strategy for the neutral-point-clamped converter. This strategyovercomes one of the main problems of this converter, which is the low-frequency voltage oscillationthat appears in the neutral point under some operating conditions. The proposed modulation strategy cancompletely remove this oscillation for all the operating points and for any kind of loads, even unbalanced andnonlinear loads. The algorithm is based on a carrier-based PWM. Nevertheless, it can generate the maximumoutput voltage amplitudes attainable under linear modulation, such as space-vector modulation. Furthermore,this technique can be implemented with a very simple algorithm, and hence can be processed very quickly.A control loop for balancing the voltages on the DC-link capacitors is also proposed. This balancing strategyis designed so that it does not increase the switching frequencies of the devices when it is applied to theconverter. The proposed modulation technique is verified by simulation and experiment. [546]

Dynamic characteristics analysis and instantaneous value control design for buck-type power electronictransformer (PET).

Detail dynamic characteristics analysis of buck-type PET under general load condition was accomplishedand the study showed that: under general inductive load condition, the open-loop system is marginally stableand serious output voltage oscillation can be provoked by any random disturbance upon input voltage, controlsignal or output current. Therefore, in order to ensure the out power quality, we must find out a suitable close-loop regulator. In this paper, we employed the classical PID control algorithm to instantaneously control outputvoltage following the pre-setting signal. The close-loop system was stable and had good dynamic responsecharacteristic. In addition, during one switching period, the line-frequency input/output voltage and outputimpedance were treated as constants, and a parameter-gamma, which is related to load feature, was introducedto simplify the modeling and analyzing process, it is a valid method for small-signal modeling and systemdynamic analysis of the PET. [547]

Implementation of a new nonlinear controller for DC-DC converter using Matlab and DSPACE DSP.

This paper presents the design, development and implementation of a new kind of nonlinear controllercalled auto-disturbance rejection controller (ADRC), which is suitable for the DC-DC converters. The uniquefeature of the ADRC is that it has strong robustness, stability and adaptability against the internal perturbationand external disturbance. The control theory, the structure of ADRC and the controller design are presented.



MATLAB/Simulink is used for modeling, simulation and analysis of the dynamic system. The ADRCcontroller was implemented through real-time workshop (RTW). RTW generates C-codes from the simulinkblock diagrams and in turn, the generated codes (object codes) are downloaded to the dSPACE DS1102floating-point processor, together with the supporting files. The dSPACE DSP allows high level programmingusing simulink blocks. The performance of the ADRC controller was found to be superior and it matchesfavorably with the simulation results. [548]

A decentralized protection scheme for converters utilizing a DC-link inductor.

This paper proposes a fully passive protection scheme for DC link inductors whose geometry ischaracterized by a substantial distance between the rectifier and inverter stations. Inductors of this type canbe found intrinsically in very long high-power cables-as in HVDC transmission for example-as well as inDC-links for high-power current source inverters. In such applications the inductor must be duly protectedagainst overvoltages as well as against overcurrents potentially occurring as consequence of an open-circuit ora short-circuit fault respectively. The distance between the inductor terminals prevents the use of well-knownlocalized protections like, for example, simple freewheeling diodes. A key role in the protection schemeproposed by the authors is played by the largely available transient suppressor diodes (often commerciallyidentified as ”Tranzorbs”) and the solution is kept very simple and reliable by employing only rugged diodesand thyristors. The protection relies only on the energy stored in the inductor without the need of any externalsupervision circuit or any information exchange between the distant inductor terminals. Experimental resultsare presented and a generalization of the scheme to a broader application is also introduced. [549]

LMS based condition monitoring of electrolytic capacitor.

Electrolytic capacitors are very important element of any static converters. It is responsible for frequentbreakdowns of many static converters and drive systems. To set a predictive maintenance, adaptive filtermodeling based method is presented. Signature of changes in capacitance and ESR will reflect in capacitorripple voltage because of aging; and these changes are monitored using this adaptive filter modeling to predictthe future status of the capacitor using only the input current of the system. [550]

New configuration of 36-pulse voltage source converter for STATCOM application.

This paper proposes a new configuration of 36-pulse voltage source converter for STATCOM application,composed of two 6-pulse bridges and a pulse-interleaving auxiliary circuit. The converter topology wasdevised to increase the number of pulses of the output voltage without increasing the number of 6-pulsebridges and coupling transformers. The operational feasibility of proposed system was verified by computersimulations with PSCAD/EMTDC software and experimental works with 2 kVA hardware prototype. Theproposed converter can be widely used for the power quality compensator and the distributed powergeneration, such as solar and fuel cell power system. [551]

Sliding mode control for an innovative universal power conditioner with UPS function.

This paper proposes an innovative control strategy for a three phase four wires power conditioner withUPS function. The topology consists of two shunt converters with a common dc section and an inductorbetween them on the AC side. This inductor decouples load from mains and allows a controlled load voltageeven in presence of mains voltage noise. The power conditioner at the line side acts as an ideal resistiveload. The proposed switching strategy is based on sliding mode control, it is characterised by high dynamicperformances with a significant simplification of control structure. Simulation results are reported. [552]



Control design for a three phase voltage source converter.

In this paper, a voltage control strategy to deal with PWM inverter’s control variable saturation is proposed.Limitations of the inverter’s control variables have two important consequences: a reduction of the averagetorque and important current and voltage ripples. Strategies are analyzed to deal with these problems for athree and a two current loop. As the currents and voltages can no longer be sinusoidal, the goal of the strategyis to maintain them balanced on the whole speed range. Finally, an optimal limitation strategy is implementedin the case of a two current loop structure. [553]

The average switch model of a new double-input DC/DC boost converter for hybrid fuel-cell vehicles.

A refined model of a new conversion structure for the bi-directional interfacing of two dc voltage sourceswith a higher voltage dc-link is presented, where only three controllable power electronic switches are neededand where the only limit is that the sum of the two dc voltages must be lower or equal than the motor drive dc-link voltage. The developed model, which has been based on the averaged switch modeling theory, allows theevaluation of the conduction power losses, while preserving the converter dynamic behavior. The analyticaldevelopment and some test results, that confirm the validity of the proposed approach, are shown. [554]

Single-phase synchronous active front-end for high power applications.

In this paper, the authors propose an efficient control technique applied to an active front end (AFE)topology. It is composed of n parallel-connected two-level single-phase ac-dc boost converters, with commonde-link capacitor. In order to improve power quality and the performance in high power high speed trainapplications, the converters are synchronously driven. This proposed system is called SAFE (synchronousactive front-end). The converters are used as unitary displacement power factor (DPF) ac-dc PWM rectifiers.This solution guarantees the ripple cancellation on the ac side and higher switching frequency respect tosingle AFE solution. The whole system can successfully manage the well known trade-off between highpower handling and high switching frequency, with regard to utility side effects. [555]

Noise-less inverter with novel hybrid output filter.

The higher precision and low noise in output voltage and current has been required in some applicationsi.e. audio-video equipment, medical equipment and so on. In this paper, a new power converter which realizeslow noise output with high efficiency is proposed. In the proposed converter, a hybrid filter is inserted to theoutput of a PWM inverter. The hybrid filter is composed of LC filter and a power amplifier. The amplifieris inserted in series to the filter capacitor to improve the LC filter. Noise suppression effects of the proposalcircuit are verified by simulations and experiments. [556]

Fast harmonics compensation in VSCs connected to the grid by synchronous-frame generalizedintegrators.

The drawback of using a VSC as an interface with the grid is its sensitivity in presence of systemdisturbances as grid voltage harmonics. In this paper, a new current controller structure to harmonicscompensation is proposed. It consists of using two control loops. The first is based in synchronous PIworking in rotating coordinates with DC components; and the second uses synchronous-frame generalizedintegrators (Gl) tuned to the harmonics frequency. The proposed algorithm temporal responses under gridvoltage harmonics are presented, and also, the proposed digital control electronics system, where thealgorithms run, is shown. [557]

DTC driven single phase fed voltage source inverter with small dc-link capacitor.

In voltage source inverters (VSI) relatively large de-link capacitors are used to provide stable dc-linkvoltage and energy storage. However electrolytic capacitors are large, heavy and expensive. In many cases the



lifetime of the electrolytic capacitor is the main factor that limits the lifetime of the frequency converter. Largede-link capacitor causes high line current peaks during dc-link capacitor load. Power factor correction circuitsare traditionally used to correct line current quality in single phase supplied VSI. To overcome the problemof the line current quality and big electrolytic capacitor, a relatively small film capacitor (MPPF, metallizedpolypropylene film capacitor) is selected. While overcoming the problem of the line current waveform and thelife time of the electrolytic capacitor the new problem is arisen in the form of the heavily fluctuating dc-linkvoltage. This leads to heavily fluctuating torque. Many industrial dynamically low performance applications,such as pumps and fans, are high inertia loads. Thus even heavily fluctuating torque can be tolerated. DTCmotor control is used to maintain as smooth torque behavior as possible. [558]

Conductive EMI reduction in switched-mode power converters.

Switched-mode power converters (SMPC) used in specific applications (i.e. commercial, automotive ormilitary) have to be designed not only to meet electrical and safety requirements, but also electromagneticcompatibility (EMC) regulations (CISPR, VDE, EN, etc.). In this paper, problems of conductiveelectromagnetic interferences (EMI) are highlighted. Two different DC/DC converter topologies werecompared based on EMI emission level: high side switch and half-bridge synchronous rectifier. Someparasitics and topology based EMI sources in device are presented. Frequency analyze with discrete Fouriertransform (DFT) is also shown and compared with actual EMC measurement. Simulations are used tofind out the sources of EMI and to test different precautions for EMC improvement. Practical solutions toEMC problems are also proposed. Levels of conductive EMI are estimated with DFT and verified withmeasurements based on EN55025 or CISPR25 standard. [559]

A generalised hybrid multilevel modulation technique developed in case of non-integer ratio among thedc-link voltages.

This paper proposes a new multilevel modulation technique designed to work with different dc-link voltagelevels for each of the inverter employed in a cascade structure. This modulation technique belongs to thefamily of hybrid modulation techniques but it does not require that the dc-link voltage levels are in an integerratio among them. Hence it is suited for both distributed generated multilevel converters fed by differentrenewable sources and UPFC, employing multilevel converters, where the regulation of the dc voltage levelscan be used to meet different design requirements. Moreover the proposed generalized hybrid multileveltechnique obtains optimal harmonic cancellation in respect to the carrier shifting technique that fails toeliminate some side-band harmonics due to the different dc-voltage levels. In this paper the new modulationtechnique is described, being compared with the traditional hybrid modulation technique, that in case of non-integer relation among the dc-links voltage levels fails in obtaining a proper first harmonic value, and withthe carrier shifting technique that results in an higher harmonic content. [560]

Analysis of high DC bus voltage stress in the design of single stage single switch switch mode rectifier.

Single stage single switch switch mode rectifier (S4 SMR) is the integration of input power factorcorrection (PFC) stage with the dc-dc output stage utilizing a single switch and having isolation betweeninput and output. Converter topology is selected to possess sufficient degree of freedom to allow the inputvoltage, energy storage capacitor voltage and the load voltage to vary independently. In this design inputPFC stage is discontinuous current mode (DCM) boost topology, which is cascaded by a continuous modeconverter providing wide bandwidth response. Analytical expressions are derived for boost inductance byapplying equal area criterion (EAC), critical inductance of output flyback converter, voltage transfer functionand relationship between duty ratio and output load. Based on this a 100 W, 230 V, 50 Hz A.C./ 50 V D.CS4 SMR was designed, fabricated and tested. Simulation results using SABER software package and actualtest results are compared and analyzed. Under open loop condition voltage stress of twice the rated voltageis observed but under closed loop condition output voltage regulation using duty ratio control, the voltage



stress is quite insignificant. Input current waveform is found to be sinusoidal and in phase with the AC inputvoltage with a predominant component of fundamental frequency. [561]

Advanced dc-dc controller design solutions to manage new application requirements innon-isolated-point-of-load converters (niPOLs).

This paper describes how advanced design and architecture solutions of a new IC controller can best suitthe ever more complex requirements of non-isolated-point-of-load (niPOLs) converters widely used in thedistributed power market. Performance results are provided as well. [562]

Steady-state responses of the boost converter.

A boost converter controlled by naturally-sampled constant frequency pulse-width modulation in adiscontinuous conduction mode of operation is analysed. Several steady-state responses are recognised byvarying the dc input voltage only. The analysis of steady-state responses is carried out in the time-as well asin the frequency-domain. A reasonable accordance between results of computer simulation and experimentsin both domains is obtained. [563]

SEPIC converter to perform power factor correction in a ballast for fluorescent lamps.

Due to their inherent advantages, electronic ballasts for gas discharge lamps have found widespreadapplication in recent years. But, up to now, each ballast had to be tailored to fit a given lamp, resulting ina multitude of ballasts, that differ only by their operating parameters. One important requirement in orderto operate different lamps with the same ballast was the availability of cost-effective microcontrollers whichallow a great amount of flexibility. The second barrier to overcome was the restriction of a fixed bulk voltagegiven by a standard boost converter. This paper will point out how a SEPIC converter used as a power factorcorrection circuit will introduce a new degree of freedom to the ballast, resulting in multi-lamp ability. Anintroduction to the operating principles of the SEPIC will be given and the extra features, which are inherentto the SEPIC, will be discussed. [564]

A 120nm low power asynchronous ADC.

This paper discusses the development of a new kind of low power processing chain which dynamicallyadapts sampling frequency to signals. Thus, the design of an asynchronous analog-to-digital converter (A-ADC) is tackled. Its principle is based on a nonuniform sampling scheme and asynchronous technologythat allow significant activity and power savings. A test chip targetting 10-bit speech applications has beenfabricated using the 120nm CMOS process from STMicroelectronics. The power consumption is lower than180𝑚𝑢W leading to a figure of merit two times better than those of classical Nyquist converters recentlypublished. [565]

A novel predictive inductor multiplier for integrated circuit DC-DC converters in portable applications.

While the large passive elements of power converters are in the way of converging walls of shrinking cellphones and cameras, the new capabilities these devices flaunt are creating additional burdens and makingit difficult to meet specifications without even bigger elements. Active circuits that enhance the effectsof passive elements will allow power converters to handle larger loads and get smaller at the same time.This paper presents a predictive inductor multiplier circuit that amplifies the effective inductance in a Buckconverter. The output ripple of the simulated converter is so small that the converter appears to have aninductance thirty-eight times the value actually used. Compensating for small inductors introduces new powerlosses, but it is discovered that linear regulators and faster switching converters can be even less efficient.[566]



On-chip digital power supply control for system-on-chip applications.

The authors presented an on-chip, fully-digital, power-supply control system. The scheme consists oftwo independent control loops that regulate power supply variations due to semiconductor process spread,temperature, and chip’s workload. Smart power-switches working as linear voltage regulators are used toadjust the local power supply. The smart power-switch allows us to keep the global power network unchanged.It offers an integrated standby mode and has a fast dynamic response, i.e. low transition times between voltagesteps at the cost of the reduced power conversion efficiency when compared to complex DC-DC converters.[567]

EMI performance of spread spectrum clock signals with respect to the IF bandwidth of the EMCstandard.

Spread spectrum clock signals are used in electronic devices to reduce the electromagnetic interference(EMI). In this paper we investigate clock signals with frequency or time interval modulation, by short lengthsequences of arbitrary waveform. The paper focuses on the viewpoints: 1) analyzing the EMI performancewith regard to the IF bandwidth, defined by the EMC standard; and 2) considering application-specificrestrictions of clock signal parameters such as frequency range or minimum on and off time. As an applicationexample a DC-DC-converter is treated. The results are compared with modulating sequences generated bychaotic maps. [568]

Push-pull self-oscillating electronic ballast for battery application.

This paper presents an electronic ballast for battery applications. Low voltage applications includingbattery, have increased importance, due to emergency illumination applications as well as automotiveapplications. The ballast uses a push-pull converter, with a self-oscillating command to supply the lamp.Push-pull converter is well suited for battery application, when compared to half-bridge, since it doublesthe voltage on the converter operation, while the half-bridge divides it. The self-oscillating circuit is usedbecause of its reliability and simplicity, as well as low cost. In this ballast a 40 W fluorescent lamp and a 24V battery are used. Design guidelines for the push-pull converter and the self-oscillating circuit are presented.Experimental results show the functionality of the converter as well as it proves it to be a good solution forseveral battery applications. [569]

Experimental evaluation of a fuzzy controller using a parallel integrator structure for DC-DC converters.

This paper presents the design, implementation and experimental evaluations of a fuzzy controller using alinear integrator for buck and boost converters. The fuzzy controllers are designed based on expert knowledgeof the converters and simulated experimental results. The fuzzy controller for the boost converter uses twodifferent fuzzy controller configurations during transient and steady state to achieve fast and stable response,while there is only one fuzzy controller configuration used for the buck converter. The fuzzy controllers wereimplemented on a TI TMS320F2812 DSP. Experimental results for both the buck and the boost converterare shown to verify that the fuzzy controllers are capable of providing fast response and good rejection todisturbances. [570]

Current and voltage tracking controls for a DSP-based SMR.

This paper presents the robust digital current and voltage tracking controls for a DSP-based switch-moderectifier (SMR). First the SIMR power circuit and its DSP-based fully digital control scheme are established.Then the robust current waveform tracking control is made to yield the improved current tracking controlperformance, and hence the improved line drawn power quality. As to the voltage control, a robust two-degree-of-freedom control scheme is developed. And a systematic design procedure is proposed to find itsparameters. Both good voltage tracking and regulation responses are obtained by the developed SMR. Hence



it can be employed as a front-end converter for many types of power electronic systems, providing adjustableand well-regulated DC source voltage. Effectiveness of the developed SMR is verified experimentally. [571]

Robust model-following regulator for average current-mode control of boost DC-DC converters.

A robust model-following regulator for boost dc-dc converters with average current mode control isproposed in this paper. The aim of the proposed circuit is to reduce the closed loop output impedance andaudiosusceptibility of the converter without the need of a high bandwidth in any of the resulting regulationloops. The robust model following average current-mode control regulator (KMFACC) maintains properstability in a wide range of operation points. A systematic design procedure is explained. In order to validatethe concept, a 24V-100W, 100 kHz dc-dc converter has been designed and experimentally tested. [572]

Study on mathematical model and Lyapunov-based control for three-phase four-wire three-level NPCvoltage-source rectifier.

In this paper, the mathematical model of three-phase four-wire three-level neutral-point-clamped (NPC)voltage source rectifier (VSR) using switching functions is founded and its operating principle analyzed. Thena new nonlinear control law based on Lyapunov’s stability theory for the PWM rectifier is presented. With thiscontrol law, the converter can be stabilized globally for handling large-signal disturbances, and exhibit goodtransient response. Also, by designing new three-level sinusoidal PWM method, this paper solves effectivelythe problem that the neutral point potential of DC-link has triple-harmonic fluctuation resulting from existingthree-level SPWM method. Computer simulations of the system confirm the validity of the mathematicalmodel and the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy. [573]

Analysis of control regimes of three-level inverters with synchronized space-vector modulation.

The paper describes operation of three-level inverters with synchronized pulsewidth modulation (PWM) atcontrol regimes different from standard volts/hertz control. Control algorithms provide common-mode voltagecancellation in three-phase load in this case. The output voltage of converters has quarter-wave symmetryduring the whole control range including the zone of overmodulation. Simulations give the behaviour ofdifferent versions of synchronous PWM. [574]

Resonant AC to AC converter.

This paper proposes a novel, power electronics system, a series resonant AC to AC converter, capable ofconverting a single phase AC supply of frequency f i, into a balanced three-phase supply of frequency f octhat may he both higher as well as lower to the input frequency. Use of microcontrollers to control the triggerpulses has made it more versatile. It finds its application in single phase traction system where DC tractionmotors may be replaced by three phase induction motors operated from 50 Hz. A methodology is obtained togenerate the three phase output from single phase input for micro-computer implementation. Peripheral input-output and microcomputer interfacing hardware has been developed using programmable devices. The triggercircuit has been tested qualitatively by observing various waveforms on CRO. The operation of proposedsystem has been found satisfactory. [575]

New control methods for rectifier-less PFC-stages.

The paper describes a new PFC topology with a reduced number of rectifier stages. The proposed converteris capable to deliver an output power of 2 kW. Simplified voltage and current measurement circuits areimplemented. The static and dynamic behaviour of the converter using a new Infineon control IC is shown.[576]



Harmonic resistance emulator technique for three-phase unity power factor correction.

In this paper, a new technique for three-phase power factor correction, using the typical three-phase lineside active front-end converter, is proposed. The proposed technique is capable of simplifying the three-phase power factor correction algorithms to a greater extent. As a consequence, the sampling time willreduce considerably and switching frequency of the converter can be pushed further. The proposed scheme issuitable for the sine-triangle PWM (pulse width modulation) implementation but it completely eliminates theneed of frame-synchronization. It also avoids the forward and backward d-q reference-frame transformations.Moreover, presetting of the two orthogonal references is also not required. Simulation results are presented.[577]

Sliding mode control for the fixed-frequency series resonant converter with asymmetrical clamped-modemodulation.

Based on a simple averaged model, a sliding mode controller for the fixed-frequency series resonantconverter is proposed. By considering reaching, existence, and stability condition, the design-parametersconstrictions are found in term of power circuit values. The proposed sliding surface provides robustness inrelation to external disturbances, improving the conventional PID controller performance. [578]

The RC-RCD clamp circuit for fly-back converter.

Fly-back converter is one of the most popular DC-DC converters for low power supply. Due to thetransformer leakage inductance the converter suffer with the voltage spikes, which can be ”controlled”by the dissipative RCD or non-dissipative LCD clamp circuits. Both of the clamp circuits consists thediode. The diode reverse recovery charge causes the oscillation, which results in additional dissipation ofthe clamp circuitry. The RC-RCD clamp circuit is used for damping the oscillation caused by clamp diodeand consequently the dissipation in the circuitry is lower. [579]

Power converter EMI analysis including IGBT nonlinear switching transient model.

It is well known that very high dv/dt and di/dt during the switching instant is the major high frequencyEMI source. This paper proposes an improved and simplified EMI modeling method considering the IGBTswitching behavior model. The device turn-on and turn-off dynamics are investigated by dividing thenonlinear transition by several stages. The real device switching voltage and current are approximated bypiecewise linear lines and expressed using multiple dv/dt and di/dt superposition. The derived EMI spectrasuggest that the high frequency noise is modeled with an acceptable accuracy. The proposed methodology isverified by experimental results using a DC-DC buck converter. [580]

Influence of nonlinear magnetic inductance in passive mains harmonic reduction circuits.

Regulations like IEC 1000-3-2 impose limits on the line input current harmonics. Passive solutions toobtain mains harmonic reduction still dominate the consumer and PC market segment. Some inductors usedin practical designs operate in the saturation region even at power levels to be tested for compliance. Onthe other hand, nearly all publications dealing with design of the passive MHR circuits assume a linearinductor. This paper investigates the usefulness of nonlinear inductors in passive MHR circuits by extractingthe nonlinearity, measuring the compliance, modeling the inductor and extrapolating the design to other powerlevels. [581]

Dynamic performance of vector current controllers for grid-connected VSC under voltage dips.

The increasing use of voltage source converters (VSCs) in grid-connected applications at distribution levelsrequires control methods that achieve high performance not only during normal operating conditions of thegrid, but also under voltage disturbances, like voltage dips. In this paper, three different current controllers for



shunt-connected VSC are investigated. With a constant DC-link voltage, the three controllers are comparedunder balanced and unbalanced voltage dips. Simulation and experimental results are shown for all threecontrollers. [582]

An advanced cascade controller for series-connected VSC for voltage dip mitigation.

Power electronics converters connected in series with the grid can provide protection of sensitiveprocesses against voltage dips. In this paper, an advanced cascade controller for series-connected voltagesource converter (VSC), constituted by an outer voltage loop and an inner current loop, is presented.Positive and negative sequence components of voltage and current are controlled separately to achieveperfect compensation of unbalanced dips. Limitation of the VSC output voltage and compensation of thecomputational time delay are included in the current controller for both sequence components. Experimentalresults for the series-connected VSC with the proposed cascade controller under balanced and unbalancedvoltage dips are presented. [583]

Real time digital simulations augmenting the development of functional reconfiguration of PEBB anduniversal controller.

In this paper, real-time hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation is adopted to augment the developmentof functional reconfiguration of power electronic building blocks and universal controllers. The simulationenvironment employs a commercial real-time digital simulator allowing real time simulations of large powersystems. Two case studies regarding functional reconfiguration are discussed. The first case is a marine all-electric-ship application to improve system power quality. A novel control algorithm is proposed for an activefilter, which is derived from reconfiguring variable speed motor drive. The second case outlines how the HILsimulator is utilized to a static synchronous compensator application where a commercial controller providesfiring pulses to a simulated converter and the connected power system. Details of the control scheme, theHIL setup, and test results are given. [584]

High-power LCI grinding mill drive under faulty conditions.

Mining plants present harsh operating conditions because locations at high altitude in the mountains, withlarge temperature variations and dusty environment, that can affect the integrity of the electronics producingloss of reliability with undesirable effects on safety and production. This paper presents a problem andcorresponding solution related with a mining issue, where a 6.6 kV fed load-commutated-inverter (LCI) driveis employed for driving a 6500 Hp-grinding mill. In the last time, the drive has shown a variety of faultyconditions causing several downtimes and the concern of the staff. The drive has a control system with hybridtechnology comprising analogue and digital components, which was installed in year 1991 with a history offew operational problems. Recent failures have shown a different and complex nature. Because the employedtechnology has not an intelligent diagnostics system integrated to the distributed control system (DCS) of theplant, it is a challenging task to understand the origin of the problems. A study was carried out in order tofind the causes of the failures. A procedure based on a theoretical and experimental approach was developedin order to establish hypothesis for finding the roots of the problem. Among other factors, the study indicatedthat a lost of firing pulses of the machine converter was the most likely reason for a commutation failure.Simulated results and measurements confirmed that hypothesis. Therefore, overcurrents caused by failure inthe pulses pattern of machine side converter were detected and a focalised search in specific printed boardsallowed the finding of defects and remedial actions could be taken. [585]

Design of a new cooperative harmonic filtering strategy for the distributed generation systems.

The increasing demand of premium electric power, in terms of quality and reliability, and the emergingnew energy technologies have led to the development of distributed generation systems. With the penetrationof power electronics equipments growing rapidly, it can be expected that a large portion of the load within



the distributed generation system is nonlinear in nature, and the resulting harmonics pollution needs to beaddressed. This paper proposes a new cooperative harmonic filtering strategy for the interface convertersof distributed generation sources. A droop relationship between the harmonic filtering command and theharmonic VAr consumption of each interface converter is established in the proposed strategy so thatthe overall harmonic filtering workload can be evenly shared without any communications. The operationprinciple is explained in this paper. Simulation and laboratory test results are provided to validate thedistributed harmonic damping capability of the proposed strategy. [586]

Simple polar-loop transmitter for dual-mode Bluetooth.

A dual-mode transmitter for conventional GFSK-modulated Bluetooth and medium-rate pi/4-DQPSK-modulated Bluetooth has been realized using a simple polar-loop method without feedback control from theoutput of the power amplifier. Phase modulation is performed by two-point modulation with extremely widebandwidth, and fast power-efficient amplitude modulation utilizes a PWM DC-DC converter which controlsthe supply voltage of a class-E saturated power amplifier. The simulation has confirmed an output powerabove 10 dBm, a total power efficiency above 30% and RMS DEVM of 0.050. The proposed transmitterenables a low-cost, low-power single-chip RF-IC for the next-generation Bluetooth communication. [587]

An integrated electronic ballast for small wattage high intensity discharge lamps.

In this paper, a novel electronic ballast integrating a low frequency square-wave half-bridge inverter (HBI)with the center-tapped flyback-type pre-regulator for small wattage high intensity discharge (HID) lamps isproposed. As a result, not only high power factor and high efficiency can be achieved, but also the problemof acoustic resonance and the cataphoretic effect can be avoided. The experimental results of a 35 W HIDhardware prototype are presented to verify the effectiveness of the proposed ballast. [588]

Reduction in spectral peaks of DC-DC converters using chaos-modulated clock.

Electronic power converters are notorious sources of electromagnetic interference, and suppression of EMIis a major issue in switched-mode power converter design. A substantial part of the manufacturing cost ofpower converters for critical applications involves designing filters to conform to the varying EMI norms forthe various domains, such as defence, aerospace etc. We propose a method of EMI reduction using spectralmodification through chaotic modulation. The converter is operated in a regular periodic regime, and then thetiming signal (the clock or the ramp waveform) is modulated with a chaotic signal. We have designed andfabricated a chaos-modulated clock circuit that can be easily implemented in CMOS. We have shown, by bothsimulation and experiment, that this results in a reduction of spectral peaks and a consequent spreading of thespectrum-which can be precisely controlled by adjusting the gain of the chaotic waveform. This scheme canthus eliminate filters and screens, or can at least reduce their size significantly. [589]

Stick-slip oscillations in resonant power converters.

The paper presents evidence of the existence of stick-slip oscillations, usually found in mechanical systemswith friction, in a class of resonant power converters. It is shown that these converters can exhibit periodicsolutions characterized by segments of sliding motion (associated to theoretically infinitely many switchings).Also, numerical and analytical evidence of the occurrence of sliding bifurcations is given. These phenomenahave recently been presented in the literature and the paper reports their occurrence in power electronics forthe first time. [590]

Integrated charge-control single-inductor dual-output step-up/step-down converter.

An integrated charge-control single-inductor dual-output step-up/step-down converter that works inpseudo-continuous conduction mode is presented. The supply voltage is from 1.8 V to 2.2 V, with one output



being 1.6 V and the other 2.4 V. It was designed using a 0.35 𝑚𝑢m process, and achieves an efficiency of92% at a total load current of 160 mA. [591]

Super-stable energy based switching control scheme for DC-DC buck converter circuits.

This paper has proposed a new energy based switching scheme for controlling DC-DC buck convertercircuits and analysed its stability. There are three modes of operations, and the switching among these threemodes depends on the reference voltage and the inductor reference current. The inductor reference currentis calculated by the principle of energy balance. The reference voltage is designed to ensure that the voltageripple as well as average value of the output voltage remain approximately constant in response to line andload disturbances. The phase plane analysis and sensitivity matrix analysis show that the proposed controlscheme is free from chaos and in fact has a super-stable orbit. [592]

A novel low-cost electronic ballast to supply metal halide lamps.

This paper presents a novel single-stage electronic ballast with high power factor. The ballast circuit isbased on the integration of a buck converter to provide the power factor correction and a flyback converterto control the lamp power and to supply the lamp with a low frequency square-waveform current. Bothconverters work in discontinuous conduction mode, which simplifies the control. In spite of being anintegrated topology, the circuit does not present additional stress of current in the main switch, which handlesonly the flyback or buck current, depending on the operation mode. In order to supply the lamp with a lowfrequency square-wave current, to avoid acoustic resonances, the flyback has two secondary windings thatoperate complementary at low frequency. Results of acoustic resonances excited by the high-frequency ripplein the square waveform applied to the lamp are presented, in order to design the circuit. The design procedureof the converters is also detailed. Experimental results from a 35 W metal halide lamp are presented, wherethe proposed ballast reached a power factor of 0.956, a total harmonic distortion of 30%, complying with IEC61000-3-2, and an efficiency of 90%. [593]

Constant power control circuit for HID electronic ballast.

This paper presents a constant power control circuit for a three-stage high intensity discharge (HID)electronic ballast. The three-stage electronic ballast is composed of a boost preregulator to achieve highpower factor, a DC/DC buck converter to regulate lamp current with constant lamp power, and a full-bridgeinverter to drive the HID lamp with low frequency AC square wave current. The buck converter operatedin current mode utilizes current sense level-shift technique to achieve constant power output. The proposedconstant power control circuit is easy to be designed and implemented for the three-stage HID electronicballast. Finally, a laboratory prototype of a 70 W HID electronic ballast is implemented. The measuredresults show that the proposed ballast can be applied for various types of HID lamp with very low lamppower variation (less than 1.9 %). [594]

Real time simulation for advanced time-varying harmonic analysis.

Time varying harmonics are becoming an increasing issue in power quality analysis. Especially for futureall-electric navy ships which will feature closely coupled and complex electrical power systems with alarge number of power electronic converter systems. In this paper, real-time hardware-in-the-loop (RT-HIL)simulation is discussed as one of the tools to help analyzing the time varying power quality problems. First,recent additions to extensive RT-HIL capabilities of the Center for Advanced Power System (CAPS) at FloridaState University are presented. Subsequently, results form RT-HIL experiments with commercial grade powerelectronics controllers are discussed. [595]



Electrical safety analysis in low voltage systems with electronic power converters.

The widespread use of the power electronic place the problem of the correct operation of the protectionsystem, in order to guarantee the electrical safety for the person in case of indirect contact downstream aconverter. The aim of this paper is to estimate the various shapes of voltage and current waves in case of faultin order to give any indications about the correct choice of the protection system. Some simulation resultswas presented to evaluate the shapes of voltage and current waves through the persons in case of indirectcontact for various grounding configurations of the electric system. [596]

A sliding mode controller based optimum UPQC with minimum VA loading.

The paper deals with an optimized unified power quality conditioner (UPQC), which aims at the integrationof series active and shunt active power filters with minimum VA loading of the UPQC. The series active filteris a dynamic voltage restorer (DVR), which is operated in twofold functioning mode. During the unbalancedvoltage sag, the DVR compensates the unbalance in the voltage sag. It also regulates the voltage at the loadend with minimum VA loading of the overall UPQC by voltage injection at optimum angle. Sliding modecontroller with constant frequency is employed to ensure the exact tracking of the reference voltage by DVR.Validity of the proposed scheme is proved through extensive simulation results. [597]

A new controller structure for current source rectifiers.

High power three-phase current type pulse width modulation (PWM) rectifiers are becoming increasinglypopular as the front-end converter in power electronic systems due to unity displacement power factorcontrol, reduced line current harmonics and tighter electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) regulation. A newcontrol structure utilizing the concept of input-output linearization technique, pole and zero placements usingthe Butterworth polynomial is designed for current source rectifiers for unity power factor operation anddc voltage regulation. Utilization of the complex-variable form model voltage equations expressed in thesynchronous reference frame simplifies the presentation and design of the controllers. Experimental andcomputer simulation results of a controlled rectifier confirm the validity of the proposed control technique.[598]

Design and evaluation of highly integrated dc-dc converters for automotive applications.

In order to meet the stringent requirements of the automotive market, an approach of increasing thelevel of integration in power electronic converters by increasing the functionality of their parts is proposedmultifunctionality is a key issue for reducing the number of construction parts and has a direct impact onthe cost and compactness of the converter. Three dc-dc 42 V-14 V converter concepts are proposed based onincreasing the functionality of three different technology platforms. The converters are designed in an integralelectrical, thermal and spatial manner coupling the characteristics of the technology platform to the design.The demonstrators are evaluated based on their electrical, thermal and spatial performance and integrationlevel. A method that incorporates all these criteria into a single function in order to choose the best conceptis developed. [599]

A 16 MVA ANPC-PEBB with 6 kA IGCTs.

The integrated gate commutated thyristor (IGCT) has steadily gained importance on the market since itsintroduction in 1996. Low on-state voltages and fast switching transients offer minimal semiconductor lossesand the highest silicon utilization in medium voltage applications. The low component count in the reliablepress-pack and the high utilization of silicon enable the design of low cost, reliable, compact and explosionfree converters. Today 4.5 kV, 5.5 kV, 6 kV and 6.5 kV IGCTs are available. IGCT based converters dominatein industrial medium voltage drives (MVDs) as well as railway interties and other energy managementsystems. Recent developments are setting new converter standards. [600]



Improved current control for HID lamp drivers.

HID lamps are typically operated at low frequency (100 Hz to 200 Hz) to avoid damage from acousticresonance. Accordingly, an electronic ballast normally comprises a buck converter to control the lamp currentand an ignition circuit and full-bridge for driving the lamp at low frequency. However, the negative dynamiclamp characteristic in combination with a power electronic driver may give a poorly damped response, oftenresulting in an oscillatory lamp current. Furthermore, aged HID lamps or reduced power mode operationtends to exhibit reignition voltage overshoot, resulting in reduction of lamp performance during life, or evenextinguishing. In the present paper a procedure for obtaining the small-signal dynamic characteristics of metalhalide lamps is proposed. Using this dynamic model the lamp-ballast interaction is simulated and analyzed.Then a fuzzy-logic control method is presented to cope with the non-linear behavior and improve the lamp-ballast performance. Finally, simulation results are verified with practical measurements on a laboratoryprototype. [601]

The influence of operating conditions on multi-objective optimization of power electronic devices andcircuits.

A method of device and circuit optimization is presented in which the switching conditions during typicaloperation are taken into account. Optimization using a parallel multi-objective Tabu search allows a simpleyet effective way to include the wide range of switching conditions imposed on the devices, using conditionmaps generated from the converter load cycle. This technique is applied to minimize power losses in an IGBT-diode pair, with four different distributions of conditions investigated. Distinct trends in device selection areapparent, some of which depend on the conditions applied. [602]

A digital CMOS DNA chip.

A fully electronic medium density DNA micro array is presented using a CMOS process extended bygold electrodes. The chip provides 128 sensor sites, in-sensor site current-mode A/D conversion, peripheralcircuitry including bandgap and current references, D/A-converters to provide electrode bias voltages,calibration circuitry, and a 6 pin interface for power supply and serial digital data transfer. [603]

Power consumption issues in high-speed high-resolution pipelined A/D converters.

In this paper, the dependency of the power consumption on the main specifications of a pipelined analog-to-digital converter (ADC), including the effective number of bits (ENOB), the full-scale voltage (VFS),and the speed, is studied. Then, a novel design methodology for low-voltage high-speed high-SNR pipelinedA/D converters is presented which simultaneously determines the optimum values of the capacitors and theresolutions of the stages, and the compensation capacitors of the cascode-compensated operational amplifiers.[604]

Bifurcation in parallel-connected buck converters under current-mode control.

This paper studies a system of parallel-connected dc/dc buck converters under current-mode control.The effects of variations of the reference current are studied. It has been observed that the system exhibitslow-frequency bifurcation behaviour while period-doubling at switching frequency is suppressed. Extensivesimulations are used to capture the behaviour. Time-domain waveforms, stroboscopic maps and trajectoriesare shown. The paper reveals the drastic alteration of bifurcation behaviour of dc/dc converters due to subtlecoupling. [605]

Flexible high-accuracy wide-range gas sensor interface for portable environmental nosing purpose.

In this paper, we present a flexible high-precision wide-range front-end for resistive sensors. The outputof a programmable continuous-time transresistance stage is processed by a differential switched-capacitor



incremental A/D converter. A digital signal processor reconfigures the interface leading to a resolution of 0.1%over a range of 5 decades, as required by pattern recognition algorithms for sensors arrays in environmentalnosing applications. Particular care has been taken in reducing the power consumption. [606]

A low power pipelined analog-to-digital converter using series sampling capacitors.

A low power pipelined analog-to-digital converter (ADC) that employs sampling capacitors connected inseries is presented. The series sampling capacitors minimize the size of the sampling capacitors to the kT/Climit without degrading the ADC’s performance due to mismatch. Using this technique, a 10-bit 100 MHzpipelined ADC is designed and simulated. The ADC achieves 60 dB of signal-to-noise-and-distortion ratio(SNDR) at 100 MHz while consuming 47 mW from 1.8-V supply in 0.18 𝑚𝑢m CMOS technology. [607]

Implementation of a novel read-out strategy based on a Wilkinson ADC for a 16×16 pixel X-ray detectorarray.

In this paper we propose a Wilkinson type A/D converter as well as all the digital logic required forreading-out a 16×16 array of X-ray detectors. The proposed A/D converter architecture and read-out strategyallows us to handle an event rate as large as 10 6 event/s over the whole array and 10 4 event/s over thesingle row of the array with a resolution of 10 bits, consuming only 77 mW from a 3.3 V power supply.The A/D converter and the logic are embedded in an ASIC to be bump-bonded on top of the detector, whichincludes also the front-end electronics required for processing the sensor output signals. This work was donewithin the framework of an ESA research activity. [608]

A low-power and high-speed quaternary interconnection link using efficient converters.

We introduce a new quaternary link including a binary to-quaternary encoder and a quaternary-to-binarydecoder in voltage-mode multiple-valued logic (MVL). This link improves the transistor count compared toexisting designs and it has no DC current path. The complete link was simulated with SPICE in two recenttechnologies. It additionally shows interesting advantages in power consumption for global interconnectscompared to full-swing signaling binary systems (up to 46% less energy consumption). Its low propagationdelay is also an advantage in the design of high-speed on-chip links. [609]

A novel digital power controller for fuel cell/ battery hybrid power sources.

Hybrid power sources composed of fuel cells and batteries provides higher peak power than eachcomponent alone while preserving high energy density, which is important and necessary to modernelectronic equipment. An appropriately controlled DC/DC power converter handles the power flow sharedby the fuel cell and the battery. The power converter needs to be regulated to balance the power flow tosatisfy the load requirements while ensuring the various limitations of electro-chemical components such asbattery overcharge limit, fuel cell current limit, etc. Digital control technology may be applied in the powerelectronics controls due to many advantages over analog control such as programmability, less susceptibilityto environmental variations, and fewer part counts. This paper presents a novel digital power controller forfuel cell/battery hybrid power sources. The power controller circuit consists primarily of a synchronous buckconverter that is controlled by a single-chip PIC microcontroller, and features small size and light weight.The user can set the fuel cell current limit, the battery current limit and the battery voltage limit in thecontrol software. The control software implements multiobjective coordination of the power converter. Thedigital power controller was first tested through processor-in-the-loop simulation and then validated on thereal hardware. Simulation and experiment results are given in the paper. [610]



Reduced switch count dual-winding ac drive system with common-mode voltage mitigation.

This paper proposes reduced switch count inverter solutions to mitigate the common-mode voltage. Thedrive system consists of a five-leg converter feeding a dual-winding induction motor. The pulse-widthmodulation techniques for generating the command signals for the power switches of the converters arepresented. The proposed strategies permit to eliminate the common-mode voltage. Simulated and experimentalresults are presented to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed solution. [611]

A novel three-phase single-switch buck-type rectifier.

A new three-phase, single-switch buck converter is proposed in the paper. The main feature of the newconverter is that it can perform input power factor correction over a wider input voltage range than theconventional three-phase, single-switch buck converter. In the paper, the operation of the new converter isreviewed, and general considerations that should be taken into account when trying to design it are discussed.A detailed and systematic procedure for the design of the proposed converter is presented and demonstratedwith an example. The feasibility of the converter is confirmed with results obtained from computer simulationand from an experimental prototype. [612]

A low-power switched-current CDMA matched filter employing MOS-linear matching cell and outputA/D converter.

A low-power switched-current CDMA matched filter has been developed. The front-end V/I converter hasbeen eliminated by merging the function into each matching cell utilizing the MOS linear I-V characteristics.A low-power A/D converter has also been developed to establish a smooth interfacing to digital back-endprocessing. The prototype chip was fabricated in a 0.35-𝑚𝑢m CMOS technology, and a low power operationof 1.65 mW, including the A/D converter, at 11 Mchip/s with 2 V power supply has been demonstrated. [613]

Convergent micro-pipelines: a versatile operator for mixed asynchronous-synchronous computations.

Micro-pipelines are linear (1D) structures for asynchronous communications. In retinotopic VLSI visionchips, communicating over 2D image regions is a key to efficient mid-level vision computations. However,micro-pipelines are limited to 1D communications only. In this paper, we introduce an extension of the micro-pipeline, called the convergent micro-pipeline, for implementing mixed asynchronous-synchronous regionalcomputations over arbitrary shaped regions. This operator is exploited in programmable artificial retinas(PAR), that is, image sensors with a digital processor in each pixel, for low power vision applications. Toillustrate the behavior and versatility, several regional computations are described. [614]

Design and implementation of a hybrid energy supply system for railway vehicles.

An energy supply system based on a hybrid energy storage unit combined of batteries and ultracapacitorsfor a railway vehicle is studied. In order to optimize the energy supply system architecture and to managethe energy distribution the power electronic converters connecting ultracapacitors, batteries and the DC-linkare investigated together with control strategies comprising a multiobjective continuous and a discreteoptimization. The prospective goal of applying latter optimization techniques via a so-called operatorcontroller module is a self-optimizing energy supply system. Simulated and measured results are presented,revealing that the separation of the dynamic load from batteries yield improvements in lifecycle, availabilityand long term costs, while the novel control facilitates prospectively large energy savings and obeying setconstraints. [615]



Wavelet-based piecewise approximation of steady-state waveforms for power electronics circuits [powerconverter examples].

The wavelet transform has been found very suitable for approximating steady-state waveforms of powerelectronics circuits. However, the time-domain piecewise property of power electronics circuits has notbeen fully exploited to maximize computational efficiency. In this paper, instead of applying one waveletapproximation to the whole period, several wavelet approximations are applied in a piecewise manner to fitthe whole waveform. This new wavelet-based piecewise approximation approach can provide a very accurateand efficient solution, with much less number of wavelet terms, for approximating steady-state waveforms ofpower electronics circuits. [616]

On two-parameter non-smooth bifurcations in power converters.

The dynamics of DC/DC power converters, modelled by a set of differential equations with discontinuousright-hand side is studied. Period-doubling and corner-collision bifurcations are found to occur close toeach other under small parameter variations. Closer examination of the parameter space seem to indicatethe occurrence of a codimension-2 bifurcation that has not been reported so far in the literature and itcorresponds to a corner-collision bifurcation of a nonhyperbolic cycle. The bifurcation boundaries arecomputed analytically in this paper and the system dynamics are unfolded close to the novel bifurcationpoint. [617]

A start-up calibration method for generic current-steering D/A converters with optimal area solution.

This paper presents a new start-up calibration method for current-steering D/A converters, based on a 1-bitADC. The paper proposes a new current cell that allows calibration of non-identical current sources by wayof a shared calibration apparatus. The current cell uses parallel self-calibrated unit elements. Each of theseis calibrated individually and when all combined together, the accuracy of the current sources is improved.This method is independent of the DAC architecture and hence an extra degree of design freedom exists. Aminimal area solution can be found through optimizing the calibration strength, since the method is not onlyapplicable to the identical thermometer current sources of the segmented DACs. A general discussion on thenew calibration method is offered and conclusions are drawn. [618]

A 0.9-V 67-𝑚𝑢W analog front-end using adaptive-SNR technique for digital hearing aid.

An analog front-end composed of a preamplifier and a Σ-∆ modulator is proposed and implemented fordigital hearing aid chip. The combined gain control (CGC) technique, which incorporates an automatic gaincontrol (AGC) with an exponential gain control (EGC), is employed to enlarge dynamic range and reducepower consumption. The proposed Σ-∆ modulator exploits adaptive-SNR technique, which generates fourdifferent SNRs, thereby achieving low power consumption and optimizing performance. The measured powerdissipation of the preamplifier is 35-𝑚𝑢W. In case of Σ-∆ modulator, the peak signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)is 86-dB, the average power consumption is 31.4-𝑚𝑢W and the variation of SNR is 14-dB. The proposedanalog front-end dissipates less than 67-𝑚𝑢W from a single 0.9-V supply. The core area of the preamplifierand the Σ-∆ modulator is 0.1-mm 2 and 0.4-mm 2, respectively, in a 0.25-𝑚𝑢m standard CMOS technology.[619]

Low power current mode ADC for CMOS sensor IC.

Current-mode algorithmic pipelined analog-to-digital converters (ADC) are suitable for sensor applicationsdue to their area and power advantage at low resolutions. In applications of distributed sensing using redundantsensors, the speed and the resolution of the ADC is less important than the energy per bit conversion. Suchperformance was achieved by using the current-mode technique with transistors operating in the sub-thresholdregion. Both sub-threshold and current mode techniques allow for low-voltage and low-power operation. An



improved current-mode, 6-bit, 125 kHz algorithmic ADC was designed for an integrated sensor in 0.18 𝑚𝑢mtechnology. The power consumption of the ADC is under 6 𝑚𝑢W and less than 8 pJ per bit. [620]

A fabrication of DC-DC converter using LTCC NiZnCu ferrite thick films.

The application of low temperature co-fired ceramics (LTCC) technology to ferrite has attracted muchattention because LTCC can offer a high density of electronic components and interconnection possibilities inone multichip module package. In this regard, an experiment was conducted to fabricate a DC-DC converterusing LTCC technology. Thick films were prepared by grinding calcined powders by wet ball milling andmixing binder, plasticizer, dispersant and solvent. Ferrite thick films were then fabricated using a doctor blademethod. Experimental results clearly indicate that the ferrite thick film is suitable for LTCC application. [621]

Broadband dielectric spectroscopy CMOS readout circuit for molecular sensing.

The readout circuit of broadband dielectric spectroscopy (BDS) for molecular sensing is described. Thecircuit performs a high-precision capacitance-to-current conversion and amplification of the difference ofsignals generated by two very small capacitors in the conventional CMOS 0.18 𝑚𝑢m technology. Wemake use of the continuous-time common mode error amplification and offset-cancelling low-noise lock-in architecture to measure the admittance as a function of frequency. The power consumption of the front-endis under 30 𝑚𝑢W/channel. It has a quasi-linear conversion ratio of 164 pA/aF. [622]

A universal controller for distributed control of power electronics systems in electric ships.

This paper presents a distributed control system architecture for power electronics conversion systems.Control partitioning is explored under this scheme by analyzing spatial, temporal, and functional aspectsof a family of power converters, finally proposing a two level control hierarchy. Specifically, a hardwaremanager-controlling the actual power conversion process, and an application manager, hardware independentuniversal controller are introduced and implemented. A detailed description of these controllers is given usinga voltage-source inverter as test system. Additionally, a high-speed real-time protocol (PESNet) is introducedfor communication purposes of the proposed distributed control architecture. From the analysis presented theusage of such an architecture and controllers for reconfigurable zonal distribution systems becomes apparent.[623]

DICOM-X-seamless integration of medical images into the EHR.

Since its first recommendation by the World-Wide-Web Consortium (W3C) in 1998, the extensible markuplanguage (XML) has had an enormous impact in the IT world. To date, many formerly proprietary datastructures have been converted, using existing and well established semantic structures to act in concert withthe ubiquitously accessible and processable XML syntax. However, the real power of XML and it’s familyof specifications is still often underestimated and not completely utilized. XML syntax provides a solidfoundation for interoperability and data integration but could be perceived as ordinary without the ’sparks’of further processing capabilities This paper describes how the XML family of specifications can make atrue difference in seamlessly integrating medical images into the electronic health record (EHR). ConvertingDICOMs proprietary syntax into XML was just the beginning. [624]

A low power and low voltage continuous time Σ ∆ modulator.

This paper discuses the design strategy and implementation of a very low power and low voltageoversampling A/D converter based on a continuous time Σ ∆ modulation. The influence of several designparameters like RC-tolerance, clock jitter and implicit anti-aliasing filter are treated. Measurement results of a1.5 V single bit third order continuous time Σ ∆ modulator show a 61 dB SNDR in 50 kHz signal bandwidthand a sampling frequency equal to 3.2 MHz with a power consumption of 78 𝑚𝑢W. [625]



An 8-bit 160 MS/s folding-interpolating ADC with optimized active averaging/interpolating network.

An 8-bit CMOS folding-interpolating analog-to-digital converter is presented. A new method for designingan optimized averaging circuit is also described. Careful circuit design and layout leads to a high-speed (160MSPS) and low power (70 mW in 2.5 V supply voltage) ADC. The ADC is successfully implemented in0.25 𝑚𝑢m CMOS digital process and it takes 1×1.4 mm 2 silicon area. [626]

A low-power 4-b 2.5 Gsample/s pipelined flash analog-to-digital converter using differential comparatorand DCVSPG encoder.

This paper presents a 4-bit high-speed, low-power, pipelined flash analog-to-digital converter (ADC).The proposed ADC is pipelined and mainly consists of three stages: 1) track-and-hold (T/H), 2) differentialcomparator, and 3) differential cascode voltage switch with pass gates (DCVSPG) encoder. The T/H usesa current mode, dual-array structure to reduce the aperture jitter for high input frequency. The differentialcomparator eliminates the use of a resistor ladder circuit by generating the reference voltages internally. TheDCVSPG encoder has a full output signal swing and compact logic design style of pass gate circuits whichmakes it suitable for high sampling frequency. The DCVSPG encoder reduces the power consumption bya factor of 88% as compared to the conventional ROM encoder. The ADC is designed in 130 nm CMOStechnology. FFT tests prove proper operation of the ADC sampled at 2.5 GHz for an input signal frequencyup to 1 GHz. [627]

Unified steady-state and dynamic modeling for symmetric and asymmetric half-bridge DC-DC converterswith current doubler rectifiers.

Half-bridge dc-dc converter with a current doubler rectifier is particularly suitable for low-voltage high-current on-board dc-dc converters compared to other converter topologies. The paper presents the unifiedsteady-state and small-signal models for both symmetric and asymmetric half-bridge dc-dc converters withcurrent doubler rectifiers. DC bias analysis is provided based on the steady-state model. Output-to-control andoutput impedance transfer functions are obtained based on a unified small-signal model. Design guidelinesand issues are addressed. The models and analysis are verified by experimental results. [628]

A driving strategy dedicated to S.R.: the theory of waveform modification with periodical driving circuitregulation.

The theory of waveform modification with periodical driving circuit regulation dedicated to solve thedead time problem of S.R. that occurs in some DC/DC converters is presented in this paper. By utilizingthe proposed theory, the existing charge retention driving circuit is analyzed, furthermore a series of novelperiodical structure adjustment circuits are constructed. The product designers can choose the appropriate onefrom the mentioned five various periodical structure adjustment circuits. Moreover according to the theoryof waveform modification with periodical driving circuit regulation, other types of novel periodical structureadjustment circuits can be constructed. Both the validity and practicability of the presented theory are furtherverified by an experimental prototype of 36 V-75 V input, 5 V/10 A output. [629]

A simple configured reducing noise peak DC-DC converter introducing delta-sigma modulation circuit.

High frequency switching power converters are widely used because it can miniaturize equipments and itcan convert electric power with high efficiency. And new fields of power supply use, such as mobile gearor medical equipments, are being developed. In these switching power converters, pulse width modulation(PWM) technique is widely used up to now. But in case of using PWM technique, noise peaks appear at thewhole numbers of carrier frequency, and it is difficult to keep noise regulation. This paper proposes a DC-DCconverter introducing delta-sigma modulator. The proposed circuit uses delta-sigma modulator, which can berealized by simple circuit, and the authors confirm the proposed circuit can reduce noise level. [630]



Design and implementation of simple fuzzy logic controller (SFLC) for the voltage control of resonantconverter.

In this paper a simple fuzzy logic controller (SFLC) is presented for voltage regulation of extended periodzero current switching quasi resonant (EP-ZCS-QR) buck-boost converter. The effectiveness of the proposedcontroller is verified for load variations and supply disturbances in experimental set up using TMS320C2407processor. The experimental results obtained by implementing conventional fuzzy logic controller (FLC)and the proposed methods are compared. It is proved that the proposed method reduces the complexity inhardware implementation and produces better results compared to the conventional FLC. [631]

Discrete model of DCS controlled half-bridge with current doubler for digital controller design.

In this paper, a discrete model is developed for DCS controlled half-bridge topology with current-doublerto facilitate digital controller design when operating at high switching frequencies. The discrete model isderived and then compared with the classical continuous model. The model is represented in the versatilestate-space form, which allows the application of a wide range of modern and classical control theories. Thepulse transfer function for the modulator input to converter output voltage is derived for use in voltage modecontrol. To verify the theoretical frequency response predicted by the presented model, a laboratory prototypeis built. [632]

High-efficiency series-parallel resonant converter for the non-contact power supply.

Comparing with the conventional transformer without the air gap, a non-contact transformer with a largeair gap between the long primary winding and the secondary winding has increased leakage inductance andreduced magnetizing inductance. For transferring the primary power to the secondary one, the high frequencyseries resonant converter has been widely used for the non-contact power supply system with the increasedleakage inductance of a non-contact transformer due to the large air gap. However, the high frequency seriesresonant converter has the disadvantages of the low efficiency and the high voltage gain characteristics inthe overall load range due to the large air gap and the high circulating magnetizing current. In this paper,the characteristics of the high efficiency and unit voltage gain are revealed in the proposed three-level series-parallel resonant converter. The results are verified on the simulation based on the theoretical analysis andthe 5 kW experimental prototype. [633]

Fast transient three-level converters with sliding-mode control.

Sliding-mode control has such advantages as robustness, simple algorithm and good dynamic performance,so sliding-mode control was introduced into three-level (TL) converters. The design of sliding-mode controlbuck TL converter, including sliding-mode control surface design, equivalent control, stability and existenceproof, was given as an example. Experiments of sliding-mode control buck TL converter and traditional PWMbuck TL converters were carried out in order to analyze and compare the dynamic performance. Analysisresults verify that dynamic performance is improved greatly in the sliding-mode control buck TL convertercompare with traditional PWM buck TL converter. [634]

A simple structure of LLC resonant DC-DC converter for multi-output applications.

Multi-output LLC resonant topologies with asymmetrical structures dedicating to multi-output powersupply systems, having limitation of lowest load, are presented in this paper. According to output powerlevel, different configuration of secondary output end can be flexibly adapted. Consequently, the presentedtopology is a favorable candidate for such application as whose outputs are not symmetrical, i.e. comparedwith auxiliary output, power level of main output is comparatively higher. In addition, all switches of thevery topology operate under the condition of ZVS and therefore it is applicable to such occasion as highfrequency, high power density. Asymmetrical operating principle and ZVS operation are analyzed in detail,



moreover key parameter design considerations are presented. Finally, the analysis above is verified both bysimulation and experiment. [635]

A high efficiency gate-driver scheme of synchronous rectifiers for magamp regulation applications.

A new gate-driver scheme is proposed in this paper to improve the efficiency of the synchronous rectifierscombined with magnetic amplifier post regulating. The scheme optimizes the MOSFET turn-on and turn-off delays in synchronous rectifiers by measuring the current that pass through the magnetic amplifier. Theoperation principle and experiment results are presented in this paper. [636]

Method to improve total dose radiation hardness in a CMOS dc-dc boost converter.

MOSFETs used in space are subject to exposure to natural radiation in space. Among the effects of ionizingradiation are shifts in threshold voltage and reduction of carrier mobility. In this paper, total-dose effects inswitching dc/dc boost converter are examined using SPlCE simulations. Then a new circuit design for anopen loop dc/dc boost converter that is much less sensitive to radiation is proposed. By adding four moreMOSFETs to the conventional design, good radiation hard behavior is observed under SPICE simulation. Theimproved design converter can work properly in a wide range of radiation environment, with increasing totaldose radiation. The efficiency also greatly improves, and so does the leakage performance. [637]

A generic algorithm for global steady-state characterization of POL converters.

A new algorithm for global steady-state characterization of switching POL (point-of-load) converters as anefficient CAD tool for design and analysis is presented. The global steady-state characterization, involving theconventional simulation of converter operation as well as stress, sensitivity and tolerance analysis, allows for acomplex evaluation of converter topology. The presented algorithm is based on efficient evaluation of peaks,ripples, average and rms values of converter internal variables using state variables. The inherent steady-state problem is solved using a new, fast, robust and accurate method for determining converter steady-state.Computer simulation and experimental results are attached. [638]

Design and IC implementation of an ultra-low-ripple switched-capacitor-based buck dc-dc converter.

A 5 V/1.1 V, 150 mA, ultra-low-ripple, and high-efficiency switched-capacitor (SC) buck converter ispresented based on the interleaved discharging (ID) approach. The circuit is designed using the TSMC 0.35𝑚𝑢m process. A novel multiphase PWM generator is also proposed. Simulation and preliminary experimentalresults show that the output ripple is reduced by a factor of about 3, and the efficiency is improved by 7%under rated load current The ID method provides flexibility in the design optimization of step-down SC dc-dcconverters. [639]

Synergetic control for ultracapacitors based high dynamic converters.

Ultracapacitors are electrical energy storage devices, which offer high power density, extremely highcycling capability and mechanical robustness. Recent technology improvements enabled ultracapacitors tobe an interesting option for short-term high power applications, such as in industry, automotive and tractiondrives, regenerative energy systems, medical and telecommunication equipment. However, ultracapacitorsoffer voltage value at terminals which is almost directly proportional to their state of charge and thereforegreatly dependent on the operating condition. A power electronic converter is then required to utilizeultracapacitors in the mentioned applications, and reliable converter topology as well high dynamic controltechnique should be chosen in order to best operate the ultracapacitor storage unit. In this paper the synergeticsynthesis of controllers for a bi-directional half-bridge converter is proposed. Results from both simulationsand experimental tests show that the synergetic controllers have faster dynamic behavior with respect to moretraditional linear controllers, thus synergetic control theory is particularly suited to synthesize the controllers



of power electronic converters for Ultracapacitors. The control laws have been implemented on a fixed-point16-bits DSP from Analog Devices, whereas a 30 kW half-bridge converter prototype has been used to carryout the experimental testing activity. [640]

Coupled inductor design with small voltage spike of SEPIC converter.

A SEPIC converter with low leakage coupled inductance is constructed with the low output ripple andnoise, additionally with the wide input voltage range and small size of the circuit. The working principlewith the leakage inductor is proposed and the small signal model is setup. Then relationship betweencoupled inductor and leakage inductance is discussed from the points of view of the magnetic flux pathand magnetic coil structure. A simple inductor wound method to reduce the leakage inductance is proposedand the performance is verified by the experiment. [641]

A UPFC-based voltage compensator with current and voltage balancing function.

In this paper, a control strategy for a three-phase UPFC-based voltage compensator with the function ofcurrent and voltage balancing is proposed. Line voltage variations and line current and voltage unbalanceare compensated simultaneously by the proposed compensator. A method for detection of negative-sequencecomponents of three-phase line currents is shown which is needed in performing unbalance compensation.Simulation analysis is carried out to show the dynamic performance and effectiveness of the compensator.Experimental results are included to show the validity of simulation analysis. [642]

Power supply quality analysis in a twelve-pulse LCI drive system under compensated fault-modeoperation.

This paper addresses the analysis of the power supply quality imposed by the twelve-pulse loadcommutated inverter drive under faulty operating conditions. The considered fault condition is a sustainedcommutation failure of a thyristor in the line-side converters, equivalent to an open-circuit fault. Theresults presented, compare the harmonics content in the supply currents under faulty operation and for twocompensated modes using the faulty-converter in a single-phase mode. These results show that improvementsin the current harmonic content and in the power factor are obtained. [643]

A behavioral SPICE compatible model of a self-oscillating converter.

A SPICE compatible model for simulating self-oscillating dc-dc converters that are based on magneticsaturation is developed and tested. The simulation method applies a non-linear inductor model that reflects alinear inductor in a non-linear manner. The model was tested on a flyback type self-oscillating converter bysimulation and was verified experimentally. [644]

FPGA-based control of power converter: comparing alternative solutions.

This paper presents a comparison of a set of different strategies for the application of field-programmablegate array (FPGA)-based control for power converters. In particular, the comparison focuses on both thecontrol performance and the complexity of the FPGA implementation. Both nonlinear and linear controlstrategies are analyzed and compared. Our main goal is to identify the best approach for exploiting FPGAtechnology in power converter control. Furthermore, our main contribution is to establish solid designguidelines for the use of FPGA-based control in the power electronics field. [645]

The analysis of the power loss in a zero-voltage switching two-inductor boost cell operating underdifferent circuit parameters.

This paper studies a comprehensive set of power loss components in a current fed zero-voltage switching(ZVS) two-inductor boost cell and presents a power loss optimisation method. The ZVS two-inductor



boost cell is fed from a sinusoidally modulated two-phase synchronous buck converter with an interphasetransformer (IPT). The ZVS boost cell produces a rectified sinusoidal voltage, which can be applied to anunfolding stage to generate grid compatible voltage as part of a module integrated photovoltaic inverter. Thispaper conducts the numerical analysis of the average power loss and establishes a set of circuit parameters foran optimized operating point, which results in the minimal power loss in the ZVS boost cell. The experimentalresults for a 1 MHz 100 W ZVS two-inductor boost converter is presented. [646]

Exact harmonics elimination in PWM multi-module converters.

Pulse width modulated (PWM) voltage source converters (VSCs) present unique features such as input-output linearity and control flexibility. However, due to semiconductor devices limitations and high switchinglosses the use of these converters are still limited to low and medium power level applications. For higherpower applications multi-module PWM and multi-pulse converter structures and switching techniques wereintroduced. This paper combines these two. In other words, a PWM switching technique, which can beimplemented on a multi-pulse converter structure, is presented. It is verified that the proposed approachpreserves advantages of both multi-pulse and multi-module PWM converters, and can be operated in eitherPWM or single pulse mode. Simulation and experimental results validate the feasibility of the proposedapproach. [647]

A boost PFC converter with programmable harmonic resistance.

Power factor correction converters with low harmonic input resistance are desirable loads to support thereduction of the harmonic distortion on the feeding grid. Therefore, a novel control strategy is proposed.Whereas previously proposed controllers tried to obtain a resistive behavior of the converter with a constantinput impedance for all frequencies, including the fundamental, the proposed control strategy allows to seta harmonic input resistance independent of the fundamental input impedance. Consequently, the harmonicinput resistance remains low, even when the input power of the converter is decreased. This paper describesthe operation of a digitally controlled boost PFC converter with the new control algorithm. Experimental testson a 1 kW prototype show that a practical realization of the algorithm is possible and that a programmableharmonic input resistance of the converter is obtained. [648]

A reconfigurable uninterruptible power supply system for multiple power quality applications.

A novel topology of an uninterruptible power supply (UPS) system is presented in this paper. The proposedUPS system presents the advantages of high power conversion efficiency as well as active front-end filteringwhich ensures unity input power factor (reactive power compensation) and low input total harmonic distortion(harmonic power compensation) in the voltages and currents. In addition, this UPS possess dynamic voltagesag compensation capabilities, hence eliminates any series transformer or boost converter which is normallyused in conjunction with traditional stand-alone UPS systems. Meanwhile, during the backup (battery) modeof operation, this UPS has the capability of providing grid isolation without any backward power feed intothe faulted utility gird, thus eliminates the needs of circuit breaker or static switch. In addition, it has thedesirable characteristics of making seamless transition from normal to backup mode during power failuresand vice versa, as well as providing controlled voltage charging at the dc bus link. The proposed UPS isalso impervious to load variations, which enables it to operate under nonlinear load condition. Lastly, thecircuit structure is simple, light weight, and can be implemented at a low cost using the standard commercialavailable components. A complete set of simulation as well as experimental results based on a 1 kW testprototype of the proposed UPS are presented here to demonstrate its viability and efficacy. [649]

Reduction of the voltage distortion with a converter employed as shunt harmonic impedance.

The amount of non-linear and unbalanced loads (such as adjustable speed drives and PC’s) connected tothe electric power system is steadily growing. The power quality i.e. the reliability of the energy supply and



the quality of the voltage waveform, may be severely degraded and may cause many unfavourable effects onboth the power system and the connected loads. Especially in the case of resonances, severe voltage distortionmay result. Although complete compensation is only possible using true active filters, resistive shunt harmonicimpedances (SHI) have been shown to provide a considerable reduction of the harmonic propagation. Theseimpedances can be implemented using active power electronic devices and are controlled to synthesizea resistive load. Benefits: no need to measure the polluting load current, effective for all harmonics anddifferent resonance conditions, simple control strategy, and may be implemented as a secondary controlfunction of an active power supply. In this paper, a practical implementation of a resistive SHI is proposed.A new control strategy for a boost power factor correction (PFC) converter has been implemented in orderto achieve a programmable resistive input impedance for harmonics, independent of the input impedance forthe fundamental component. Furthermore, the potential to damp a resonance in a power distribution systemis demonstrated using an experimental setup. [650]

Study on reverse recovery characteristics of reverse-blocking IGBT applied in matrix converter.

In the last few decades, there has been considerable interest in AC to AC direct power conversion circuitknown as matrix converter in the power electronics circle, but the commercial adoption of matrix converteris limited for the lack of suitable single power switches which is capable of blocking the voltages andconducting currents in both directions. Very recently, a new type of IGBT with reverse blocking capability ismade available commercially. This RB-IGBT is similar to NPT-IGBT in geometry except for the modificationmainly at the edges to enable continuous p + n-blocking junction and proper termination. This paper presentsexperimental data on reverse recovery characteristics of the RB-IGBT under a wide variety of operationconditions. The results and analyses can be very useful to those who intend to use RB-IGBT in matrixconverter and also in other converter topologies. [651]

Analysis and design of switched capacitor converters.

Switched capacitor converters have become more common in recent years. Crucial to understanding themaximum power throughput and efficiency is a model of the converter ’s equivalent resistance. A newform for equivalent resistance is derived and discussed in a design context. Quasi-resonant operation is alsoexplored and compared to non-resonant operation. Several capacitor technologies are evaluated and compared.[652]

Nonlinear control of FACTS and HVDC belonging to the voltage-source converter family.

The nonlinear control method, associated with the books of A. Isidori (1989), and H. Nijmeijer and A. J.van der Shaft (1990), has so far been applied to the STATCOM (system order, N=3). There have been twohindrances to progress: (1) synthesizing the nonlinear transformation function which is the key to the method;(2) unfamiliarity with the advanced mathematical language. This paper describes the successful applicationoff the method to the unified power flow controller (UPFC) (N=5). The paper is written in a tutorial form togive insights into how the nonlinear transformation function can be synthesized for voltage-source converters,where the bilinear nonlinearity has its origin from the power balance equation relating the ac-side power tothe dc-side power. The objective is to explain the method in more accessible mathematical language so thatmore power electronic engineers can also use the nonlinear control method. [653]

Simulating piezoelectric transformers for lighting applications.

Advanced piezoelectric transformer technology is being investigated for lighting applications. Thistechnology is substituting magnetic transformers used in driver circuits for more traditional electronicconverters to supply and ignite lighting discharge lamps. The use of piezoelectric technology reduces thesize, volume and weight of the transformer. This reduces the whole circuit and enables the developmentof smaller equipment that could be used in a range of applications. These piezoelectric transformers were



designed to have higher efficiencies, higher output power and increased power density. This paper considers 2piezoelectric transformers of differing geometries; a 110mm long transformer and a 50mm long transformer.This paper deals with the analysis of these piezoelectric transformers based on three-dimensional finiteelement modelling (3D FE). Simulation techniques are applied to design optimum packaging solutions forthe transformers and to assess piezoelectric performance for a range of operating conditions. [654]

Integrated low-voltage pulse width modulation circuit using CMOS processes.

A low-voltage low-power integrated pulse-width-modulation (PWM) circuit using CMOS processes ispresented in this paper. The proposed PWM circuit only consists of CMOS transistors and can be implementedwith digital CMOS processes without extra internal or/and external passive components. In the proposedcircuit, the curve-compensation technique is used to achieve approximately constant frequency operation. Thiscircuit will be useful in low-voltage multimedia circuit, power electronic and telecommunication applications.[655]

A family of asymmetrical dual switch forward DC-DC converters.

Dual-switch forward converter is the preferable candidate in occasion of medium-low power rangeapplication under high-line input due to lower voltage stress of switches for the very topology. Howeverduty cycle of the conventional dual-switch topology is less than 50%, which influences its adaptabilityof wide-range input application. In order to supply appropriate topology for application of medium-lowpower range under high-line input, asymmetrical dual-switch forward topology is presented in this paper.The presented topology features both lower voltage stress of switches and good adaptability of wide rangeinput. Three types of asymmetrical dual-switch forward topologies are proposed in this paper: RCD resetasymmetrical dual-switch forward converter; resonant reset asymmetrical dual-switch forward converter;active-clamped asymmetrical dual-switch forward converter. Characteristic of these topologies is analyzed indetail and comparison between every two of them is done. Finally, the above characteristic is verified by theexperimental result. [656]

Fuzzy logic peak current-mode control for dc-dc converters using an inexpensive 8-bit microcontroller.

Described in this paper are the design and implementation of a microcontroller-based fuzzy logic peakcurrent-mode controller (PCMC) for dc-dc converters. A fuzzy logic PCMC boost converter operating inthe continuous conduction mode has been designed using an 8-bit microcontroller. A one-chip solution hasbeen achieved. No complex algorithm is required to estimate the controlled current by using the on-boardperipherals of the microcontroller. The fuzzy logic algorithm uses a rule-based description of converteroperation. By using rule-based look-up tables and other techniques, the fuzzy logic algorithm is implementedon the low-cost microcontroller successfully. Experimental results indicate successful operation of themicrocontroller-based fuzzy logic PCMC power converter system. [657]

A new wind turbine generation system based on matrix converter.

At a given wind velocity, the mechanical power available from a wind turbine is a function of its shaftspeed. To maximize the power captured from the wind, the shaft speed has to be controlled. In low-cost windenergy conversion systems, the turbine shaft speed is not regulated and a squirrel-cage induction generatoris used to convert the turbine mechanical power to electric power. Power electronic converters are used tointerface the induction generator with the grid and maximize the power captured from the wind. In this paper,a wind energy conversion scheme based on the matrix converter topology is proposed. As the commutationproblems in the conventional nine-bidirectional switch matrix converter topology impairs its performancein industrial applications, an improved topology which does not have any commutation problems, has beenadopted for the system presented in this paper. Through matrix converter, the terminal voltage and frequencyof the induction generator can be controlled in such a way that the wind turbine is operating at its maximum



power point for all wind velocities. The power factor at the interface with the grid is also controlled by thematrix converter to ensure purely active power injection into the grid for optimal utilization of the installedwind turbine capacity. Furthermore, the reactive power requirements of the induction generator are satisfiedby the matrix converter to avoid self-excitation capacitors. Theoretical analysis and simulation results areused to support the claims made on the advantages of the proposed scheme. [658]

Electronic up-conversion: a combination of the advantages of impurity photovoltaics and (optical)up-conversion.

In this paper we discuss ’electronically coupled up-conversion’ (ECUC) a new concept for improvingsolar cell efficiency, which is closely related to impurity photovoltaics (IPV) and (optically coupled) up-conversion (OCUC). The main advantages of ECUC over IPV are the same as those of OCUC over IPV:The solar cell is separated from the up-conversion process and is therefore only minimally influenced bythe up-conversion. Furthermore, ECUC allows in the same way as OCUC a simple realization of naturalphoton energy selectivity. On the other hand, the main difference between ECUC and OCUC is that in ECUCthe stepwise-excited electron-hole (e-h) pairs are injected directly into the solar cell without a ’detour’ viaradiative recombination. Due to this difference the demanding requirements regarding the radiative efficiencyof the up-converter material do not apply. We develop an idealized detailed balance description of the ECUCconcept and calculate the corresponding optimum energy thresholds and efficiency limits. In particular wecalculate the idealized ECUC efficiency for a crystalline silicon solar cell and an electronic up-convertermade of amorphous silicon. Furthermore we discuss the impact of non-radiative recombination. [659]

Application of fourier and wavelet transforms to the identification of EMI noise sources in SMPSs.

The Fourier and wavelet transform are applied to analyze the signals in a power electronics converter. Thewavelet transform makes it possible to have important information about the time evolution of the frequencyspectrum. Thank to this post-processing, the source of the harmonic peaks found in the Fourier spectrum canbe identified in the time evolution of the signals of the circuit under study. [660]

Electric machine control of starter-generator unit.

New consumer requirements to modern cars have resulted in developing an integrated starter-generatorunit. This multifunctional and multiconnected system is of great interest for commercial application. Theresults of this starter-generator unit modelling in the starter and generator modes are given in this paper. Therealization of the proposed control circuit is described on a mathematical model. [661]

Progress and challenges in real time hardware-in-the loop simulations of integrated ship power systems.

Future all-electric Navy ships will feature closely coupled, complex integrated power systems forpropulsion, ship services, navigation, and, especially, pulse loads, all with an extensive usage of powerelectronic converter systems. In order to simulate the dynamics of these systems as accurately as possible, theCenter of Advanced Power System (CAPS) at Florida State University has established an extensive real-timehardware-in-the-loop (RT-HIL) simulation capability. In this paper, the CAPS platform is utilized for the firsttime to perform RT-HIL experiments with an industrial-grade power electronics controller that operates asimulated pulse power compensator on a notional all-electric ship system. The system configuration, both insoftware and hardware, are presented. The results illustrate the reduction of bus frequency deviations causedby pulse power loads due to the active power compensation. Challenges unique to the RT-HIL environmentare discussed and remedies are suggested for future studies. [662]



A single switch boost converter with a high conversion ratio.

To supply a high voltage load directly from a low voltage battery pack, often a converter is requiredwith a high conversion ratio. Converters with coupled inductors have emerged displaying a high efficiency,a low overall component count, a simple topology, and the need for only a single low-voltage active switch.However, if the different possible positions for the capacitors in the topology are considered, several variantsof this topology can be distinguished. After a review of the principles of operation of the basic converter, theproperties of the different topological variations are studied. Finally, a topological choice is made based onthe proposed criteria for a 200 V supply, converting 200 W from a 24 V battery. The theoretical results arecompared to the results retrieved from a prototype converter. [663]

Simple zero voltage switching full-bridge DC bus converters.

A simple method to achieve zero voltage switching (ZVS) In a 50% duty cycle full-bridge DC busconverter is presented. The ZVS is obtained by increasing the transformer magnetizing current. During thesmall dead time between conductions of the two bridge legs, the increased magnetizing current supports theoutput inductor current, and resonates with MOSFET output capacitance, resulting in ZVS operation. Byadopting the ZVS operation, the body diode conduction and voltage spikes across the secondary synchronousrectifiers are eliminated, full load efficiency is increased, and transformer flux balance is guaranteed. ZVSadvantages and tradeoffs are demonstrated with a practical 240 W DC bus converter. [664]

Current-fed phase shift controlled full bridge ZCS DC-DC converter with reverse block IGBT.

This paper investigated a current-fed phase shift full bridge (PSFB) ZCS DC/DC converter with reverseblock IGBT (RB-IGBT), which is much more suitable to IGBT devices. Its ZCS operation condition is alsobeen discussed. Experimental results of a 4 kW prototype are given to verify the expected effects. [665]

DC bias analysis and small-signal characteristic of active-clamp forward-flyback DC-DC converter with acurrent doubler rectifier.

The paper presents the steady-state and dynamic small-signal models for the active-clamp forward-flybackDC-DC converter with a current doubler rectifier. Based on the established models, several issues, such asinductor current sharing, transformer DC bias of magnetizing current and converter design, are discussed.[666]

Proposal of a switch-mode power supply by the association of an interleaved boost-flyback converter andan interleaved forward topology.

This work presents the analysis of a switch-mode power supply operating at high switching frequency withhigh efficiency. An almost unity input power factor is obtained when an interleaved boost-flyback converterassociated with a nondissipative snubber is used as a preregulator stage. An interleaved forward converteris used as DC-DC stage, as the combination of both topologies results in the proposed SMPS. Theoreticalbackground on each one of the converters is presented, and analytical results on the proposal are discussed inorder to validate the proposal. [667]

Three-level buck converter for envelope tracking in RF power amplifiers.

This paper proposes a three-level buck converter for efficient wide-bandwidth envelope tracking in RFpower amplifiers (RFPA). The focus is on low-power battery-operated systems, and the goal is to enablepractical implementation of the envelope elimination and restoration (EER) technique, which theoreticallyallows realization of a highly linear, highly efficient RFPA for non-constant envelope modulations. In termsof ripple, switching frequency and bandwidth tradeoffs, it is shown that the three-level buck converter issimilar to the two-phase configuration, while employing a single inductor in the power stage. Additionally, a



digital control technique for regulation of the flying capacitor voltage is proposed to ensure signal trackingfidelity. Experimental results show the improved performance of a three-level buck converter prototype asregards efficiency and ripple rejection for the illustrative case of tracking the envelope of a two-tone testsignal. [668]

A novel DC-DC full-bridge converter using energy-recovery circuit with regenerative transformer.

A novel full-bridge converter with a new energy-recovery driver using a regenerative transformeris proposed to improve the efficiency for wide input voltage range and load variation compared with aconventional phase-shift (PS) full-bridge (FB) converter. In the proposed converter, the main switches achieveZVS independent of the load current value. During the freewheeling period, conduction loss is minimizedby recovering the circulating energy to the source. The principle of operation, design consideration andexperimental results, including efficiency, are presented in the case of large change of the input voltage orload. A proposed 1 kW converter prototype is compared with a PS-FB converter. [669]

Investigation of candidate topologies for brick DC-DC.

Characteristics of electrical specifications, which is peculiar for brick DC/DC power product, is analyzedin detail in this paper, selective requirement of topologies for this type product is presented as well. Thetopologies listed as follows are the presented appropriate candidate ones for brick DC/DC: active-clampedforward converter, resonant reset forward converter, symmetrical half-bridge converter, forward-flybackconverter, isolated boost-buck converter, two-stage converter. The related techniques about the candidatetopologies are respectively specified, furthermore in view of the applicability, both the advantage and thedisadvantage are respectively compared with each other. Finally, good applicability of active-clamped forwardconverter to brick DC/DC is further verified by the experimental result. [670]

Efficiency and EMI comparisons between prototyped 8 kW hard and soft switched buck choppers.

Rapid reconfiguration makes power electronics-based DC distribution systems attractive for systems thatmust be highly dependable. For systems at high power levels, the development of high-performance DC-DC converters is essential. In an attempt to assess efficiency, EMI, size and complexity, the authors havesimulated, prototyped, and evaluated similar hard-switched and soft-switched 8 kW buck converters. [671]

Transient current suppression scheme for bi-directional DC-DC converters in 42 V automotive powersystems.

42 V electrical power systems are on their way to replacing the present 14 V systems in automobiles and42 V/14 V dual voltage systems have been proposed to provide backward compatibility with the existingcomponents for the 14 V system. The synchronous buck/boost converter is an attractive topology for 42 V/14V dual voltage systems since it offers bi-directional operation without additional components. In this paper,transient currents generated during converter startup or changes in operation modes between buck and boostare analyzed and a cost effective solution to remove the transient currents is proposed. The validity of theproposed control strategy is investigated through simulations and experiments. [672]

An assessment of resonant gate drive techniques for use in modern low power dc-dc converters.

This paper is concerned with the investigation of existing gate drive topologies for use in low power,high frequency, dc-dc conversion. Each topology’s theoretical characteristics are examined and verified ina detailed mathematical analysis suite. Simulation and experimental results emphasize the advantages, orotherwise, of the selected topologies. Practical issues in developing high frequency resonant gate drives areexplored. The optimum topology for low power, high frequency dc-dc converter applications, based on thefindings of this work, is then identified. [673]



Next generation high efficiency high power dc-dc converter incorporating active switch and snubbingcapacitor assisted full-bridge soft-switching PWM inverter with high frequency transformer for largecurrent output.

This paper presents a new circuit topology of dc busline switch-assisted full-bridge soft-switching PWMinverter type dc-dc power converter which is composed of typical voltage source H full-bridge type highfrequency PWM inverter in addition to a single dc busline side power semiconductor switching device forPWM scheme and a capacitive lossless snubber. Under the newly-proposed high frequency inverter link dc-dc high power conditioning and processing circuit, all active power switches in the full-bridge arms and dcbusline can achieve ZVS/ZVT turn-off commutation operation. On the other hand, although the conductionpower loss of dc busline switch increases a little, the total turn-off switching losses of full-bridge type PWMinverter and dc busline switch with the single lossless capacitive snubber parallel with dc busline can besignificantly decreased. As a result, the switching frequency of high frequency inverter power stage usingIGBTs can be actually selected more than about 10 kHz. The more the switching frequency of full-bridgeinverter increases, the more newly-proposed soft-switching dc-dc power converter with a high frequencytransformer link has remarkable advantage as for the power conversion efficiency and power density ascompared with the conventional hard-switching inverter type dc-dc power converter. The effectiveness of thisnew converter topology is proved for low voltage and large current dc-dc power supplies from a practicalpoint of views. [674]

Simulation and field-testing of hybrid ultra-capacitor/battery energy storage systems for electric andhybrid-electric transit vehicles.

This paper investigates the use of ultra-capacitors combined with batteries as an improved energy storagesystem for electric, hybrid electric, and hybrid fuel cell transit vehicles. A demonstrator hybrid electric vehiclewith an ultra-capacitor system was constructed and used to validate simulations. Results suggest a significantreduction in peak currents experienced by the battery pack in drive cycles with a high number of starts andstops. [675]

Practical issues of input/output impedance measurements in switching power supplies and application ofmeasured data to stability analysis.

Measurements of converter input and output impedances are conducted to verify that the power system hasbeen correctly modeled and designed. Many impedance measurement setups presented in the past are usefulfor tutorial purposes, but in practice their application is limited to low-power supplies. This paper presentspractical impedance measurement circuits, which provide reliable measurements for a wide class of powersupplies. The measured impedance data was applied to stability analysis of the computer distributed powersystem. [676]

Effect and utilization of common source inductance in synchronous rectification.

Synchronous rectification is widely used in low voltage high current applications to reduce conductionloss. Common source inductance is the inductance shared by gate driver loop and main power transfer path.Minimization of common source inductance has been accepted as a common design rule for power convertersusing power MOSFET. In this paper, the effects of commons source inductance for control and sync FETsare explored in detail. In contrary to traditional belief, common source inductance of sync FET could providesignificant benefits. With sync FET common source inductance, minimal dead time, shoot through preventionand Cdv/dt immunity could be achieved, and significant switching loss reduction could be realized for alltypes of synchronous rectifications. [677]



High current DC-DC converter with SMT components.

The use of interleaving techniques in DC/DC converter allows several important advantages such assmaller filters and a better dynamic response. The massive use of this concept may change the design andthe look of these converters. In this paper two 1000 W DC/DC converters with automotive specificationshave been developed according to this principle. The main result is that the converters are made with surfacemounting devices keeping a very high efficiency. [678]

Magnetic integration for hybrid phase modulated converter with current-doubler rectifier.

The major drawback in hybrid phase modulated converter (HPMC) with current-doubler rectifier isincreased magnetic part count. This work describes integration of the four magnetic components: the twotransformers and two inductors to a single four-winding component. The concept of integration and theprinciple of operation are discussed. These are supported by results from simulation of a lumped-parametermagnetic model coupled with the electrical circuit. Realization of the integrated magnetic component andexperimental results from the proof-of-concept prototype are presented. [679]

Full-bridge DC-DC converter with common mode chokes.

A power supply for electroplating was developed using a full bridge converter. Dead time introducedto prevent cross conduction resulted in significantly increased rise times at low output voltages. This paperproposes the addition of common mode chokes to allow operation with zero dead time and experimentalresults are provided. [680]

Digital controller for an isolated half-bridge DC-DC converter.

Digital controllers are increasingly being used especially in complex systems, including power electronicssystems, because of their advantages. In this paper, design, simulation, and experimental results of a fullydigitally controlled half-bridge converter with current-doubler are presented. Digital system blocks effects areconsidered in the digital compensator design to achieve sufficient closed loop gain and phase margins andverified experimentally. Moreover, additional necessary functions are integrated in this digital controller, suchas OVP/OCP functions and dead time optimizing function. [681]

An area-efficient digital pulsewidth modulation architecture suitable for FPGA implementation.

This paper describes a digital pulsewidth modulator (DPWM) designed for FPGA implementation. Anovel multi-output pulsewidth modulation scheme is introduced, as is a frequency calibration method suitablefor use on FPGAs. The resulting architecture provides versatile output waveforms with high resolution, butwith a small area requirement. [682]

Unified analog and digital models for half bridge DC-DC converter with current doubler rectifier.

The half bridge DC-DC topology with current doubler rectification is suitable for high current low voltageapplications. In this paper, both analog and digital unified state space models and small signal models validfor symmetric, asymmetric and duty cycle shifted controlled half bridge DC-DC converter are derived. Thediscretized analog model and derived digital model are compared based on the digital controller design.In addition, a digital controller is designed based on the digital model for symmetric half bridge DC-DCconverter. The results are verified by experiment. [683]

A general approach to averaged modeling and analysis of active-clamped converters.

Averaged modeling of soft-switching converters employing active clamping techniques is presented inthis paper. A general modeling method based on time-scale separation of converter state variables is used



to develop reduced-order large-signal averaged models suitable for converter control design. A transformer-coupled active-clamped SEPIC converter is studied in detail to demonstrate the application of the method.Numerical simulation and experimental measurement of frequency responses of a prototype converter arepresented to validate the developed model. An extension to the general time-scale separation technique isalso presented as a means to improve the accuracy of the reduced-order averaged model when the switching-frequency ripple in the slow state variables is large. An active-clamped flyback converter is also brieflystudied to demonstrate the general applicability of the method to other active-clamped converter topologies.[684]

Power losses and efficiency analysis of multilevel dc-dc converters.

This paper presents a detailed analysis about the power losses and efficiency of multilevel dc-dc converters.The analysis considers different loss mechanisms and gives out quantitative descriptions of the power lossesand useful design criteria. The analysis is based on a three-level multilevel dc-dc converter and can beextended to other switched-capacitor converters. The comparison between the theoretical analysis and theexperimental results are shown to substantiate the theory. [685]

Modeling of unbalanced multiphase buck converters with applications to voltage regulator modulecontrol.

Multiple parallel-input parallel-output low-output voltage converters serve high-current high-slew rateloads, often using current mode control to achieve tight output voltage regulation. One way to enhanceslew rate performance is to combine unbalanced phases: a low inductance converter in parallel with one ormore conventional phases can deliver fast slews without altering low-frequency performance. An unbalancedcombination is facilitated by combining conventional current-mode controls with sensorless current mode(SCM) controls; The dynamic properties resulting from using equal and unequal filter inductances for parallelconverters are investigated for a 12 V to 1.5 V 100 A VRM. [686]

Power junction FETs (JFETs) for very low-voltage applications.

Recent power JFETs pose several significant advantages, compared to MOSFET. Advantages includelower RdonxCin figure of merit, simplicity in fabrication, immunity to electro-static discharge damages andabsence of body diodes. Evaluation results show that JFETs can be attractive contenders for very low-voltageapplications, especially in a case where normally-on characteristic is not a problem. [687]

A new family of zero-voltage-transition PWM converters with dual active auxiliary circuits.

A new family of active auxiliary circuits that allow the power switch in single switch, pulse widthmodulated (PWM) converters to operate with zero voltage switching (ZVS) is proposed in this paper. Theswitch in an auxiliary circuit belonging to this family can operate with a zero current switching (ZCS) turn-onand turn-off without increasing the peak current stresses of the main switch. In the paper, the fundamentalprinciples behind the proposed family of active auxiliary circuits are explained. Based on these principles, anexample auxiliary circuit is systematically derived and presented along with several other auxiliary circuits ofthe new family. The operation of a boost converter operating with the example auxiliary circuit is described,and general guidelines for the design and implementation of auxiliary circuits belonging to the new familyare given. The feasibility of the example auxiliary circuit is confirmed by experimental results obtained froma 500 W, 100 kHz boost converter laboratory prototype. [688]

Three-level zero-voltage zero-current soft-switching (ZVZCS) DC-DC converter using a tapped inductor.

A novel three-level zero-voltage zero current switching (ZVZCS) DC/DC converter is presented in thispaper. In order to achieve zero current soft switching and eliminate the high voltage stress on the rectifiers,



a tapped inductor is introduced to reset the primary circulation current during the freewheeling stage. Theresetting voltage and the time can be regulated conveniently by setting the turn ratios of the tapped inductor,and no high voltage stress in secondary side appears. The principle and operation modes are analyzed.Experimental results based on a 500 W/100 kHz prototype are given to verify the validity of the proposedconverter. [689]

Planar inductor with structural winding capacitance cancellation for PFC boost converters.

This paper presents the design and implementation of a planar boost inductor with structural windingcapacitance cancellation. Compared to the conventional toroidal inductors, with the help of the proposedwinding capacitance cancellation method and the easy implementation for planar windings, the planar boostinductor has much lower profile, much smaller losses and much better high-frequency characteristics. [690]

Five-terminal average modeling and AC analysis of PFC converters in PSPICE.

A simple and accurate five-terminal switched transformer average model was used to perform the ACanalysis of single-stage power factor correction (PFC) converter using PSPICE. Unlike other models presentedin literature, the proposed switching cell includes the transformer leakage inductance, the intermediate businput, and still addresses both continuous and discontinuous conduction modes. The developed PSPICE modelis very relevant to isolated converters including the PFC example provided here, which are not easily handledby other models. [691]

A novel common-mode conducted EMI filter for boost PFC converter.

A novel common-mode (CM) EMI filter for a boost PFC converter has been proposed in this paper. Thisfilter is inserted between the chassis earth and the reference ground of the PFC converter. Because no maincurrent passes through the CM choke, the size of this filter is reduced largely comparing with the conventionalCM filter. Experimental results verify that this filter can reduce the CM noise effectively. And it has almostsame effects for reduction CM noise compared with the conventional CM filters. [692]

A high power-density, high efficiency front-end converter for capacitor charging applications.

This paper introduces a high power-density, high-efficiency isolated full-bridge boost converter, whichis used for the front-end converter of a capacitor charger. The design equations, design considerations andpractical trade-offs for the converter power stage are summarized. In addition, by fully taking advantage ofthe pulsed load profile, a transformer design using a high-saturation flux density material is introduced tomaximize the power density. The principle of operation for the converter is analyzed and verified on a 15kW, 100 kHz front-end converter prototype. [693]

High frequency ZVS self-driven full-bridge using full integration of magnetics.

This paper describes a ZVS full bridge topology with a self-driven current doubler secondary side topology.The unique attribute of this topology is that it utilizes a full integration of magnetic components. Theintegrated magnetic includes both output inductors of the current doubler, a main power transformer windings,and two self-driven gate drive transformers all in one EE/EI core. This topology and integration technique isdemonstrated in an eighth brick form factor that switches at 600 kHz and can achieve 65 A load current with1.2 V output while maintaining greater than 87% efficiency at full load. [694]

A novel energy recycling clamp circuit.

The reverse recovery of the output rectifying diodes in converters often causes excessive power loss insemiconductor devices and voltage spikes across the diodes, resulting in lower efficiency. There are manykinds of snubber circuits used to clamp voltage spike across the diodes and recycle the reverse recovery



energy, which have many limitations such as the bad effect for spike killing, not working in output shortcircuit. To overcome the limitations a novel snubber circuit is put forward in the paper, which is lossless andmore effective than the prior ones. In addition, during the main circuit operates in the current limit mode,the snubber circuit operates normally. The principle and analysis of the snubber circuit are presented in thepaper. In a 3 kW telecom power supply very good results are obtained by applying the circuit. [695]

Dual-voltage quarter-brick DC-DC converter with control in secondary side.

This paper presents the design and measurements of a dual output voltage (3.3 V and 2.5 V) quarter-brickDC/DC converter for telecom applications. Secondary-side control is used since outputs must be trimmableand must have very good regulation capabilities. Control architecture is analyzed in detail since the secondary-side control makes more complex other control functions (protections, start-up, etc.). [696]

300 C high temperature magnetics.

The next generation of power electronics will use high temperature silicon carbide semiconductors.To utilize the capabilities of these devices, high temperature magnetics and other passive components arerequired. A 300 C ferrite material has been developed to operate at over 300 degree C combined ambientand rise. A 1.5 kV, 270 Vdc to 28 Vdc forward converter transformer has been built with this materialand has been tested for 600 hours at>290 C ambient. Both test data and analysis are presented to showthe material capability and techniques for high temperature windings. The test data and analysis includes adiscussion of various winding and high temperature insulation techniques consistent with high voltage andpower electronics high frequency magnetics issues. [697]

Interleaved zero current transition buck converter.

This paper introduces interleaved zero current transition (ZCT) converters where two sets of switches areoperating out of phase and share the load power equally. Turn-on transitions at zero current and a significantreduction of the losses associated with diode reverse recovery are accomplished through addition of twosmall inductors. The paper describes a 30 kW (300 V, 100 A) interleaved ZCT buck converter operating at32 kHz switching frequency. Losses and efficiency of the experimental prototype compare favorably againstthe standard hard-switched buck converter, and against previously proposed ZCT approaches. [698]

A novel double phase-shift control scheme for full-bridge three-level converter.

A novel ”double phase-shift (DPS)” control for full-bridge (FB) three-level (TL) converter is proposed,which improves efficiency by reducing losses of switches’ body diodes meanwhile maintains the converter ’soriginal advantages without adding additional components compared with ”chopping plus phase-shift (CPS)”control. The operation principle is verified on 3 kW, 100 kHz prototype. [699]

A large signal averaged modelling and control of paralleled DC/DC converters with automatic loadsharing.

This paper presents a unified method for developing power stage transfer functions of paralleled DC/DCconverters employing automatic load sharing control. The proposed technique uses large signal averagedmodels to derive the steady-state and small signal transfer functions, instead of employing small signalmodeling technique used widely in literatures. The proposed approach is general and can be applied to anynumber of paralleled modules. For illustration purpose, this modeling method is applied to two paralleledbuck converters with automatic load sharing control, and the corresponding large signal characteristics areanalyzed. Moreover, a design methodology for the current share (CS) compensator based on the current shareloop gain has been presented. Stability and dynamic performance of the CS control are studied. Simulationresults of three paralleled buck converter converting the input DC voltage of 12 V, to 5 V DC at 3times20 Aare presented in order to verify the theoretical approach reported in the paper. [700]



Bus-tie synchronization and load share technique in a ring bus system with multiple power inverters.

A novel synchronizing technique is applied to a ring bus configured power system, with multiple solid-state inverters, to allow the bus-tie breaker to be closed at any time. After paralleling, load sharing ismagnetically controlled without electronic circuitry or software control. Compared to the traditional one-at-a-time synchronization process, this approach significantly shortens the synchronization time as well asthe interconnect-signal wire length, thus improving reliability and lowering the cost. This paper discusses theprinciples of this synchronization and load share control technique, supported by test results. [701]

Multiinput inverter for grid-connected hybrid PV/wind power system.

The objective of this paper is to propose a novel multi-input inverter for the grid-connected hybrid PV/windpower system in order to simplify the power system and reduce the cost. The proposed multi-input inverterconsists of a buck/buck-boost fused multiinput DC/DC converter and a full-bridge DC/AC inverter. The outputpower characteristics of the PV array and the wind turbine are introduced. The perturbation and observationmethod is used to accomplish the maximum power point tracking algorithm for input sources. The operationalprinciple of the proposed multiinput inverter is explained. The control circuit is realized by using a digitalsignal processor and auxiliary analog circuits. For practical applications, functions of soft-start and circuitprotection are implemented. Experimental results have shown the performance of the proposed multiinputinverter with desired features. [702]

A novel multimode digital control approach for single-stage flyback power supplies with power factorcorrection and fast output voltage regulation.

This paper describes a novel digital control approach to achieve the unity power factor and fast outputvoltage regulation for single-stage single-switch AC-DC flyback power supplies. This intelligent digitalapproach achieves the combined benefits of high performance, low cost and high reliability in a singlecontroller. In this solution, the power converter is constructed with the simplest and least expensivebasic flyback topology that does not require a bulk capacitor to store energy on its primary-side. Theconverter operates in various modes according to the line input voltage and the output load. For powerfactor correction, there are two operation modes: critical discontinuous conduction mode (CDCM) anddiscontinuous conduction mode (DCM). Two other operation modes apply to the output voltage regulation:fast transient mode during load transient and pulse frequency modulation (PFM) mode at light load. TheIC incorporating these innovative solutions have been introduced by iWatt. In addition to describing thisapproach, this paper gives the experimental results obtained on a 90W (19.5 V 4.62 A) prototype. [703]

One cycle control IC simplifies PFC designs.

This paper presents an implementation of the one cycle control (OCC) method, which simplifies the designprocedure for continuous conduction mode PFC converters. The traditional ”multiplier” based methods arereviewed and compared to the one cycle control technique. A direct comparison of ”step by step” designprocedure for both solutions is presented, as well as experimental results which demonstrate that the benefitsof the OCC method impose no sacrifice in performance. [704]

Digital implementation of a unity-power-factor constant-frequency DCM boost converter.

A DSP implementation of digital control for constant-frequency, unity-power-factor, and discontinuous-conduction-mode boost rectifier is described. By employing variable-duty-cycle control, the power factor ofover 0.99 is achieved in the entire universal line-voltage range (90-264 V). In addition, the transient responseof the rectifier is optimized by utilizing a nonlinear PI-controller with anti windup that is independentlyoptimized for U.S. line-voltage range (90-132 V) and for European line-voltage range (180-264 V) and bytemporarily increasing the bandwidth of the control loop during transients. The performance of the proposedDSP control was verified on a 100-kHz, 400-W unity-power-factor rectifier prototype. [705]



A new duty cycle parallel control method and FPGA implementation for AC-DC converters with powerfactor correction (PFC).

A new duty cycle parallel control method for AC-DC converter with power factor correction is proposed.The duty cycle required to achieve unity power factor consists of two terms: current term and voltage term.They are calculated directly based on the reference current and sensed inductor current, input voltage andoutput voltage. It requires only one multiplication and three addition operations for digital implementation sothat the proposed PFC control method can be implemented by a low cost DSP, microprocessor, FPGA or anASIC to achieve high switching frequency. This duty cycle parallel control essentially distinguishes from theconventional current mode control in which there are two regulators, one for voltage regulation and one forcurrent regulation. Test results for a digital PFC implementation show that the proposed method can achieveunity power factor under both steady and transient state. Sinusoidal input current can be achieved undernonsinusoidal input voltage condition. The switching frequency of FPGA control boost PFC is 400 kHz. Theproposed duty cycle parallel control strategy has high potential for the next generation of high switchingfrequency PFC implementation, due to its lower calculation requirement, lower cost and better performancethan average current mode control. [706]

Two-switch boost-half bridge and boost active clamped ZVS-PWM AC-AC converters for consumer highfrequency induction heater.

This paper presents a two-switch boost-half bridge one stage power conversion circuit topology ofcommercial single-phase utility frequency AC fed ZVS-PWM power converter with harmonic currentsuppression and unity power factor correction functions. This cost effective utility frequency AC (UFAC) tohigh frequency AC (HFAC) power converter is developed for consumer induction heating (IH) appliances.This two-switch boost-half bridge one stage UFAC to HFAC power converter includes some advantages assimple configuration and control scheme, low cost, utility AC side harmonic current reduction with unitypower factor, and constant frequency ZVS-PWM for power regulation. Its operating principle is describedand discussed herein. In addition to this, its operating performances are illustrated and estimated on the basisof simulation and experimental results. An active voltage clamped ZVS-PWM high frequency inverter withboost function and its characteristics are also evaluated as compared with two-switch boost-half bridge powerconverter treated here. [707]

An active-clamp push-pull converter for battery sourcing applications.

This paper presents an active-clamp push-pull converter for battery sourcing applications. A pairof auxiliary switches, resonant inductors and clamping capacitors are added to the primary-side of thetransformer to clamp voltage spike and recycle the energy trapped in the leakage inductors. In the proposedactive-clamp push-pull converter, since both main and auxiliary switches can be turned on with zero-voltageswitching, switching loss can be reduced and conversion efficiency therefore can be improved significantly.Furthermore, the proposed converter can eliminate potential flux-imbalance problems existing in theconventional push-pull converter. In this study, a 1 kW active-clamp push-pull converter was implemented,from which experimental results have shown that efficiency improvement and surge suppression can beachieved effectively. It is relatively feasible for applications to battery sourcing converters. [708]

Comparative performance evaluation of current-mode controls adapted to asymmetrically-drivenbridge-type pulse-width modulated DC-to-DC converters.

Three different current-mode control schemes, peak current-mode control, charge control, and averagecurrent-mode control, are investigated for the applications to asymmetrically-driven bridge-type pulse-widthmodulated DC-to-DC converters. The principles, implementation, and performance of the three controlschemes are compared in an attempt to identify their respective merits and limitations. Design examplesfor feedback compensations are given for the three control schemes. The theoretical predictions of this paperare supported by computer simulations and experimental results. [709]



Positive/negative pulse battery charger with energy feedback and power factor correction.

This paper presents a new positive/negative pulse battery charger with energy feedback and power factorcorrection. The positive/negative pulse battery charger is composed of a single-stage boost-forward converterand a flyback converter. The single-stage boost-forward converter not only completes the positive pulse-charging mode, but also achieves high power factor for the charger. By using the flyback converter, theenergy is released from the battery to the boost output capacitor in the negative pulse-discharging mode.Thus, the efficiency of the charger can be increased. A prototype circuit is implemented to verify that theanalysis and design are effective and feasible. [710]

Design considerations for single-stage, input-current shapers for low output voltage ripple.

A lot of power topologies have been proposed to comply with the IEC-61000-3-2 regulations. One groupof solutions involves obtaining an additional output from one of the converter ’s magnetic devices. Thesesolutions are very good due to the low harmonic content and from the low cost point of view. Neverthelessthese magnetic coupled circuits can modify the converter ’s performance. The abnormal operation can beobserved as an output voltage ripple higher than expected. This paper deals with the design considerations forlow output voltage ripple single-stage-input-current shapers (S 2 ICS) and explains the abnormalities. [711]

Inductor design considerations for optimizing performance & cost of continuous mode boost PFCconverters.

The inductor design of a continuous mode boost PFC circuit is usually straight forward but the choiceof the variables that decide the size of this inductor is always difficult to quantify and they depend heavilyon the designers choice. This paper explores the effect of these variables on the overall performance of theconverter, by making extensive measurements of conducted EMI, inductor temperature rise and converterefficiency. Three inductance design values are compared and verified with measurements on a 1200 Wprototype operating at about 70 kHz. Based on these measurements, a systematic design approach is suggested.[712]

Session index.

-. [713]

A new peak current control scheme for duty-cycle-shift (DCS) controlled half-bridge DC-DC converters.

A new peak current control scheme with capacitor voltage balance compensation for duty-cycle-shifted(DCS) half-bridge is proposed. The voltage balance is achieved by the control circuitry without modificationson the power stage. The implementation control circuitry is simple and easy to be integrated. The scheme isverified by experiment prototype. [714]

Small signal modeling for current mode controlled Cuk and SEPIC converters.

Small signal models for current-mode controlled Cuk and SEPIC converters are presented, which is keyto correctly predicting close-loop behavior. The analytical results are validated by experimental results. Themodels are intended for use in design of current mode controlled Cuk and SEPIC converters. [715]

Dynamic performance analysis of outer-loop current sharing control for paralleled DC-DC converters.

For paralleling DC/DC converters, this paper investigates the fundamental relationship between the outer-loop current sharing control and the voltage regulation control. By using the concept of output impedance,the inherent function of the current sharing control is clarified and its influences on the voltage regulationof paralleling system are revealed. Although there may exist tradeoffs between dynamic current sharing and



voltage regulation, it is possible to have good performances on both aspects, as long as the closed-loop outputimpedances of individual modules are within a certain tolerance range. After that, a design guideline forthe current sharing compensator is proposed. The analyses and designs are verified by the simulation andexperimental results. [716]

A novel self-powered, isolated power management device for 48 V power systems.

This paper describes a new approach to the design of an integrated power management device for 48V distributed power systems. For best performance, the power management device must be independent ofthe DC-DC converters that it is managing. This presents a number of design challenges, particularly whereisolation is required between primary (48 V) and secondary (logic voltages). The solution described here isself-powered from 48 V, and provides all necessary power management functions such as startup, shutdown,fault handling, etc. The final device is implemented in a BGA package and maintains full primary-secondaryisolation without the need for optocouplers. [717]

A novel soft switching isolated boost converter.

In low input voltage applications, the isolated boost converter is more attractive for its low input currentripple and low switches rating. But there is high surge voltage on switch under low load condition. RCDsnubber is used in the conventional circuit. In this paper, a novel soft switching isolated boost converteris proposed. The LCD snubbers and coupled winding in boost inductor have been employed. The switchesturn off at zero voltage and the surge voltage of switch is low. The converter has high efficiency and issuitable for low-to-high voltage conversion circuit. The principle of this converter is analyzed. Simulationand experimental results show that this novel converter is feasible. The efficiency of an 18-32 V input and48 V output 300 W converter is 92% at 28 V input. [718]

Switched-noise filter for the buck converter using the output ripple as the PWM ramp.

Buck converters using the output ripple as the PWM ramp have low circuit complexity and fast transientresponse but are sensitive to external noise due to the small ripple amplitude. This paper proposes the switchednoise filter to reduce the noise sensitivity. [719]

Sensorless optimization of dead times in DC-DC converters with synchronous rectifiers.

This paper introduces an approach to achieve optimum dead times in DC-DC converters with synchronousrectifiers without sensing any of the power-stage signals other than the output voltage. The dead timesare adjusted adaptively to minimize the duty-cycle command, which results in maximization of the converterefficiency. The method is particularly well suited for digital controller implementation, requiring no additionalanalog components or modifications of standard gate-drive circuitry. Experimental results for a digitallycontrolled 5 V-to-1 V, 5 A synchronous buck converter demonstrate practical implementation of the sensorlessdead-time optimization algorithm. [720]

Analytical calculation of the conduction and switching losses of the conventional matrix converter andthe (very) sparse matrix converter.

To dimension the power semiconductors of a conventional matrix converter (CMC) or a two-stage sparsematrix converter (SMC and/or very SMC) extensive simulations usually have to be performed as the losses ofeach device are dependent on several operating parameters, including the different ratios of input and outputfrequency. In this paper analytical expressions with high accuracy are derived for the switching and conductionlosses of the CMC, SMC and VSMC’s power semiconductors. These expressions directly show the parameterdependencies of the power semiconductor switching and conduction losses and therefore can be used todetermine the maximal local or average thermal stress and for the thermal design of the power components.



Furthermore, the total converter losses and conversion efficiency can be determined with minimal calculationeffort. [721]

Digital current-mode controller for DC-DC converters.

This paper introduces a digital average current-mode controller architecture based on a low-resolutioncurrent A/D converter and a simple digital controller realization. The proposed approach combines advantagesof practical digital realization and current-mode control for DC-DC converters operating at high switchingfrequencies. An experimental test circuit includes an experimental prototype current A/D converter, acontroller implemented on an FPGA, and a 6 V-to-1.8 V, 10 A synchronous buck power stage operating at200 KHz. Experimental verification results are described. [722]

A digital current mode control technique for DC-DC converters.

This paper introduces a digital average current-mode controller architecture based on a low-resolutioncurrent A/D converter and a simple digital controller realization. The proposed approach combines advantagesof practical digital realization and current-mode control for DC-DC converters operating at high switchingfrequencies. An experimental test circuit includes an experimental prototype current A/D converter, acontroller implemented on an FPGA, and a 6 V-to-1.8 V, 10 A synchronous buck power stage operating at200 KHz. Experimental verification results are described. [723]

Failure prediction of electrolytic capacitor using DSP methods.

Electrolytic capacitors are responsible for frequent breakdowns of static converters. A new DSP basedmethod, to set a predictive maintenance, is presented. Signature of changes in capacitance and ESR, due toaging, will reflect in capacitor ripple voltage and current; and these changes are monitored using proposedmethod to predict the future status of the capacitor. [724]

Interleaved boost-input-type full bridge converter.

In order to correct the power boost topology has been used for easy control. But conventional boosttopology has some drawbacks switching voltage surge, cross conduction current and right-half-plane zeroof its control transfer function. Furthermore in this topology output voltage is always higher than input. Asa result the first-stage boost PFC converter is connected with the second-stage DC-DC converter. A newtopology which can be used as single stage PFC converter is proposed in this paper. [725]

Control and topologies for three-phase three-level active power filters.

Most previously reported three-phase active power filters are based on two-level converters, which aresuitable for low voltage systems. In this paper, three-phase three-level active power filters are presentedbased on several new vector strategies and one-cycle control to serve the high voltage systems. Studies atUCI Power Electronics Laboratory have shown that each vector strategy has its eminent characteristics thatcan be tailored to a variety of needs. By combining these strategies with one-cycle control, all resulted activepower filters can automatically balance their output capacitor voltages. The theoretical findings are verifiedby a 1 kVA experimental prototype. [726]

A DSP based digitally controlled interleaved PFC converter.

A single DSP controlled two phase interleaved PFC converter is presented together with Its digital controldesign and implementation. A simple, low cost method of sensing the switch current and implementing thecurrent share control is illustrated. Details of the design are presented to show the simplification of the controlImplementation achieved through the use of a DSP. Finally, experimental results are provided to validate theperformance of the digital implementation. [727]



Voltage regulation in induction machines with multiple stator windings by zero sequence harmoniccontrol.

We have investigated a method to regulate the voltages in the secondary windings of an induction machinestator with multiple windings. By introducing one or more triple-n harmonics in a three-phase machine, therectified output voltage of one or more grounded-wye windings can be controlled and regulated. Voltageregulation is achieved through triple-n harmonic current injection, so there is no net torque on the rotor,decoupling voltage regulation from drive. We demonstrate and analyze voltage control in a custom woundinduction machine by the addition of third harmonic to the inverter drive waveform. The rectified outputvoltage depends not only on the amplitude, but also on the phase of the third harmonic. The ability toorthogonally control voltage is particularly important in applications where the machine is used as a generator,motor and/or power converter at the same time. [728]

AC motor drives with a reduced number of switches and boost inductors.

This paper presents two three-phase AC motor drives configurations with a reduced component count. Theconfigurations were conceived to operate with a reduced number of switches and boost inductors. The drivesprovide both bidirectional power flow and power factor control. The paper presents the analysis and controlstrategy of the systems, including current and PWM voltage controllers. Experimental and simulation resultsare presented. [729]

Transient response improvement in isolated DC-DC converter with current injection circuit.

Converter transient response is mainly limited by filter LC delay time, controller delay time andpropagation delay time. It is a tradeoff between efficiency and transient response in the design. In isolatedDC/DC converter, the bandwidth of opto-coupler has an extra strong effect on the system bandwidthimprovement. This paper presents current injection method, switching mode current injection circuit onlyengaged in transient periods operating in high frequency at the secondary side to improve the bandwidth forbetter dynamic response while the main topology can operate in lower frequency for good efficiency. Simplevoltage control for fixed switching frequency and stable operation, instead of hysteretic control, is carried outfor current injection circuit. Finally, experimental results are given to verify the theoretical analysis. [730]

Session index.

-. [731]

Utilizing fuel cell and supercapacitors for automotive hybrid electrical system.

This paper presents a new control algorithm for utilizing PEM fuel cell and supercapacitors for automotivesystem. A PEM fuel cell is operated as a directional main power source connected to 42 V dc bus (PowerNet)by boost converter, and supercapacitors is controlled as a fast bidirectional auxiliary power source connectedto dc bus by a 2-quadrant dc/dc converter. The system employs a 500 W PEM fuel cell and a supercapacitivestorage device, composed of six components (3,500 F, 2.5 V, 400 A) associated in series. The system controlstructure is realized by analogical for current loop at high dynamics and digital control (dSPACE) for voltageloop and algorithm. The proposed control, illustrated by experimental results, avoids speedy transition offuel cell current and is based on the power sharing demanded at the dc bus between the main and auxiliarysources. [732]

Modification of double vector control algorithm to filter out grid harmonics.

The static series compensator (SSC) has shown a significant capability to mitigate voltage dips, whichare the most severe problem to sensitive loads. Also, it has been declared that the function of the SSC canbe extended to work as a series active filter. This paper proposes a moving average filter (MAF) to detect



the fundamental component of the measured voltages and currents (needed to control the SSC) while usinga double vector control algorithm (DVC) to improve the transient performance of the SSC. This is madeto accurately control the fundamental voltage component at the load terminals in the case of distorted gridvoltage. Furthermore, a selective harmonic compensation strategy is applied to filter out the grid harmonics.The operation of the SSC under distorted utility conditions and voltage dips is discussed. The validity ofthe proposed controller is verified by experiments, which have been carried out on a 10-kV SSC laboratorysetup. Experimental results have shown the ability of the SSC to mitigate voltage dips and harmonics. Itis also shown that the proposed controller has improved the transient performance of the SSC even underdistorted utility conditions. [733]

A transformer assisted ZVS scheme for flyback converter.

This paper presents a novel zero-voltage-switching (ZVS) scheme for flyback converter. The principle ofoperation of the converter is analyzed in detail. A comparatively small assisted transformer is in series withthe main transformer. The ZVS conditions are achieved when the current across the magnetizing inductanceof assisted transformer is bi-directional. By using hysteresis current control, ZVS conditions are ensured overwide load range. The magnetizing inductance current of main transformer is kept in continuous conductionmode (CCM) with small ripple, which overcomes the drawbacks of SRFC and has comparatively highefficiency. Prototype of the converter has been build to verify the proposed concept. The experimental resultsare presented and they verify the analysis. [734]

A novel zero-current-transition full bridge DC-DC converter.

This paper proposes a novel zero-current-transition (ZCT) PWM full bridge DC/DC converter. Theproposed converter not only achieves ZCS for the main switches and auxiliary switch in the entire loadranges but also realizes soft commutation for the output rectifier diodes. Furthermore, the auxiliary circuitalso helps softly turn on the main switches. Simulation results and experimental results verify the theoreticalanalysis. [735]

Tight magnetic coupling in multiphase interleaved converters based on simple transformers.

Magnetic integration and magnetic coupling are very promising concepts to be applied in multiphaseconverters. Tight magnetic coupling allows energy transfer among phases. Ideally the magnetic componentcan act as a voltage source, with very low output impedance and with a perfect sharing of output currentripple. The main advantages provided by magnetic coupling are size and losses reduction and dynamicimprovement. In this paper two winding transformer arrangements to be used in multiphase converters arepresented, and validated with a new integrated transformer. [736]

Design of integrated LLCT module for LLC resonant converter.

This paper presents the electromagnetic design of integrated L-L-C-T modules with stacked structure for anLLC resonant converter. Based on the one-dimensional magnetic field assumption, both the electromagneticdesign and the loss calculation are investigated. A high power density design sample is provided and the testresult is presented. [737]

Hysteresis-band control based PWM strategy of three-level neutral-point balance.

A new method of neutral-point balance based on hysteresis-band control for NPC three-level inverters isproposed in this paper. The neutral-point is balanced by PWM control according to the direction of neutral-point current and the state of neutral-point voltage. The neutral-point current direction is got by output currentof each phase and PWM group. The state of neutral point voltage is decided by hysteresis-band control. PWMgroup is regrouped when it goes against the neutral point potential balance. Being independent of PWM mode,



this scheme can be used in any PWM mode for neutral-point balance control. The amplitude of neutral pointvoltage ripple and the switch times of IGBT can be adjusted by regulating the width of hysteresis-band. Themethod is verified by simulation and experiment of three-level converter with SHEPWM control scheme.[738]

An assessment of ultra-capacitors as the power cache in Toyota THS-II, GM-Allision AHS-2 and FordFHS hybrid propulsion systems.

In this paper a brief history of the development paths leading to power split concepts is given. Thepower split architecture is used as the comparison platform because the global OEM’s have converged tothe electronic CVT in two different configurations, Toyota and Ford to the single epicyclic gear set, THSand FHS respectively and GM-Allison to the dual epicyclic gear set, AHS designs, each requiring a pair ofelectric motor-generators in order to deliver their intended function. The power electronic architecture for theToyota Hybrid System, THS can be in either a battery unbuffered THS-I or battery buffered via a buck/boostconverter as in THS-II. The GM-Allison Advanced Hybrid System, AHS is configured as a battery unbufferedconfiguration, but it could also be realized using the battery buffered configuration. Benefits of ultra-capacitoraugmentation of the energy storage system in both unbuffered and buffered configurations are investigated.[739]

Modulation extension control for multilevel converters using triplen harmonic injection with lowswitching frequency.

This paper presents a modulation extension control method for multilevel converters with low switchingfrequency. The disadvantage of the fundamental frequency switching control method for multilevel convertersis its narrow range of modulation indices where solutions exist. To address this problem, a triplen harmoniccompensation method is proposed. First, the resultant method and/or Newton climbing method are used to findsolutions of the switching angles for the fundamental frequency switching scheme control. Second, a triplenharmonic is injected into the multilevel converters accompanied with the fundamental frequency controlsignals to reduce the required level number of the DC voltages without changing the fundamental componentof the phase voltage. The computational results show that the triplen harmonic method indeed reduces therequired DC voltage level number to reduce the hardware cost. A 17-level example was implemented with an11-level H-bridge multilevel converter and an 8 𝑚𝑢s control resolution to demonstrate the triplen harmoniccompensation method. The experimental results confirmed the method with this example. [740]

The multi-frequency small-signal model for buck and multiphase interleaving buck converters.

This paper introduces a multi-frequency small-signal model for buck and multiphase interleaving buckconverters. Including the influences from the sideband-frequency components generated by the pulse-widthmodulation (PWM), this model is applicable beyond half of the switching frequency. In voltage-mode-controlled buck converters, the proposed model predicts the measured phase delay, while the conventionalaverage model fails to explain this phenomenon. With this new model, frequency-domain characteristics areclearly explained for buck and multiphase buck converters. Furthermore, the aliasing effect at half of theswitching frequency is examined. Simulation and experimental results are presented to verify the proposedmulti-frequency model. [741]

Synchronous rectifier MOSFET driver substantially reduces power adapter heat.

Using conventional methods with a rectifier on the secondary side of power adapter produces more heat.The heat generated, especially on high wattage power adapters, is even worse. An innovative high-speedcontroller, called synchronous rectifier MOSFET driver (or Driver), is designed to drive a power MOSFETin high current high frequency fly-back converters. The circuit does not require any ties to the primary sideand derives its operating power directly from the secondary side. The circuit functions are structured by



anticipating transformer output transition then turns the power MOSFET on or off before the transitions ofthe transformer to minimize body drain diode conduction and reduce associated heat losses. The advantages ofusing this solution that will be discussed are high efficiency, safe operation for lower operating temperatures,and ease of design and manufacturing. [742]

Emulation of fractional turns in push-pull topologies.

Winding a transformer with fractional turns yields precise secondary voltages and good output regulationin a power converter. However, the real fractional turns introduce a significant amount of leakage inductancewhich is generally not desirable. This work describes a method of emulating the fractional turns in push-pulltopologies. The technical aspects of emulation of fractional turns are examined and some design guidelinesare given. The method is tested experimentally and the fundamental waveforms are presented. [743]

Simple feedback linearizing controller to reduce audiosusceptibility and load disturbance in thefull-bridge current doubler synchronous rectifier.

The full-bridge converter with current-doublet synchronous rectifier (FB-CDSR) is a promising topologyto implement low-voltage high-current power supplies. This paper proposes a novel control for this converter,which provides the following features: fast transient response, fixed switching frequency, and high robustnessagainst large-signal disturbances in the input-voltage and the load-current. Furthermore, this controller avoidsthe use of any current sensor and can be implemented by means of cheap analog circuits, which highlights itslow-cost and simplicity. The parallel operation of several HB-CDSR is also discussed Finally, experimentalresults are provided in order to show the validity of the proposed control technique. [744]

A new zero voltage switching boost dc-dc converter with active clamping.

A new zero voltage switching (ZVS) boost converter is presented in this paper. By using an auxiliaryswitch and a capacitor, ZVS for all switches is achieved without any additional magnetic component. Toeliminate the voltage ringing across the main rectifier diode a small diode is added. This clamping techniquecan also be utilized in other dc-dc converters. An experimental circuit (500 W/193 kHz) is made to very thetheoretical analysis. The efficiency is higher than 94% at 90 V input at full load. [745]

Analysis and design of an active-clamp buck converter with coupled inductors.

This paper presents analysis and design of an active-clamp buck converter with coupled inductors. Theactive switch in the converter can sustain a long enough duty cycle while it operates with a high step-down voltage ratio, reducing current stress significantly. In the converter, the active-clamp circuit is used toeliminate voltage spike induced from the leakage inductor of the coupled inductors. Moreover, since bothmain and auxiliary switches can be turned on with zero voltage switching, switching loss can be reducedand conversion efficiency therefore can be improved significantly. A 120 W prototype of the proposed buckconverter was built and experimental results have shown that efficiency can reach as high as 95% (powerstage only) and surge can be suppressed effectively. It is relatively feasible for applications to hybrid electricvehicle on-board chargers. [746]

A low cost and reliable dimmable ballast topology with inherent power regulation and insensitivity tolamp characteristics.

The output power of the proposed dimmable ballast topology is self-regulated and insensitive to the lampcharacteristics. Accurate dimming operation with rather constant filament power can be realized simply byopen loop control of the switching frequency of the converter. It can provide reliable operation during lampignition with fault conditions or even short circuit without the need of current sensing circuits. Prototype wasbuilt for experimental verifications. For completeness, a simple ultra low dimming method is also proposedtogether with the theoretical dimming limit considered. [747]



A wide input voltage and high efficiency DC-DC converter for fuel cell applications.

A reliable and highly efficient power-conditioning unit is fundamental for the commercial success of fuelcell systems. A DC/DC converter especially designed for grid parallel applications and capable of operatingover a wide input voltage range is presented. The proposed converter operation principle is based on the slowtransients required by the fuel cell stacks and on the possibility of using an unregulated DC-link to feed theinverter. According to these facts, the paper proposes a configuration that achieves high efficiency over thecomplete input voltage range by using a multi coil transformer. Experimental results for a 3 kW prototypeare presented to verify the concept. [748]

A novel nonisolated half bridge DC-DC converter.

The duty cycle of conventional multi-phase buck converters become extremely small as the output voltagebecomes lower and lower. This is a severe challenge with the switching frequency goes up. This paperintroduces a non-isolated half bridge converter, which extends duty cycle to a favorable range. Thus, theconverter will have symmetrical dynamic response ability. The switching loss will reduce dramatically. Theprimary current is directly transferred to the output. The energy transferring is more effectively then that ofconventional isolated half bridge converter. In addition, the voltage stress of the primary MOSFETs equalsto the input voltage, which is much lower than that of non-isolated forward or push-pull topologies. A 12 Vinput, 1 V/30 A output, 350 kHz prototype was built to demonstrate the advantages. [749]

1.8-MHz, 48-V resonant VRM.

Recently, a new high-frequency resonant-converter technology with phase-shifted regulation wasintroduced. The new technology has proven to be a cost-effective solution for VRMs for the next generationof microprocessor systems. The new technology is employed in the development of a 1.8-MHz, 48-V, 130-W(0.95-1.7 V, 100 A) resonant VRM. Fundamentals of the new technology are reviewed. Implementationdetails and experimental results are given. [750]

The design of a high-frequency multiphase voltage regulator with adaptive voltage positioning and allceramic capacitors.

The paper presents a high-frequency multiphase synchronous buck converter design for next generationmicroprocessors. Only ceramic capacitors are used in the output stage to reduce space and improve reliability.A simplified analysis of the multiphase converter with adaptive voltage positioning is given and used in thevoltage loop compensation. Fast transient response is achieved, and the analysis and design are confirmed bytest results and simulation. [751]

Design methodology for dynamic voltage scaling in the buck converter.

Dynamic voltage scaling is a technique that reduces the energy consumption in electronics systems. Thispaper deals with the design of the buck converter to meet dynamic voltage specifications and regulation underload current steps. A design methodology is proposed. Filter designs, number of interleaved phases, optimumswitching frequency and control speed are key parameters that are taken into account in this methodology.The minimum time control law enables the maximum inductance design at the optimum switching frequency,thus, maximizing the efficiency of the converter. This methodology is applied to a particular specification fordynamic voltage scaling and a prototype is built to validate the concepts. [752]

Flyback converter with voltage control mode on chip for portable applications.

This paper introduces a compact, low power and submicron integrated DC-DC flyback converter designedfor generating a constant desired output voltage. The proposed topology is designed to operate in continuouscurrent mode operation at 1.25MHz. A PWM control scheme based on triangular waveform modulation



is presented. The converter switch and voltage mode control system is fabricated in a standard 0.35mumCMOS technology. Energy storage and power isolation are off-chip. Synchronous rectification topology usingMOSFET is implemented. The converter with voltage control mode is observed to generate a DC voltage of3.3V with 0.08 ripple using CADENCE simulations. [753]

Adaptive low-power analog/digital converters for wireless sensor networks.

The paper addresses the problem of power consumption of sensor nodes in a wireless network. Anintegrated low-power analog/digital converter (ADC) is presented that is particularly suited for wireless sensorapplications. The converter makes use of information theoretic redundancy in the input signal for reducingthe conversion workload and performing data compression on-the-fly during conversion (entropy-coding A/Dconverter). Thus, energy is saved both in signal conversion and transmission. Experimental results from aprototype chip are presented. The converter is especially suitable for sensor networks that maintain a globaldata model. This is further illustrated on an exemplary scenario of distributed wave detection. It is shownthat sensor signal detection and acquisition in this type of applications can be carried out very efficiently withentropy-coding converters used in the sensor nodes. [754]

Bi-directional power system for laptop computers.

Today the typical laptop computer uses three to five Li-ion battery cells in series for efficient energystorage. For a typical four-cell system, the Li-ion stacked cell voltage ranges from 10.8 V to 16.8 V. Thishigh voltage poses a problem when attempting to step down to the necessary low voltages internal to thelaptop. A new ”intelligent” power management system is proposed that will enable the ac-dc converter toprovide a regulated lower output voltage while still using three or more series Li-ion cells as the main backuppower source. [755]

Design of half-bridge piezo-transformer converters in the AC adapter applications.

As a viable alternative to magnetic transformers in the power supply for portable electronics, thispaper presents a miniaturized off-line travel adapter or charger for cellular phones using the piezoelectrictransformer. Various design considerations in the design of ac PT adapters are investigated before coming upwith the proposed pseudo-resonant topology. A prototype hardware design is also presented and verified bysimulations and experiments. [756]

A passive coupled-inductor flying-capacitor lossless snubber circuit for plasma cutting power supply.

Plasma cutting power supplies in the power range 20 kW and above commonly use the hard-switchedbuck converter topology. This topology is simple and efficient when compared with SCR based methods.In addition, circuit reliability is achieved by using current controlled PWM technique at a typical switchingfrequency of 15 kHz. It is however estimated that device switching losses make up about two-thirds ofthe total switch power loss. This significantly influences device cooling requirements and overall systemefficiency. This paper presents a passive lossless snubber circuit that reduces the converter switching losses.It is based on a coupled inductor with flying-capacitor network and is an improvement over a turn-on coupledinductor snubber circuit proposed in H. Levy, et al. (1997) in that it reduces switch turn-off losses as well.The circuit operation is analyzed in the paper and verified by means of experiment, results of which arepresented. [757]

A 10 kW single-stage converter for welding with inherent power factor correction.

A novel ZVZCS-full-bridge converter compounding the three-phase power factor corrector in a single-stage is presented. As the pseudo-phase-shifting control (PPSC) mode, the voltage on the dc link is restrained,not more than 800 V. Computer simulation and experiment results of the prototype show that the zero



switching, power factor correcting and the output regulating are completed simultaneously in use of oneconverter. [758]

Converter and controller for micro-power energy harvesting.

A pulsed-resonant ac-dc converter and an integrated-circuit (IC) controller have been designed, fabricated,and tested for harvesting energy from low-voltage (1.2 V), low-power (1-100 muW) energy transducers withoutput frequency in the 10 Hz-1 kHz range. Simulations using foundry models suggest that the silicon losscould be as low as 0.6 muW, and the efficiency could reach 70%. With the IC experimentally packaged, themeasured efficiency is between 50% and 70%, depending on the size and the loss in the resonant inductor.[759]

Hold-up time extension circuit with integrated magnetics.

A circuit that substantially extends the hold-up time of ac-dc power supplies is introduced. By usingintegrated magnetics, the power density of this hold-up time extension circuit is maximized. The performanceof the proposed approach was evaluated on a universal line range 1-kW power supply. [760]

Two-phase cooling method using R134a refrigerant to cool power electronic devices.

This paper presents a two-phase cooling method using R134a refrigerant to dissipate the heat energy (loss)generated by power electronics (PE) such as those associated with rectifiers, converters, and inverters for aspecific application in hybrid-electric vehicles (HEVs). The cooling method involves submerging PE devicesin an R134a bath, which limits the junction temperature of PE devices while conserving weight and volume ofthe heat sink without sacrificing equipment reliability. First, experimental tests that included an extended soakfor more than 300 days were performed on a submerged IGBT and gate-controller card to study dielectriccharacteristics, deterioration effects, and heat flux capability of R134a. Results from these tests illustrate thatR134a has high dielectric characteristics, no deterioration on electrical components, and a heat flux of 114W/cm 2 for the experimental configuration. Second, experimental tests that included simultaneous operationwith a mock automotive air-conditioner (A/C) system were performed on the same IGBT and gate controllercard. Data extrapolation from these tests determined that a typical automotive A/C system has more thansufficient cooling capacity to cool a typical 30 kW traction inverter. Last, a discussion and simulation ofactive cooling of the IGBT junction layer with R134a refrigerant is given. This technique will drasticallyincrease the forward current ratings and reliability of the PE device. [761]

A flexible rapid-prototyping system for digital-controlled high power converters.

Although digital controllers offer an obvious benefit to power electronic designers they are far fromperfect. In some cases moving from an analog to digital controller just trades one set of design problems foranother. Fixed-point controllers require work on the front end to determine scaling factors, and if the rightdebug tools are not available, then information about the system can be hidden from the designer. In thispaper we illustrate a system for using a MATLAB target PC in a closed-loop as a controller for a powerelectronics circuit. The key piece is our power interface board, which uses an FPGA to pass data from thepower system to MATLAB’s controller, and then from MATLAB back to the converter. We demonstrates theunparalleled ease with which controllers can be developed using this system and will give examples of thecomplex systems it is capable of producing. [762]

Piecewise digital control method for DC-DC converter.

A piecewise digital control method is presented in this paper to improve the converter characteristicsespecially the efficiency. By combining more than one control method or/and compensators in a singleconverter controller, improved performance may be achieved. Piecewise control opens the possibility of



combining advantages of different control schemes and preventing or minimizing their disadvantages. In thispaper, by combining the asymmetric control and the duty-cycle-shifted control in a new piecewise controlscheme, the performance and efficiency of half-bridge DC-DC converter with high switching frequency andwide input voltage range can be improved, without adding additional components. The proposed controlis theoretically analyzed and its implementation considerations are discussed. Experimental results are alsopresented. [763]

Wireless control of spatially distributed power electronics.

We propose a wireless control technique for spatially distributed power electronic systems and demonstrateits applicability for master-slave control of two parallel converters, namely a two-module parallel buckconverter and a two-module parallel single-phase voltage source inverter. This scheme uses radiofrequencybased communication to eliminate the need for multiple physical connections among the various modules ofthe parallel converters and is expected to lead to simpler and redundant design of distributed power systemsthat is achievable using the droop method, while maintaining load sharing among the various modules. Theproposed method can also be used as a backup for wire-based control of parallel converters, in applicationswhere fault tolerance is of critical importance. [764]

Coordination of design issues in the intermediate bus architecture.

Coordination issues for design and operation, not clearly and systematically addressed so far, are presentedin this paper for distributed power architecture using intermediate bus architecture. Fundamental coordinationconditions are presented in accordance with (a) power, voltage, and current, (b) switching frequencies, (c)input/output impedance decoupling and (d) thermal derating. [765]

Trends in digital power management: power converter and system demand characteristics.

To determine whether digital power electronics will become a significant market opportunity, aquestionnaire was developed and sent to power supply manufacturers. A preliminary poll indicated thatnearly 60% of respondents expect to use digital power management in the future. The results of this surveyprovide some of the demand characteristics expected for digital power management and control design. [766]

Practical on-line identification of power converter dynamic responses.

A practical approach for on-line identification of power converter dynamic responses using low-cost digitalhardware is presented. The development provides a first step towards adaptive power delivery in electronicsystems and can be used for simple off-line controller design. A hardware efficient algorithm is derived andverified with experimental results using a 90 W forward converter with an FPGA-based digital controller.[767]

A 16-bit fixed-point digital signal processor for digital power converter control.

This paper describes a novel and highly versatile reduced instruction set (RISC) based fixed-point digitalsignal processor (DSP). Its architecture, instruction set, and integrated programmable digital pulse widthmodulator (DPWM) have been optimized for digitally controlled switched mode power converters (SMPCs).Designed using the Verilog hardware description language (HDL), the prototype DSP integrated circuit (IC)was built on a standard 0.35 mum digital CMOS process (with a 20 K gate count). It occupies less then1.5 mm 2 and dissipates approximately 5 mW from a 3.3 V supply at 50 MIPs. The device provides aprogrammable and cost effective solution for digitally controlled SMPCs. [768]



Analysis of input filter interactions in switching power converters.

This paper presents the theoretical and practical details involved with the small-signal analysis of switchingpower converters under a strong influence of input filter interaction. A boost dc-to-dc converter controlled byvoltage-mode control and the same boost converter controlled by current-mode control are used as illustrativeexamples. The theoretical predictions of this paper are supported by computer simulations and experimentalresults. [769]

High-frequency digital controller for dc-dc converters based on multi-bit Σ-∆ pulse-width modulation.

This paper introduces a novel digital controller for low-power dc-dc switching converters that allowsoperation at very high constant switching frequencies and can be implemented with a simple hardware. Thekey components of the controller are new digital pulse-width modulator (DPWM), which is based on multi-bitsigma-delta (Sigma-Delta) concept, and a dual-sampling mode PID compensator. Depending on the conditionsin the converter circuit, the output voltage is either sampled at a frequency lower than the switching frequencyor at the switching rate. The undersampling, which is used in steady-state, minimizes power consumption ofthe controller. During transients, to achieve fast dynamic response, the controller samples at the switchingrate. Operation of the controller is verified with an experimental FPGA system and an integrated circuit (IC),which utilizes the Sigma-Delta DPWM architecture, is designed. Pulse-with modulated signals produced bythe new IC at frequency of 115 MHz are obtained and closed loop operation with a 2 W buck dc-dc thatswitches at 2 MHz is demonstrated. [770]

Session index.

-. [771]

Detection of instability and adaptive compensation of digitally controlled switched-mode power supplies.

This paper demonstrates the feasibility of detecting an onset of instability by monitoring the pattern ofthe output voltage error signal, and adaptively changing the compensator parameters in a digitally controlledswitched-mode power supply. The techniques are verified on an experimental 90 W, 50 V-to-15 V forwardconverter where an abrupt change in operating conditions that leads to instability is emulated by removing theinput filter damping. It is shown that the system can regain stability and return to regulation. The proposedtechniques have potential applications in decentralized active stability control of power management anddistribution systems typical for aerospace applications. [772]

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56. Danilevicz Y.B. The influence of failures of a multiphase p.m. synchronous generator and a staticvoltage converter system on the generator electromagnetic torque. / Danilevicz Y.B. // IEEE RussiaPower Tech2005. - 2005. - p. 1 реферат

57. Paska J. Hybrid photovoltaic-fuel cell power plant. / Paska J., Biczel P. // IEEE Russia PowerTech2005. - 2005. - pp. 1-5 реферат



58. Casha O. 1.6-GHz low power low phase noise quadrature phase locked loop with on chip DC-DCconverter for wide tuning range. / Casha O., Grech I., Gatt E., Micallef J. // 12th IEEE InternationalConference on Electronics, Circuits and Systems (ICECS 2005). - 2005. - pp. 1-4 реферат

59. Khitouni N. Sigma delta A/D converter architecture using a current controlled oscillator. / KhitouniN., Boujelben S., Masmoudi M. // 12th IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Circuits andSystems (ICECS 2005). - 2005. - pp. 1-4 реферат

60. Meguellati S. A charge redistribution SAR ADC for a pressure correction ASIC. / Meguellati S.,Bouguechal N.E., Arnold R., Manck O. // 12th IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Circuitsand Systems (ICECS 2005). - 2005. - pp. 1-4 реферат

61. Zhang N. RF transformer coupled multiplexing circuits for APD PET detectors. / Zhang N., GraziosoR., Doshi N., Schmand M. // IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record2005. - 2005. - p.2463 реферат

62. La Seta P. Comparison of stabilizing methods for doubly-fed induction generators for wind turbines./ La Seta P., Schegner P. // International Conference on Future Power Systems2005. - 2005. - pp.6-pp.-6 реферат

63. Reza M. Maintaining the power balance in an ’empty network’. / Reza M., Dominguez A.O.,Schavemaker P.H., Kling W.L. // International Conference on Future Power Systems2005. - 2005.- pp. 8-pp.-8 реферат

64. Sivakumaran T.S. Simulation and Real-Time Implementation of Fuzzy Logic Controller for ParallelLoaded Resonant Converter. / Sivakumaran T.S., Natarajan S.P., Venkatachalam P. // Annual IEEEINDICON2005. - 2005. - pp. 127-132 реферат

65. Geyer T. Model Predictive Control in Power Electronics: A Hybrid Systems Approach. / Geyer T.,Papafotiou G., Morari M. // 44th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (2005 and 2005 EuropeanControl Conference. CDC-ECC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 5606-5611 реферат

66. Busada C.A. Evaluation of a Power Segmentation Strategy in High Power/High Speed FlywheelEnergy Storage Systems. / Busada C.A., Chiacchiarini H.G., Balda J.C. // IEEE 36th Power ElectronicsSpecialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 2937-2942 реферат

67. Ullah N.R. Small scale integration of variable speed wind turbines into the local grid and its voltagestability aspects. / Ullah N.R. // International Conference on Future Power Systems2005. - 2005. - pp.8-pp.-8 реферат

68. Rong Cai. Control of D-STATCOM for voltage dip mitigation. / Rong Cai, Bongiorno M., Sannino A.// International Conference on Future Power Systems2005. - 2005. - pp. 6-pp.-6 реферат

69. Shaber M.U. Pipelined DAC architecture using gray coding. / Shaber M.U., Signell S. // 23rdNORCHIP Conference. - 2005. - pp. 141-144 реферат

70. Morren J. Contribution of DG units to primary frequency control. / Morren J., de Haan S.W.H.,Ferreira J.A. // International Conference on Future Power Systems2005. - 2005. - pp. 6-pp.-6 реферат

71. Li Wang. A study on randomly varying harmonic currents and total harmonic distortion of currents inpower systems. / Li Wang, Kuo Hua Liu. // International Conference on Future Power Systems2005.- 2005. - pp. 5-pp.-5 реферат

72. Al Nasseri H. Protecting micro-grid systems containing solid-state converter generation. / Al NasseriH., Redfern M.A., O’Gorman R. // International Conference on Future Power Systems2005. - 2005. -pp. 5-pp.-5 реферат



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74. Bellini A. Comparison between sinusoidal PWM and Space Vector Modulation Techniques for NPCinverters. / Bellini A., Bifaretti S. // IEEE Russia Power Tech2005. - 2005. - pp. 1-7 реферат

75. Unger C. Experiences with power quality related disturbances in industrial systems. / Unger C. // IEEERussia Power Tech2005. - 2005. - pp. 1-5 реферат

76. Ahmed M.M.R. A new approach for speed control of a d.c. motor fed from ac to dc sepic converter./ Ahmed M.M.R., Putrus G.A., Shokralla S.S. // 18th International Conference and Exhibition onElectricity Distribution (CIRED 2005). - 2005. - pp. 1-5 реферат

77. Tatsuya Matsukawa. Synchronous AC/DC Converter Using Advanced Unipolar Power ElectronicsDevice. / Tatsuya Matsukawa, Hirotaka Chikaraishi, Yoshihisa Sato, Ryuichi Shimada, Muneaki Ishida.// Twenty-First IEEE/NPS Symposium on Fusion Engineering 2005. - 2005. - pp. 1-4 реферат

78. Blazic Bostjan. Simulating the dynamic response of a photovoltaic generation system to voltage sags. /Blazic Bostjan, Jurasic Arsen, Papic Igor. // 18th International Conference and Exhibition on ElectricityDistribution (CIRED 2005). - 2005. - pp. 1-4 реферат

79. Sobczyk T.J. Study of asymmetrical regimes in matrix converters for multi-phase high speedgenerators. / Sobczyk T.J., Sienko T., Danilewicz J.B. // IEEE Russia Power Tech2005. - 2005. -pp. 1-6 реферат

80. Jiancheng Zhang. Research on Super Capacitor Energy Storage System for Power Network. /Jiancheng Zhang. // International Conference on Power Electronics and Drives Systems (PEDS 2005).- 2005. - p. 1366 реферат

81. Singh B. Eighteen-Pulse AC-DC Converter for Harmonic Mitigation in Vector Controlled InductionMotor Drives. / Singh B., Bhuvaneswari G., Garg V. // International Conference on Power Electronicsand Drives Systems (PEDS 2005). - 2005. - p. 1514 реферат

82. Kus Vaclav. Non-characteristic harmonics and interharmonics of power electronic converters. / KusVaclav, Peroutka Zdenek, Drabek Pavel. // 18th International Conference and Exhibition on ElectricityDistribution (CIRED 2005). - 2005. - pp. 1-5 реферат

83. Ignatova Vanya. An analytical method for power quality assesment applied to grid-connected powerelectronic converters. / Ignatova Vanya, Bacha Seddik, Granjon Pierre. // 18th International Conferenceand Exhibition on Electricity Distribution (CIRED 2005). - 2005. - pp. 1-4 реферат

84. Eryong Guan. Selective Harmonic Elimination Techniques for Multilevel Cascaded H-BridgeInverters. / Eryong Guan, Pinggang Song, Manyuan Ye, Bin Wu. // International Conference on PowerElectronics and Drives Systems (PEDS 2005). - 2005. - p. 1441 реферат

85. Li jun Diao. A novel simulation system of marine propeller load characteristics. / Li jun Diao, Zhigang Liu, Mao sheng Shen, Dai wei Yue. // The 7th International Power Engineering Conference(IPEC 2005). - 2005. - pp. 1147-1152-Vol.2 реферат

86. Maswood A.I. Unity power factor thyristor rectifier recent developments. / Maswood A.I. // The 7thInternational Power Engineering Conference (IPEC 2005). - 2005. - pp. 968-973-Vol.2 реферат

87. Xuesong Jiang. Study on isolated boost full bridge converter in FCEV. / Xuesong Jiang, Xuhui Wen,Haiping Xu. // The 7th International Power Engineering Conference (IPEC 2005). - 2005. - pp. 827-830-Vol.2 реферат



88. Zhan Y.Q. Some recent results on the design of power quality control center. / Zhan Y.Q., Li Y.H.,Choi S.S., Rajakaruna S., Vilathgamuwa D.M. // The 7th International Power Engineering Conference(IPEC 2005). - 2005. - pp. 1-287 реферат

89. Krueger K. Measures for the limitation of voltage distortion in the kHz range. / Krueger K.,Sonnenschein M., Unger C., Zurowski R. // The 7th International Power Engineering Conference(IPEC 2005). - 2005. - pp. 1-281 реферат

90. Zhaohui Huang. An adaptive analog-to-digital converter based on low-power dynamic latchcomparator. / Zhaohui Huang, Peixin Zhong. // IEEE International Conference on Electro InformationTechnology2005. - 2005. - pp. 6-pp.-6 реферат

91. Agustoni Alessandro. LV DC distribution network with distributed energy resources: Analysis ofpossible structures. / Agustoni Alessandro, Borioli Enrico, Brenna Morris, Simioli Giuseppe, TironiEnrico, Ubezio Giovanni. // 18th International Conference and Exhibition on Electricity Distribution(CIRED 2005). - 2005. - pp. 1-5 реферат

92. Herbig J. A Compact Pulsed Power Supply for ETI Applications. / Herbig J., Appleton R. // IEEEPulsed Power Conference2005. - 2005. - pp. 1195-1198 реферат

93. Park Y.J. Development of High Density High Voltage Power Supply for Phased Array Transmitters. /Park Y.J., Lyu S.C., You T.S. // IEEE Pulsed Power Conference2005. - 2005. - pp. 182-185 реферат

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95. Sung Hyun Yang. On-Chip Voice-Coil Motor Driver for Mobile Auto-Focus Camera Applications. /Sung Hyun Yang, Sung Min Sohn, Kuk Tae Hong, Hyoung Soo Lee, Bo Ik Sohn. // Asian Solid-StateCircuits Conference2005. - 2005. - pp. 101-104 реферат

96. Unger Christian. Disturbances due to voltage distortion in the kHz range-experiences and mitigationmeasures. / Unger Christian, Kruger Kurt, Sonnenschein Martin, Zurowski Rainer. // 18th InternationalConference and Exhibition on Electricity Distribution (CIRED 2005). - 2005. - pp. 1-4 реферат

97. Koizumi H. A Novel Maximum Power Point Tracking Method for PV Module Integrated Converter. /Koizumi H., Kurokawa K. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005.- pp. 2081-2086 реферат

98. Kimball J.W. Modeling Controlled Switches and Diodes for Electro-Thermal Simulation. / KimballJ.W. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 2175-2179реферат

99. de Freitas L.C.G. Programmable PFC Based Hybrid Multipulse Power Rectifier for Utility Interface ofPower Electronic Converters. / de Freitas L.C.G., Coelho E.A.A., Finazzi A.P., Simoes M.G., CanesinC.A., de Freitas L.C. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp.2237-2243 реферат

100. Salo M. A Three-Switch Current-Source PWM Rectifier with Active Filter Function. / Salo M. // IEEE36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 2230-2236 реферат

101. Becker M. Transformerless Series Dip/Sag Compensation with Ultracapacitors using a new MultilevelBoost DC-to-AC Topology. / Becker M., Mouton T. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics SpecialistsConference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 2257-2263 реферат



102. Takao K. Novel Power Loss Limit Analysis Method for High-speed, Ultra-low Loss Power Converter./ Takao K., Adachi K., Hayashi Y., Ohashi H. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference(PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 2201-2207 реферат

103. Busatto G. EMI Characterisation of high power IGBT modules for Traction Application. / Busatto G.,Abbate C., Iannuzzo F., Fratelli L., Cascone B., Giannini G. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics SpecialistsConference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 2180-2186 реферат

104. Pou J. Efficient Space-Vector Modulation Algorithm for Multilevel Converters with Low SwitchingFrequencies in the Devices. / Pou J., Rodriguez P., Boroyevich D., Pindado R., Candela I. // IEEE36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 2521-2526 реферат

105. Palma L. A High Gain Transformer-Less DC-DC Converter for Fuel-Cell Applications. / Palma L.,Todorovic M.H., Enjeti P. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005.- pp. 2514-2520 реферат

106. Zhong Du. Reduced Switching Frequency Computed PWM Method for Multilevel Converter Control./ Zhong Du, Tolbert L.M., Chiasson J.N. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC’05). - 2005. - pp. 2560-2564 реферат

107. Bingsen Wang. Operation and Control of a Dynamic Voltage Restorer Realized Using Cascaded H-Bridge Converters. / Bingsen Wang, Venkataramanan G. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics SpecialistsConference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 2222-2229 реферат

108. Klumpner C. Active Compensation of Unbalanced Supply Voltage for Two-Stage Direct PowerConverters Using the Clamp Capacitor. / Klumpner C., Wijekoon T., Wheeler P. // IEEE 36th PowerElectronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 2376-2382 реферат

109. Pou J. Enhancement of Carrier-Based Modulation Strategies for Multilevel Converters. / Pou J.,Rodriguez P., Zaragoza J., Sala V., Jaen C., Boroyevich D. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics SpecialistsConference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 2534-2539 реферат

110. Oliver J.A. Circuit Oriented Model of Rectifiers for Large Signal Envelope Simulation. / Oliver J.A.,Fernandez C., Prieto R., Cobos J.A. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC’05). - 2005. - pp. 2771-2776 реферат

111. Youssef M.Z. Performance of the Resonant Converters under the Self-sustained Oscillation BasedControl Techniques. / Youssef M.Z., Jain P.K., Haibo Zhang // IEEE 36th Power Electronics SpecialistsConference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 2750-2757 реферат

112. Norrga S. Modulation Strategies for Mutually Commutated Isolated Three-Phase Converter Systems. /Norrga S. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 2736-2743реферат

113. Miao B. Automated Digital Controller Design for Switching Converters. / Miao B., Zane R.,Maksimovic D. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp.2729-2735 реферат

114. Yang Zhang. Current Sharing in Digitally Controlled Masterless Multi-phase DC-DC Converters. /Yang Zhang, Zane R., Maksimovic D. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC’05). - 2005. - pp. 2722-2728 реферат

115. Prudente M. A Boost Converter With Voltage Multiplier Cells. / Prudente M., Pfitscher L.L., Gules R.// IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 2716-2721 реферат



116. Zanchetta P. Control Design of a Three-phase Matrix Converter Mobile AC Power Supply usingGenetic Algorithms. / Zanchetta P., Clare J.C., Wheeler P.W., Bland M., Empringham L., Katsis D. //IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 2370-2375 реферат

117. Borgonovo D. A Self-Controlled Power Factor Correction Single-Phase Boost Pre-Regulator. /Borgonovo D., Remor J.P., Barbi I., Perin A.J. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference(PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 2351-2357 реферат

118. Barbosa P. Active Neutral-Point-Clamped Multilevel Converters. / Barbosa P., Steimer P., Steinke J.,Meysenc L., Winkelnkemper M., Celanovic N. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference(PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 2296-2301 реферат

119. Peng F.Z. Development of a 1.5 MVA Universal Converter Module for Traction Drive and UtilityApplications. / Peng F.Z., Jin Wang, Fan Zhang, Zhaoming Qian // IEEE 36th Power ElectronicsSpecialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 2290-2295 реферат

120. Ericsen T. PEBB Concept Applications in High Power Electronics Converters. / Ericsen T. // IEEE36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - p. 2284 реферат

121. Henning P.H. Development of a 1.5 MW, Seven Level Series-stacked Converter as an APF andRegeneration Converter for a DC Traction Substation. / Henning P.H., Fuchs H.D., Le Roux A.D.,Mouton H.T. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 2270-2276 реферат

122. Espinoza J.R. Multi-Level Three-Phase Current Source Inverter based AC Drive for High PerformanceApplications. / Espinoza J.R., Moran L.A., Guzman J.I. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics SpecialistsConference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 2553-2559 реферат

123. Maswood A.I. A unity power factor converter using the synchronous reference frame based hysteresiscurrent control. / Maswood A.I., Fangrui Liu // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power ElectronicsConference and Exposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 1667 реферат

124. Wu E. Digital current control of a voltage source converter with active damping of LCL resonance. /Wu E., Lehn P.W. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition(APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 1642 реферат

125. Youssef M.Z. A novel single stage AC-DC self-oscillating series parallel resonant converter. /Youssef M.Z., Jain P.K., Pinheiro H., Orabi M. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power ElectronicsConference and Exposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 1635 реферат

126. Lina Wang. A novel safe shutdown strategy for matrix converter even under fault condition. / LinaWang, Fuyuan Xu, Kai Sun, Lipei Huang. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power ElectronicsConference and Exposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 1786 реферат

127. Galelli M.T. Proposal of a hysteresis controller with constant switching frequency. / Galelli M.T., daSilva Vilela M., Coelho E.A.A., Vieira J.B. Jr., de Freitas L.C., Farias V.J. // Twentieth Annual IEEEApplied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 1742 реферат

128. Galelli M.T. Proposal of a timer controller with constant switching frequency and power factorcorrection. / Galelli M.T., Vilela M.S., Coelho E.A.A., Vieira J.B. Jr., de Freitas L.C., Farias V.J.// Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC 2005). -2005. - p. 1737 реферат

129. Li Jun. Current equalizing for a multi-modular current source converter. / Li Jun, Dehong Xu, ChengK.W.E. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC2005). - 2005. - p. 1650 реферат



130. Zhenhua Jiang. A novel, digitally-controlled, portable photovoltaic power source. / Zhenhua Jiang,Dougal R.A. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC2005). - 2005. - p. 1797 реферат

131. Kelly A. Control of dc-dc converters by direct pole placement and adaptive feedforward gainadjustment. / Kelly A., Rinne K. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conferenceand Exposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 1970 реферат

132. Hongjian Gan. A novel control strategy of post buck converters cascading LLC-SRC. / Hongjian Gan,Chaoqun Sun, Jianping Ying. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference andExposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 1628 реферат

133. Aydin O. Optimum controller design for a multilevel AC-DC converter system. / Aydin O., AkdagA., Stefanutti P., Hugo N. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference andExposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 1660 реферат

134. Yong Xie. A novel charge pump high power factor ac-ac converter. / Yong Xie, Yu Fang. // TwentiethAnnual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 1655реферат

135. Jussila M. Space-Vector Modulated Indirect Matrix Converter under Distorted Supply Voltage-Effecton Load Current. / Jussila M., Tuusa H. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC’05). - 2005. - pp. 2396-2402 реферат

136. Wheeler P.W. An Integrated 30kW Matrix Converter based Induction Motor Drive. / Wheeler P.W.,Clare J.C., Empringham L., Bradley K.J., Pickering S., Lampard D., Apap M. // IEEE 36th PowerElectronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 2390-2395 реферат

137. Jacobina C.B. AC Drive Systems Using Five-Leg Converter and Series-Connected Machines. /Jacobina C.B., da Silva O.I., dos Santos E.C., Lima A.M.N., de Freitas I.S. // IEEE 36th PowerElectronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 2429-2435 реферат

138. Rodrigues M.C.B. A Family of High Power Factor Current Multilevel Rectifiers Employing aSinusoidal PWM Technique. / Rodrigues M.C.B., Teixeira E.C., Braga H.A.C. // IEEE 36th PowerElectronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 2547-2552 реферат

139. Monteiro J.R.B.A. Implementation of a Non-Sinusoidal Permanent-Magnet Synchronous MachineVectorial Control. / Monteiro J.R.B.A., Oliveira A.A., Aguiar M.L., Gonzaga D.P. // IEEE 36th PowerElectronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 2451-2455 реферат

140. Kyo Beum Lee. Performance Improvement of Sensorless Vector Control for Matrix Converter DrivesUsing PQR Transformation. / Kyo Beum Lee, Blaabjerg F. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics SpecialistsConference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 2403-2409 реферат

141. Tofoli F.L. A unity power factor single-phase three-level rectifier associated with a passivenondissipative snubber. / Tofoli F.L., Gallo C.A., Galelli M.T., Coelho E.A.A., de Oliveira J.C., deFreitas L.C., Farias V.J., Vieira J.B. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conferenceand Exposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 1730 реферат

142. Fernandez A. Power factor correction with a partial power processing converter. / Fernandez A.,Sebastian J., Hernando M.M., Lamar D.G. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power ElectronicsConference and Exposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 1723 реферат

143. Prathapan P.T. Feedforward current control of boost-derived single-phase PFC converters. / PrathapanP.T., Min Chen, Jian Sun // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference andExposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 1716 реферат



144. Jacobina C.B. Single-phase to Three-phase-Four-Wire AC-AC Component Minimized ConvertersWithout Capacitor DC-Bus Mid-point Connection. / Jacobina C.B., dos Santos E.C., Correa M.B.R. //IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 2415-2421 реферат

145. Mohapatra K.K. A Novel Carrier-Based PWM Scheme for Matrix Converters that is Easy toImplement. / Mohapatra K.K., Jose P., Drolia A., Aggarwal G., Thuta S. // IEEE 36th PowerElectronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 2410-2414 реферат

146. Hong Hee Lee. A study on reduction of common-mode voltage in matrix converter with unity inputpower factor and sinusoidal input/output waveforms. / Hong Hee Lee, Nguyen H.M., Eui Heon Jung //31st Annual Conference of IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IECON 2005). - 2005. - p. 7 реферат

147. Reyes J.R. Operating Region of Single-Phase UPQCs. / Reyes J.R., Espinoza J.R., Sepulveda C.A. //IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 1726-1731 реферат

148. Miaosen Shen. Comparison of Traditional Inverters and Z-Source Inverter. / Miaosen Shen, Joseph A.,Jin Wang, Peng F.Z., Adams D.J. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05).- 2005. - pp. 1692-1698 реферат

149. Jacobina C.B. Dual AC Drives with Five-Leg Converter. / Jacobina C.B., da Silva O.I., dos SantosE.C., Lima A.M.N. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp.1800-1806 реферат

150. Zhong Nie. Buck Integrated Forward Converter. / Zhong Nie, Emadi A. // IEEE 36th Power ElectronicsSpecialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 1446-1451 реферат

151. Attanasio R. A Novel Converter System for Fuel Cell Distributed Energy Generation. / Attanasio R.,Cacciato M., Consoli A., Scarcella G., Testa A., Gennaro F. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics SpecialistsConference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 1621-1627 реферат

152. Chen Z. A Multi-Functional Power Electronic Converter in Distributed Generation Power Systems. /Chen Z., Blaabjerg F., Pedersen J.K. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC’05). - 2005. - pp. 1738-1744 реферат

153. Sarinana A. A Novel Sensorless Controller for Three-Phase Power Converters. / Sarinana A. // IEEE36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 1659-1664 реферат

154. Ojo O. A Discontinuous Carrier-based PWM Modulation Method for the Control of the Neutral PointVoltage of Three-Phase Three-Level Diode Clamped Converters. / Ojo O., Konduru S. // IEEE 36thPower Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 1652-1658 реферат

155. Farret F.A. Experimental Basis and Simulation Methodology for Fuel Cell Fed Converters Connectedto Distribution Networks to Improve the Load Curve. / Farret F.A., Canha L.N., Popov V.A., ZancanM.D., Parizzi J.B., Gonzatti F. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05). -2005. - pp. 1642-1646 реферат

156. Musunuri S. Design of Low Power Monolithic DC-DC Buck Converter with Integrated Inductor. /Musunuri S., Chapman P.L. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05). -2005. - pp. 1773-1779 реферат

157. Qiaoliang Chen. Research on Hybrid IPEMs for Front-end Converter in Distribute Power system. /Qiaoliang Chen, Ruiping Wang, Xu Yang, Yunqing Pei, Zhao an Wang. // IEEE 36th Power ElectronicsSpecialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 1756-1760 реферат



158. Agelidis V.G. Five-Level Selective Harmonic Elimination PWM Strategies and Multicarrier Phase-Shifted Sinusoidal PWM: A Comparison. / Agelidis V.G., Balouktsis A., Balouktsis I., Cossar C. //IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 1685-1691 реферат

159. Georgakis D. Modeling and Control of a Small Scale Grid-connected PEM Fuel Cell System. /Georgakis D., Papathanassiou S., Manias S. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference(PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 1614-1620 реферат

160. Franzoni D. An Active Filter for Fuel Cell Applications. / Franzoni D., Santi E., Monti A., Ponci F.,Patterson D., Barry N. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005. -pp. 1607-1613 реферат

161. Jacobina C.B. Reconfigurable Fault Tolerant Dual-Winding AC Motor Drive System. / Jacobina C.B.,Miranda R.S., Lima A.M.N. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05). -2005. - pp. 1574-1579 реферат

162. Waffenschmidt E. Integrated Ultra Thin Flexible Inductors for Low Power Converters. / WaffenschmidtE., Ackermann B., Wille M. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05). -2005. - pp. 1528-1534 реферат

163. Prabhakaran S. Microfabricated V-Groove Power Inductors for High-Current Low-Voltage Fast-Transient DC-DC Converters. / Prabhakaran S., Yuqin Sun, Dhagat P., Wei dong Li, Sullivan C.R.// IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 1513-1519 реферат

164. Spiazzi G. Analysis of a High-Power-Factor Electronic Ballast for High Brightness Light EmittingDiodes. / Spiazzi G., Buso S., Meneghesso G. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference(PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 1494-1499 реферат

165. de Camargo R.F. Comparison of Six Digital Current Control Techniques for Three-Phase Voltage-FedPWM Converters Connected to the Utility Grid. / de Camargo R.F., Pinheiro H. // IEEE 36th PowerElectronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 1422-1428 реферат

166. Kelly A. High Resolution DPWM in a DC-DC Converter Application Using Digital Sigma-DeltaTechniques. / Kelly A., Rinne K. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05).- 2005. - pp. 1458-1463 реферат

167. Garcia O. Effect of the Tolerances in Multi-Phase DC-DC Converters. / Garcia O., Zumel P., deCastro A., Cobos J.A. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005. -pp. 1452-1457 реферат

168. Elbanhawy A. Current Sharing in Multiphase Converters Using Temperature Equalization. /Elbanhawy A. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp.1464-1468 реферат

169. Kimball J.W. Control Technique for Series Input-Parallel Output Converter Topologies. / Kimball J.W.,Mossoba J.T., Krein P.T. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005.- pp. 1441-1445 реферат

170. Duarte C.M.C. A New ZVS-PWM Active-Clamping Buck-Boost Converter. / Duarte C.M.C., FioriV.M. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 1429-1433реферат

171. Kjellqvist T. Switching Frequency Limit for Soft-Switching MF Transformer System for AC-fedTraction. / Kjellqvist T., Norrga S., Ostlund S. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference(PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 1678-1684 реферат



172. Oliveira S.V.G. An Average Current-mode Controlled Three-phase Step-up DC-DC Converter witha Three-phase High Frequency Transformer. / Oliveira S.V.G., Marcussi C.E., Barbi I. // IEEE 36thPower Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 2623-2629 реферат

173. Escobar G. A Repetitive-based Controller to Compensate for Harmonic Distortion in the OutputVoltage of a Boost Converter. / Escobar G., Leyva Ramos J., Martinez P.R., Valdez A.A., MartinezM.F. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 2709-2715реферат

174. Hoyerby M.C.W. High-Bandwidth, High-Efficiency Envelope Tracking Power Supply for 40W RFPower Amplifier Using Paralleled Bandpass Current Sources. / Hoyerby M.C.W., Andersen M.A.E. //IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 2804-2809 реферат

175. Salo M. Ac Current Sensorless Control of the Current-Source Active Power Filter. / Salo M. // IEEE36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 2603-2608 реферат

176. Yuancheng Ren. 12V VR Efficiency Improvement based on Two-stage Approach and a Novel GateDriver. / Yuancheng Ren, Ming Xu, Yu Meng, Lee F.C. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics SpecialistsConference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 2635-2641 реферат

177. Woo Jin Lee. A New High Efficiency Phase Shifted Full Bridge Converter for Sustaining PowerModule of Plasma Display Panel. / Woo Jin Lee, Chong Eun Kim, Sang Kyoo Han, Gun Woo Moon.// IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 2630-2634 реферат

178. Alcaso A.N. Power Supply Harmonic Filter Behaviour in a Twelve-Pulse LCI Drive System UnderPower Converter Faults. / Alcaso A.N., Cardoso A.J.M. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics SpecialistsConference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 2893-2897 реферат

179. Ljusev P. Direct-conversion Switching-mode Audio Power Amplifier with Active Capacitive VoltageClamp. / Ljusev P., Andersen M.A.E. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC’05). - 2005. - pp. 2848-2854 реферат

180. Hui Li. Small Signal Analysis of A Dual Half Bridge Isolated ZVS Bi-directional DC-DC converterfor Electrical Vehicle Applications. / Hui Li, Danwei Liu, Peng F.Z., Gui Jia Su // IEEE 36th PowerElectronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 2777-2782 реферат

181. Bisogno F.E. Dynamical Modelling of Class-E Resonant Converter for Step-Down Applications UsingPiezoelectric Transformers. / Bisogno F.E., Nittayarumphong S., Radecker M., Carazo A.V. // IEEE36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 2797-2803 реферат

182. Jinghai Zhou. Small Signal Modeling of A High Bandwidth Voltage Regulator Using CoupledInductors. / Jinghai Zhou, Ming Xu, Lee F.C. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference(PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 2790-2796 реферат

183. Changrong Liu. Low Frequency Current Ripple Reduction Technique with Active Control in a FuelCell Power System with Inverter Load. / Changrong Liu, Jih Sheng Lai. // IEEE 36th Power ElectronicsSpecialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 2905-2911 реферат

184. Baike Shen. Novel Sensorless Decoupled P-Q Control of Doubly-Fed Induction Generator(DFIG)Based on Phase Locking to Gamma-Delta Frame. / Baike Shen, Boon Teck Ooi. // IEEE 36th PowerElectronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 2670-2675 реферат

185. Peraca M.T. The Generation of DC-DC Converters using new Three-Terminal Multiple-State Cells. /Peraca M.T., Barbi I. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp.2657-2663 реферат



186. Dongsoo Kim. Dynamics of Current-Mode-Controlled DC-to-DC Converters with Input Filter Stage./ Dongsoo Kim, Byuncho Choi, Donggyu Lee, Jian Sun. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics SpecialistsConference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 2648-2656 реферат

187. McGrat B.P. Optimal Modulation of Flying Capacitor and Stacked Multicell Converters using aState Machine Decoder. / McGrat B.P., Meynard T.A., Gateau G., Holmes D.G. // IEEE 36th PowerElectronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 1671-1677 реферат

188. Hoene E. Simulating Electromagnetic Interactions in High Power Density Inverters. / Hoene E.,Lissner A., Weber S., Guttowski S., John W., Reichl H. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics SpecialistsConference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 1665-1670 реферат

189. Van de Sype D.M. Experimental Verification of the z-Domain Model for Digitally ControlledConverters. / Van de Sype D.M., De Gussems K., Van den Bossche A.P., Melkebeek J.A. // IEEE36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 2164-2170 реферат

190. Bento A.A. Improved Power Factor Interleaved Boost Converters Operating in Discontinuous-Inductor-Current Mode. / Bento A.A., da Silva E.R., Jacobina C.B. // IEEE 36th Power ElectronicsSpecialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 2642-2647 реферат

191. Trevisan D. Digital Control of Single-Inductor Dual-Output DC-DC Converters in Continuous-Conduction Mode. / Trevisan D., Mattavelli P., Tenti P. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics SpecialistsConference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 2616-2622 реферат

192. Foley R.F. A Versatile Digital Pulsewidth Modulation Architecture with Area-Efficient FPGAImplementation. / Foley R.F., Kavanagh R.C., Marnane W.P., Egan M.G. // IEEE 36th PowerElectronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 2609-2615 реферат

193. Bellar M.D. Topology Selection of AC Motor Drive Systems with Soft-Starting for Rural Applications./ Bellar M.D., Neto J.L.S., Rolim L.G.B., Fernandes R.M., Aredes M., da Silva Mothe A. // IEEE36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 2698-2704 реферат

194. da Silva W.M. A New Three Phase Full-bridge C-dump Converter Applied to Switched ReluctanceMotor Drives. / da Silva W.M., Goldemberg C., Van den Bossche A. // IEEE 36th Power ElectronicsSpecialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 2684-2690 реферат

195. Bojoi R. Dual-Source Fed Multi-phase Induction Motor Drive for Fuel Cell Vehicles: Topology andControl. / Bojoi R., Tenconi A., Farina F., Profumo F. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics SpecialistsConference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 2676-2683 реферат

196. Wijnbergen S. A System for Dispersed Generator Participation in Voltage Control and PrimaryFrequency Control of the grid. / Wijnbergen S., de Haan S.W.H., Slootweg J.G. // IEEE 36th PowerElectronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 2918-2924 реферат

197. Bueno E.J. Optimized design of a back-to-back NPC converter to be used as interface for renewableenergies. / Bueno E.J., Cobreces S., Rodriguez F.J., Hernandez A., Espinosa F., Mateos R., Garcia J.C.,Lopez F. // 31st Annual Conference of IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IECON 2005). - 2005. -p. 6 реферат

198. Su Jin Jang. A new active clamp sepic-flyback converter for a fuel cell generation system. / Su JinJang, Tae Won Lee, Ku Sam Kang, Soo Seok Kim, Chung Yuen Won. // 31st Annual Conference ofIEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IECON 2005). - 2005. - p. 5 реферат

199. Bertling F. Improving grid voltage quality by decentral injection of current harmonics. / Bertling F.,Soter S. // 31st Annual Conference of IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IECON 2005). - 2005. - p.3 реферат



200. Liqiang Yuan. Snubberless switching-off characteristics of IGCTs equipped in high power three-levelneutral point clamped converters. / Liqiang Yuan, Zhengming Zhao, Haitao Zhang, Zhi Yang, BingLi, Jianzheng Liu. // Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Electrical Machines andSystems (ICEMS 2005). - 2005. - p. 1257 реферат

201. Wang Chengsheng. Investigation on the high power three-level DC-link voltage source inverterequipped with IGCTs. / Wang Chengsheng, Li Chongjian, Li Yaohua, Zhao Xiaotan. // Proceedings ofthe Eighth International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS 2005). - 2005. - p.1238 реферат

202. Hassanpour S. Single-switch unity power factor electronic ballast with continuous input current./ Hassanpour S., Farzaneh fard F., Faroukh payam A. // Proceedings of the Eighth InternationalConference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS 2005). - 2005. - p. 1209 реферат

203. Jin Aijuan. A three-phase four-wire high-frequency AC link matrix converter for power electronictransformer. / Jin Aijuan, Li Hangtian, Li Shaolong. // Proceedings of the Eighth InternationalConference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS 2005). - 2005. - p. 1295 реферат

204. Yong Wang. Dead-time Compensation Based on the Improved Space Vector Modulation Strategy forMatrix Converter. / Yong Wang, Zhengyu Lu, Huiqing Wen, Yousheng Wang. // IEEE 36th PowerElectronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 27-30 реферат

205. Novak P.A. Intelligent power supply for wireless sensor network nodes. / Novak P.A., CzarkowskiD. // 31st Annual Conference of IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IECON 2005). - 2005. - p. 4реферат

206. Yazidi A. Double-fed three-phase induction machine abc model for simulation and control purposes./ Yazidi A., Henao H., Capolino G.A., Casadei D., Filippetti F. // 31st Annual Conference of IEEEIndustrial Electronics Society (IECON 2005). - 2005. - p. 6 реферат

207. Abe S. Stability improvement of distributed power system by using full-regulated bus converter. / AbeS., Nakagawa H., Hirokawa M., Zaitsu T., Ninomiya T. // 31st Annual Conference of IEEE IndustrialElectronics Society (IECON 2005). - 2005. - p. 5 реферат

208. Youssef M.Z. Sampled Data Model for a Self-oscillating Series-parallel Resonant Converter with theParasitic Effects in the Clamped and Unclamped Conduction Modes. / Youssef M.Z., Jain P.K. // IEEE36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 1037-1045 реферат

209. Rodriguez J. Predictive Control of a Three-Phase Neutral Point Clamped Inverter. / Rodriguez J., PonttJ., Cortes P., Vargas R. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005. -pp. 1364-1369 реферат

210. Gan Dong. Design Issues of Natural Reference Frame Current Regulators with Application to Four-legConverters. / Gan Dong, Ojo O. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05). -2005. - pp. 1370-1376 реферат

211. Gonzalez S.A. Design of a Tuned Balancing Network for Flying Capacitor Multilevel Converters. /Gonzalez S.A., Valla M.I., Christiansen C.F. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference(PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 1046-1051 реферат

212. Min Chen. Low-Frequency Input Impedance Models for Boost Single-Phase PFC Converters. / MinChen, Jian Sun. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp.1062-1068 реферат



213. El Aroudi A. Stability Analysis of a Voltage Mode Controlled Two-Cells DC-DC Buck Converter. /El Aroudi A., Robert B. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005. -pp. 1057-1061 реферат

214. Yang Zhenkun. A DSP control system for the grid-connected inverter in wind energy conversionsystem. / Yang Zhenkun, Liang Hui, Sun Chuanyang. // Proceedings of the Eighth InternationalConference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS 2005). - 2005. - p. 1050 реферат

215. Howe D. Advanced electrical machines and actuators for new and emerging applications. / Howe D.// Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS2005). - 2005. - p. 18 реферат

216. Kasugai A. Development of a 170GHz high-power and CW gyrotron for fusion application. / KasugaiA., Minami R., Takahashi K., Kobayashi N., Sakamoto K. // The Joint 30th International Conferenceon Infrared and Millimeter Waves and 13th International Conference on Terahertz Electronics(IRMMW-THz 2005). - 2005. - p. 287 реферат

217. Donggyu Lee. Interpretation and Prediction of Loop Gain Characteristics For Switching PowerConverters Loaded with General Load Subsystem. / Donggyu Lee, Byungcho Choi, Jian Sun, ChoB.H. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 1024-1029реферат

218. Yang Xiaobo. Analysis and Modeling of the ZVZCS Full Bridge PWM DC-DC Converter Using aSecondary Auxiliary Circuit. / Yang Xiaobo, Wu Weiyang, Shen Hong. // IEEE 36th Power ElectronicsSpecialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 1018-1023 реферат

219. Yue F. Cancellation of 3rd common-mode voltage generated by matrix converter. / Yue F., WheelerP.W., Clare J.C. // 31st Annual Conference of IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IECON 2005). -2005. - p. 6 реферат

220. Tsoumas I. Space vector feature extraction for condition monitoring of the slip energy recovery drive./ Tsoumas I., Safacas A. // Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Electrical Machinesand Systems (ICEMS 2005). - 2005. - p. 2519 реферат

221. Welchko B.A. A double-ended inverter system for the combined propulsion and energy managementfunctions in hybrid vehicles with energy storage. / Welchko B.A. // 31st Annual Conference of IEEEIndustrial Electronics Society (IECON 2005). - 2005. - p. 6 реферат

222. Liu Xue Chao. A new voltage regulator module with integrating coupled magnetic. / Liu Xue Chao,Zhang Bo, Zhao Liang, Hu Jin. // 31st Annual Conference of IEEE Industrial Electronics Society(IECON 2005). - 2005. - p. 6 реферат

223. Li Jingang. Study on static electricity induction load-matched of voltage-source converter for inductionheating. / Li Jingang, Zhong Yanru, Zhang Yang. // 31st Annual Conference of IEEE IndustrialElectronics Society (IECON 2005). - 2005. - p. 4 реферат

224. Chong Han. System integration and demonstration of a 4.5 MVA STATCOM based on emitter turn-off(ETO) thyristor and cascade multilevel converter. / Chong Han, Zhaoning Yang, Bin Chen, WenchaoSong, Huang A.Q., Edris A.A., Ingram M., Atcitty S. // 31st Annual Conference of IEEE IndustrialElectronics Society (IECON 2005). - 2005. - p. 6 реферат

225. Hinkkanen M. Induction motor drives equipped with diode rectifier and small DC-link capacitance. /Hinkkanen M., Luomi J. // 31st Annual Conference of IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IECON2005). - 2005. - p. 6 реферат



226. Staley A.M. Single controllable switch power converter for SRM drive systems. / Staley A.M.,Krishnan R. // 31st Annual Conference of IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IECON 2005). - 2005.- p. 6 реферат

227. Zhang Yong gao. A novel double loop control design and analysis of STATCOM. / Zhang Yonggao, Kang Yong, Liu Xiao yuan, Liu Li ming, Zhu Peng cheng. // 31st Annual Conference of IEEEIndustrial Electronics Society (IECON 2005). - 2005. - p. 6 реферат

228. Xu J. Drive circuit for a mode conversion rotary ultrasonic motor. / Xu J., Grant E., Kingon A.I.,Wilson J.M., Franzon P.D. // 31st Annual Conference of IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IECON2005). - 2005. - p. 5 реферат

229. Patin N. Analysis and control of a cascaded doubly-fed induction generator. / Patin N., Monmasson E.,Louis J.P. // 31st Annual Conference of IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IECON 2005). - 2005. -p. 6 реферат

230. Su Jin Jang. Study of regeneration power control inverter for DC traction with active power filterability. / Su Jin Jang, Chang Youl Choi, Chang Hwan Bae, Sang Hoon Song, Chung Yuen Won. // 31stAnnual Conference of IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IECON 2005). - 2005. - p. 6 реферат

231. Chen Z. Control of power electronic converters for distributed generation units. / Chen Z., Hu Y. //31st Annual Conference of IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IECON 2005). - 2005. - p. 6 реферат

232. Dantas F.D. An AC voltage regulator with high-power-factor, and control using a FPGA device. /Dantas F.D., Canesin C.A. // 31st Annual Conference of IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IECON2005). - 2005. - p. 6 реферат

233. Georgakas K. Efficiency and Power Factor Investigation of Characteristic Converter Topologies viaSimulation. / Georgakas K., Safacas A. // Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference onElectrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS 2005). - 2005. - p. 1422 реферат

234. Ma Huasheng. AC/AC Buck Converter Instantaneous Value Control Modeling, System Analyzing andDesigning. / Ma Huasheng, Zhang Bo, Zheng Jianchao, Zhao Liang. // Proceedings of the EighthInternational Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS 2005). - 2005. - p. 1391 рефе-рат

235. Ying Jiang. Research on the passive integration in ZCS buck quasi-resonant converter. / Ying Jiang,Yugang Yang, Ruijun Cheng. // Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on ElectricalMachines and Systems (ICEMS 2005). - 2005. - p. 1336 реферат

236. Mancilla David F. Generalized Averaged Dynamic Modeling of Vector Switching AC Power FlowControllers. / Mancilla David F., Venkataramanan G. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics SpecialistsConference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 45-51 реферат

237. Daolian Chen. Novel Current Mode AC/AC Converters with High Frequency AC Link. / DaolianChen, Lei Li, Jian Liu, Shengyang Lin, Chen Song. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics SpecialistsConference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 39-44 реферат

238. Wheeler Pw. Space Vector Modulation for a 4-Leg Matrix Converter. / Wheeler Pw., Clare J.C., MasonN. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 31-38 реферат

239. Wang Y. Optimal design of a DC/DC converter for photovoltaic applications. / Wang Y., KlumpnerC. // 31st Annual Conference of IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IECON 2005). - 2005. - p. 6реферат



240. Kai Sun. A nonlinear robust controller for matrix converter fed induction motor drives. / Kai Sun,Lipei Huang, Daning Zhou. // 31st Annual Conference of IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IECON2005). - 2005. - p. 6 реферат

241. Ortega C. Novel direct torque control for induction motors using short voltage vectors of matrixconverters. / Ortega C., Arias A., del Toro X., Aldabas E., Balcells J. // 31st Annual Conference ofIEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IECON 2005). - 2005. - p. 6 реферат

242. Faiz J. A new developed pulse width modulation for supplying induction motors. / Faiz J., PouraminiA.H. // Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems(ICEMS 2005). - 2005. - p. 2380 реферат

243. Cacciato M. High frequency modeling of bearing currents and shaft voltage on electrical motors. /Cacciato M., Consoli A., Finocchiaro L., Testa A. // Proceedings of the Eighth International Conferenceon Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS 2005). - 2005. - p. 2065 реферат

244. Liao Ying xi. Stability study and simulation analysis on aircraft transformer rectifier unit (TRU) withconstant power load (CPL). / Liao Ying xi, Mu Xin hua, Ge Hong juan, Jiang Hua. // Proceedings ofthe Eighth International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS 2005). - 2005. - p.2018 реферат

245. Quan Li. Variable Frequency Control of the Zero-Voltage Switching Two-Inductor Boost Converter. /Quan Li, Wolfs P. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp.667-673 реферат

246. Jacobina C.B. Reduced Switch Count AC-AC Two-Phase Drive Systems. / Jacobina C.B., dos SantosE.C., Correa M.B.R., da Silva E.R.C. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC’05). - 2005. - pp. 687-693 реферат

247. Katzir L. Resonant converter with Loss Free Resistor Characteristic. / Katzir L., Singer S., ShmilovitzD. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 656-659 реферат

248. Uan Zo li A. Modeling, Analysis and Control of Single-Stage Voltage Source PFC Converter. / UanZo li A., Lee F.C. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp.1408-1414 реферат

249. Portillo R. Modeling of Five-Level Converter Used in a Synchronous Rectifier Application. / PortilloR., Carrasco J.M., Leon J.I., Galvan E., Prats M.M. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics SpecialistsConference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 1396-1401 реферат

250. Ke Jin. Control Strategy for Zero-Voltage-Switching Multi-Resonant Three-Level Converters. / KeJin, Xinbo Ruan. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp.630-634 реферат

251. Martins M.L. Low Reactive Energy ZCZVT PWM Converters: Synthesis, Analysis and Comparison./ Martins M.L., Russi J.L., Hey H.L. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC’05). - 2005. - pp. 1234-1240 реферат

252. Torresan H.D. A High Voltage Converter for Auxiliary Supply Applications using a Reduced FlyingCapacitor Topology. / Torresan H.D., Holmes D.G. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics SpecialistsConference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 1220-1226 реферат

253. Oleschuk V. Cascaded Converters with Synchronized Control in the Overmodulation Zone. / OleschukV., Ermuratski V., Stankovic A.M. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05).- 2005. - pp. 1227-1233 реферат



254. Jacobs J. Multi-Phase Series Resonant DC-to-DC Converters: Stationary Investigations. / Jacobs J.,Averberg A., De Doncker R. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05). -2005. - pp. 660-666 реферат

255. Saren H. Overmodulation in Voltage Source Inverter with Small DC-link Capacitor. / Saren H.,Pyrhonen O., Rauma K., Laakkonen O. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC’05). - 2005. - pp. 892-898 реферат

256. Leon J.I. DC-link capacitors voltage balancing in multilevel four-leg diode-clamped converters. /Leon J.I., Franquelo L.G., Portillo R.C., Prats M.M. // 31st Annual Conference of IEEE IndustrialElectronics Society (IECON 2005). - 2005. - p. 6 реферат

257. Crescimbini F. Power Electronics Building Block (PEBB) for Static Conversion Apparatus Devoted toLow-Voltage Fed Electric Drives. / Crescimbini F., Serrao V., Solero L. // IEEE 36th Power ElectronicsSpecialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 772-778 реферат

258. Sun Xiaofeng. A Low THD Current Mode DC/AC Converter Apply Power Flow Waveform LibraryAnalysis. / Sun Xiaofeng, Luo Zhiwei, Jin Xiaoyi, Wu Weiyang. // IEEE 36th Power ElectronicsSpecialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 804-808 реферат

259. Lin Sun. Research on Single-Stage Flyback Inverter. / Lin Sun, Yongchun Liang, Chunying Gong,Yangguang Yan. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp.849-854 реферат

260. Tsuruta Y. A Novel Soft Switching Scheme QRAS Converter Aimed for FCEV. / Tsuruta Y.,Kawamura A. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp.779-785 реферат

261. Chong Eun Kim. A New High Efficiency ZVZCS Bi-directional DC/DC Converter for 42V PowerSystem of HEVs. / Chong Eun Kim, Sang Kyoo Han, Kang Hyun Yi, Woo Jin Lee, Gun Woo Moon.// IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 792-797 реферат

262. Yuang Shung Lee. Battery Equalization Using Bi-directional Cuk Converter in DCVM Operation. /Yuang Shung Lee, Chun Yi Duh, Guo Tian Chen, Shen Ching Yang. // IEEE 36th Power ElectronicsSpecialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 765-771 реферат

263. Miranda R.S. Reduced Switch Count Dual-Winding AC Drive Systems. / Miranda R.S., Jacobina C.B.,Correa M.B.R., Lima A.M.N. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05). -2005. - pp. 726-732 реферат

264. Santi E. A Geometric Approach to Large-signal Stability of Switching Converters under Sliding ModeControl and Synergetic Control. / Santi E., Li D., Monti A., Stankovic A.M. // IEEE 36th PowerElectronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 1389-1395 реферат

265. Soares V. DSP Sliding-Mode Controllers for Three-Phase Four-Wire Converters with Split DC LinkCapacitor. / Soares V., Verdelho P. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05).- 2005. - pp. 1382-1388 реферат

266. Kaneko K. Analysis of Dynamic Variation on a Combined Control Strategy for a Five-Level DoubleConverter. / Kaneko K., Mitsuta J., Matsuse K., Sasagawa K., Abe Y., Lupei Huang // IEEE 36thPower Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 885-891 реферат

267. Silva L.A. Analysis and Proposal of Capacitor Voltage Control for an Asymmetric Cascaded Inverter./ Silva L.A., Pimentel S.P., Pomilio J.A. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC’05). - 2005. - pp. 809-815 реферат



268. Junior L.G. A Novel Simple Three Level Push-Pull Inverter Suitable for Renewable Energy BasedDistributed Generation Systems Applications. / Junior L.G., Tatibana G.S., Pinto J.O.P. // IEEE 36thPower Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 829-834 реферат

269. Cavalcante F.S. Small-Signal Model of a 5kW High-Output Voltage Capacitive-Loaded Series-ParallelResonant DC-DC Converter. / Cavalcante F.S., Kolar J.W. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics SpecialistsConference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 1271-1277 реферат

270. Baghernejad R. A Simplified Three-Dimensional Space Vector Algorithm for Three-phase Four-legConverters Based on Classifier Neural Networks. / Baghernejad R., Bakhshai A., Yazdani D. // IEEE36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 950-954 реферат

271. Mossoba J.T. Exploration of Deadbeat Control for DC-DC Converters as Hybrid Systems. / MossobaJ.T., Krein P.T. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp.1004-1010 реферат

272. Kuisma M. Using Switching Function in Preliminary EMI-analysis of a Switching Power Supply. /Kuisma M., Rauma K., Silventoinen P. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC’05). - 2005. - pp. 994-998 реферат

273. Thiele G. Current-Mode LDO with Active Dropout Optimization. / Thiele G., Bayer E. // IEEE 36thPower Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 1203-1208 реферат

274. Fernandes D.A. A Differentiation Matrix for Simulating the Steady-state Response of PowerConverters. / Fernandes D.A., Naidu S.R., Costa F.F. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics SpecialistsConference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 1069-1073 реферат

275. Pan S. A Precisely-Regulated Multiple Output Forward Converter With Automatic Master-SlaveControl. / Pan S., Jain P.K. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05). -2005. - pp. 969-975 реферат

276. Liutanakul P. Application of SMC with I/O Feedback Linearization to the Control of the CascadeControlled-Rectifier/Inverter-Motor Drive System with a Small DC-Link Capacitor. / Liutanakul P.,Pierfederici S., Meibody Tabar F. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05).- 2005. - pp. 922-928 реферат

277. Kollensperger P. Design of a Flexible Control Platform for Soft-Switching Multi-Level Inverters. /Kollensperger P., Lenke R., Schroder S., De Doncker R.W. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics SpecialistsConference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 915-921 реферат

278. Musznicki P. Better Understanding EMI Generation of Power Converters. / Musznicki P., Jean LucSchanen, Granjon P., Chrzan P. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05). -2005. - pp. 1052-1056 реферат

279. Lachichi A. An Hybrid Fixed Frequency Controller Suitable for Fuel Cells Applications. / LachichiA., Pierfedirici S., Martin J.P., Davat B. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC’05). - 2005. - pp. 943-949 реферат

280. Andreassen P. Digital Control Techniques for Current Mode Control of Interleaved Quasi Square WaveConverter. / Andreassen P., Undeland T.M. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference(PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 910-914 реферат

281. Barrado A. Linear-Non-Linear Control Applied in Multiphase VRM. / Barrado A., Quintero J., LazaroA., Fernandez C., Zumel P., Olias E. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC’05). - 2005. - pp. 904-909 реферат



282. Abramovitz A. A Resonant DC-DC transformer with Zero Current Ripple. / Abramovitz A., SmedleyK. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 1299-1305реферат

283. Marshall J. Design of an efficient fuel cell vehicle drivetrain, featuring a novel boost converter. /Marshall J., Kazerani M. // 31st Annual Conference of IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IECON2005). - 2005. - p. 6 реферат

284. Osorio R. Stability Analysis of HID lamp and Non-Resonant Ballast Using a Non Linear Lamp Model./ Osorio R., Oliver Ma., Ponce M., Aguilar J., Olivares V.H., Juarez M. // IEEE 36th Power ElectronicsSpecialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 1124-1129 реферат

285. Dos Reis F. Full Bridge Single Stage Electronic Ballast for a 250 W High Pressure Sodium Lamp. /Dos Reis F., Tonkoski R., Maizonave G.B., Lorenzoni L.C., Sarmanho U., Ceccon G.B., Libano F.B.,Canalli V., Lima J.C.M. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005. -pp. 1094-1099 реферат

286. Yehui Han. Resistance Compression Networks for Resonant Power Conversion. / Yehui Han,Leitermann O., Jackson D.A., Rivas J.M., Perreault D.J. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics SpecialistsConference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 1282-1292 реферат

287. Soo Seok Kim. The Active Clamp Sepic-Flyback Converter. / Soo Seok Kim, Dae Kyu Choi, Su JinJang, Tae Won Lee, Chung Yuen Won. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC’05). - 2005. - pp. 1209-1212 реферат

288. Chongming Qiao. Control of Boost type Converter at Discontinuous Conduction Mode by Controllingthe Product of Inductor Voltage-Second. / Chongming Qiao, Zhang J. // IEEE 36th Power ElectronicsSpecialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 1213-1219 реферат

289. Menegaz P.J.M. A PWM Family of ZVT Self-resonant Converters with Improved Features. / MenegazP.J.M., Vieira J.L.F., Bruinsma J.A., Rey J.P., Simonetti D.S.L. // IEEE 36th Power ElectronicsSpecialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 1198-1202 реферат

290. Cardesin J. Low-Cost PFC Electronic Ballast for 250W HID Lamps Operating as Constant PowerSource with 400 kHz Switching Frequency. / Cardesin J., Garcia J., Ribas J., Alonso J.M., Calleja A.J.,Corominas E.L., Rico Secades M., Dalla M. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference(PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 1130-1135 реферат

291. Burgos R.P. New Step-Up and Step-Down 18-Pulse Direct Asymmetric Autotransformer RectifierUnits. / Burgos R.P., Uan Zo li A., Lacaux F., Roshan A., Wang F., Boroyevich D. // IEEE 36th PowerElectronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 1149-1155 реферат

292. Barruel F. Stability Approach for Vehicles DC Power Network: Application to Aircraft On-boardSystem. / Barruel F., Retiere N., Schanen J.L., Caisley A. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics SpecialistsConference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 1163-1169 реферат

293. Cobreces S. Contributions to the DC-bus voltage controller of back-to-back voltage source converters./ Cobreces S., Bueno E., Espinosa F., Rodriguez F.J., Martin C.J. // 31st Annual Conference of IEEEIndustrial Electronics Society (IECON 2005). - 2005. - p. 6 реферат

294. Mollov S.V. Performance/Cost Comparison between Single-Stage and Conventional High PowerFactor Correction Rectifiers. / Mollov S.V., Forsyth A.J., Nuttall D.R. // International Conferenceon Power Electronics and Drives Systems (PEDS 2005). - 2005. - p. 876 реферат



295. Yuang Shung Lee. ZCS Switched-Capacitor Bi-directional Quasi-Resonant Converters. / Yuang ShungLee, Yin Yuan Chiu, Ming Wang Cheng. // International Conference on Power Electronics and DrivesSystems (PEDS 2005). - 2005. - p. 866 реферат

296. Rodriguez P. Double Synchronous Reference Frame PLL for Power Converters Control. / RodriguezP., Pou J., Bergas J., Candela I., Burgos R., Boroyevich D. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics SpecialistsConference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 1415-1421 реферат

297. Zhao Fanglan. An undervoltage lockout of hysteretic threshold of zero temperature coefficients. /Zhao Fanglan, Feng Quanyuan, Gong Kunlin. // Asia-Pacific Conference Proceedings MicrowaveConference Proceedings (APMC 2005). - 2005. - p. 3 реферат

298. Fiorentin P. Accurate Measurement of Active Power of Discharge Lamps. / Fiorentin P., Scroccaro A.// Proceedings of the IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (IMTC 2005).- 2005. - p. 1937 реферат

299. Ying Jiang. Research on the planar magnetic integration in quasi-resonant converters. / Ying Jiang,Yu gang Yang, Hong yan Liang, Rui jun Cheng. // IEEE International Conference on IndustrialTechnology (ICIT 2005). - 2005. - pp. 81-85 реферат

300. Liu J.C.P. Synthesis of impedance using switching converters. / Liu J.C.P., Tse C.K., Poon F.N.K.,Pong M.H., Lai Y.M. // IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology (ICIT 2005). - 2005.- pp. 7-10 реферат

301. Radhakrishnan S. Low-Power 4-b 2.5 GSPS Pipelined Flash Analog-to-Digital Converters in 0.13𝑚𝑢m CMOS. / Radhakrishnan S., Mingzhen Wang, Chien In Henry Chen // Proceedings of the IEEEInstrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (IMTC 2005). - 2005. - p. 287 реферат

302. Noguchi T. Novel Direct-Power-Control Strategy of Current-Source PWM Rectifier. / Noguchi T.,Takeuchi D., Nakatomi S., Sato A. // International Conference on Power Electronics and DrivesSystems (PEDS 2005). - 2005. - p. 860 реферат

303. Munoz D.R. Generalized Impedance Converter as a New Sensor Signal Conditioning Circuit. /Munoz D.R., Berga S.C., Escriva C.R., Freitas P.J.P. // Proceedings of the IEEE Instrumentationand Measurement Technology Conference (IMTC 2005). - 2005. - p. 587 реферат

304. Goyal S. Simulation and analysis of current controlled PFC converter-inverter fed SRM drive. / GoyalS., Kumar R., Gupta R.A. // IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology (ICIT 2005). -2005. - pp. 1433-1437 реферат

305. Tripathi R.K. Utility Friendly Magnet-Load Power Supply. / Tripathi R.K., Das S.P. // IEEE 36thPower Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 333-339 реферат

306. Wanjun Lei. Conductive EMI Analysis and Suppression in an Active Power Filte. / Wanjun Lei, ZhuoFang, Yue Wang, Jinjun Liu, Xi Zhai, Longhui Wu, Zhaoan Wang. // IEEE 36th Power ElectronicsSpecialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 328-332 реферат

307. He Junping. Identification and Model of Near Field Magnetic Coupling in a PFC Converter. / HeJunping, Jiang Jianguo, Chen Wei. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC’05). - 2005. - pp. 323-327 реферат

308. Singh P. Decoupled Reactive power Compensation Using Neural Network Based control scheme. /Singh P. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 289-295реферат



309. Cavalcanti M.C. Efficiency Evaluation in Grid Connected Photovoltaic Energy Conversion Systems./ Cavalcanti M.C., Azevedo G.M.S., Amaral B.A., de Oliveira K.C., Neves F.A.S., Lins Z.D. // IEEE36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 269-275 реферат

310. Sang Min Kim. Control of Rubber Tyred Gantry Crane with Energy Storage Based on SupercapacitorBank. / Sang Min Kim, Seung Ki Sul. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC’05). - 2005. - pp. 262-268 реферат

311. Mason A.J. New Phase Shift Modulated ZVS Full-Bridge DC/DC Converter with Minimized AuxiliaryCurrent for Medium Power Fuel Cell Application. / Mason A.J., Jain P.K. // IEEE 36th PowerElectronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 244-249 реферат

312. Beristain J. A New Single-Phase HF-Link Multilevel Inverter. / Beristain J., Bordonau J., RaventosO., Rocabert J., Busquets S., Mata M. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC’05). - 2005. - pp. 237-243 реферат

313. Martins D.C. PV Solar Energy Electronics Processing System Operating at the MPP for CommercialRefrigerator Supply Applications. / Martins D.C., da Silva D.P., de Andrade A.S., Bottion A.J.B.,de Souza K.C.A. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp.217-223 реферат

314. Neto A.S. Dynamic Analysis of Grid Connected Wind Farms Using ATP. / Neto A.S., Neves F.A.S.,Pinheiro E.L.R., Gaiba R., Silva S.R. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC’05). - 2005. - pp. 198-203 реферат

315. Chakraborty S. Advanced Active Filtering in a Single Phase High Frequency AC Microgrid. /Chakraborty S., Simoes M.G. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05).- 2005. - pp. 191-197 реферат

316. Palle B. Dynamic Interaction of an Intergrated Doubly-Fed Induction generator and a Fuel Cellconnected to Grid. / Palle B., Simoes M.G., Farret F.A. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics SpecialistsConference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 185-190 реферат

317. De Vito L. An Improved ADC Error Correction Scheme Based on a Bayesian Approach. / De VitoL., Michaeli L., Rapuano S. // Proceedings of the IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement TechnologyConference (IMTC 2005). - 2005. - p. 160 реферат

318. Zocca F. A mixed continuous-pulsed reset technique for digitized preamplifiers of radiation signals./ Zocca F., Pullia A., Boiano C., Bassini R. // IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium ConferenceRecord2005. - 2005. - p. 382 реферат

319. Fusayasu T. Development of a pipelined ADC chip for the gas electron multiplier readout. /Fusayasu T., Hamagaki H., Tanaka Y., Yamaguchi Y. // IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium ConferenceRecord2005. - 2005. - p. 353 реферат

320. Chih Chiang Hua. Implementation of a Regenerative Pulse and Equalization Battery Charger Usinga DSP. / Chih Chiang Hua, Ching Hsiang Hsu. // International Conference on Power Electronics andDrives Systems (PEDS 2005). - 2005. - p. 955 реферат

321. Rajambal K. Intelligent Controllers for an Isolated Wind Energy Conversion Scheme. / Rajambal K.,Chellamuthu C. // International Conference on Power Electronics and Drives Systems (PEDS 2005). -2005. - p. 938 реферат



322. Goo Hwan Shin. High Voltage DC-DC Converter of Pulsed Plasma Thruster for Science andTechnology Satellite-2 (STSAT-2). / Goo Hwan Shin, Gun Soo Shin, Myeong Ryong Nam, KyungIn Kang, Jong Tae Lim. // International Conference on Power Electronics and Drives Systems (PEDS2005). - 2005. - p. 926 реферат

323. Anandhi T.S. UC3907 ASIC and TMS320F2407A DSP based Control of Paralleled Buck DC-DCConverters. / Anandhi T.S., Natarajan S.P., Anitha T. // Annual IEEE INDICON2005. - 2005. - pp.472-475 реферат

324. Rabelo B. Power Flow Optimisation and Grid Integration of Wind Turbines with the Doubly-FedInduction Generator. / Rabelo B., Hofmann W. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference(PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 2930-2936 реферат

325. Bae H.S. New Control Strategy for 2-stage Utility-Connected Photovoltaic Power Conditioning Systemwith a low cost digital processor. / Bae H.S., Park J.H., Cho B.H., Yu G.J. // IEEE 36th PowerElectronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 2925-2929 реферат

326. De Lurgio P.M. 2-D scintillation position-sensitive neutron detector. / De Lurgio P.M., Farrar K.A.,Kreps A.S., Madden T.J., Naday I., Weizeorick J.T., Hammonds J.P., Miller M.E., Schultz A.J. // IEEENuclear Science Symposium Conference Record2005. - 2005. - p. 648 реферат

327. Aryaeinejad R. Comparison between digital and analog pulse shape discrimination techniques forneutron and gamma ray separation. / Aryaeinejad R., Hartwell J.K., Spencer D.F. // IEEE NuclearScience Symposium Conference Record2005. - 2005. - p. 500 реферат

328. Moo C.S. Parallel Operation of Battery Power Modules. / Moo C.S., Ng K.S., Hsieh Y.C. //International Conference on Power Electronics and Drives Systems (PEDS 2005). - 2005. - p. 983реферат

329. Basu K.P. Feasibility Study of Conversion of Double Circuit ac Transmission Line for Simultaneousac-dc Power Transmission. / Basu K.P., Rahman H. // International Conference on Power Electronicsand Drives Systems (PEDS 2005). - 2005. - p. 972 реферат

330. Kai Zhang. Modeling of a Converter-Connected Six-Phase Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator./ Kai Zhang, Kojabadi H.M., Wang P.Z., Liuchen Chang // International Conference on PowerElectronics and Drives Systems (PEDS 2005). - 2005. - p. 1096 реферат

331. Bose B.K. Power Electronics and Motor Drives-Technology Advances, Trends and Applications. /Bose B.K. // IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology (ICIT 2005). - 2005. - pp.P20-P64 реферат

332. Chen Zhao. The Analysis of the Charge Unbalance in Flying Capacitors of a Novel Three-level ZVSConverter. / Chen Zhao, Junming Zhang, Xinke Wu, Zhaoming Qian. // International Conference onPower Electronics and Drives Systems (PEDS 2005). - 2005. - p. 882 реферат

333. Chien Ming Wang. A Novel ZVS-PWM Single-Stage Single-Phase AC/DC/AC Converter with HighPower Factor. / Chien Ming Wang, Juing Huei Su, Lio J.B., Chia Hao Yang // International Conferenceon Power Electronics and Drives Systems (PEDS 2005). - 2005. - p. 1051 реферат

334. Ansari A.H. High Current Resistance Sintering For Producing Brass Powder Components. / AnsariA.H., Jamil Asghar M.S. // International Conference on Power Electronics and Drives Systems (PEDS2005). - 2005. - p. 915 реферат



335. Ramasamy G. Modeling of Switched Reluctance Motor Drive System using Matlab/Simulink forPerformance Analysis of Current Controllers. / Ramasamy G., Rajandran R.V., Sahoo N.C. //International Conference on Power Electronics and Drives Systems (PEDS 2005). - 2005. - p. 892реферат

336. Idris Z. Safe Commutation Strategy in Single Phase Matrix Converter. / Idris Z., Mohammad NoorS.Z., Hamzah M.K. // International Conference on Power Electronics and Drives Systems (PEDS2005). - 2005. - p. 886 реферат

337. El Kholy E.E. Generalized Predictive Controller for a Boost AC to DC Converter Fed DC Motor. /El Kholy E.E. // International Conference on Power Electronics and Drives Systems (PEDS 2005). -2005. - p. 1090 реферат

338. Phani Kiranmai K.S. Maximum Power Point Tracking: A PSPICE Circuit Simulator Approach. / PhaniKiranmai K.S., Veerachary M. // International Conference on Power Electronics and Drives Systems(PEDS 2005). - 2005. - p. 1072 реферат

339. Muhammad K.S. Switching Pattern Analysis for AC to High DC Voltage Converter. / MuhammadK.S., Omar A.M., Hamzah N.R. // International Conference on Power Electronics and Drives Systems(PEDS 2005). - 2005. - p. 960 реферат

340. Wu Chen. Zero-Voltage-Switching PWM Hybrid Full-Bridge Three-Level Converter with ClampingDiodes. / Wu Chen, Xinbo Ruan. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05).- 2005. - pp. 431-437 реферат

341. Xiao Cao. Fast Response Control of Stepping Inductance Voltage Regulator Module. / Xiao Cao,Oruganti R. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 382-388реферат

342. Tseng S.Y. A Combined Wide and Narrow Pulse Generators for Processing Microbes. / Tseng S.Y.,Wu T.F., Chen S.S., Wu M.W. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05). -2005. - pp. 375-381 реферат

343. Wu Chen. Current-Doubler-Rectifier ZVS PWM Hybrid Full-Bridge Three-Level Converter. / WuChen, Xinbo Ruan. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp.413-419 реферат

344. Shi Yong. Research on a Novel Hybrid Five-level DC-DC converter. / Shi Yong, Yang Xu, WangZhaoan. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 443-446реферат

345. Liu XueChao. A Non-isolated Voltage Regulator Module with Integrating Coupled-Inductor. / LiuXueChao, Zhang bo, Yu JianSheng, Gallagher J., Feng JinGen // IEEE 36th Power ElectronicsSpecialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 438-442 реферат

346. Dong Li. Comparison of Three Front-end DC-DC Converters for 1200W Server Power Supply. /Dong Li, Xinbo Ruan. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005. -pp. 394-398 реферат

347. Zhihua Yang. A New Transformer-Based Non-Isolated Topology Optimized for VRM Application. /Zhihua Yang, Sheng Ye, Yan Fei Liu. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC’05). - 2005. - pp. 447-453 реферат

348. Kanaan H.Y. A Novel Averaged-Model-Based Control of a SEPIC Power Factor Corrector Using theInput/Output Feedback Linearization Technique. / Kanaan H.Y., Al Haddad K. // IEEE 36th PowerElectronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 565-571 реферат



349. Ke Jin. Hybrid Full-Bridge Three-Level LLC Resonant Converter-A Novel DC-DC Converter Suitablefor Fuel Cell Power System. / Ke Jin, Xinbo Ruan. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics SpecialistsConference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 361-367 реферат

350. Rong Jong Wai. High Step-up Coupled-inductor-based Converter Using Bi-direction EnergyTransmission. / Rong Jong Wai, Rou Yong Duan. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics SpecialistsConference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 406-412 реферат

351. Wu T.F. Boost Converter with Coupled Inductors and Buck-Boost Type of Active Clamp. / Wu T.F.,Lai Y.S., Hung J.C., Chen Y.M. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05). -2005. - pp. 399-405 реферат

352. Kennel R. Sensorless control of 3-Phase PWM rectifier. / Kennel R., Szczupak P. // 31st AnnualConference of IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IECON 2005). - 2005. - p. 6 реферат

353. Wibbenmeyer J. Built-in self-test for analog-to-digital converters in SoC applications. / WibbenmeyerJ., Chen C.I.H. // 31st Annual Conference of IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IECON 2005). -2005. - p. 6 реферат

354. Wang M. Architecture and design synthesis of 2.5 Gsamples/s 4-b pipelined flash ADC in SoCapplications. / Wang M., Chen C.I.H. // 31st Annual Conference of IEEE Industrial Electronics Society(IECON 2005). - 2005. - p. 7 реферат

355. Dakyo B. Modelling and control of single VSI leading experimental hybrid power system integratinga wind turbine simulator. / Dakyo B., Nichita C., El Mokadem, Camblong H., Tapia G., Vechiu I. //31st Annual Conference of IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IECON 2005). - 2005. - p. 6 реферат

356. Koizumi H. A novel maximum power point tracking method for PV module integrated converterusing square root functions. / Koizumi H., Kurokawa K. // 31st Annual Conference of IEEE IndustrialElectronics Society (IECON 2005). - 2005. - p. 6 реферат

357. Das D. An optimal design of a grid connected hybrid wind/photovoltaic/fuel cell system for distributedenergy production. / Das D., Esmaili R., Xu L., Nichols D. // 31st Annual Conference of IEEEIndustrial Electronics Society (IECON 2005). - 2005. - p. 6 реферат

358. Zhiliang Zhang. Full-bridge Three-Level Converter with the Flying Capacitor and Two ClampingDiodes. / Zhiliang Zhang, Xinbo Ruan. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC’05). - 2005. - pp. 425-430 реферат

359. Yingdong Wei. Wide Range Dual Switch Forward-Flyback Converter with Symmetrical RCD Clamp. /Yingdong Wei, Xiehua Wu, Yilei Gu, Hao Ma. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference(PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 420-424 реферат

360. Casanueva R. Resonant converters: properties and applications for variable loads. / Casanueva R.,Branas C., Azcondo F.J., Bracho S. // 31st Annual Conference of IEEE Industrial Electronics Society(IECON 2005). - 2005. - p. 6 реферат

361. Cardenas R. Power balancing in variable speed wind-energy systems using vector control of front-endconverters. / Cardenas R., Pena R., Perez M., Vargas F., Asher G., Clare J. // 31st Annual Conferenceof IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IECON 2005). - 2005. - p. 6 реферат

362. Iannuzzo F. FPGA implementation of the race-control algorithm for the full-bridge passive resonantcommutated poles converter. / Iannuzzo F. // 31st Annual Conference of IEEE Industrial ElectronicsSociety (IECON 2005). - 2005. - p. 6 реферат



363. Lazaro A. 500 W Class-D Single-Stage Power Supply. / Lazaro A., Barrado A., Sanz M., Salas V.,Olias E. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 554-559реферат

364. Maddula S.K. Lifetime of Electrolytic Capacitors in Regenerative Induction Motor Drives. / MaddulaS.K., Balda J.C. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp.153-159 реферат

365. Haiping Xu. Analysis and Design of High Power Interleaved Boost Converters for Fuel CellDistributed Generation System. / Haiping Xu, Qiao E., Xin Guo, Xuhui Wen, Li Kong // IEEE 36thPower Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 140-145 реферат

366. Sanchis Kilders E. Bidirectional Coupled Inductors Step-up Converter for Battery Discharging-Charging. / Sanchis Kilders E., Ejea J.B., Ferreres A., Maset E., Esteve V., Jordan J., Calvente J.,Garrigos A. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 64-68реферат

367. Fernandez A. Very Simple Active Snubber Based on the Use of a Low Cost Integrated Switch. /Fernandez A., Sebastian J., Hernando N.M., Lamar D.G., Arias M. // IEEE 36th Power ElectronicsSpecialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 127-133 реферат

368. Schuch L. Integrated Auxiliary Commutation Circuits: A Generalized Approach. / Schuch L., RechC., Russi J.L., Hey H.L., Pinheiro J.R. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC’05). - 2005. - pp. 103-109 реферат

369. Benavides N.D. Ripple Correlation Control of a Multiple-Input Dc-Dc Converter. / Benavides N.D.,Esram T., Chapman P.L. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005.- pp. 160-164 реферат

370. Chivite Zabalza F.J. A Simple, Passive 24-pulse AC-DC Converter with Inherent Load BalancingUsing Harmonic Voltage Injection. / Chivite Zabalza F.J., Forsyth A.J. // IEEE 36th Power ElectronicsSpecialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 76-82 реферат

371. Maset E. 5kW Weinberg Converter for Battery Discharging in High-Power Communication Satellites./ Maset E., Ferreres A., Ejea J.B., Sanchis Kilders E., Jordan J., Esteve V. // IEEE 36th PowerElectronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 69-75 реферат

372. Wolfs P.J. A Single Cell Maximum Power Point Tracking Converter without a Current Sensor for HighPerformance Vehicle Solar Arrays. / Wolfs P.J., Tang L. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics SpecialistsConference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 165-171 реферат

373. Donghua Chen. Shunt Active Power Filters Applied in the Aircraft Power Utility. / Donghua Chen,Tao Guo, Shaojun Xie, Bo Zhou. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05).- 2005. - pp. 59-63 реферат

374. Jacobina C.B. Control of the Single-Phase to Three-Phase Four-leg Converter for Constant FrequencyOutput Voltage. / Jacobina C.B., dos Santos E.C., Correa M.B.R. // IEEE 36th Power ElectronicsSpecialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 52-58 реферат

375. Papastergiou K.D. A 1kW Phase-Shifted Full Bridge Converter incorporating Contact-less Transfer ofEnergy. / Papastergiou K.D., Macpherson D.E., Fisher F. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics SpecialistsConference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 83-89 реферат

376. Haipeng Ren. The Overall Dynamics of Power-Factor-Correction Boost Converter. / Haipeng Ren,Ninomiya T. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 577-581 реферат



377. Shumin Li. An Ac-Dc Single-Stage PWM Full-Bridge Converter with a Magnetic Switch. / ShuminLi, Moschopoulos G. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005. -pp. 467-473 реферат

378. Seixas F.J.M. Generalization of the delta-differential autotransformer for 12 and 18-pulse converters./ Seixas F.J.M., Goncalves V.A. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05). -2005. - pp. 460-466 реферат

379. Ghizoni D. Design and Evaluation of a 33-kW PEBB Module for Distributed Power ElectronicsConversion Systems. / Ghizoni D., Burgos R., Francis G., Guo J., Ma X., Solero L., Wang F.,Boroyevich D., Cartes D.A. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05). -2005. - pp. 530-536 реферат

380. Imam A.M. Condition Monitoring of Electrolytic Capacitor in Power Electronic Circuits usingAdaptive Filter Modeling. / Imam A.M., Habetler T.G., Harley R.G., Divan D.M. // IEEE 36th PowerElectronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 601-607 реферат

381. Lymar D.S. Coupled-Magnetic Filters with Adaptive Inductance Cancellation. / Lymar D.S.,Neugebauer T.C., Perreault D.J. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05). -2005. - pp. 590-600 реферат

382. Xinping Ding. Three Phase Z-Source Rectifier. / Xinping Ding, Zhaoming Qian, Yeyuan Xie, ZhengyuLu. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 494-500 реферат

383. Liming Liu. Double Closed Loop Control and Analysis for A Static Synchronous Series Compensator./ Liming Liu, Yonggao Zhang, Pengcheng Zhu, Xiaoyuan Liu, Xikun Chen, Yong kang, Jian Chen. //IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 354-360 реферат

384. Pfitscher L.L. Hybrid Power Conversion System: An Integrated Solution for Low Power Applications./ Pfitscher L.L., Gules R. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005.- pp. 134-139 реферат

385. Fuxin Liu. ZVS Hybrid Three-level Converter with Low Voltage Stress and Reduced Filter. / FuxinLiu, Xinbo Ruan. // IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp.454-459 реферат

386. de Camargo R.F. New Synchronization Method for Three-Phase Three-Wire PWM Converters underUnbalance and Harmonics in the Grid Voltages. / de Camargo R.F., Pereira A.T., Pinheiro H. // IEEE36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC ’05). - 2005. - pp. 506-512 реферат

387. Attaianese C. Auto-tuning self-compatibility of power converters. / Attaianese C., Tomasso G. //Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC 2005). - 2005.- p. 1964 реферат

388. Agamy M.S. A new zero voltage switching single stage power factor corrected three level resonantAC/DC converter. / Agamy M.S., Jain P.K. // 31st Annual Conference of IEEE Industrial ElectronicsSociety (IECON 2005). - 2005. - p. 6 реферат

389. Tschirhart D.J. A novel asymmetrical-pulse-width-modulated CLL resonant converter with improvedefficiency. / Tschirhart D.J., Jain P.K. // 31st Annual Conference of IEEE Industrial Electronics Society(IECON 2005). - 2005. - p. 6 реферат

390. Agamy M.S. A single stage three level resonant PFC AC/DC converter using combined phase-shift andfrequency control. / Agamy M.S., Jain P.K. // 31st Annual Conference of IEEE Industrial ElectronicsSociety (IECON 2005). - 2005. - p. 6 реферат



391. Sandali A. PDM control applied to an AC/AC converter with three-phase diode rectifier. / SandaliA., Cheriti A., Sicard P., Ali H.B. // 31st Annual Conference of IEEE Industrial Electronics Society(IECON 2005). - 2005. - p. 6 реферат

392. Wenjie Guo. Nonlinear PI control for three-phase PWM AC-DC converter. / Wenjie Guo, Fei Lin,Trillion Zheng. // 31st Annual Conference of IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IECON 2005). -2005. - p. 5 реферат

393. Tran Quang Vinh. Algorithms for controlling both the DC boost and AC output voltage of the Z-source inverter. / Tran Quang Vinh, Tae Won Chun, Jung Ryol Ahn, Hong Hee Lee. // 31st AnnualConference of IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IECON 2005). - 2005. - p. 5 реферат

394. Etoh T. 32 V-300 A/60 kHz edge resonant soft-switching PWM DC/DC converter with DC rail seriesswitch-parallel capacitor snubber assisted by high-frequency transformer parasitic components. / EtohT., Ahmed T., Hiraki E., Morimoto K., Khairy Fathy, Ahmed N.A., Hyun Woo Lee, Mutsuo Nakaoka //31st Annual Conference of IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IECON 2005). - 2005. - p. 7 реферат

395. Qingshui Li. Large signal compensation network design for VRM transient response improvement. /Qingshui Li, Wang X., Batarseh I. // 31st Annual Conference of IEEE Industrial Electronics Society(IECON 2005). - 2005. - p. 5 реферат

396. Borges A.J.N. A single switch double forward converter without commutation losses. / Borges A.J.N.,de Freitas L.C.G., Junior J.B.V., Coelho E.A.A., Faria V.J., de Freitas L.C. // 31st Annual Conferenceof IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IECON 2005). - 2005. - p. 4 реферат

397. Flannery P.S. A new polyphase matrix converter topology. / Flannery P.S., Venkataramanan G. // 31stAnnual Conference of IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IECON 2005). - 2005. - p. 8 реферат

398. Ye Z.M. Analysis and design of full bridge resonant inverter for high frequency AC distributed powersystem application. / Ye Z.M., Jain P.K., Sen P.C. // 31st Annual Conference of IEEE IndustrialElectronics Society (IECON 2005). - 2005. - p. 8 реферат

399. Yilei Gu. Voltage doubler application in isolated resonant converters. / Yilei Gu, Lijun Hang, ZhengyuLu, Zhaoming Qian, Dehong Xu. // 31st Annual Conference of IEEE Industrial Electronics Society(IECON 2005). - 2005. - p. 5 реферат

400. Yi Hsin Leu. Analysis and design of the two-transformer asymmetrical half-bridge converter. / YiHsin Leu, Tsou Min Chen, Chern Lin Chen. // 31st Annual Conference of IEEE Industrial ElectronicsSociety (IECON 2005). - 2005. - p. 6 реферат

401. Winkelnkemper M. Impact of control model deviations on the DC link capacitor minimization inAC-DC-AC converters. / Winkelnkemper M., Bernet S. // 31st Annual Conference of IEEE IndustrialElectronics Society (IECON 2005). - 2005. - p. 6 реферат

402. Malinowski M. Simple sensorless active damping solution for three-phase PWM rectifier with LCLfilter. / Malinowski M., Kazmierkowski M.P., Szczygiel W., Bernet S. // 31st Annual Conference ofIEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IECON 2005). - 2005. - p. 5 реферат

403. Huafeng Xiao. A ZVS bi-directional DC-DC converter for vehicular electronics. / Huafeng Xiao,Donghua Chen, Shaojun Xie. // IEEE Conference Vehicle Power and Propulsion2005. - 2005. - p. 7реферат

404. Hao Ma. Sliding mode control for AC signal power amplifier. / Hao Ma, Tao Zhang. // 31st AnnualConference of IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IECON 2005). - 2005. - p. 6 реферат



405. Yin B. Experimental verification of a dual single-input single-output model of a three-phase boost-typePWM rectifier. / Yin B., Oruganti R., Panda S.K., Bhat A.K.S. // 31st Annual Conference of IEEEIndustrial Electronics Society (IECON 2005). - 2005. - p. 6 реферат

406. Baghernejad R. A real-time neuro-computing three-dimensional space vector algorithm for three-phasefour-leg converters. / Baghernejad R., Bakhshai A., Yazdani D. // 31st Annual Conference of IEEEIndustrial Electronics Society (IECON 2005). - 2005. - p. 5 реферат

407. Hamouda M. Space vector modulation scheme for dual-bridge matrix converters using safe-commutation strategy. / Hamouda M., Fnaiech F., Al Haddad K. // 31st Annual Conference of IEEEIndustrial Electronics Society (IECON 2005). - 2005. - p. 6 реферат

408. Kanaan H.Y. A comparative analysis of nonlinear current control schemes applied to a SEPIC powerfactor corrector. / Kanaan H.Y., Al Haddad K. // 31st Annual Conference of IEEE Industrial ElectronicsSociety (IECON 2005). - 2005. - p. 6 реферат

409. Perry A.G. A new analysis and design method for fuzzy logic controllers used in power converter./ Perry A.G., Feng G., Liu Y.F., Sen P.C. // 31st Annual Conference of IEEE Industrial ElectronicsSociety (IECON 2005). - 2005. - p. 6 реферат

410. Bialasiewicz J.T. Wavelet analysis of the effectiveness of conducted EMI reduction in powerconverters. / Bialasiewicz J.T., Gonzalez D., Balcells J., Gago J. // 31st Annual Conference of IEEEIndustrial Electronics Society (IECON 2005). - 2005. - p. 6 реферат

411. Saleh S.A. Discrete time-based model of the sinusoidal pulse width modulation technique. / SalehS.A., Rahman M.A. // 31st Annual Conference of IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IECON 2005).- 2005. - p. 6 реферат

412. Mao H. Comparison study of inductors current sharing in non-isolated and isolated DC-DC converterswith interleaved structures. / Mao H., Yao L., Liu J., Batarseh I. // 31st Annual Conference of IEEEIndustrial Electronics Society (IECON 2005). - 2005. - p. 7 реферат

413. Xu K. A new resonant gate drive circuit with centre-tapped transformer. / Xu K., Liu Y.F., Sen P.C. //31st Annual Conference of IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IECON 2005). - 2005. - p. 6 реферат

414. Hao Ma. Fault diagnosis and failure prediction of aluminum electrolytic capacitors in power electronicconverters. / Hao Ma, Linguo Wang. // 31st Annual Conference of IEEE Industrial Electronics Society(IECON 2005). - 2005. - p. 6 реферат

415. Kubrich D. A fast calculation tool for the design of PFC converters-method and application. / KubrichD., Schmid M., Durbaum T. // 31st Annual Conference of IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IECON2005). - 2005. - p. 6 реферат

416. Casanueva R. Output current sensitivity analysis of the LC/sub p/C/sub s/ resonant inverter: currentsource design criteria. / Casanueva R., Azcondo F.J., Branas C., Bracho S. // 31st Annual Conferenceof IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IECON 2005). - 2005. - p. 6 реферат

417. Abou Alfotouh A.M. Comparison among SiC JFETs at 1 MHz hard-switched DC/DC converter. /Abou Alfotouh A.M., Radun A.V. // 31st Annual Conference of IEEE Industrial Electronics Society(IECON 2005). - 2005. - p. 6 реферат

418. Chen B. Emitter turn-off (ETO) thyristor: an emerging, lower cost power semiconductor switch withimproved performance for converter-based transmission controllers. / Chen B., Huang A.Q., AtcittyS., Edris A.A., Ingram M. // 31st Annual Conference of IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IECON2005). - 2005. - p. 6 реферат



419. Branco C.G.C. A non-isolated UPS topology with 110 V/220 V input output voltage. / Branco C.G.C.,Cruz C.M.T., Torrico Bascope R.P., Antunes F.L.M. // 31st Annual Conference of IEEE IndustrialElectronics Society (IECON 2005). - 2005. - p. 6 реферат

420. Turunen J. The influence of the DC-link voltage control on the current harmonic filtering of theseries hybrid active power filters. / Turunen J., Salo M., Tuusa H. // 31st Annual Conference of IEEEIndustrial Electronics Society (IECON 2005). - 2005. - p. 6 реферат

421. Rey J. Converting a VSC modulation strategy for controlling a CSC used in FACTS. / Rey J., DovalGandoy J., Sanchez F., Penalver C.M., Lopez O., Nogueiras A. // 31st Annual Conference of IEEEIndustrial Electronics Society (IECON 2005). - 2005. - p. 6 реферат

422. Chong Han. Modelling and control of a cascade-multilevel converter-based STATCOM for electricarc furnace flicker mitigation. / Chong Han, Zhaoning Yang, Huang A.Q., Ingram M. // 31st AnnualConference of IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IECON 2005). - 2005. - p. 6 реферат

423. Pengcheng Zhu. Performance of a decoupling control scheme for a unified power flow controller. /Pengcheng Zhu, Liming Liu, Xiaoyuan Liu, Yong Kang, Jian Chen. // 31st Annual Conference ofIEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IECON 2005). - 2005. - p. 6 реферат

424. Tracy J.G. Achieving high efficiency in a double conversion transformerless UPS. / Tracy J.G., PfitzerH.E. // 31st Annual Conference of IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IECON 2005). - 2005. - p. 4реферат

425. Liu W. A modular digital controller architecture for multi-node high power converter applications. /Liu W., Jayakar R., Song W., Huang A.Q. // 31st Annual Conference of IEEE Industrial ElectronicsSociety (IECON 2005). - 2005. - p. 6 реферат

426. Kouro S. Multilevel inverter modulation method with DC-link disturbance compensation. / Kouro S.,Rodriguez J., Pontt J., Angulo M. // 31st Annual Conference of IEEE Industrial Electronics Society(IECON 2005). - 2005. - p. 6 реферат

427. Silva C. Zero steady-state error input current controller for regenerative multilevel converters basedon single-phase cells. / Silva C., Rodriguez J., Lezana P. // 31st Annual Conference of IEEE IndustrialElectronics Society (IECON 2005). - 2005. - p. 6 реферат

428. Huafeng Xiao. A ZVS bi-directional DC-DC converter for high-low voltage conversion. / HuafengXiao, Donghua Chen, Shaojun Xie. // 31st Annual Conference of IEEE Industrial Electronics Society(IECON 2005). - 2005. - p. 5 реферат

429. Chu Yi Chiang. Integrated circuit approach for soft switching in boundary-mode buck converter. /Chu Yi Chiang, Chern Lin Chen. // 31st Annual Conference of IEEE Industrial Electronics Society(IECON 2005). - 2005. - p. 5 реферат

430. Tiecheng Sun. A novel ZVZCS full-bridge PWM DC-DC converter with active voltage clamp andenergy recovery circuit. / Tiecheng Sun, Xueguang Zhang, Pinghua Tang, Lin Mei. // 31st AnnualConference of IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IECON 2005). - 2005. - p. 5 реферат

431. Lienhardt A.M. Stacked multicell converter (SMC): reconstruction of flying capacitor voltages. /Lienhardt A.M., Gateau G., Meynard T.A. // 31st Annual Conference of IEEE Industrial ElectronicsSociety (IECON 2005). - 2005. - p. 6 реферат

432. Hang Li jun. Magamp post regulation for LLC series resonant converter with multi-output. / HangLi jun, Gu Yi lei, Lu Zheng yu, Qian Zhao ming, Xu De hong. // 31st Annual Conference of IEEEIndustrial Electronics Society (IECON 2005). - 2005. - p. 5 реферат



433. Tschirhart D.J. Maximizing resonant converter efficiency through optimal switch selection. / TschirhartD.J., Jain P.K. // 31st Annual Conference of IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IECON 2005). - 2005.- p. 6 реферат

434. Rong Guo. Investigation on the start-up of low wattage metal halide lamp controlled by low-frequencysquare-wave ballast. / Rong Guo, Yongbing Yang, Zhaoming Qian. // 31st Annual Conference of IEEEIndustrial Electronics Society (IECON 2005). - 2005. - p. 5 реферат

435. Cavalcanti M.C. A photovoltaic generation system with unified power quality conditioner function./ Cavalcanti M.C., Azevedo G.M.S., Amaral B.A., Neves F.A.S. // 31st Annual Conference of IEEEIndustrial Electronics Society (IECON 2005). - 2005. - p. 6 реферат

436. Lezana P. Novel cell based on reduced single-phase active front end for multicell converters. / LezanaP., Rodriguez J., Rojas D., Pontt J. // 31st Annual Conference of IEEE Industrial Electronics Society(IECON 2005). - 2005. - p. 6 реферат

437. Liu D. A novel multiple-input ZVS bidirectional DC-DC converter. / Liu D., Li H. // 31st AnnualConference of IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IECON 2005). - 2005. - p. 6 реферат

438. Tsuruta Y. A new zero-voltage-zero-current-transition chopper SAZZ for a FCEV drive. / Tsuruta Y.,Ito Y., Kawamura A. // 31st Annual Conference of IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IECON 2005).- 2005. - p. 6 реферат

439. Ju Won Baek. High boost converter using voltage multiplier. / Ju Won Baek, Myung Hyo Ryoo, TaeJin Kim, Dong Wook Yoo, Jong Soo Kim. // 31st Annual Conference of IEEE Industrial ElectronicsSociety (IECON 2005). - 2005. - p. 6 реферат

440. Liutanakul P. Load power compensations for stabilized DC-link voltage of the cascade controlledrectifier/inverter-motor drive system. / Liutanakul P., Pierfederici S., Meibody Tabar F. // 31st AnnualConference of IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IECON 2005). - 2005. - p. 8 реферат

441. Muhammad K. A low-area decimation filter for ultra-high speed 1-bit Σ ∆ A/D converters. /Muhammad K., Elahi I., Jung T. // Proceedings of the IEEE 2005 Custom Integrated CircuitsConference. - 2005. - pp. 77-80 реферат

442. Rey J. Evaluation system for current source converter modulation techniques. / Rey J., Doval GandoyJ., Penalver C.M., Lopez O., Nogueiras A., Lago A. // 31st Annual Conference of IEEE IndustrialElectronics Society (IECON 2005). - 2005. - p. 5 реферат

443. Saggini S. Prediction of limit-cycles oscillations in digitally controlled DC-DC converters usingstatistical approach. / Saggini S., Stefanutti W., Trevisan D., Mattavelli P., Garcea G. // 31st AnnualConference of IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IECON 2005). - 2005. - p. 6 реферат

444. Uan Zo li. Analysis of new 18-pulse direct symmetric autotransformer rectifiers with dual AC-voltagefeeding capability. / Uan Zo li, Burgos R.P., Zhu H., Roshan A., Lacaux F., Wang F., Boroyevich D. //31st Annual Conference of IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IECON 2005). - 2005. - p. 6 реферат

445. Gomes de Freitas L.C. Multipulse power rectifier without using multiphase transformers. / Gomes deFreitas L.C., Coelho E.A.A., Parreira E.F., Oliveira M.A.G., de Freitas L.C. // 31st Annual Conferenceof IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IECON 2005). - 2005. - p. 6 реферат

446. Yasui K. New boost-active clamp one-stage soft switching PWM high frequency inverter using trench-gate IGBTs. / Yasui K., Hirota I., Iwai T., Omori H., Ahmed N.A., Ahmed T.A., Sugimura H. // 31stAnnual Conference of IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IECON 2005). - 2005. - p. 6 реферат



447. Xinke Wu. A family of non-isolated ZVS DC-DC converter based on a new active clamp cell. /Xinke Wu, Junming Zhang, Xin Ye, Zhaoming Qian. // 31st Annual Conference of IEEE IndustrialElectronics Society (IECON 2005). - 2005. - p. 6 реферат

448. Mao H. Active resonant tank to achieve zero-voltage-switching for non-isolated DC-DC converterswith synchronous rectifiers. / Mao H., Abdel Rahman O., Batarseh I. // 31st Annual Conference ofIEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IECON 2005). - 2005. - p. 7 реферат

449. Mullett C.E. Bimodal DC-DC converter with an efficient pass-through zone. / Mullett C.E. // TwentiethAnnual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 1005реферат

450. Haider S. A 10-bit 80-MSPS 2.5-V 27.65-mW 0.185-mm 2 segmented current steering CMOS DAC./ Haider S., Banerjee S., Ghosh A., Ravi sankar Prasad, Chatterjee A., Kumar Dey S. // 18thInternational Conference on VLSI Design. - 2005. - pp. 319-322 реферат

451. Islam N. High performance CMOS converter design in TSMC 0.18-𝑚𝑢m process. / Islam N., IslamS.K., Huq H.F. // Proceedings. IEEE SoutheastCon. - 2005. - pp. 148-152 реферат

452. Lin Chen. A three-level power factor correction converter with digital control. / Lin Chen, JingtaoTan, Zhiqiang Jiang, Jianping Ying. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conferenceand Exposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 1119 реферат

453. Doshi M. Low frequency architecture for multilamp CCFL systems with capacitive ignition. / DoshiM., Bian J., Zane R., Azcondo F.J. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conferenceand Exposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 1072 реферат

454. Su G.J. A low cost, triple-voltage bus DC-DC converter for automotive applications. / Su G.J., PengF.Z. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC 2005).- 2005. - p. 1015 реферат

455. Oysted K. Piezoresistive CMOS-MEMS pressure sensor with ring oscillator readout including ∆-Σanalog-to-digital converter on-chip. / Oysted K., Wisland D.T. // Proceedings of the IEEE 2005 CustomIntegrated Circuits Conference. - 2005. - pp. 511-514 реферат

456. Rodriguez P. Three-dimensional SVM for modular power electronics systems. / Rodriguez P., Pou J.,Luna A., Ghizoni D., Guo J., Francis G., Burgos R., Boroyevich D. // 31st Annual Conference ofIEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IECON 2005). - 2005. - p. 6 реферат

457. Bierhoff M. DC link harmonics of three phase voltage source converters influenced by the pulsewidth modulation strategy-an analysis. / Bierhoff M., Fuchs F.W. // 31st Annual Conference of IEEEIndustrial Electronics Society (IECON 2005). - 2005. - p. 6 реферат

458. Jung J.W. Modeling and control of a fuel cell based Z-source converter. / Jung J.W., Dai M., KeyhaniA. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC 2005). -2005. - p. 1112 реферат

459. Hernandez W. Robust control of a buck-boost DC-DC switching regulator for the electronic systemsof next-generation cars. / Hernandez W. // 31st Annual Conference of IEEE Industrial ElectronicsSociety (IECON 2005). - 2005. - p. 6 реферат

460. Siti W.M. Strategy for power quality improvement and maximum demand smoothing. / Siti W.M.,Jimoh A.A., Nicolae D.V. // 31st Annual Conference of IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IECON2005). - 2005. - p. 6 реферат



461. Yongdong Li. A general SVM algorithm for multilevel converters considering zero-sequencecomponent control. / Yongdong Li, Yue Gao, Xuan Hou. // 31st Annual Conference of IEEE IndustrialElectronics Society (IECON 2005). - 2005. - p. 6 реферат

462. ElMoursi M.S. Voltage stabilization and reactive compensation using a novel FACTS STATCOMscheme. / ElMoursi M.S., Sharaf A.M. // Canadian Conference on Electrical and ComputerEngineering. - 2005. - pp. 537-540 реферат

463. Bocek V. Reliability of the adjustable speed drives in power electronic waveform environment. / BocekV., Kucerova E., Mentlik V., Sebik P., Trnka P. // Annual Report Conference on Electrical Insulationand Dielectric Phenomena (CEIDP ’05).2005. - 2005. - pp. 241-244 реферат

464. Goodman D.L. Practical application of PHM/prognostics to COTS power converters. / Goodman D.L.,Vermeire B., Spuhler P., Venkatramani H. // IEEE Aerospace Conference2005. - 2005. - pp. 3573-3578реферат

465. Ozpineci B. A 55 kW three-phase automotive traction inverter with SiC Schottky diodes. / OzpineciB., Chinthavali M.S., Tolbert L.M. // IEEE Conference Vehicle Power and Propulsion2005. - 2005. -p. 6 реферат

466. Sadwick L.P. 500oC Electronics for Harsh Environments. / Sadwick L.P., Hwu R.J., Chern J.H., LinC.H., Del Castillo L., Johnson T. // IEEE Aerospace Conference2005. - 2005. - pp. 1-11 реферат

467. Ordonez M. Development of a fuel cell simulator based on an experimentally derived model. / OrdonezM., Iqbal M.T., Quaicoe J.E. // Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering. - 2005.- pp. 1449-1452 реферат

468. Jayabalan R. Monitoring and fault diagnosis of cascaded multiconverter systems in hybrid electricvehicles. / Jayabalan R., Fahimi B. // IEEE Conference Vehicle Power and Propulsion2005. - 2005. -p. 5 реферат

469. Mishima T. ZVS-SR bidirectional DC-DC converter for supercapacitor-applied automotive electricenergy storage systems. / Mishima T., Hiraki E. // IEEE Conference Vehicle Power andPropulsion2005. - 2005. - p. 6 реферат

470. Hasan S.M.N. Power electronic interface with ultracapacitors and motor control for a fuel cell electricvehicle. / Hasan S.M.N., Husain I. // IEEE Conference Vehicle Power and Propulsion2005. - 2005. -pp. 815-822 реферат

471. Filizadeh S. Optimal design of power electronic systems using electromagnetic transient simulation./ Filizadeh S., Gole A.M. // Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering. - 2005. -pp. 450-453 реферат

472. Marei M.I. DC/DC converters for fuel cell powered hybrid electric vehicle. / Marei M.I., LambertS., Pick R., Salama M.M.A. // IEEE Conference Vehicle Power and Propulsion2005. - 2005. - pp.126-129 реферат

473. Yalamanchili K.P. Review of multiple input DC-DC converters for electric and hybrid vehicles. /Yalamanchili K.P., Ferdowsi M. // IEEE Conference Vehicle Power and Propulsion2005. - 2005. - pp.160-163 реферат

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476. Bhatia M. A simulation study of hybrid electric Hummer H3: effects of drive train hybridization onperformance and fuel economy. / Bhatia M., Tisler O., Panchal N., Ozcan M., Seaton B., Emadi A. //IEEE Conference Vehicle Power and Propulsion2005. - 2005. - pp. 530-538 реферат

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480. Yung Cheng Chang. All-optical OC-192 NRZ-to-PRZ data-format conversion by injection-locking asynchronously modulated Fabry-Perot laser diode. / Yung Cheng Chang, Yu Huang Lin, Chen J.H.,Gong Ru Lin // QELS ’05 Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference. - 2005. - p. 1801реферат

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482. Bull J.D. Ultrahigh-speed polarization modulator. / Bull J.D., Kato H., Reid A.R., Fairburn M., TsouB.P.C., Seniuk D.R., Lu P.H., Jaeger N.A.F. // QELS ’05 Quantum Electronics and Laser ScienceConference. - 2005. - p. 939 реферат

483. Jayabalan R. Modeling and analysis of switched mode DC-DC converters for vehicular power systems./ Jayabalan R., Fahimi B. // IEEE Conference Vehicle Power and Propulsion2005. - 2005. - p. 5реферат

484. Ortmeyer T.H. Variable voltage variable frequency options for series hybrid vehicles. / Ortmeyer T.H.// IEEE Conference Vehicle Power and Propulsion2005. - 2005. - p. 6 реферат

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489. Baroudi J.A. A review of power converter topologies for wind generators. / Baroudi J.A., DinavahiV., Knight A.M. // IEEE International Conference on Electric Machines and Drives2005. - 2005. - pp.458-465 реферат

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493. Keradec J.P. Is loss free modulator the central component of switching power electronics? applicationto flyback structure. / Keradec J.P., Lembeye Y., Berrouche K. // Fourtieth IAS Annual Meeting.Conference Record of the 2005 Industry Applications Conference. - 2005. - p. 1483 реферат

494. Chenyang Liu. HID lamps with electronic ballast. / Chenyang Liu, Changsheng Hu, Lin Ping,Zhongchao Zhang. // Fourtieth IAS Annual Meeting. Conference Record of the 2005 IndustryApplications Conference. - 2005. - p. 1593 реферат

495. Santiago A.M. Circuit for logical-binary functions using MOS floating-gate devices. / Santiago A.M.,Reyes Barranca M.A. // 2nd International Conference on Electrical and Electronics Engineering2005.- 2005. - pp. 211-214 реферат

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497. Jin Xiaoyi. Resonant tank and transformer design in series resonant converter. / Jin Xiaoyi, WuWeiyang, Sun Xiaofeng, Liu Jun. // Fourtieth IAS Annual Meeting. Conference Record of the 2005Industry Applications Conference. - 2005. - p. xxa5 реферат

498. Toliyat H.A. Advanced high-speed flywheel energy storage systems for pulsed power applications./ Toliyat H.A., Talebi S., McMullen P., Co Huynh, Filatov A. // IEEE Electric Ship TechnologiesSymposium2005. - 2005. - pp. 379-386 реферат

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500. Dale S.J. Ship power system testing and simulation. / Dale S.J. // IEEE Electric Ship TechnologiesSymposium2005. - 2005. - pp. 202-205 реферат

501. Liu J.C.P. General impedance synthesizer using minimal configuration of switching converters. / LiuJ.C.P., Tse C.K., Poon F.N.K., Pong M.H., Lai Y.M. // Proceedings of the 2005 European Conferenceon Circuit Theory and Design. - 2005. - p. I/173 реферат

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503. Rivetta C. Constant power loads and negative impedance instability in sea and undersea vehicles:statement of the problem and comprehensive large-signal solution. / Rivetta C., Williamson G.A.,Emadi A. // IEEE Electric Ship Technologies Symposium2005. - 2005. - pp. 313-320 реферат

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506. Familiant Y.L. AC Impedance Measurement Techniques. / Familiant Y.L., Corzine K.A., Huang J.,Belkhayat M. // IEEE International Conference on Electric Machines and Drives2005. - 2005. - pp.1850-1857 реферат

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508. Cassimere B. Time-domain design of motor drive current regulators using genetic algorithms. /Cassimere B., Sudhoff S.D., Aliprantis D.C., Swinney M.D. // IEEE International Conference onElectric Machines and Drives2005. - 2005. - pp. 1737-1743 реферат

509. Miller J.M. Comparative assessment of ultra-capacitors and advanced battery energy storage systemsin PowerSplit electronic-CVT vehicle powertrains. / Miller J.M., McCleer P.J., Everett M. // IEEEInternational Conference on Electric Machines and Drives2005. - 2005. - pp. 1513-1520 реферат

510. Polic A. Matrix based event-driven approach for current control design of VSI. / Polic A., Jezernik K.// Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE 2005). - 2005. -p. 917 реферат

511. Contreras Torres J.J. Performance analysis of an all-optical wavelength converter using asemiconductor optical amplifier simulator. / Contreras Torres J.J., Gutierrez Castrejon R. // 2ndInternational Conference on Electrical and Electronics Engineering2005. - 2005. - pp. 97-100 реферат

512. Milliani E.H. DSP implementation of a naturally commutated matrix converter open loop control. /Milliani E.H., Depernet D., Kauffmann J.M. // Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium onIndustrial Electronics (ISIE 2005). - 2005. - p. 1191 реферат

513. Minas G. On-chip integrated CMOS optical detection microsystem for spectrophotometric analysesin biological microfluidic systems. / Minas G., Ribeiro J.C., Wolffenbuttel R.F., Correia J.H. //Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE 2005). - 2005. -p. 1133 реферат

514. Aragones R. Self-adaptive A/D converter based on a frequency based acquisition method for smartsensors applications. / Aragones R., Oliver J., Ferrer C. // Proceedings of the IEEE InternationalSymposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE 2005). - 2005. - p. 1055 реферат

515. Shmilovitz D. Photovoltaic maximum power point tracking employing load parameters. / ShmilovitzD. // Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE 2005). - 2005.- p. 1037 реферат

516. Marroyo L. Equipment for the analysis of the maximum energy of real photovoltaic systems. / MarroyoL., Sanchis P., Lopez J., Ursua A., Gonzalez R., Gubia E. // Proceedings of the IEEE InternationalSymposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE 2005). - 2005. - p. 1031 реферат



517. Valderrama Blavi H. Low frequency multilevel inverters for renewable energy systems. / ValderramaBlavi H., Munoz Ramirez M., Maixe J., Giral R., Calvente J. // Proceedings of the IEEE InternationalSymposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE 2005). - 2005. - p. 1019 реферат

518. Cid Pastor A. Synthesis of PWM-based power gyrators. / Cid Pastor A., Martinez Salamero L.,Alonso C., Calvente J., Schweitz G. // Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on IndustrialElectronics (ISIE 2005). - 2005. - p. 1013 реферат

519. Gimeno Sales F.J. Shunt active power compensator/photovoltaic generator for delta loads using thesymmetrical components transformation. / Gimeno Sales F.J., Segui Chilet S., Orts S., Alcaniz M.,Masot R., Calvo J., Fuster V. // Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on IndustrialElectronics (ISIE 2005). - 2005. - p. 1001 реферат

520. Marchesan T.B. An electronic ballast to supply automotive HID lamps in a low frequency squarewaveform. / Marchesan T.B., Pappis D., Cervi M., Campos A., do Prado R.N. // Fourtieth IAS AnnualMeeting. Conference Record of the 2005 Industry Applications Conference. - 2005. - p. 1598 реферат

521. Jih Sheng Lai. Multilevel intelligent universal transformer for medium voltage applications. / JihSheng Lai, Maitra A., Mansoor A., Goodman F. // Fourtieth IAS Annual Meeting. Conference Recordof the 2005 Industry Applications Conference. - 2005. - p. 1893 реферат

522. Boll J. Direct control methods for matrix converter and induction machine. / Boll J., Fuchs F.W. //Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE 2005). - 2005. - p.781 реферат

523. Alfonso Gil J.C. New optimization in photovoltaic installations with energy balance with the three-phase utility. / Alfonso Gil J.C., Gimeno Sales F.J., Segui Chilet S., Orts S., Calvo J., Fuster V. //Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE 2005). - 2005. - p.981 реферат

524. Soares V. Linear and sliding-mode controllers for three-phase four-wire power converters. / SoaresV., Verdelho P. // Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE2005). - 2005. - p. 799 реферат

525. Li jun Hang. ZVS active-clamped compensative reset dual-switch forward converter. / Li jun Hang,Yi lei Gu, Zheng yu Lu, Zhao ming Qian. // Fourtieth IAS Annual Meeting. Conference Record of the2005 Industry Applications Conference. - 2005. - p. 1980 реферат

526. Benhabib M.C. A new topology for a modular active power filter. / Benhabib M.C., Saadate S. //Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE 2005). - 2005. - p.827 реферат

527. Malinowski M. Sensorless operation of active damping methods for three-phase PWM converters. /Malinowski M., Szczygiel W., Kazmierkowski M.P., Bernet S. // Proceedings of the IEEE InternationalSymposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE 2005). - 2005. - p. 775 реферат

528. Mihalic F. Conductive EMI reduction in DC-DC converters by using the randomized PWM. / MihalicF., Kos D. // Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE 2005).- 2005. - p. 809 реферат

529. Gentry B.N. Improving performance of a switching converter using a PID compensator withdisturbance accommodation control. / Gentry B.N., Schmitt N.M., Martin T.W. // Proceedings ofthe IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE 2005). - 2005. - p. 805 реферат



530. Yifeng Jiang. A novel dimmable electronic ballast with very high frequency. / Yifeng Jiang, MinChen, Zhaoming Qian. // Fourtieth IAS Annual Meeting. Conference Record of the 2005 IndustryApplications Conference. - 2005. - p. 1954 реферат

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532. Berbel N. One-cycle control for the parallel operation of synchronous buck converters. / Berbel N.,Guerrero J.M., Cruz J., Miret J., Castilla M. // Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium onIndustrial Electronics (ISIE 2005). - 2005. - p. 795 реферат

533. Schlabbach J. Disturbance emission of medium-frequency converter for melting ovens in MV-systems./ Schlabbach J. // Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE2005). - 2005. - p. 821 реферат

534. Rodrigues J.P. Novel converter topology and its in line voltage conditioner. / Rodrigues J.P., PetryC.A., Barbi I. // Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE2005). - 2005. - p. 589 реферат

535. Georgakas K. Power factor correction and efficiency investigation of AC-DC converters usingforced commutation techniques. / Georgakas K., Safacas A. // Proceedings of the IEEE InternationalSymposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE 2005). - 2005. - p. 583 реферат

536. Babu C.S. Predictive controller for interleaved boost converter. / Babu C.S., Veerachary M. //Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE 2005). - 2005. -p. 577 реферат

537. Oliveira S.V.G. A three-phase step-up DC-DC converter with a three-phase high frequencytransformer. / Oliveira S.V.G., Barbi I. // Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium onIndustrial Electronics (ISIE 2005). - 2005. - p. 571 реферат

538. Casadei D. Experimental analysis of a matrix converter prototype based on new IGBT modules./ Casadei D., Serra G., Trentin A., Zarri L., Calvini M. // Proceedings of the IEEE InternationalSymposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE 2005). - 2005. - p. 559 реферат

539. Hren A. Full order dynamic model of SEPIC converter. / Hren A., Slibar P. // Proceedings of the IEEEInternational Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE 2005). - 2005. - p. 553 реферат

540. Arango E. LQR control of an asymmetrical interleaved boost converter working in inherent DCM./ Arango E., Calvente J., Giral R., El Aroudi A., Martinez Salamero L. // Proceedings of the IEEEInternational Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE 2005). - 2005. - p. 721 реферат

541. Cruz J. Control techniques for the single magnetic push-pull forward converter with built-in inputfilter. / Cruz J., Castilla M., Miret J., Matas J., Sosa J.L. // Proceedings of the IEEE InternationalSymposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE 2005). - 2005. - p. 769 реферат

542. Petry C.A. Study of an AC-AC indirect converter for application as line conditioner. / Petry C.A.,Fagundes J.C., Barbi I. // Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics(ISIE 2005). - 2005. - p. 757 реферат

543. Wang Xiaoyu. Development and implementation of a power quality controller for a mobilephonetelecom station supplied by a rural utility end. / Wang Xiaoyu, Liu Jinjun, Li Guang, Xiao Guochun,Xu Feng, Wang Zhaoan. // Fourtieth IAS Annual Meeting. Conference Record of the 2005 IndustryApplications Conference. - 2005. - p. 2415 реферат



544. Figueres E. Analysis and design of a power factor correction rectifier with load current injection. /Figueres E., Benavent J.M., Garcera G., Pascual M., Miro I. // Proceedings of the IEEE InternationalSymposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE 2005). - 2005. - p. 745 реферат

545. Sudhakar Babu C. Predictive valley current control for two inductor boost converter. / Sudhakar BabuC., Veerachary M. // Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE2005). - 2005. - p. 727 реферат

546. Pou J. Fast-processing modulation strategy for the neutral-point-clamped converter with totalelimination of the low-frequency voltage oscillations in the neutral point. / Pou J., Rodriguez P., SalaV., Zaragoza J., Burgos R., Boroyevich D. // 31st Annual Conference of IEEE Industrial ElectronicsSociety (IECON 2005). - 2005. - p. 6 реферат

547. Ma Huasheng. Dynamic characteristics analysis and instantaneous value control design for buck-typepower electronic transformer (PET). / Ma Huasheng, Zhang Bo, Zheng Jianchao, Liu Xuechao. // 31stAnnual Conference of IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IECON 2005). - 2005. - p. 5 реферат

548. Li Qiao. Implementation of a new nonlinear controller for DC-DC converter using Matlab andDSPACE DSP. / Li Qiao, Wu Jie. // Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on IndustrialElectronics (ISIE 2005). - 2005. - p. 621 реферат

549. Tenca P. A decentralized protection scheme for converters utilizing a DC-link inductor. / Tenca P.,Lipo T.A. // 31st Annual Conference of IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IECON 2005). - 2005. -p. 6 реферат

550. Imam A.M. LMS based condition monitoring of electrolytic capacitor. / Imam A.M., Habetler T.G.,Harley R.G., Divan D.M. // 31st Annual Conference of IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IECON2005). - 2005. - p. 6 реферат

551. Byung Moon Han. New configuration of 36-pulse voltage source converter for STATCOM application./ Byung Moon Han, Seung Taek Baek, Jong Sun Ko. // 31st Annual Conference of IEEE IndustrialElectronics Society (IECON 2005). - 2005. - p. 6 реферат

552. Carmeli M.S. Sliding mode control for an innovative universal power conditioner with UPS function. /Carmeli M.S., Castelli Dezza F., Superti Furga G. // Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposiumon Industrial Electronics (ISIE 2005). - 2005. - p. 651 реферат

553. Martinez A. Control design for a three phase voltage source converter. / Martinez A., Lescher F.,Borne P. // Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE 2005). -2005. - p. 639 реферат

554. Carpaneto M. The average switch model of a new double-input DC/DC boost converter for hybridfuel-cell vehicles. / Carpaneto M., Ferrando G., Marchesoni M., Vacca C. // Proceedings of the IEEEInternational Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE 2005). - 2005. - p. 601 реферат

555. Di Donna L. Single-phase synchronous active front-end for high power applications. / Di DonnaL., Liccardo F., Marino P., Schiano C., Triggianese M. // Proceedings of the IEEE InternationalSymposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE 2005). - 2005. - p. 615 реферат

556. Kamada J. Noise-less inverter with novel hybrid output filter. / Kamada J., Funato H., Ogasawara S.// Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE 2005). - 2005. -p. 609 реферат



557. Blanco E. Fast harmonics compensation in VSCs connected to the grid by synchronous-framegeneralized integrators. / Blanco E., Bueno E., Espinosa F., Cobreces S., Rodriguez F.J., Ruiz M.A. //Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE 2005). - 2005. - p.751 реферат

558. Saren H. DTC driven single phase fed voltage source inverter with small dc-link capacitor. / Saren H.,Rauma K., Pyrhonen O. // Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics(ISIE 2005). - 2005. - p. 411 реферат

559. Kos D. Conductive EMI reduction in switched-mode power converters. / Kos D., Mihalic F., JezernikK. // Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE 2005). - 2005.- p. 441 реферат

560. Liserre M. A generalised hybrid multilevel modulation technique developed in case of non-integerratio among the dc-link voltages. / Liserre M., Pigazo A., Monopoli V.G., Dell’Aquila A., MorenoV.M. // Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE 2005). -2005. - p. 513 реферат

561. Prakash B. Analysis of high DC bus voltage stress in the design of single stage single switch switchmode rectifier. / Prakash B., Prakash S. // Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium onIndustrial Electronics (ISIE 2005). - 2005. - p. 505 реферат

562. Merisio M. Advanced dc-dc controller design solutions to manage new application requirements innon-isolated-point-of-load converters (niPOLs). / Merisio M., De Bartolomeo E. // Proceedings of theIEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE 2005). - 2005. - p. 463 реферат

563. Flegar I. Steady-state responses of the boost converter. / Flegar I., Pelin D. // Proceedings of the IEEEInternational Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE 2005). - 2005. - p. 541 реферат

564. Busse O. SEPIC converter to perform power factor correction in a ballast for fluorescent lamps. /Busse O., Mayer S., Schemmel B., Storm A. // Fourtieth IAS Annual Meeting. Conference Record ofthe 2005 Industry Applications Conference. - 2005. - p. 2770 реферат

565. Allier E. A 120nm low power asynchronous ADC. / Allier E., Goulier J., Sicard G., Dezzani A., AndreE., Renaudin M. // Proceedings of the 2005 International Symposium on Low Power Electronics andDesign (ISLPED ’05). - 2005. - pp. 60-65 реферат

566. Milner L.A. A novel predictive inductor multiplier for integrated circuit DC-DC converters in portableapplications. / Milner L.A., Rincon Mora G.A. // Proceedings of the 2005 International Symposiumon Low Power Electronics and Design (ISLPED ’05). - 2005. - pp. 84-89 реферат

567. Meijer M. On-chip digital power supply control for system-on-chip applications. / Meijer M., deGyvez J.P., Otten R. // Proceedings of the 2005 International Symposium on Low Power Electronicsand Design (ISLPED ’05). - 2005. - pp. 311-314 реферат

568. Mogel A. EMI performance of spread spectrum clock signals with respect to the IF bandwidth of theEMC standard. / Mogel A., Krupar J., Schwarz W. // Proceedings of the 2005 European Conferenceon Circuit Theory and Design. - 2005. - p. I/169 реферат

569. Muraro T.R. Push-pull self-oscillating electronic ballast for battery application. / Muraro T.R., de PaivaR.C.D., do Prado R.N. // Fourtieth IAS Annual Meeting. Conference Record of the 2005 IndustryApplications Conference. - 2005. - p. 2330 реферат

570. Liping Guo. Experimental evaluation of a fuzzy controller using a parallel integrator structure forDC-DC converters. / Liping Guo, Hung J.Y., Nelms R.M. // Proceedings of the IEEE InternationalSymposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE 2005). - 2005. - p. 707 реферат



571. Chai J.Y. Current and voltage tracking controls for a DSP-based SMR. / Chai J.Y., Liaw C.M. //Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE 2005). - 2005. - p.695 реферат

572. Benavent J.M. Robust model-following regulator for average current-mode control of boost DC-DC converters. / Benavent J.M., Figueres E., Garcera G., Pascual M. // Proceedings of the IEEEInternational Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE 2005). - 2005. - p. 715 реферат

573. Meng Yongqing. Study on mathematical model and Lyapunov-based control for three-phase four-wire three-level NPC voltage-source rectifier. / Meng Yongqing, Liu Zheng, Su Yanmin, Yu Ting. //Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE 2005). - 2005. - p.669 реферат

574. Oleschuk V. Analysis of control regimes of three-level inverters with synchronized space-vectormodulation. / Oleschuk V., Stankovic A., Sizov A., Yaroshenko E. // Proceedings of the IEEEInternational Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE 2005). - 2005. - p. 663 реферат

575. Agarwal V. Resonant AC to AC converter. / Agarwal V., Nema S. // Proceedings of the IEEEInternational Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE 2005). - 2005. - p. 495 реферат

576. Frank W. New control methods for rectifier-less PFC-stages. / Frank W., Reddig M., Schlenk M. //Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE 2005). - 2005. - p.489 реферат

577. Swami H. Harmonic resistance emulator technique for three-phase unity power factor correction. /Swami H. // Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE 2005).- 2005. - p. 529 реферат

578. Sosa A J.L. Sliding mode control for the fixed-frequency series resonant converter with asymmetricalclamped-mode modulation. / Sosa A J.L., Castilla M., de Vicuna L.G., Miret J., Cruz J. // Proceedingsof the IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE 2005). - 2005. - p. 675 реферат

579. Milanovic M. The RC-RCD clamp circuit for fly-back converter. / Milanovic M., Korelic J., Hren A.,Mihalic F., Slibar P. // Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics(ISIE 2005). - 2005. - p. 547 реферат

580. Meng Jin. Power converter EMI analysis including IGBT nonlinear switching transient model. / MengJin, Ma Weiming. // Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE2005). - 2005. - p. 499 реферат

581. Kuebrich K. Influence of nonlinear magnetic inductance in passive mains harmonic reduction circuits./ Kuebrich K., Duerbaum T., Stadler A., Schetters K. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied PowerElectronics Conference and Exposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 1170 реферат

582. Bongiorno M. Dynamic performance of vector current controllers for grid-connected VSC undervoltage dips. / Bongiorno M., Svensson J., Sannino A. // Fourtieth IAS Annual Meeting. ConferenceRecord of the 2005 Industry Applications Conference. - 2005. - p. 904 реферат

583. Bongiorno M. An advanced cascade controller for series-connected VSC for voltage dip mitigation. /Bongiorno M., Svensson J., Sannino A. // Fourtieth IAS Annual Meeting. Conference Record of the2005 Industry Applications Conference. - 2005. - p. 873 реферат

584. Ren W. Real time digital simulations augmenting the development of functional reconfiguration ofPEBB and universal controller. / Ren W., Qian L., Liu Y., Steurer M., Cartes D. // Proceedings of the2005 American Control Conference. - 2005. - pp. 2005-2010-vol.3 реферат



585. Pontt J. High-power LCI grinding mill drive under faulty conditions. / Pontt J., Rodriguez J., RebolledoJ., Martin L.S., Cid E., Figueroa G. // Fourtieth IAS Annual Meeting. Conference Record of the 2005Industry Applications Conference. - 2005. - p. 670 реферат

586. Tzung Lin Lee. Design of a new cooperative harmonic filtering strategy for the distributed generationsystems. / Tzung Lin Lee, Po Tai Cheng. // Fourtieth IAS Annual Meeting. Conference Record of the2005 Industry Applications Conference. - 2005. - p. 549 реферат

587. Oshima T. Simple polar-loop transmitter for dual-mode Bluetooth. / Oshima T., Kokubo M. // IEEEInternational Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS 2005). - 2005. - pp. 3966-3969-Vol.4реферат

588. Jenn Jong Shieh. An integrated electronic ballast for small wattage high intensity discharge lamps. /Jenn Jong Shieh, Kan Sheng Kuan. // IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS2005). - 2005. - pp. 3660-3663-Vol.4 реферат

589. Mukherjee R. Reduction in spectral peaks of DC-DC converters using chaos-modulated clock. /Mukherjee R., Nandi S., Banerjee S. // IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems(ISCAS 2005). - 2005. - pp. 3367-3370-Vol.4 реферат

590. di Bernardo M. Stick-slip oscillations in resonant power converters. / di Bernardo M., Fossas E. //IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS 2005). - 2005. - pp. 3199-3202-Vol.4реферат

591. Suet Chui Koon. Integrated charge-control single-inductor dual-output step-up/step-down converter./ Suet Chui Koon, Yat Hei Lam, Wing Hung Ki. // IEEE International Symposium on Circuits andSystems (ISCAS 2005). - 2005. - pp. 3071-3074-Vol.4 реферат

592. Gupta P. Super-stable energy based switching control scheme for DC-DC buck converter circuits. /Gupta P., Patra A. // IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS 2005). - 2005. -pp. 3063-3066-Vol.4 реферат

593. Costa M.A.D. A novel low-cost electronic ballast to supply metal halide lamps. / Costa M.A.D.,Alonso J.M., Garcia J., Cardesin J., Rico Secades M. // Fourtieth IAS Annual Meeting. ConferenceRecord of the 2005 Industry Applications Conference. - 2005. - p. 1198 реферат

594. Huang C.M. Constant power control circuit for HID electronic ballast. / Huang C.M., Liang T.J., LinR.L., Chen J.F. // Fourtieth IAS Annual Meeting. Conference Record of the 2005 Industry ApplicationsConference. - 2005. - p. 1193 реферат

595. Steurer M. Real time simulation for advanced time-varying harmonic analysis. / Steurer M. // IEEEPower Engineering Society General Meeting. - 2005. - pp. 2250-2252-Vol.3 реферат

596. Brenna M. Electrical safety analysis in low voltage systems with electronic power converters. / BrennaM., Iannone F., Zaninelli D. // IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting. - 2005. - pp. 2462-2468-Vol.3 реферат

597. Kolhatkar Y.Y. A sliding mode controller based optimum UPQC with minimum VA loading. /Kolhatkar Y.Y., Errabelli R.R., Das S.P. // IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting. - 2005.- pp. 871-875-Vol.1 реферат

598. Ojo O. A new controller structure for current source rectifiers. / Ojo O., Vanaparthy S. // FourtiethIAS Annual Meeting. Conference Record of the 2005 Industry Applications Conference. - 2005. - p.1272 реферат



599. Popovic J. Design and evaluation of highly integrated dc-dc converters for automotive applications. /Popovic J., Ferreira J.A. // Fourtieth IAS Annual Meeting. Conference Record of the 2005 IndustryApplications Conference. - 2005. - p. 1152 реферат

600. Apeldoorn O. A 16 MVA ANPC-PEBB with 6 kA IGCTs. / Apeldoorn O., Odegard B., Steimer P.,Bernet S. // Fourtieth IAS Annual Meeting. Conference Record of the 2005 Industry ApplicationsConference. - 2005. - p. 818 реферат

601. van Casteren D.H.J. Improved current control for HID lamp drivers. / van Casteren D.H.J., HendrixM.A.M. // Fourtieth IAS Annual Meeting. Conference Record of the 2005 Industry ApplicationsConference. - 2005. - p. 1182 реферат

602. Bryant A.T. The influence of operating conditions on multi-objective optimization of power electronicdevices and circuits. / Bryant A.T., Jaeggi D.M., Parks G.T., Palmer P.R. // Fourtieth IAS AnnualMeeting. Conference Record of the 2005 Industry Applications Conference. - 2005. - p. 1449 реферат

603. Frey A. A digital CMOS DNA chip. / Frey A., Schienle M., Paulus C., Jun Z., Hofmann F., SchindlerBauer P., Holzapfl B., Atzesberger M., Beer G., Fritz M., Haneder T., Hanke H.C., Thewes R. //IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS 2005). - 2005. - pp. 2915-2918-Vol.3реферат

604. Lotfi R. Power consumption issues in high-speed high-resolution pipelined A/D converters. / Lotfi R.,Taherzadeh Sani M., Shoaei O. // IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS2005). - 2005. - pp. 4618-4621-Vol.5 реферат

605. Iu H.H.C. Bifurcation in parallel-connected buck converters under current-mode control. / Iu H.H.C.,Tse C.K., Dranga O. // IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS 2005). - 2005.- pp. 4445-4448-Vol.5 реферат

606. Grassi M. Flexible high-accuracy wide-range gas sensor interface for portable environmental nosingpurpose. / Grassi M., Malcovati P., Baschirotto A. // IEEE International Symposium on Circuits andSystems (ISCAS 2005). - 2005. - pp. 5385-5388-Vol.6 реферат

607. SeongHwan Cho. A low power pipelined analog-to-digital converter using series sampling capacitors./ SeongHwan Cho, Sungmin Ock, Sang Hoon Lee, Joon Suk Lee. // IEEE International Symposiumon Circuits and Systems (ISCAS 2005). - 2005. - pp. 6178-6181-Vol.6 реферат

608. Ferragina V. Implementation of a novel read-out strategy based on a Wilkinson ADC for a 16×16pixel X-ray detector array. / Ferragina V., Malcovati P., Borghetti F., Rossini A., Ferrari F., Ratti N.,Bertuccio G. // IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS 2005). - 2005. - pp.5569-5572-Vol.6 реферат

609. Philippe J.M. A low-power and high-speed quaternary interconnection link using efficient converters./ Philippe J.M., Pillement S., Sentieys O. // IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems(ISCAS 2005). - 2005. - pp. 4689-4692-Vol.5 реферат

610. Zhenhua Jiang. A novel digital power controller for fuel cell/ battery hybrid power sources. / ZhenhuaJiang, Dougal R.A., Leonard R. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference andExposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 467 реферат

611. de R Correa M.B. Reduced switch count dual-winding ac drive system with common-mode voltagemitigation. / de R Correa M.B., Jacobina C.B., da Silva C.R., Lima A.M.N. // Twentieth Annual IEEEApplied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 458 реферат



612. Shah J. A novel three-phase single-switch buck-type rectifier. / Shah J., Moschopoulos G. // TwentiethAnnual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 515реферат

613. Nakayama T. A low-power switched-current CDMA matched filter employing MOS-linear matchingcell and output A/D converter. / Nakayama T., Yamasaki T., Tadashi S. // IEEE InternationalSymposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS 2005). - 2005. - pp. 5365-5368-Vol.6 реферат

614. Gies V. Convergent micro-pipelines: a versatile operator for mixed asynchronous-synchronouscomputations. / Gies V., Bernard T.M., Merigot A. // IEEE International Symposium on Circuitsand Systems (ISCAS 2005). - 2005. - pp. 5242-5245-Vol.5 реферат

615. Li R. Design and implementation of a hybrid energy supply system for railway vehicles. / Li R.,Pottharst A., Frohleke N., Bocker J., Witting K., Bellnitz M., Znamenshchykov O., Feldmann R. //Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC 2005). - 2005.- p. 474 реферат

616. Tam K.C. Wavelet-based piecewise approximation of steady-state waveforms for power electronicscircuits [power converter examples]. / Tam K.C., Sin Chung Wong, Tse C.K. // IEEE InternationalSymposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS 2005). - 2005. - pp. 2490-2493-Vol.3 реферат

617. Angulo F. On two-parameter non-smooth bifurcations in power converters. / Angulo F., di BernardoM. // IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS 2005). - 2005. - pp. 1485-1488-Vol.2 реферат

618. Radulov G.I. A start-up calibration method for generic current-steering D/A converters with optimalarea solution. / Radulov G.I., Quinn P.J., Hegt J.A., van Roermund A.H.M. // IEEE InternationalSymposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS 2005). - 2005. - pp. 788-791-Vol.1 реферат

619. Sunyoung Kim. A 0.9-V 67-𝑚𝑢W analog front-end using adaptive-SNR technique for digital hearingaid. / Sunyoung Kim, Jae Youl Lee, Seong Jun Song, Namjun Cho, Hoi Jun Yoo. // IEEE InternationalSymposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS 2005). - 2005. - pp. 740-743-Vol.1 реферат

620. Agarwal A. Low power current mode ADC for CMOS sensor IC. / Agarwal A., Kim Y.B., SonkusaleS. // IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS 2005). - 2005. - pp. 584-587-Vol.1 реферат

621. Moon K.W. A fabrication of DC-DC converter using LTCC NiZnCu ferrite thick films. / Moon K.W.,Hong S.H., Kim H.J., Kim J. // Digests of the IEEE International Magnetics Conference (INTERMAGAsia 2005). - 2005. - pp. 1109-1110 реферат

622. Youngbok Kim. Broadband dielectric spectroscopy CMOS readout circuit for molecular sensing. /Youngbok Kim, Agarwal A., Sonkusale S.R. // IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems(ISCAS 2005). - 2005. - pp. 5906-5909-Vol.6 реферат

623. Francis G.W. A universal controller for distributed control of power electronics systems in electricships. / Francis G.W., Burgos R.P., Celanovic I., Wang F., Boroyevich D. // Proceedings of the 2005American Control Conference. - 2005. - pp. 1999-2004-vol.3 реферат

624. Jung B. DICOM-X-seamless integration of medical images into the EHR. / Jung B. // Proceedings.18th IEEE Symposium on Computer-Based Medical Systems. - 2005. - pp. 203-207 реферат

625. Samid L. A low power and low voltage continuous time Σ ∆ modulator. / Samid L., Manoli Y. //IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS 2005). - 2005. - pp. 4066-4069-Vol.4реферат



626. Azin M. An 8-bit 160 MS/s folding-interpolating ADC with optimized active averaging/interpolatingnetwork. / Azin M., Movahedian H., Bakhtiar M.S. // IEEE International Symposium on Circuits andSystems (ISCAS 2005). - 2005. - pp. 6150-6153-Vol.6 реферат

627. Radhakrishnan S. A low-power 4-b 2.5 Gsample/s pipelined flash analog-to-digital converter usingdifferential comparator and DCVSPG encoder. / Radhakrishnan S., Wang M., Chen C.I.H. // IEEEInternational Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS 2005). - 2005. - pp. 6142-6145-Vol.6реферат

628. Yangyang Wen. Unified steady-state and dynamic modeling for symmetric and asymmetric half-bridgeDC-DC converters with current doubler rectifiers. / Yangyang Wen, Songquan Deng, Hong Mao,Batarseh I. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC2005). - 2005. - p. 1525 реферат

629. Yilei Gu. A driving strategy dedicated to S.R.: the theory of waveform modification with periodicaldriving circuit regulation. / Yilei Gu, Yu Du, Zhengyu Lu, Zhaoming Qian, Wenxi Yao, GuisongHuang. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC2005). - 2005. - p. 1520 реферат

630. Hirota A. A simple configured reducing noise peak DC-DC converter introducing delta-sigmamodulation circuit. / Hirota A., Nagai S., Nakaoka M. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied PowerElectronics Conference and Exposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 1515 реферат

631. Arulselvi S. Design and implementation of simple fuzzy logic controller (SFLC) for the voltage controlof resonant converter. / Arulselvi S., Uma G., Chandiran L.H., Saminath V. // Twentieth Annual IEEEApplied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 1508 реферат

632. Shoubaki E. Discrete model of DCS controlled half-bridge with current doubler for digital controllerdesign. / Shoubaki E., Abu Qahouq J., Batarseh I. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power ElectronicsConference and Exposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 1502 реферат

633. Young Su Kong. High-efficiency series-parallel resonant converter for the non-contact power supply./ Young Su Kong, Eun Soo Kim, In Gab Hwang, Hyun Kwan Lee. // Twentieth Annual IEEE AppliedPower Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 1496 реферат

634. Hu Z.B. Fast transient three-level converters with sliding-mode control. / Hu Z.B., Zhang B., DuG.P., Zhong L., Deng W.H. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference andExposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 1436 реферат

635. Yilei Gu. A simple structure of LLC resonant DC-DC converter for multi-output applications. / YileiGu, Lijun Hang, Huiming Chen, Zhengyu Lu, Zhaoming Qian, Jun Li. // Twentieth Annual IEEEApplied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 1485 реферат

636. Lin W. A high efficiency gate-driver scheme of synchronous rectifiers for magamp regulationapplications. / Lin W., Rinne K., Lu Z., Hua G. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power ElectronicsConference and Exposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 1478 реферат

637. Huadian Pan. Method to improve total dose radiation hardness in a CMOS dc-dc boost converter. /Huadian Pan, Hess H.L., Buck K.M., Wilamowski B.M., Mojarradi M.M. // Twentieth Annual IEEEApplied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 1491 реферат

638. Plesnik M. A generic algorithm for global steady-state characterization of POL converters. / PlesnikM., Nakhla M.S. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition(APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 1459 реферат



639. Jifeng Han. Design and IC implementation of an ultra-low-ripple switched-capacitor-based buck dc-dc converter. / Jifeng Han, von Jouanne A., Temes G.C. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied PowerElectronics Conference and Exposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 1447 реферат

640. Lidozzi A. Synergetic control for ultracapacitors based high dynamic converters. / Lidozzi A., SoleroL., Di Napoli A., Crescimbini F. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conferenceand Exposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 1976 реферат

641. Deng WeiHua. Coupled inductor design with small voltage spike of SEPIC converter. / Deng WeiHua,Zhang Bo, Du GuiPing, Hu ZongBo. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conferenceand Exposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 1922 реферат

642. Ikeda Y. A UPFC-based voltage compensator with current and voltage balancing function. / Ikeda Y.,Kataoka T. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC2005). - 2005. - p. 1838 реферат

643. Alcaso A.N. Power supply quality analysis in a twelve-pulse LCI drive system under compensatedfault-mode operation. / Alcaso A.N., Cardoso A.J.M. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied PowerElectronics Conference and Exposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 1959 реферат

644. Ben Yaakov S. A behavioral SPICE compatible model of a self-oscillating converter. / Ben Yaakov S.,Fridman I. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC2005). - 2005. - p. 1990 реферат

645. Bastos J.L. FPGA-based control of power converter: comparing alternative solutions. / Bastos J.L.,Farronato L.M., Figueroa H.P., Franzoni D., Lentijo S., Monti A., Smith A., Xin Wu // TwentiethAnnual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 1983реферат

646. Quan Li. The analysis of the power loss in a zero-voltage switching two-inductor boost cell operatingunder different circuit parameters. / Quan Li, Wolfs P. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied PowerElectronics Conference and Exposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 1851 реферат

647. Ghaisari J. Exact harmonics elimination in PWM multi-module converters. / Ghaisari J., BakhshaiA. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC 2005). -2005. - p. 1845 реферат

648. De Gusseme K. A boost PFC converter with programmable harmonic resistance. / De Gusseme K.,Ryckaert W.R., Van de Sype D.M., Gijselen J.A., Melkebeek J.A. // Twentieth Annual IEEE AppliedPower Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 1621 реферат

649. Chia Chou Yeh. A reconfigurable uninterruptible power supply system for multiple power qualityapplications. / Chia Chou Yeh, Manjrekar M.D. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power ElectronicsConference and Exposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 1824 реферат

650. Ryckaert W.R. Reduction of the voltage distortion with a converter employed as shunt harmonicimpedance. / Ryckaert W.R., De Gusseme K., Van de Sype D.M., Ghijselen J.A., Melkebeek J.A. //Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC 2005). - 2005.- p. 1805 реферат

651. Shuyun Jia. Study on reverse recovery characteristics of reverse-blocking IGBT applied in matrixconverter. / Shuyun Jia, Tseng K.J., Xiao Wang // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power ElectronicsConference and Exposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 1917 реферат



652. Kimball J.W. Analysis and design of switched capacitor converters. / Kimball J.W., Krein P.T. //Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC 2005). - 2005.- p. 1473 реферат

653. Bin Lu. Nonlinear control of FACTS and HVDC belonging to the voltage-source converter family./ Bin Lu, Boon Teck Ooi. // Proceedings of 2005 IEEE Conference on Control Applications (CCA2005). - 2005. - pp. 617-623 реферат

654. Morris M. Simulating piezoelectric transformers for lighting applications. / Morris M., Slattery O.,Duffy G., Byrne P., Connell A. // Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Thermal,Mechanical and Multi-Physics Simulation and Experiments in Micro-Electronics and Micro-Systems(EuroSimE 2005). - 2005. - pp. 346-352 реферат

655. Yeong Tsair Lin. Integrated low-voltage pulse width modulation circuit using CMOS processes. /Yeong Tsair Lin, Wen Yaw Chung, Dong Shiu Wu, Kang Shuo Chang, Jiann Jong Chen. // The 3rdInternational IEEE-NEWCAS Conference. - 2005. - pp. 163-165 реферат

656. Yilei Gu. A family of asymmetrical dual switch forward DC-DC converters. / Yilei Gu, HuimingChen, Zhengyu Lu, Zhaoming Qian, Kun Wei. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power ElectronicsConference and Exposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 1556 реферат

657. He D. Fuzzy logic peak current-mode control for dc-dc converters using an inexpensive 8-bitmicrocontroller. / He D., Nelms R.M. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conferenceand Exposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 2000 реферат

658. Barakati S.M. A new wind turbine generation system based on matrix converter. / Barakati S.M.,Kazerani M., Chen X. // IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting. - 2005. - pp. 2083-2089-Vol.3 реферат

659. Harder N.P. Electronic up-conversion: a combination of the advantages of impurity photovoltaics and(optical) up-conversion. / Harder N.P. // Conference Record of the Thirty-first IEEE PhotovoltaicSpecialists Conference. - 2005. - p. 110 реферат

660. Coppola L. Application of fourier and wavelet transforms to the identification of EMI noise sourcesin SMPSs. / Coppola L., Buso S., Qian Liu, Boroyevich D., Bell A. // International Symposium onElectromagnetic Compatibility (EMC 2005).2005. - 2005. - p. 584 реферат

661. Preobrazhensky E.B. Electric machine control of starter-generator unit. / Preobrazhensky E.B.,Reshetnikov A.N. // Proceedings. The 9th Russian-Korean International Symposium on Science andTechnology (KORUS 2005). - 2005. - pp. 377-379 реферат

662. Ren W. Progress and challenges in real time hardware-in-the loop simulations of integrated ship powersystems. / Ren W., Steurer M., Woodruff S. // IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting. -2005. - pp. 534-537-Vol.1 реферат

663. Van de Sype D.M. A single switch boost converter with a high conversion ratio. / Van de SypeD.M., De Gusseme K., Renders B., Van den Bossche A.R., Melkebeek J.A. // Twentieth Annual IEEEApplied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 1581 реферат

664. Weidong Fan. Simple zero voltage switching full-bridge DC bus converters. / Weidong Fan, StojcicG. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC 2005). -2005. - p. 1611 реферат

665. Xuancai Zhu. Current-fed phase shift controlled full bridge ZCS DC-DC converter with reverse blockIGBT. / Xuancai Zhu, Dehong Xu, Umida H., Mino K. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied PowerElectronics Conference and Exposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 1605 реферат



666. Yangyang Wen. DC bias analysis and small-signal characteristic of active-clamp forward-flyback DC-DC converter with a current doubler rectifier. / Yangyang Wen, Hong Mao, Batarseh I. // TwentiethAnnual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 1531реферат

667. Gallo C.A. Proposal of a switch-mode power supply by the association of an interleaved boost-flybackconverter and an interleaved forward topology. / Gallo C.A., Galelli M.T., Coelho E.A.A., FreitasL.C., Vieira J.B. Jr., Farias V.J. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference andExposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 1595 реферат

668. Yousefzadeh V. Three-level buck converter for envelope tracking in RF power amplifiers. /Yousefzadeh V., Alarcon E., Maksimovic D. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power ElectronicsConference and Exposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 1588 реферат

669. Lee D.Y. A novel DC-DC full-bridge converter using energy-recovery circuit with regenerativetransformer. / Lee D.Y., Kirn W.S., Cho B.H. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power ElectronicsConference and Exposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 1543 реферат

670. Yilei Gu. Investigation of candidate topologies for brick DC-DC. / Yilei Gu, Huiming Chen, ZhengyuLu, Zhaoming Qian, Kun Wei. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference andExposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 1537 реферат

671. Ashton R.W. Efficiency and EMI comparisons between prototyped 8 kW hard and soft switched buckchoppers. / Ashton R.W., Ciezki J.G. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conferenceand Exposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 1566 реферат

672. ChangGyu Yoo. Transient current suppression scheme for bi-directional DC-DC converters in 42 Vautomotive power systems. / ChangGyu Yoo, Woo Cheol Lee, Kyu Chan Lee, Cho B.H. // TwentiethAnnual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 1600реферат

673. Dwane P. An assessment of resonant gate drive techniques for use in modern low power dc-dc converters. / Dwane P., O’ Sullivan D., Egan M.G. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied PowerElectronics Conference and Exposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 1572 реферат

674. Morimoto K. Next generation high efficiency high power dc-dc converter incorporating activeswitch and snubbing capacitor assisted full-bridge soft-switching PWM inverter with high frequencytransformer for large current output. / Morimoto K., Doi T., Manabe H., Nakaoka M., Hyun Woo Lee,Ahmed N.A., Hiraki E., Ahmed T. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conferenceand Exposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 1549 реферат

675. Anstrom J.R. Simulation and field-testing of hybrid ultra-capacitor/battery energy storage systems forelectric and hybrid-electric transit vehicles. / Anstrom J.R., Zile B., Smith K., Hofmann H., Batra A. //Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC 2005). - 2005.- p. 491 реферат

676. Panov Y. Practical issues of input/output impedance measurements in switching power supplies andapplication of measured data to stability analysis. / Panov Y., Jovanovic M. // Twentieth Annual IEEEApplied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 1339 реферат

677. Yang B. Effect and utilization of common source inductance in synchronous rectification. / Yang B.,Zhang J. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC2005). - 2005. - p. 1407 реферат



678. Garcia O. High current DC-DC converter with SMT components. / Garcia O., Zumel P., de Castro A.,Cobos J.A. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC2005). - 2005. - p. 1401 реферат

679. Jain R. Magnetic integration for hybrid phase modulated converter with current-doubler rectifier. /Jain R., Mohan N., Ayyanar R. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference andExposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 1233 реферат

680. Pratt A. Full-bridge DC-DC converter with common mode chokes. / Pratt A., Drummond G. //Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC 2005). - 2005.- p. 1227 реферат

681. Abu Qahouq J.A. Digital controller for an isolated half-bridge DC-DC converter. / Abu QahouqJ.A., Wen Y., Yao L., Shoubaki E., Batarseh I., Potter G. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied PowerElectronics Conference and Exposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 1217 реферат

682. Foley R.F. An area-efficient digital pulsewidth modulation architecture suitable for FPGAimplementation. / Foley R.F., Kavanagh R.C., Marnane W.P., Egan M.G. // Twentieth Annual IEEEApplied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 1412 реферат

683. Liangbin Yao. Unified analog and digital models for half bridge DC-DC converter with current doublerrectifier. / Liangbin Yao, Abu Qahouq J.A., Batarseh I. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied PowerElectronics Conference and Exposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 1386 реферат

684. Chen M. A general approach to averaged modeling and analysis of active-clamped converters. / ChenM., Sun J. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC2005). - 2005. - p. 1359 реферат

685. Zhiguo Pan. Power losses and efficiency analysis of multilevel dc-dc converters. / Zhiguo Pan, FanZhang, Peng F.Z. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition(APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 1393 реферат

686. Mossoba J.T. Modeling of unbalanced multiphase buck converters with applications to voltageregulator module control. / Mossoba J.T., Krein P.T. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied PowerElectronics Conference and Exposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 1424 реферат

687. Chang D. Power junction FETs (JFETs) for very low-voltage applications. / Chang D., Lee M., ChenD., Liva V. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC2005). - 2005. - p. 1419 реферат

688. Moschopoulos G. A new family of zero-voltage-transition PWM converters with dual active auxiliarycircuits. / Moschopoulos G., Huang W. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power ElectronicsConference and Exposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 1251 реферат

689. Zhenli Lou. Three-level zero-voltage zero-current soft-switching (ZVZCS) DC-DC converter usinga tapped inductor. / Zhenli Lou, Yuling Li, Kun Wei, Zhongchao Zhang. // Twentieth Annual IEEEApplied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 1246 реферат

690. Chen R. Planar inductor with structural winding capacitance cancellation for PFC boost converters./ Chen R., van Wyk J.D. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference andExposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 1301 реферат

691. Rustom K. Five-terminal average modeling and AC analysis of PFC converters in PSPICE. / RustomK., Weihong Qiu, Iannello C., Abdel Rahman O., Batarseh I. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied PowerElectronics Conference and Exposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 231 реферат



692. Wei Chen. A novel common-mode conducted EMI filter for boost PFC converter. / Wei Chen, LiminFeng, Zhaoming Qian, Xinke Wu. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conferenceand Exposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 793 реферат

693. Wang C. A high power-density, high efficiency front-end converter for capacitor charging applications./ Wang C., Kang Y., Lu B., Sun J., Xu M., Dong W., Lee F.C., Tipton W.C. // Twentieth Annual IEEEApplied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 1258 реферат

694. Sterk D. High frequency ZVS self-driven full-bridge using full integration of magnetics. / Sterk D.,Xu M., Lee F.C. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition(APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 1210 реферат

695. Teng Liu. A novel energy recycling clamp circuit. / Teng Liu, Xingkuan Guo, Jianhong Zeng, JianpingYing. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC 2005).- 2005. - p. 1205 реферат

696. Alou P. Dual-voltage quarter-brick DC-DC converter with control in secondary side. / Alou P., SotoJ.A., Cobos J.A., Rascon M. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference andExposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 1199 реферат

697. Spyker R. 300 C high temperature magnetics. / Spyker R., Huth J., Mehdi I., Brockschmidt A. //Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC 2005). - 2005.- p. 1275 реферат

698. Ilic M. Interleaved zero current transition buck converter. / Ilic M., Maksimovic D. // Twentieth AnnualIEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 1265 реферат

699. Zhiling Zhang. A novel double phase-shift control scheme for full-bridge three-level converter. /Zhiling Zhang, Xinbo Ruan. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference andExposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 1240 реферат

700. Musavi F. A large signal averaged modelling and control of paralleled DC/DC converters withautomatic load sharing. / Musavi F., Al Haddad K., Kanaan H.Y. // Twentieth Annual IEEE AppliedPower Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 1353 реферат

701. Mak C. Bus-tie synchronization and load share technique in a ring bus system with multiple powerinverters. / Mak C., Bolster L. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference andExposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 871 реферат

702. Chen Y.M. Multiinput inverter for grid-connected hybrid PV/wind power system. / Chen Y.M., HungS.C., Cheng C.S., Liu Y.C. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference andExposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 850 реферат

703. Zhang J.F. A novel multimode digital control approach for single-stage flyback power supplies withpower factor correction and fast output voltage regulation. / Zhang J.F., Shteynberg A., Zhou D.,McCreary J. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC2005). - 2005. - p. 830 реферат

704. Brown R. One cycle control IC simplifies PFC designs. / Brown R., Soldano M. // Twentieth AnnualIEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 825 реферат

705. Ye Z.Z. Digital implementation of a unity-power-factor constant-frequency DCM boost converter. / YeZ.Z., Jovanovic M.M., Irving B.T. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conferenceand Exposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 818 реферат



706. Zhang W. A new duty cycle parallel control method and FPGA implementation for AC-DC converterswith power factor correction (PFC). / Zhang W., Feng G., Liu Y.F., Wu B. // Twentieth Annual IEEEApplied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 805 реферат

707. Tanimatsu H. Two-switch boost-half bridge and boost active clamped ZVS-PWM AC-AC convertersfor consumer high frequency induction heater. / Tanimatsu H., Ahmed T., Hirota I., Yasui K., IwaiT., Omori H., Ahmed N.A., Hyun Woo Lee, Nakaoka M. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied PowerElectronics Conference and Exposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 1124 реферат

708. Hung J.C. An active-clamp push-pull converter for battery sourcing applications. / Hung J.C., Wu T.F.,Tsai J.Z., Tsai C.T., Chen Y.M. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference andExposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 1186 реферат

709. Wonseok Lim. Comparative performance evaluation of current-mode controls adapted toasymmetrically-driven bridge-type pulse-width modulated DC-to-DC converters. / Wonseok Lim,Byungcho Choi, Sun J. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference andExposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 1179 реферат

710. Chu Y.S. Positive/negative pulse battery charger with energy feedback and power factor correction. /Chu Y.S., Chen R.Y., Liang T.J., Changchien S.K., Chen J.F. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied PowerElectronics Conference and Exposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 986 реферат

711. Villarejo J. Design considerations for single-stage, input-current shapers for low output voltage ripple./ Villarejo J., Sebastian J., Soto F. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conferenceand Exposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 1158 реферат

712. Basu S. Inductor design considerations for optimizing performance & cost of continuous mode boostPFC converters. / Basu S., Undeland T.M. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power ElectronicsConference and Exposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 1133 реферат

713. -. Session index. / -. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition(APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. xxi реферат

714. Deng S. A new peak current control scheme for duty-cycle-shift (DCS) controlled half-bridge DC-DC converters. / Deng S., Mao H., Potter G., Batarseh I. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied PowerElectronics Conference and Exposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 1193 реферат

715. Gu W. Small signal modeling for current mode controlled Cuk and SEPIC converters. / Gu W. //Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC 2005). - 2005.- p. 906 реферат

716. Sun J. Dynamic performance analysis of outer-loop current sharing control for paralleled DC-DCconverters. / Sun J., Qiu Y., Lu B., Xu M., Lee F.C., Tipton W.C. // Twentieth Annual IEEE AppliedPower Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 1346 реферат

717. Cooper D. A novel self-powered, isolated power management device for 48 V power systems. / CooperD., Duvnjak R. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition(APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 1380 реферат

718. Shaojun Xie. A novel soft switching isolated boost converter. / Shaojun Xie, Fei Li. // TwentiethAnnual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 1375реферат

719. Redl R.Reizik G. Switched-noise filter for the buck converter using the output ripple as the PWMramp. / Redl R.Reizik G. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference andExposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 918 реферат



720. Yousefzadeh V. Sensorless optimization of dead times in DC-DC converters with synchronousrectifiers. / Yousefzadeh V., Maksimovic D. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power ElectronicsConference and Exposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 911 реферат

721. Schafmeister F. Analytical calculation of the conduction and switching losses of the conventionalmatrix converter and the (very) sparse matrix converter. / Schafmeister F., Rytz C., Kolar J.W. //Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC 2005). - 2005.- p. 875 реферат

722. Peng H. Digital current-mode controller for DC-DC converters. / Peng H., Maksimovic D. // TwentiethAnnual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 899реферат

723. Peng H. A digital current mode control technique for DC-DC converters. / Peng H., Maksimovic D. //Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC 2005). - 2005.- p. 885 реферат

724. Imam A.M. Failure prediction of electrolytic capacitor using DSP methods. / Imam A.M., HabetlerT.G., Harley R.G., Divan D. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference andExposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 965 реферат

725. Terashi H. Interleaved boost-input-type full bridge converter. / Terashi H., Sonoda T., Tomioka S., SatoK., Ninomiya T. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition(APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 683 реферат

726. Taotao Jin. Control and topologies for three-phase three-level active power filters. / Taotao Jin, JunWen, Smedley K. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition(APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 655 реферат

727. Choudhury S. A DSP based digitally controlled interleaved PFC converter. / Choudhury S., NoonJ.P. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC 2005). -2005. - p. 648 реферат

728. Avestruz A.T. Voltage regulation in induction machines with multiple stator windings by zero sequenceharmonic control. / Avestruz A.T., Holloway J.W., Cox R., Leeb S.B. // Twentieth Annual IEEEApplied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 746 реферат

729. Jacobina C.B. AC motor drives with a reduced number of switches and boost inductors. / JacobinaC.B., dos Santos E.C., Correa M.B.R., da Silva E.R.C. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied PowerElectronics Conference and Exposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 733 реферат

730. Xiancheng Wang. Transient response improvement in isolated DC-DC converter with current injectioncircuit. / Xiancheng Wang, Qingshui Li, Batarseh I. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied PowerElectronics Conference and Exposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 706 реферат


732. Thounthong P. Utilizing fuel cell and supercapacitors for automotive hybrid electrical system. /Thounthong P., Rael S., Davat B. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conferenceand Exposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 90 реферат

733. Awad H. Modification of double vector control algorithm to filter out grid harmonics. / Awad H.,Blaabjerg F. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC2005). - 2005. - p. 628 реферат



734. Shijie Chen. A transformer assisted ZVS scheme for flyback converter. / Shijie Chen, Yilei Gu,Zhengyu Lu, Zhaoming Qian, Wenxi Yao. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power ElectronicsConference and Exposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 678 реферат

735. Zhang J.M. A novel zero-current-transition full bridge DC-DC converter. / Zhang J.M., Xie X.G.,Wu X.K., Zhaoming Qian // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference andExposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 673 реферат

736. Zumel P. Tight magnetic coupling in multiphase interleaved converters based on simple transformers./ Zumel P., Garcia O., Cobos J.A., Uceda J. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power ElectronicsConference and Exposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 385 реферат

737. Wenduo Liu. Design of integrated LLCT module for LLC resonant converter. / Wenduo Liu, van WykJ.D. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC 2005).- 2005. - p. 362 реферат

738. Yao Wenxi. Hysteresis-band control based PWM strategy of three-level neutral-point balance. / YaoWenxi, Lu Zhengyu, Zhao Rongxiang, Fei Wanmin, Qiao Zhaoming. // Twentieth Annual IEEEApplied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 415 реферат

739. Miller J.M. An assessment of ultra-capacitors as the power cache in Toyota THS-II, GM-AllisionAHS-2 and Ford FHS hybrid propulsion systems. / Miller J.M., Everett M. // Twentieth Annual IEEEApplied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 481 реферат

740. Zhong Du. Modulation extension control for multilevel converters using triplen harmonic injectionwith low switching frequency. / Zhong Du, Tolbert L.M., Chiasson J.N. // Twentieth Annual IEEEApplied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 419 реферат

741. Yang Qiu. The multi-frequency small-signal model for buck and multiphase interleaving buckconverters. / Yang Qiu, Ming Xu, Kaiwei Yao, Juanjuan Sun, Lee F.C. // Twentieth Annual IEEEApplied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 392 реферат

742. Wang D. Synchronous rectifier MOSFET driver substantially reduces power adapter heat. / Wang D. //Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC 2005). - 2005.- p. 700 реферат

743. Papastergiou K.D. Emulation of fractional turns in push-pull topologies. / Papastergiou K.D., LohC.K.R.M., Macpherson D.E. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference andExposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 695 реферат

744. Guerrero J.M. Simple feedback linearizing controller to reduce audiosusceptibility and loaddisturbance in the full-bridge current doubler synchronous rectifier. / Guerrero J.M., de Vicuna L.G.,Berbel N., Sosa J., Castilla M. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference andExposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 689 реферат

745. Xinke Wu. A new zero voltage switching boost dc-dc converter with active clamping. / Xinke Wu, XinYe, Junming Zhang, Zhaoming Qian. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conferenceand Exposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 406 реферат

746. Wu T.F. Analysis and design of an active-clamp buck converter with coupled inductors. / Wu T.F.,Hung J.C., Lai Y.S., Nien H.S., Su H.M. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power ElectronicsConference and Exposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 399 реферат



747. Liu C.P. A low cost and reliable dimmable ballast topology with inherent power regulation andinsensitivity to lamp characteristics. / Liu C.P., Poon N.K., Pong M.H., Chan Y.P., Lu D.D.C. //Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC 2005). - 2005.- p. 596 реферат

748. Zubieta L. A wide input voltage and high efficiency DC-DC converter for fuel cell applications. /Zubieta L., Panza G. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition(APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 85 реферат

749. Zhihua Yang. A novel nonisolated half bridge DC-DC converter. / Zhihua Yang, Sheng Ye, YanfeiLiu. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC 2005).- 2005. - p. 301 реферат

750. Huber L. 1.8-MHz, 48-V resonant VRM. / Huber L., Hsu K., Jovanovic M.M. // Twentieth AnnualIEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 294 реферат

751. Wenkang Huang. The design of a high-frequency multiphase voltage regulator with adaptive voltagepositioning and all ceramic capacitors. / Wenkang Huang. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied PowerElectronics Conference and Exposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 270 реферат

752. Soto A. Design methodology for dynamic voltage scaling in the buck converter. / Soto A., Alou P.,Cobos J.A. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC2005). - 2005. - p. 263 реферат

753. Sri Lakshmi Nalla. Flyback converter with voltage control mode on chip for portable applications. /Sri Lakshmi Nalla, Hess H.L., Buck K.M., Mentze E.J. // IEEE Workshop on Microelectronics andElectron Devices (WMED ’05).2005. - 2005. - pp. 80-83 реферат

754. Schroeder D. Adaptive low-power analog/digital converters for wireless sensor networks. / SchroederD. // Third International Workshop on Intelligent Solutions in Embedded Systems. - 2005. - pp. 70-78реферат

755. Cleveland T.L. Bi-directional power system for laptop computers. / Cleveland T.L. // Twentieth AnnualIEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 199 реферат

756. Sungjin Choi. Design of half-bridge piezo-transformer converters in the AC adapter applications. /Sungjin Choi, Taeil Kim, Cho B.H. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conferenceand Exposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 244 реферат

757. Kamath G.R. A passive coupled-inductor flying-capacitor lossless snubber circuit for plasma cuttingpower supply. / Kamath G.R. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference andExposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 237 реферат

758. Nianci Huang. A 10 kW single-stage converter for welding with inherent power factor correction. /Nianci Huang, Dairun Zhang, Tingting Song, Muwen Fan, Yamay Liu, Yianchun Zhao. // TwentiethAnnual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 254реферат

759. Shengwen Xu. Converter and controller for micro-power energy harvesting. / Shengwen Xu, NgoK.D.T., Nishida T., Gyo Bum Chung, Sharma A. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power ElectronicsConference and Exposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 226 реферат

760. Yungtaek Jang. Hold-up time extension circuit with integrated magnetics. / Yungtaek Jang, JovanovicM.M., Dillman D.L. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition(APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 219 реферат



761. Campbell J.B. Two-phase cooling method using R134a refrigerant to cool power electronic devices./ Campbell J.B., Tolbert L.M., Ayers C.W., Ozpineci B. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied PowerElectronics Conference and Exposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 141 реферат

762. Smith C.L. A flexible rapid-prototyping system for digital-controlled high power converters. / SmithC.L., Gilliom M.B. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition(APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 70 реферат

763. Abu Qahouq J.A. Piecewise digital control method for DC-DC converter. / Abu Qahouq J.A., ShoubakiE., Yangyang Wen, Batarseh I., Potter G. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power ElectronicsConference and Exposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 41 реферат

764. Mazumder S.K. Wireless control of spatially distributed power electronics. / Mazumder S.K., AcharyaK., Tahir M. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC2005). - 2005. - p. 75 реферат

765. Hong Huang. Coordination of design issues in the intermediate bus architecture. / Hong Huang. //Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC 2005). - 2005.- p. 169 реферат

766. Brush L. Trends in digital power management: power converter and system demand characteristics./ Brush L. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC2005). - 2005. - p. 163 реферат

767. Miao B. Practical on-line identification of power converter dynamic responses. / Miao B., Zane R.,Maksimovic D. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition(APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 57 реферат

768. O’Malley E. A 16-bit fixed-point digital signal processor for digital power converter control. /O’Malley E., Rinne K. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference andExposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 50 реферат

769. Dongsoo Kim. Analysis of input filter interactions in switching power converters. / Dongsoo Kim,Byungcho Choi, Donggyu Lee, Jian Sun. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power ElectronicsConference and Exposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 191 реферат

770. Lukic Z. High-frequency digital controller for dc-dc converters based on multi-bit Σ-∆ pulse-widthmodulation. / Lukic Z., Kun Wang, Prodic P. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied Power ElectronicsConference and Exposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 35 реферат


772. Miao B. Detection of instability and adaptive compensation of digitally controlled switched-modepower supplies. / Miao B., Zane R., Maksimovic D. // Twentieth Annual IEEE Applied PowerElectronics Conference and Exposition (APEC 2005). - 2005. - p. 63 реферат


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