Public Private Partnership

Public Private Partnership in Agriculture Public Private Partnership in Agriculture DevelopmentDevelopment

Govinda Prasad SharmaGovinda Prasad Sharma

NPDPNPDP

KhumaltarKhumaltar

Content to dealContent to deal

a.a. Concept of PPPConcept of PPP

b. Need of partnership and contract outb. Need of partnership and contract out

c. Process of partnership and contract outc. Process of partnership and contract out

d. Partnership and contract out in DoA: Challenges and d. Partnership and contract out in DoA: Challenges and future prospects future prospects

Presentation OutlinePresentation Outline BackgroundBackground ConceptConcept Policy OutlookPolicy Outlook Need for partnership & Contract outNeed for partnership & Contract out Models Models Assessment of partner organizationAssessment of partner organization Public Private PartnershipPublic Private Partnership

Need, Scope, Areas for joint venture, Some intervention in MoAC, Need, Scope, Areas for joint venture, Some intervention in MoAC, potential stakeholders potential stakeholders

Process of Partnership and contract out Process of Partnership and contract out Partnership and contract out in DoA Partnership and contract out in DoA

Scope, Challenges, problems and future prospects (key factors for Scope, Challenges, problems and future prospects (key factors for success of partnership)success of partnership)

IntroductionIntroduction BackgroundBackground

Single public effortsSingle public efforts in the past in the past could not meet the demandcould not meet the demand of people. of people. Several institutions emerged as Several institutions emerged as alternate service providersalternate service providers after after

economic economic liberalizationliberalization.. Single efforts of neither public nor privateSingle efforts of neither public nor private organizations can be organizations can be

effective in agriculture extension and development. effective in agriculture extension and development.

Changing environment Changing environment Growing demandGrowing demand for services – complex and specialized services. for services – complex and specialized services. DownsizingDownsizing of public sector of public sector budgetbudget Changing roleChanging role of government ( Government as service provisioner of government ( Government as service provisioner

rather than service provider). rather than service provider). Private sector willing to workPrivate sector willing to work with public sector. with public sector.

Policy outlook Policy outlook National Agriculture Policy, 2061National Agriculture Policy, 2061 National Agriculture Extension Strategy,2063National Agriculture Extension Strategy,2063 Agribusiness Promotion Policy, 2063Agribusiness Promotion Policy, 2063 Sectoral Policies, Regulation, Directives and OrdersSectoral Policies, Regulation, Directives and Orders MoAC Program Implementation Guidelines on Contract and MoAC Program Implementation Guidelines on Contract and

Partnership, 2061Partnership, 2061 DoA's Agriculture Extension Program Implementation DoA's Agriculture Extension Program Implementation

Guidelines and NormsGuidelines and Norms

''Government policy enables the opportunity for private sectors ''Government policy enables the opportunity for private sectors to come under economic liberalization.''to come under economic liberalization.''

ConceptConcept PartnershipPartnership

Winer & Ray: Winer & Ray: Mutually beneficial and well defined relationshipMutually beneficial and well defined relationship entered into by 2 or more organizations entered into by 2 or more organizations to achieve resultsto achieve results they are they are more likely to more likely to achieve togetherachieve together (cited in DoAE proceeding). (cited in DoAE proceeding).

Rosenbeth Moss Kantor (1990): Productive partnership yield benefits, Rosenbeth Moss Kantor (1990): Productive partnership yield benefits, create value, work through interpersonal connection and internal create value, work through interpersonal connection and internal infrastructure that enhance learning. She identifies eight characters of infrastructure that enhance learning. She identifies eight characters of partnership:partnership:

each partner creates something of value.each partner creates something of value. strategic objectives of each partners addressed.strategic objectives of each partners addressed. complementary skills and assets.complementary skills and assets. investment in each other.investment in each other.

Concept cont.....Concept cont.....

open communication.open communication. smooth working mechanism (together).smooth working mechanism (together). each partner become both teacher and learner.each partner become both teacher and learner. integrity and mutual trust among partners. integrity and mutual trust among partners.

In the In the partnership, equal authoritiespartnership, equal authorities is vested among the is vested among the parties involved. parties involved.

Public Private Partnership (PPP) Public Private Partnership (PPP) Broadly refers to long term, contractual partnerships between Broadly refers to long term, contractual partnerships between

public and private sector agencies, especially targeted towards public and private sector agencies, especially targeted towards financing, designing, implementing and operating infrastructurefinancing, designing, implementing and operating infrastructure facilities/services that were traditionally provided by the public facilities/services that were traditionally provided by the public sector. sector.

Concept cont.....Concept cont.....

Each partner through legally binding contract(s) or some other Each partner through legally binding contract(s) or some other mechanisms agrees to share responsibilities related to mechanisms agrees to share responsibilities related to implementation and/or operation and management of a project. implementation and/or operation and management of a project. This partnership is built on the expertise of each partner that meets This partnership is built on the expertise of each partner that meets clearly defined public needs through appropriate allocation of clearly defined public needs through appropriate allocation of (4Rs):(4Rs):

Resources, Resources, Risks, Risks, Rewards and Rewards and Responsibilities.Responsibilities.

The allocation of these elements and other aspects of PPP projects The allocation of these elements and other aspects of PPP projects such as detail of implementation, termination, obligation, dispute such as detail of implementation, termination, obligation, dispute resolution and payment arrangements are resolution and payment arrangements are negotiated between the negotiated between the parties involved and are documentedparties involved and are documented in a written contract in a written contract agreement(s) signed by them. agreement(s) signed by them.

Concept cont.....Concept cont.....

MoAC Guidelines, 2061: Cooperative MoAC Guidelines, 2061: Cooperative actionaction agreed to be agreed to be performed by two or more than two government or non performed by two or more than two government or non government organization/sector (registered under law) having government organization/sector (registered under law) having similar interest similar interest to achieve defined objective. to achieve defined objective.

In a nut shell, PPP in agriculture is a space for joint venture : In a nut shell, PPP in agriculture is a space for joint venture :

Public sector

Farmers &

entrepreneurs Private sector

Common interest/space

Contract out:ConceptContract out:Concept

Synonymously known as Synonymously known as out-sourcingout-sourcing. . A A way to hire private sector/NGO/CBOsway to hire private sector/NGO/CBOs to provide to provide

extension/development service by providing budget directly or extension/development service by providing budget directly or through competitive bidding system. through competitive bidding system.

A process of A process of achieving objectives and outputsachieving objectives and outputs by providing by providing resourcesresources (funds, capital, etc) to the institutions selected through (funds, capital, etc) to the institutions selected through the formal procedure. the formal procedure.

An alternative way to An alternative way to economize government costeconomize government cost and get effective and get effective and efficient service delivery to the targeted people. and efficient service delivery to the targeted people.

A way of A way of shifting responsibilityshifting responsibility for the role of public sector. for the role of public sector. An An alternatealternate way of way of governancegovernance. .

Need for PartnershipNeed for Partnership

Agriculture as the dominant sector. Agriculture as the dominant sector. main source of livelihood. main source of livelihood. contributes 32% to GDP. contributes 32% to GDP. employs 65% of the people. employs 65% of the people.

Increasing Increasing complexity in agriculture developmentcomplexity in agriculture development and meet for and meet for diversified demand of services. diversified demand of services.

Globalization and liberalization Globalization and liberalization Provide Provide benefitbenefit to farmers/agr enterpreneurs of skills and resources to farmers/agr enterpreneurs of skills and resources

of variety of institutions.of variety of institutions. Pulling resourcesPulling resources in context of downsizing government cost on in context of downsizing government cost on

agriculture sector and increased cost of infrastructure and social agriculture sector and increased cost of infrastructure and social service. service.

Need for Need for linking agriculture in alinking agriculture in a value chain/highvalue chain/high value crops value crops PreproductionPreproduction ProductionProduction Post productionPost production

Need for Partnership condt….Need for Partnership condt….

To increase the To increase the coverage of extensioncoverage of extension service as there is low service as there is low service coverage by public sector institution & demand for service coverage by public sector institution & demand for service is increasing. service is increasing.

FLEW: Farm family ratio = 1:>2000 FLEW: Farm family ratio = 1:>2000 FLEW:cultivated land ratio = 1:>1500 ha FLEW:cultivated land ratio = 1:>1500 ha ASC:VDCs ratio= 1:>8 ASC:VDCs ratio= 1:>8

IncludeInclude the growing the growing NGO/privateNGO/private institutions and CBOs in institutions and CBOs in agriculture extension and development.agriculture extension and development.

To To utilize the expertise and experienceutilize the expertise and experience of private sectors, of private sectors, NGOs and CBOs.NGOs and CBOs.

To To reduce duplication and minimize overlappingreduce duplication and minimize overlapping in service in service provision. provision.

Maintain team spiritMaintain team spirit and carry out effective implementation and carry out effective implementation of agriculture extension & development program. of agriculture extension & development program.

Need for contract out Need for contract out

To To reducereduce the Government the Government cost.cost. To utilize the To utilize the experience and expertise of NGO/CBOsexperience and expertise of NGO/CBOs

in agriculture research, extension, technology in agriculture research, extension, technology dissemination and especially for social mobilization. dissemination and especially for social mobilization.

To To ensureensure that that servicesservices are delivered in a are delivered in a efficient and efficient and effectiveeffective way. way.

To increase the To increase the coverage of service.coverage of service.

Models of Partnership Models of Partnership

Public Private Partnership Public Private Partnership Public Public Partnership Public Public Partnership Private Private Partnership Private Private Partnership

Our concern is to create environment for Public Private Our concern is to create environment for Public Private Partnership. Since single organization can not meet the Partnership. Since single organization can not meet the growing demand for services and development from market growing demand for services and development from market side. The JV (Partnership) is necessary. Each of the side. The JV (Partnership) is necessary. Each of the

stakeholders has its own strengths and weakness.stakeholders has its own strengths and weakness.

Public Private Partnership in AgriculturePublic Private Partnership in Agriculture

PPP Initiation in Agriculture PPP Initiation in Agriculture Agri Fair and ExhibitionAgri Fair and Exhibition

Cost sharing based on agreement and MoU. Cost sharing based on agreement and MoU. One Village One Product (OVOP) One Village One Product (OVOP)

Commodity and district (pocket) identified. Commodity and district (pocket) identified. Component: Commercialization, infrastructure, MarketingComponent: Commercialization, infrastructure, Marketing Model : MoAC+AEC/FNCCI+FarmersModel : MoAC+AEC/FNCCI+Farmers

District Program : DEF and LIFDistrict Program : DEF and LIF Practiced under APPSP districts. Practiced under APPSP districts.

NARDF Competitive Grant SystemNARDF Competitive Grant System Small Irrigation Program and Program based on cooperative farming.Small Irrigation Program and Program based on cooperative farming. PACT modality : Competitive and cost sharing basis PACT modality : Competitive and cost sharing basis HVAP : ?HVAP : ? RISM : ?RISM : ?

Public Private Partnership.....Public Private Partnership.....

PPP Initiation in Agriculture PPP Initiation in Agriculture CADP: Agricultural CommercializationCADP: Agricultural Commercialization

Model: MoAC+CAA+FarmersModel: MoAC+CAA+Farmers Cost sharing for infrastructure and non-infrastructure Cost sharing for infrastructure and non-infrastructure Infrastructure package: 50% CAF + 50% CAAInfrastructure package: 50% CAF + 50% CAA Non-infrastructure package: 85% CAF + 15% DDCNon-infrastructure package: 85% CAF + 15% DDC

Seed multiplication Seed multiplication Development of Collection Centers and Cold Store Development of Collection Centers and Cold Store

Example: Butwal Agriculture Commodity Wholesale MarketExample: Butwal Agriculture Commodity Wholesale Market Model: MoAC+Butwal Municipality+ Lumbini Fruit and Vegetable Model: MoAC+Butwal Municipality+ Lumbini Fruit and Vegetable

Wholesalers' Association @ 60:20:20 of total cost. Wholesalers' Association @ 60:20:20 of total cost.

Process of Partnership and Contract outProcess of Partnership and Contract out No single modality for partnership. Process and modality No single modality for partnership. Process and modality

depends upon:depends upon: Specific programs: small irrigation, cooperative farmingSpecific programs: small irrigation, cooperative farming Project nature (as Signed and approved through MoU)Project nature (as Signed and approved through MoU) Directives Directives Nature of the projects to be accomplished.Nature of the projects to be accomplished. Program implementation guidelines. Program implementation guidelines.

Separate directives have been approved for the process of partnership and Separate directives have been approved for the process of partnership and

contract out.contract out. The process of partnership and contract out was outlined in The process of partnership and contract out was outlined in ''MoAC Program Implementation Guidelines for Contract and Partnership ''MoAC Program Implementation Guidelines for Contract and Partnership 2061''. Presently, provision for contract out is well defined in Public 2061''. Presently, provision for contract out is well defined in Public Procurement Act,2063 and Public Procurement Regulation 2064 Procurement Act,2063 and Public Procurement Regulation 2064 (Sarbajanik Kharid Ain 2063 and Niyamawali 2064(Sarbajanik Kharid Ain 2063 and Niyamawali 2064). ).

Process of Partnership and Contract outProcess of Partnership and Contract out

The steps outlined in contract out through Public Procurement regulation : The steps outlined in contract out through Public Procurement regulation :

Preparation of ToRPreparation of ToR Preparing roster by calling LoI. Preparing roster by calling LoI. Calling proposal Calling proposal Preparing guidelines for proposal.Preparing guidelines for proposal. Proposal selection methodologyProposal selection methodology Opening the proposal Opening the proposal Evaluation of technical proposalEvaluation of technical proposal Preparation of evaluation reportPreparation of evaluation report Informing the selected proposerInforming the selected proposer Opening and evaluation of financial proposalOpening and evaluation of financial proposal Selection of bidder and negotiation Selection of bidder and negotiation

Major points to consider during contract outMajor points to consider during contract out

Budget ceiling Budget ceiling Changed as per Gazette of Ashar 6, 2068 –check it out.Changed as per Gazette of Ashar 6, 2068 –check it out. up to 0.35 million : direct agreementup to 0.35 million : direct agreement >10 lakh: approval required from higher authority>10 lakh: approval required from higher authority > 2 million: LoI required. > 2 million: LoI required.

Preparation of ToRs and relevant documents.Preparation of ToRs and relevant documents. Quality and cost method for evaluationQuality and cost method for evaluation Evaluation system Evaluation system

Technical proposal: 70-90% weightageTechnical proposal: 70-90% weightage Financial proposal : 30-10% weightageFinancial proposal : 30-10% weightage

Selection of best bidder from evaluationSelection of best bidder from evaluation Agreement and work order. Agreement and work order.

Major (Preliminary) task to be accomplished for Major (Preliminary) task to be accomplished for partnership and contract out partnership and contract out

Preparation of roster on national/local NGOs.Preparation of roster on national/local NGOs. Need assessment of district (farmers) employing Need assessment of district (farmers) employing

participatory approach. participatory approach. Identification of appropriate (partnership/contract) Identification of appropriate (partnership/contract)

program based on feasibility and comparative program based on feasibility and comparative advantage. advantage.

Approval of annual program budget. Approval of annual program budget.

Potential stakeholders for partnershipPotential stakeholders for partnership Government organizationsGovernment organizations NGOsNGOs

INGOsINGOs National NGOsNational NGOs Local NGOsLocal NGOs

Local government bodies Local government bodies DDCDDC VDC/MunicipalitiesVDC/Municipalities

CBOs/FBOsCBOs/FBOs Private organizationsPrivate organizations

FNCCI and its branchesFNCCI and its branches AECAEC Trade associationsTrade associations Commercial alliancesCommercial alliances Firms & company Firms & company

Other potential stakeholdersOther potential stakeholders

Scope of Partnership and Contract out in Scope of Partnership and Contract out in DoA DoA

Scope Scope

Partnership program activities (scope)Partnership program activities (scope) Need identificationNeed identification Feasibility study and baseline survey. Feasibility study and baseline survey. Organizational development such as group formation, Organizational development such as group formation,

mobilization, development, capital formation and so on. mobilization, development, capital formation and so on. Technology development (research). Technology development (research). Delivery of extension services. Delivery of extension services. Capacity building, training and workshop. Capacity building, training and workshop. Program planning, monitoring and evaluation. Program planning, monitoring and evaluation. Market infrastructure development and managementMarket infrastructure development and management High value crops High value crops

Scope of Partnership...Scope of Partnership...

Production and distribution of agriculture inputs.Production and distribution of agriculture inputs. Community based income generating activities.Community based income generating activities. Impact assessment. Impact assessment. Natural resource management and organic farmingNatural resource management and organic farming Other agriculture related activities that can be performed as Other agriculture related activities that can be performed as

per guideline. per guideline.

Contract out ActivitiesContract out Activities Consultant services – covers broad sprectum of area. Consultant services – covers broad sprectum of area. Field team (Social mobilizers) and Team SupervisorField team (Social mobilizers) and Team Supervisor Enumerators Enumerators

Challenges Challenges The demand for partnership have been raised by various agency. It seems The demand for partnership have been raised by various agency. It seems

that there is lack of that there is lack of priority priority for partnership and contract out activities.for partnership and contract out activities. Issues of Issues of ownershipownership have been raised. have been raised. The process of The process of partner selectionpartner selection is is difficult, lengthy and cumbersomedifficult, lengthy and cumbersome

through competition as envisaged by public procurement law and through competition as envisaged by public procurement law and regulation. regulation.

Frequently Frequently changing fiscal act and regulation changing fiscal act and regulation has challenged for the has challenged for the stability of MoAC policy to employ partnership and contract out strategy. stability of MoAC policy to employ partnership and contract out strategy.

Limited resources Limited resources from public sector and stability in budget have created from public sector and stability in budget have created problems in problems in continuity and stability continuity and stability of program. of program.

In some cases, In some cases, mobilization of staffmobilization of staff have been problem under partnership have been problem under partnership program.program.

Issue of coordination. Issue of coordination.

Example : OVOP program- DADO and AEC. Example : OVOP program- DADO and AEC.

Some learning Partnership approach have been experienced more fruitful than contract out in agriculture.

Different incentive structure and opportunity for private and public sector within the same project.

The issue of cost reduction have been raised in partnership and contract out activities/scheme.

Existence of mutually negative perceptions and attitude towards partnerships and contract out approach.

Should public agency should provide enabling environment or act as a active partner for agriculture and overall development.

Future Prospects

The importance of partnership can not be neglected in agriculture development. From the experience of past, emphasis has to be concentrated on the factors that make partnership more effective, fruitful and result oriented. Following are some of the components that need to be considered in future.

Analyze the context with identification of key target groups for program and clarification of their needs in order to identify major policy areas where partnership can yield added value.

Assess rationality of partnership and its implementation mechanism.

Promoting and enabling environment through declaration of guidelines to increase partnership skill and expertise.

Identification of synergies by connecting and interlinking concerned agencies under program.

Identify stakeholders in analysis, design and implementation process.

Future Prospects....

Drawing expertise of stakeholders in assessing proposal.

Building capacity of stakeholders to actively participate in overll governance.

Promoting and encouraging ongoing successes and failures of partnership and ensure that lessons from these are shared.

Annex-Annex-Assessment of different Service/Development OrganizationAssessment of different Service/Development Organization

Strength of Public sector organizationStrength of Public sector organization Wide network of staff covering geographical areas. Wide network of staff covering geographical areas. Permanent structure and sustainable institution Permanent structure and sustainable institution Well structured institution mechanism with institution at grass root level.Well structured institution mechanism with institution at grass root level. Have highly competent technical team at district extension offices and farm/centers.Have highly competent technical team at district extension offices and farm/centers. Well defined cliental, political and procedural accountability of staff Well defined cliental, political and procedural accountability of staff

Assessment.... Assessment....

Weakness of Public sector Weakness of Public sector Oriented more towards supply driven strategy. Oriented more towards supply driven strategy. Extension service include general in nature rather than specific and intensive. Extension service include general in nature rather than specific and intensive. Lack of buildings and physical facilities at service centre level. Lack of buildings and physical facilities at service centre level. Charged of being more target oriented and less participatory. Charged of being more target oriented and less participatory. Larger command area and domain to be served. Larger command area and domain to be served. Lack of adequate technical staff at the site offices (ASC and contact centres).Lack of adequate technical staff at the site offices (ASC and contact centres).

Private Sector StrengthsPrivate Sector Strengths Provide opportunity of provision of service and inputs at competitive basis.Provide opportunity of provision of service and inputs at competitive basis. Better and competitive service offered for commercialized and market led farming which are Better and competitive service offered for commercialized and market led farming which are

otherwise not available by government sector.otherwise not available by government sector. Help to increase efficiency and productivity of enterprises.Help to increase efficiency and productivity of enterprises. Increased investment in new business opportunities, commercialized and market led production Increased investment in new business opportunities, commercialized and market led production

as well as technology adoption.as well as technology adoption. Some private organizations are influential in generating capital for alternative business such as Some private organizations are influential in generating capital for alternative business such as

floriculture, poultry business and the like. floriculture, poultry business and the like. Government policy enables the opportunity for private sectors to come under economic Government policy enables the opportunity for private sectors to come under economic

liberalization. liberalization.

Assessment......Assessment......

Private sector WeaknessPrivate sector Weakness Private sectors enterprises are generally profit oriented; hence, investment is concentrated Private sectors enterprises are generally profit oriented; hence, investment is concentrated

where profit margin is high such as supply of input and services for commercial production. where profit margin is high such as supply of input and services for commercial production. Farmers enjoy better service from private sectors only in competitive markets.Farmers enjoy better service from private sectors only in competitive markets. Private sector florish well only when customers are ready to pay the cost for services and Private sector florish well only when customers are ready to pay the cost for services and

input. input. Nepalese private sector generally lack corporate culture thereby leading to poor success of Nepalese private sector generally lack corporate culture thereby leading to poor success of

private sector involvement in service provision.private sector involvement in service provision. Private sectors are offering services comparatively in accessible areas.Private sectors are offering services comparatively in accessible areas.

NGO Strengths NGO Strengths Have small and horizontal structure with short lines of communication thereby responding flexibly and Have small and horizontal structure with short lines of communication thereby responding flexibly and

rapidly to clients' needs and to changing circumstances.rapidly to clients' needs and to changing circumstances. Characterized by a work ethic conducive to generating sustainable processes and impacts. Characterized by a work ethic conducive to generating sustainable processes and impacts. NGOs' comparatively maintain better presence in remote locations, where it is difficult to keep government NGOs' comparatively maintain better presence in remote locations, where it is difficult to keep government

staff in post. staff in post.

Assessment.... Assessment.... NGOs' are successful in identifying the needs of the rural poor in sustainable agricultural development. NGOs' are successful in identifying the needs of the rural poor in sustainable agricultural development.

They employ more participatory methods for diagnosis and in development and introduce systems They employ more participatory methods for diagnosis and in development and introduce systems approaches for testing new technology, approaches for testing new technology,

NGOs' rapport with farmers has allowed them to draw on local knowledge systems in the design of NGOs' rapport with farmers has allowed them to draw on local knowledge systems in the design of technology options and to strengthen such systems by ensuring that the technologies developed are technology options and to strengthen such systems by ensuring that the technologies developed are reintegrated into them. reintegrated into them.

NGOs have also developed innovative dissemination methods, relying on farmer-to-farmer contact, NGOs have also developed innovative dissemination methods, relying on farmer-to-farmer contact, whether on a group or individual basis.whether on a group or individual basis.

In some cases, NGOs have In some cases, NGOs have developeddeveloped new technologies such as by Li-BIRD and CEAPRED new technologies such as by Li-BIRD and CEAPRED NGOs demonstrate better competency at facilitating farmers to learn more from their own experience and NGOs demonstrate better competency at facilitating farmers to learn more from their own experience and

from each other. from each other. NGOs has been successful in group formation, social mobilization, lobbying, advocacy of right based NGOs has been successful in group formation, social mobilization, lobbying, advocacy of right based

development as well as empowering people. development as well as empowering people.

NGO Weaknesses NGO Weaknesses NGOs small organization rarely permits to address the structural factors that underlie rural poverty. Small NGOs small organization rarely permits to address the structural factors that underlie rural poverty. Small

size, independence, and differences in philosophy also militate against learning from each other's size, independence, and differences in philosophy also militate against learning from each other's experience and against the creation of effective forums, whether at national or district levels. experience and against the creation of effective forums, whether at national or district levels.

NGOs focus on accessible areas in such a way that problems have arisen for competition for same client. NGOs focus on accessible areas in such a way that problems have arisen for competition for same client.

Assessment....Assessment....

NGOs have limited capacities for agricultural technology development and dissemination and NGOs have limited capacities for agricultural technology development and dissemination and limited awareness of how to create effective demand-pull on government services.limited awareness of how to create effective demand-pull on government services.

Some NGOs are more accountable to external funding agencies than to the clientele they Some NGOs are more accountable to external funding agencies than to the clientele they claim to serve. Donor pressure to achieve short-term impacts, combined with a lack of cross-claim to serve. Donor pressure to achieve short-term impacts, combined with a lack of cross-learning, has led in some cases to the promotion of inappropriate technology, learning, has led in some cases to the promotion of inappropriate technology,

CBO/FBO StrengthsCBO/FBO Strengths Work as vehicle for rapid and effective transformation of agriculture technology.Work as vehicle for rapid and effective transformation of agriculture technology. Farmers' capacity enhancement through belongingness in organization and experience sharing.Farmers' capacity enhancement through belongingness in organization and experience sharing. Creation of unified and strong voice and pressure group. Creation of unified and strong voice and pressure group. Capital formation through collection of scattered resources of farmers.Capital formation through collection of scattered resources of farmers. Increase in people's participation through active involvement of farmersIncrease in people's participation through active involvement of farmers Democratic value. Democratic value.

Assessment....Assessment....

CBO/FBO WeaknessesCBO/FBO Weaknesses Lack of proper knowledge, skill and experience to run the group/organization.Lack of proper knowledge, skill and experience to run the group/organization. Motivation to group formation through limited benefit and collapsing.Motivation to group formation through limited benefit and collapsing. Tendency of getting personal benefits by limited group members/leaders.Tendency of getting personal benefits by limited group members/leaders. Possibility and tendency of social loafing (escaping from responsibility in Possibility and tendency of social loafing (escaping from responsibility in

group/organization). group/organization). Inactiveness of group/organization and dissolution before the attainment of group goal.Inactiveness of group/organization and dissolution before the attainment of group goal. Lack of strong legal authority for group conduction, CBOs has their own rules and regulation Lack of strong legal authority for group conduction, CBOs has their own rules and regulation

thereby denying changes sometimes. thereby denying changes sometimes.

Don’t walk behind powerful persons Don’t walk behind powerful persons

Move with powerless to empower themMove with powerless to empower them

Thank UThank U