Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management Maxime Bernaert 28/06/2022 FACULTY OF ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION Enterprise Architecture for Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises: CHOOSE Maxime Bernaert Promoter: Prof. Dr. Geert Poels (Ghent University), Prof. Dr. Monique Snoeck (K.U. Leuven), Prof. Dr. Manu De Backer (Ghent University)
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Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert03/05/2023
FACULTY OF ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
Enterprise Architecture for Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises:
CHOOSE
Maxime BernaertPromoter: Prof. Dr. Geert Poels (Ghent University), Prof. Dr.
Monique Snoeck (K.U. Leuven), Prof. Dr. Manu De Backer (Ghent University)
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert2
Main research question
Enterprise Architecture could offer many advantages, but is as good as not used in small
and medium-sized enterprises. The lack of research on an EA approach that can readily by used for SMEs is the problem addressed in this
PhD.
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert3
Main research question: EA
Enterprise Architecture could offer many advantages, but is as good as not used in small
and medium-sized enterprises. The lack of research on an EA approach that can readily by used for SMEs is the problem addressed in this
PhD.
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert03/05/2023
FACULTY OF ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
(re)build your house
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert03/05/2023
FACULTY OF ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert03/05/2023
FACULTY OF ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert03/05/2023
FACULTY OF ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert03/05/2023
FACULTY OF ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert03/05/2023
FACULTY OF ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert03/05/2023
FACULTY OF ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert03/05/2023
FACULTY OF ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
(re)build your company
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert03/05/2023
FACULTY OF ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert03/05/2023
FACULTY OF ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert03/05/2023
FACULTY OF ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert03/05/2023
FACULTY OF ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
Enterprise Architecture
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert16
Enterprise Architecture
Enterprise Architecture (EA)*: a holistic approach to keep things aligned in a company (IT - business, operations - strategy)
Holistic overview: Optimization of the company as a whole Strategy --> Operations Understood by all those involved
*Lankhorst M (2013) Enterprise Architecture at Work: Modelling, Communication and Analysis. Springer-Verlag, New York
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert17
Enterprise Architecture
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert18
Enterprise Architecture
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert19
Enterprise Architecture
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert20
Enterprise Architecture
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert21
Enterprise Architecture
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert22
Enterprise Architecture
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert23
Enterprise Architecture
?
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert24
Enterprise Architecture
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert25
Main research question: SMEs
Enterprise Architecture could offer many advantages, but is as good as not used in small
and medium-sized enterprises. The lack of research on an EA approach that can readily by used for SMEs is the problem addressed in this
PhD.
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert26
SMEs
Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises*
European definition• <= 250 employees• Annual turnover <= 50 million euros or total assets <=
43 million euros
*European Commission (2003) Recommendation 2003/361/EC: SME Definition. Official Journal of the European Union 46 (L 124) (6)
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert27
SMEs
Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises Important for economy*
• 20.8 million SMEs in Europe (99.8% of all companies)• 70% of European jobs, 58.4% of gross production
*European Commission (2010) Are EU SMEs Recovering from the Crisis? Annual Report on EU Small and Medium Sized Enterprises 2011
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert28
Research steps
Small and medium-sized enterprisesEnterprise architecture
Case studies
CHOOSE metamodel
Tool support
Requirements
CHOOSE method
Criteria for tools
Evaluation
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert29
Research steps related to PhD thesis
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert30
Research steps: problem analysis
Small and medium-sized enterprisesEnterprise architecture
Case studies
CHOOSE metamodel
Tool support
Requirements
CHOOSE method
Criteria for tools
Evaluation
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert31
Enterprise Architecture for SMEs
EA for SMEs? *1,*2
Not known in SMEs Not used in SMEs
*1De Nil S, Deprost E, Bernaert M, Poels G (2012) Van Strategie tot Procesmodellering in Kleine en Middelgrote Organisaties: Een Exploratief Onderzoek. University of Ghent, Ghent*2Devos J (2011) IT Governance for SMEs. University of Ghent, Ghent
Problem Analysis
Crisis brings SMEs
into big trouble -Trends Knack-
1 out of 3 thinks not to survive the crisis
-Research Tempo-Team-
16,5 percent of Belgian SMEshas an increased chance of failure -Research Graydon-
High probability of failure for SMEs
Lack of structure and overview is a decisive factor in the failure of an SME*
*O'Gorman C (2001) The Sustainability of Growth in Small- and Medium-Sized Enterprises. Int J Entrep Behav Res 7 (2):60-75
Problem Analysis
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert33
Enterprise architecture as solution!
✗ Lack of knowledge of EA in SMEs✗ Lack of appropriate techniques
Yes …but
CHOOSE
Enterprise architecture as solution!
Problem Analysis
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert34
Enterprise Architecture for SMEs
EA for SMEs? Not known in SMEs Not used in SMEs Adoption models
Problem Analysis
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert35
Adoption Models: Method Evaluation Model*
*Moody, D. L. The Method Evaluation Model: A Theoretical Model for Validating Information Systems Design Methods. In Proceedings of the 11th European Conference on Information Systems, Naples, Italy, 2003
Problem Analysis
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert36
Increasing adoption chances
EA for SMEs? Increase the perceived usefulness
• Increase actual effectiveness• Advantages for SMEs in practice
Increase the perceived ease of use• Adapt methods to an SME context (in practice)• Complexity* (= 1/actual efficiency) must be decreased
From actual to perceived efficacy• Test in SMEs: feedback + EA gets better known
*Rogers EM, Shoemaker FF (1971) Communication of Innovations: A Cross-Cultural Approach. The Free Press, New York
Problem Analysis
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert37
Research steps: metamodel
Small and medium-sized enterprisesEnterprise architecture
Case studies
CHOOSE metamodel
Tool support
Requirements
CHOOSE method
Criteria for tools
Evaluation
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert38
Research steps: metamodel
Small and medium-sized enterprisesEnterprise architecture
Case studies
CHOOSE metamodel
Tool support
Requirements
CHOOSE method
Criteria for tools
Evaluation
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert39
Research Method
Metamodel
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert40
Requirements for EA and SMEs
Metamodel
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert41
Existing EA approaches
Metamodel
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert42
Existing EA approaches
Metamodel
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert43
Focus mainly on 4 dimensions
Metamodel
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert44
CHOOSE
Metamodel
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert45
CHOOSE basic concepts
CHOOSE metamodel derived from KAOS* metamodel, covering these 4 main dimensions.
*Van Lamsweerde, A. (2009). Requirements Engineering: From System Goals to UML Models to Software Specifications (Vol. 3): Wiley.
Metamodel
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert46
CHOOSE basic concepts
Jeroen Van Cauwenberghe sells local products because customers love pure products and want to pay extra for it.
Metamodel
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert47
Complete CHOOSE Metamodel
Metamodel
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert48
Core Part of the CHOOSE Metamodel
Metamodel
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert49
CHOOSE Goal Model Example
Metamodel
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert50
CHOOSE Actor Model Example
Metamodel
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert51
CHOOSE Operation Model Example
Metamodel
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert52
CHOOSE Object Model Example
Metamodel
Metamodel
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert54
CHOOSE Metamodel Definitions
Metamodel
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert55
CHOOSE Metamodel Constraints
Metamodel
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert56
CHOOSE Metamodel Constraints
Metamodel
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert57
CHOOSE Viewpoints?
Metamodel
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert58
Evaluation
Essential dimensions of EA frameworks Four essential EA focuses Blends three EA layers Strategy / Operations
Requirements for EA for SMEs1. Control went up2. Holistic overview by essential focuses3. Based on objectives (goals)4. SMEs: simplicity (but... need for method/tools), process
overview, CEO involvement5. Enterprise overview
Metamodel
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert59
Research steps: method
Small and medium-sized enterprisesEnterprise architecture
Case studies
CHOOSE metamodel
Tool support
Requirements
CHOOSE method
Criteria for tools
Evaluation
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert60
Research steps: method
Small and medium-sized enterprisesEnterprise architecture
Case studies
CHOOSE metamodel
Tool support
Requirements
CHOOSE method
Criteria for tools
Evaluation
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert61
Research method
“The validity of a method can only be established by applicative success in practice” (Rescher 1977)
Method
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert62
Case study companies
Method
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert63
CHOOSE method
6-step roadmap• a six-step procedure to implement the CHOOSE approach
+ method for structured interviews• describes our best practice to structure the interviews
+ stop criteria
Method
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert79
Tool outline: PC Tool
Output Automatic visualization RACI charts Data export to MS Excel
The goal is to minimize effort and maximize value through automation, simplification, visualization, mistake proofing, …
Tools
Input
Adjust
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert81
Tool outline: PC Tool
Tools
Adjust
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert82
Tool outline: PC Tool
Tools
Output
ToolsOutput
ToolsOutput
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert85
Tool outline: PC Tool
Tools
Output
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert86
CHOOSE has to beused with other approaches
to see every enterprise detail
PC Tool: evaluation
Increased controlIncreased overview
Tools
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert87
Future developments
Tools
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert88
Research steps: visualization
Small and medium-sized enterprisesEnterprise architecture
Case studies
CHOOSE metamodel
Tool support
Requirements
CHOOSE method
Criteria for tools
Evaluation
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert89
Research steps: visualization
Small and medium-sized enterprisesEnterprise architecture
Case studies
CHOOSE language
Tool support
Requirements
CHOOSE method
Criteria for tools
Evaluation
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert90
*Moody, D. (2009). The Physics of Notations: Toward a Scientific Basis for Constructing Visual Notations in Software Engineering. IEEE Trans Softw Eng, 35(6), 756-779.
Research method: The Physics of Notations*
Visualization
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert91
*Moody, D. (2009). The Physics of Notations: Toward a Scientific Basis for Constructing Visual Notations in Software Engineering. IEEE Trans Softw Eng, 35(6), 756-779.
Research method: The Physics of Notations*
Visualization
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert92
*Moody, D. (2009). The Physics of Notations: Toward a Scientific Basis for Constructing Visual Notations in Software Engineering. IEEE Trans Softw Eng, 35(6), 756-779.
Research method: The Physics of Notations*
Visualization
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert93
*Moody, D. (2009). The Physics of Notations: Toward a Scientific Basis for Constructing Visual Notations in Software Engineering. IEEE Trans Softw Eng, 35(6), 756-779.
Research method: The Physics of Notations*
Visualization
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert94
Principles usedin the example
*Moody, D. (2009). The Physics of Notations: Toward a Scientific Basis for Constructing Visual Notations in Software Engineering. IEEE Trans Softw Eng, 35(6), 756-779.
Research method: The Physics of Notations*
Visualization
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert95
Principles usedin alternativesfor CHOOSE
*Moody, D. (2009). The Physics of Notations: Toward a Scientific Basis for Constructing Visual Notations in Software Engineering. IEEE Trans Softw Eng, 35(6), 756-779.
Research method: The Physics of Notations*
Visualization
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert96
Research method: The Physics of Notations*
E.g. visual expressiveness
*Moody, D. (2009). The Physics of Notations: Toward a Scientific Basis for Constructing Visual Notations in Software Engineering. IEEE Trans Softw Eng, 35(6), 756-779.
Visualization
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert97
Original visualization
Visualization
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert98
1st alternative: Moody’s principles
Visualization
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert99
2nd alternative: uniformity in style
Visualization
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert100
3rd alternative: complexity management
Visualization
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert101
3rd alternative: complexity management
Visualization
Visualization
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert103
evaluation
120 observations
“Uniformity in style”seems to impactintention to use
COGNITIVEEFFECTIVENESS
ACCURACY
TIME
MENTAL EFFORT
PERCEIVEDEASE OF USEPERCEIVED
USEFULNESSINTENTION
TO USE
Moody’s “visual” principlesincrease accuracy and speed
“Complexitymanagement”
has thebest results
Visualization
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert104
Research steps: large enterprises?
Small and medium-sized enterprisesEnterprise architecture
Case studies
CHOOSE metamodel
Tool support
Requirements
CHOOSE method
Criteria for tools
Evaluation
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert105
Research steps: large enterprises?
Large enterprisesEnterprise architecture
Case studies
CHOOSE metamodel
Tool support
Requirements
CHOOSE method
Criteria for tools
Evaluation
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert106
Case study at KBC*
Adaptations to CHOOSE metamodel and method, however they still use it primarily for its benefits in aligning strategy and operations and assessing impact of a changing strategy
*De Clercq, D., Bernaert, M., Roelens, B., Poels, G. (2015). Simplicity Is not Simple: How Business Architecture in One of Belgium's Biggest Companies Can Be Simple and Easy-to-use. To be published in Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing.
Further research
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management
Maxime Bernaert107
Mapping: CHOOSE - ArchiMate
Further research
Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Department of Management Information Science and Operations Management