Public Awareness Campaign Manual

Government of Nepal

Ministry of Infrastructure and Transport

Department of Roads

ADB Project Directorate

Sub-Regional Transport Enhancement Project

Manual for Public Awareness Campaign

(Road Safety)

Submitted by:

Dr. Padma Bahadur Shahi

Road Safety Specialist/STEP

2014

Manual for Public Awareness Campaign/STEP Page no. 2

Contents

Acknowledgement .................................................................................................................................... 4

1 Background ............................................................................................................................................... 5

2 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 7

3 Road safety and Road User Behaviour .................................................................................................... 8

3.1 Determinants of road-user behaviour ......................................................................................... 9

3.2 Reduction of Road Accidents ................................................................................................... 10

4 Road Safety Communication Campaign ................................................................................................. 11

4.1 Indentifying and defining the problem ....................................................................................... 11

4.2 Types of Road safety communication campaigns .................................................................... 12

5 Public relations ....................................................................................................................................... 12

6 Advantages and Disadvantages of various road safety campaigns ........................................................ 13

6.1 Main advantages and disadvantages of audiovisual media ..................................................... 13

6.2 Main advantages and disadvantages of printed and outdoor media ........................................ 14

6.3 Interpersonal communication and electronic supports ............................................................. 15

7 Major Road safety communication activities in Nepal ............................................................................. 15

8 Guidelines for Road Users ...................................................................................................................... 16

8.1 Precaution for Motorists ............................................................................................................ 16

8.2 Guidelines for Bus Commuters ................................................................................................. 16

8.3 Guidelines for Car Drivers ........................................................................................................ 17

8.4 Guidelines for Bus and Truck Drivers ....................................................................................... 18

8.5 Guidelines for Motorcyclists ...................................................................................................... 18

8.6 Guidelines for Cyclists .............................................................................................................. 20

8.7 Guidelines for Pedestrians ....................................................................................................... 20

8.8 Guidelines for School Children ................................................................................................. 22

8.9 Situations needing extra care ................................................................................................... 24

8.10 Request from Traffic Police for Road Users ............................................................................. 24

9 Safety Tips for Drivers ............................................................................................................................ 26

9.1 Driving in heat .......................................................................................................................... 26

9.2 In case of engine over heating ................................................................................................. 26

9.3 Speed limits .............................................................................................................................. 26

9.4 Seat Belts ................................................................................................................................. 27

9.5 Helmet ...................................................................................................................................... 27

9.6 Overloading .............................................................................................................................. 27

9.7 Check the POWER before going on Road ............................................................................... 27

9.8 Over Hanging Loads................................................................................................................. 27

9.9 Driving in Foggy Weather ......................................................................................................... 27

10 Road Safety Suggestions ....................................................................................................................... 28

11 References ............................................................................................................................................. 29


AADT Average Annual Daily Traffic

ADB Asian Development Bank

DAO District Administration Office

DDC District Development Committee

DOR Department of Roads

DOTM Department of Transport Management

DOPIT Department of Physical Infrastructure and Transport

ESA Equivalent Standard Axle

GON Govern of Nepal

GRSP Global Road Safety Partnership

MOH Ministry of Home

NTP National Transport Policy

PRA Public Roads Act

RBA Roads Board Act

RBN Roads Board Nepal

SRN Strategic Road Network

STEP Sub- Regional Transport Enhancement Project

TL Team Leader

TOR Terms of Reference

TP Traffic Police

VTMA Vehicle and Transport Management Act

VTMR Vehicle and Transport Management Regulation

ZTMO Zonal Transport Management Office


Acknowledgement

This report is prepared as the assignment given in the TOR of the Road Safety Specialist on Sub-regional

Transport Enhancement Project (STEP). The report has been prepared based on the secondary information

mainly the previous studies, existing practices and experiences gained during the field observations of the road

projects upgraded under STEP.

The consultant would like to express thanks to the Project Director (STEP) Mr. Bishnu Om Bade, Deputy Project

Directors Mr. Rajendra Raj Sharma and Mr. Bed Kantha Yogal and Engineers Pradeep Shakya and Jagat

Prajapati for their important contribution for the preparation of this report. Further, I truly acknowledge the several

meetings and discussion on the matter of public awareness interactions in the project sites.

Consultants' Team Leader, STEP Mr. O. D. Sharma is highly appreciated for his support during the outline

preparation, and thorough review of the report. I appreciate the whole consultant's team at the office and as well

as at the project-site for their cooperation.

Dr. Padma Bahadur Shahi

Road Safety Specialist

STEP

([email protected])


1 Background

The functioning of road transport "vehicular movement" involves continuous interactions between road users and

infrastructures, rules, vehicles, and of course, between different road users, including car drivers, passengers, truck

and bus drivers, motorcycle and bicycle riders, etc. Driving is a self-regulated activity and the management of these

interactions depends on numerous more or less stable factors that are externally or internally determined. In most

cases, road users will adapt to the road environment as these factors vary, but they are sometimes unable to adapt

successfully and this can cause a road crash.

The WHO estimated nearly 1.3 million people are killed worldwide from road accidents and one child is killed in every

three minutes from the road accidents. The injury rate is even alarming. Fifty million people are injured in road crashes

every year and of them, 15 millions are seriously injured. In the context of Nepal, nearly 1,700 people lost their lives in

the year 2012 and 15,000 were injured due to the road accidents. This rate is increasing year by year. This is a

dreadful situation. A collective and co-ordinate effort is essential to bring these figures down.

More than 90 percent of accidents are caused by a human error worldwide. Proper skills, knowledge and habit in the

road users are essential to prevent the accidents. Though the efforts to develop these skills start from an individual, a

collective effort from the users and the stake holders is necessary.

Figure 1: Causes of Road Traffic Accident in EU countries

Causes of traffic accidents recorded by the Police in Nepal are very indistinct. The stated causes of the accidents are

noted down without any detailed study of the accident site. For example, over-speeding is one of the causes

mentioned in the accident record, but no analysis of speeding and braking actions are made. The role of road

geometry and weather condition is underplayed as seen in the following figure.


Figure 2: Causes of road traffic accidents in FY 2068/69 (source: Traffic Police)

The chart presented here makes clear that the probable causes of RTA could be quite dealt with the improvement in

human behavior. Driver’s carelessness is recorded as the highest accident factor. Hence, drivers' education, behavior

and motivation for his professionalism play vital role in the road safety. Further, roadside population, passenger or

pedestrian, the human component are also important for the road safety improvement.

As mandated by the UN Decade for Road Safety (2011 to 2020), the safety strategies are formulated based on the interventions under the following five pillars:

• Road safety management

• Safer roads and mobility

• Safer vehicles

• Safer road users

• Post-crash response

Public awareness could be taken as an effective long-term approach to ensure and enhance road safety. The culture

of safety in road transport system could be strengthened by changing the human behaviuor and attitude which threats

the safety. The objective of proposed "Manual on Road Safety Awareness Campaign" is to assist the highway

engineer for conducting specific awareness programs for specific road users. It would helpful to define the safety

threats related to human component (Road users), to develop specific awareness programs and to implement the

campaigns.

In order to change behaviour the awareness campaign programs need to identify the unsafe behavior (and sometimes

the safe behaviour) and its origination. At the initial stage, public awareness campaign should highlight some

theoretical models likely to account for safe/unsafe behavior. Secondly, it must describe how to act on these

conditions and constraints to eliminate the unsafe behavior by examining models of persuasion and the process of

change. By outlining the various models the manual helps to identify some critical factors that a practitioner should not

ignore. At the first stage, the main determinants of behaviour along with some important theoretical models likely to

account for what motivates road users to adopt a safe or unsafe behaviour.


2 Introduction

The road-users' level of safety is conditional to their level of understanding, and appropriateness of their decision

making for particular road environment. Further, the compliance of existing regulatory measures also affects the safety

situations. Preventive road-safety measures and programs involve interventions at two levels. The first addresses

external conditions of road usage, such as traffic laws, enforcement, and road engineering; the second addresses

internal conditions such as the personal motives behind the driver’s actions. Road safety awareness campaigns work

primarily on this second level. Road safety awareness campaigns are one of the most important means of persuading

road users to adopt safe behaviours. Together with enforcement and road engineering, they constitute a crucial

resource.

Road crash statistics are very often a starting point for road safety campaigns. They help identify the most risky

behaviours, the types and severity of accidents, the types and characteristics of those road users most involved, as

well as when and where accidents occur.

Moreover, to know the potential for improvement (in terms of accident and injury reduction) that might be achieved by

addressing a specific type of behaviour, one must know the statistical relationship between that type of behaviour and

the accident risk associated with it. Such relationships should be documented for a wide range of behaviours. The

most common examples include speeding, driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs, and failure to wear a

seatbelt.

This manual contains both a theoretical background and practical guidelines on how to carry out campaigns along the

road projects corridors during construction as well as operation stages. It is aimed at both researchers and

practitioners involved in designing and implementing road safety awareness campaigns all over country.

Road safety communication campaigns can be defined as purposeful attempts to inform, persuade, or motivate people

in view of changing their beliefs and/or behaviour in order to improve road safety as a whole or in a specific, well-

defined large audience, typically within a given time period by means of organized communication activities involving

specific media channels often combined with interpersonal support and/or other supportive actions such as

enforcement, education, legislation, enhancing personal commitment, rewards, etc.

Road safety awareness campaign programs have main goals as:

• To inform about traffic rules relevant to the specific site/project roads,

• To provide information about new or modified laws.

• To improve knowledge and/or awareness of new in-vehicle systems, risks, etc., and the appropriate preventive behaviours.

• To change underlying factors known to influence road-user behavior,

• To modify problem behaviours or maintain safety-conscious behaviours,

• To decrease the frequency and severity of accidents.

From a practical point of view, an additional goal can be to inform road users of risky behaviours identified by

authorities. In this case, the road safety campaign can serve as a support for road-safety policy making.


The content of this manual mainly divided into two parts: The first part imparts knowledge on road safety and road

user behavior. The second part elaborates the practical recommendations on road safety awareness campaign.

A communication campaign is not the only intervention that serves to improve knowledge or change beliefs and behaviour. Other activities such as enforcement, education, legislation, enhancing personal commitment, incentives, etc., are often added to the communication campaign in order to increase its effectiveness. Enforcement can be used to support the campaign message. Law enforcement, particularly high-visibility enforcement, can raise audience awareness about the campaign theme. Enforcement upholds society's expectations and standards, and imposes sanctions when laws are broken. Legislation concerns the adoption of new laws or the modification of existing laws. The campaign can inform people about new or modified laws, or prompt them to obey the law. Education can be used to communicate information and raise awareness of a specific issue. It helps people develop knowledge, skills, and changes in attitude. Reinforcement can be used to prompt people to adopt a safe behaviour. It focuses on specific behaviours and the external factors that influence them; its purpose is mainly to encourage safe behaviours rather than discourage unsafe ones. Engineering improvements can be either infrastructure- or vehicle-based. These may be used to inform road users about safe behaviors or directly steer their behavior.

3 Road safety and Road User Behaviour

The road environment involves ongoing interactions between road users and infrastructures, rules, vehicles, and of

course, between different road users, including car drivers, passengers, truck and bus drivers, motorcycle and bicycle

riders, etc. Driving is a self regulated activity and the management of these interactions depends on numerous more

or less stable factors that are externally or internally determined. In most cases, road users will adapt to the road

environment as these factors vary, but they are sometimes unable to adapt successfully and this can cause a road

accidents.

Preventive road-safety measures and programs involve interventions at two levels (Delhomme, P. 1994). The first

addresses external conditions of road usage, such as traffic laws, enforcement, and road engineering; the second

addresses internal conditions such as the personal motives behind the driver’s actions. Road safety communication

campaigns work primarily on this second level.

As mentioned, road safety is interdisciplinary matter consisting of basically engineering, enforcement and education

themes. The internal conditions of road users' such as motives are always responsible for their actions. It is most

important to explore the main determinants of road-user behaviour in order to learn about what motivates road users

to adopt a safe or unsafe behaviour, before defining how to act on these determinants to eliminate the problem

behaviour, the main statistics of world-wide road accidents we can be analyzed which shows the human factors for

road accidents and road users' behavior.

Road traffic accident (RTA) database is most essential part of any steps and interventions regarding road safety.

Traffic accident recording and reporting methods, use of information technology are the base for reliable RTA

database. The detail recording of particular RTA should be based on the technical study and site investigations. In

Nepal, RTA recording is done by Traffic Police Offices (TPO) at various levels such as Ilaka or Metropolitan, District,

Zonal, and Regional and Central level. The most important fact in this regard is that most of the non-fatal cases of


accidents are not recorded due to long formal process of compensation. Such cases or conflicts of RTA are resolved

at the site even with the help of Traffic Police without any formal recording. Prime causes of road accidents (from

Wierwille et al. 2002)

Cause % of accidents

Human factors alone 65

Human + road 25

Human + vehicle 5

Road factors alone 2

Vehicle factors alone 2

Human + road + vehicle 1

Total 100

3.1 Determinants of road-user behaviour

A. Human control in driving performance

i. Task performance in general

When performing a task, people control their actions through various combinations of two control modes: the

conscious mode and the automatic mode. The conscious mode is slow, sequential, and logical, but it has a limited

capacity because it is used to pay attention to things. The automatic mode is unconscious, which means that when

individuals perform an automated task, they are aware of its progression but not of the process controlling the

sequence of actions. This mode is very fast and allows a person to carry out different actions in parallel. According to

Rasmussen’s cognitive-control model of task performance, these two control modes work in conjunction with each

other, and three levels of performance can be described that depend on the person’s knowledge of the environment,

interpretation of available information, and experience in performing the task:

• Skill-based behaviour is found when routine, frequently occurring tasks are performed in an automated

mode, with occasional conscious control over progress.

• Ruled-based behaviour occurs when an automated task is being performed and the need to modify the

programmed behaviour arises due to a situational change. At this point, there is a switch from the

automated mode to the conscious mode in order to apply previously learned rules or procedures. This is

a mixed control mode.

• Knowledge-based behaviour takes place when an individual repeatedly fails to find a pre-existing stored

solution while performing a task. He has to use his knowledge and higher abilities, then, to solve the

problem, understand the new situation, and make a suitable decision.

ii. Driving task

Driving a vehicle is a complex task performed in a complex and dynamic environment where different interactions

occur. Information must be processed continuously in order to ensure proper and timely decision-making.

• A strategic level consisting of route planning according to defined goals, such as saving time or avoiding

traffic jams.

• A tactical level involving manoeuvres related to social interactions in the driving environment: overtaking

or negotiating at intersections.

• An operational level consisting of acting upon the vehicle’s controls: changing gears, braking, steering,

etc.


B. Unsafe acts

A fault or failure by the driver is frequently seen as the immediate cause of an accident. However, faults and

failures are the consequence of several interacting factors, for the human action (unsafe act) that caused the

accident is at the end of a chain of factors leading to the critical situation.

i. Unintended (slips, lapses and mistakes)

ii. Intended (violations and some intentional mistakes)

C. Variability of road users

No two people are the same; certainly this also holds true for road users. To start with, road users can be

drivers, motorcycle and bicycle riders, passengers, or pedestrians, depending on the situation. They can use

different modes of transportation, have different skills and motivations, and differ in terms of individual

characteristics and lifestyle.

Moreover, each road user is subject to internal variability due to transient factors such as variations in health;

state of fatigue; consumption of alcohol, drugs, or medication; influence of mood, rush, stress, or

aggressiveness; and so on. Also, cognitive-motivational aspects such as perceptions of oneself and other

road users, the tendency to take or avoid risks, and the desire to imitate other road users’ behaviour all play

an important part in internal variability.

Because road users differ so much from each other and are also subject to internal variability, they may not

exhibit the same behaviour even if the circumstances are exactly the same. In this section, we will discuss

some factors that affect how people behave on the road. Some of these factors can be regarded as more or

less stable, others as more subject to change.

i. Road users’ age, sex, and experience

ii. Motivational, affective and cognitive characteristics

• Personality traits (Anger and aggression, Sensation-seeking)

• Attitudes

• Transient factors (moods, Driver attention, Situation awareness, Fatigue and drowsiness,

Alcohol and drug consumption, Health condition, etc)

3.2 Reduction of Road Accidents

Road Accident Road accident is becoming more and more common in today’s society and contributes to a significant

number of deaths as the result. Some of the measures for reduction of road accidents is listed below,

1. 4Es

• Engineering

• Enforcement

• Emergency Response

• Education

2. Areas of Intervention

• The Road Safety Program

• The Leading Agency

3. Implementation Strategy

• The Enforcement Plan

• The Communication Strategy


4 Road Safety Communication Campaign

Road safety communication (or awareness) campaigns are vital for reducing the accidents. Before carrying out such campaigns the agency/individual should have the well concepts on the target audience. Before designing the campaign, we need to gather background information on the problem. It will be necessary to collect data about possible contributing factors, the types of road users who are involved, and the context in which the problem occurs. Only after then we will then need to look for campaign partners and stakeholders who will be able to support your campaign and/or be part of the campaign team. To get started, the following steps are vital for its success and good results.

Figure 3: Steps for Awareness campaign

4.1 Indentifying and defining the problem

The ultimate aim of a road safety communication campaign is to reduce the number and severity of road crashes by influencing road users’ behaviour. In road safety campaigns, the communication will most often involve the use of media to reach the target audience. The components of road safety communication campaign are: Messages, Target group and Media

Messages: What information is to be delivered?

Guidelines for road users from traffic police

Target group: What in the intended target group?

• Drivers of Public Vehicle and School buses

• Pedestrians

• Car drivers

• Non-motorized vehicles – Cyclists, rickshaw operators

• School Children

• Highway side community

• Public vehicle operators (Entrepreneurs, …

• Other stakeholders


Media:

• Mass media communication- TV, radio, billboards, signs, posters, electronic media, (internet), print

media

• Selective communication: direct mail, flyers, brochures, posters, special events, and the Internet,

documentaries.

• Interpersonal communication.

4.2 Types of Road safety communication campaigns

There are different types of campaigns that can be considered in designing a road safety campaign.

4.2.1 Public communication campaigns

Road safety communication campaigns are part of the larger category of public communication campaigns. They

generally utilize paid advertisements and unpaid media coverage, including public relations, to support the campaign:

• Paid media include mass media and local media (TV, radio, newspaper, etc.), outdoor media (campaign

feedback signs, etc.), personal media (letters, email, etc.), and face-to-face communication, also called

interpersonal communication (presentations, public discussions, etc.).

• Unpaid or "earned" media coverage includes free publicity, i.e., unintended, unpaid material related to the

safety campaign, as well as coverage from public relations efforts (press releases, press articles, radio

programmes, TV broadcasts, etc.).

4.2.2 Combined campaigns

A combined communication campaign is not the only intervention that serves to improve knowledge or change beliefs

and behaviour. Other activities such as enforcement, education, legislation, enhancing personal commitment etc., are

often added to the communication campaign in order to increase its effectiveness.

4.2.3 Integrated programmes

Using integrated programmes involves integrating and coordinating many different communications to disseminate a

clear and consistent message about a particular type of problem behaviour (e.g., lack of seatbelt usage) or about a

range of issues (e.g., responsible driving), usually over a longer time frame (up to several years).

5 Public relations

Successful public relations and lobbying efforts generate free, positive mention of the campaign programme in the

media (this is called free publicity), e.g.

• Stories on TV and radio

• Articles in newspapers and magazines

• Special events: meetings, conferences, exhibits, demonstrations, etc.

a. Special promotional items: campaign messages can be reinforced and sustained through the use of special

promotional items, e.g.

• Clothing (T-shirts, caps, hats, etc.)

• Temporary items (lapel buttons, balloons, stickers, mascots, door hangers, etc.)


• Functional items (key-chains, pens & pencils, bookmarks, notepads, bags, drink coasters, etc.)

b. Popular media:

• Songs

• Movie scripts, TV, and radio programmes

• Comic books, comic strips, etc.

c. Social networking websites (YouTube, Facebook, etc.)

d. Virtual communities (Second Life, etc.)

6 Advantages and Disadvantages of various road safety campaigns

6.1 Main advantages and disadvantages of audiovisual media


6.2 Main advantages and disadvantages of printed and outdoor media


6.3 Interpersonal communication and electronic supports

7 Major Road safety communication activities in Nepal

• Traffic Safety Week

• School Campaign

• Information to the road users: Hoarding boards, print media, tv, radio, electronic media

• Poster and pictures of road accidents and road violators.

• Alcohol Test on Drivers (Ma Pa Se)

• Helmet compulsion for motorcyclist

• Road Discipline and Accident Reduction Awareness Campaign

• Traffic Education – a part of school curriculum

• Traffic rules classes for new license seekers

• Compulsion of awareness class for ‘driver driving on alcohol effect’

• Compulsion of seat belts on drivers and passengers on the first row.


8 Guidelines for Road Users

8.1 Precaution for Motorists

• Roads become slippery after first showers due to accumulated dust and lubricants. Hence drive carefully and

avoid sudden braking.

• Check wipers, car battery, tyros & your spare tyros. Replace worn out tyres.

• Check breaks break oil and condition of the brake axel and brake liners.

• Keep a spare muslin cloth near the steering wheel for cleaning the dampness on the windscreen as well as

the rear view mirror.

• Keep a small hammer in the vehicle for breaking the wind screen of your vehicles, if the central locking

system fails. Also keep a small torch handy in your car's cabin.

• Keep a fire extinguisher in your car and a First Aid Box.

• Keep sufficient quantity of fuel in the fuel tank.

• Get your air conditioner serviced before monsoon.

• Visit Traffic Police Website: www.traffic.nepalpolice.gov.np

• In case of heavy water logging, leave the car at assigned parking places. Avoid Frantic/repeated calls as

such calls jam the cellular networks.

• Whenever high tide is coinciding with heavy rains, the rain water clogs the drainage system. This results in

flooding of low lying areas.

• Check the central locking system of the vehicle and tool kit of your car.

• Pool your cars, save fuel and the hassle of driving yourself everyday.

• Keep 2 liters of water and dry snacks in your vehicle. It will come handy if you are trapped in jams.

• Try staggering office hours to reduce congestion in the Public Transport System.

• Do not panic. Traffic Police is always there to help you. Call Traffic Police Control Room on Toll free No. 103

or Tel. No. 4219641, 4219642, 4227321, 4220060

• Help others in distress - whenever & where ever possible.

8.2 Guidelines for Bus Commuters

Bus commuters should never board or de-board a moving bus. Maintaining a queue while boarding the bus will help

avoid unnecessary hustle and bustle and will also save time. Once inside the bus keep your calm avoid shouting or

making noise that would distract the driver, always hold onto the handrail if standing in a moving bus, stay away from

the footboard of the bus and never put any part of the body outside a moving or stationary bus

Commuters should observe the following guidelines when traveling on the bus:

• Commuters should not distract the bus driver while the bus in motion. All queries and requests are to be

directed to the bus driver prior to travel or at the end of the journey.

• Commuters should conduct themselves in a respectable and responsible manner at all times ensuring that

their behavior does not endanger the comfort and safety of their fellow passengers or the bus driver.

• The bus driver should not make any unscheduled stops in the course of travel.

• Commuters who breach these guidelines or who in the opinion of the bus driver have not acted in a

responsible or respectable manner may be refused travel in the future.


8.3 Guidelines for Car Drivers

• Always carry your driving license & Blue Book with you while driving.

• Don't Drink while Driving.

• Don't drive under the influence of drugs.

• Obey all traffic signals, lights and signs.

• Use the indicator or hand signals when changing lanes.

• Adhere to permitted speed limits.

• Don't use your cell phone while driving. If you must, move to the left, halt and then make the call.

• Irrespective of right of way, stay alert and be considerate to pedestrian especially senior citizens,

handicapped, ladies and children.

• Do not overload your vehicles - be it luggage or passengers.

• Do not use tinted glasses, lenses or visors or anything that restricts vision at night or in poor visibility

conditions.

• Do not drink and drive as it adversely affects your judgment and abilities.

• Wear seat belts.

• Always drive using the correct gear.

• Avoid sudden braking and harsh acceleration.

• Never use the clutch as footrest while driving.

• Do not overload your vehicle or trailer. Never tow greater weight than recommended by the

manufacturer of your vehicle.

• Please ensure that all children under 14 years of age wear seat belts or sit in an approved child

restraint.

• Driving in fatigue enhances the probability of an accident. To minimize this risk you must follow these

rules:

• Make sure you are fit to drive. Do not undertake a long journey (longer than an hour) if you feel tired.

• Avoid undertaking long journeys between midnight and early morning hours, when natural alertness is

at its worst.

• Plan your journey in breaks. A minimum break of at least 15 minutes after every two hours of driving is

recommended.

• If you feel sleepy, stop at a safe place. Do not stop on the hard shoulder of a motorway

• The most effective ways to counter sleepiness are to take a short nap (up to 15 minutes) or drink, for

example, two cups of strong coffee. Fresh air, exercise or turning up the radio may help for a short

time, but are not as effective.

• Children in cars. Drivers who are carrying children in cars should ensure that :

� Children do not sit behind the rear seats in an estate car or hatchback, unless a special

child seat has been fitted.

� The child safety door locks, where fitted, are used when children are in the car.

� Children are kept under control.

� A rear-facing baby seat is never fitted into a seat protected by an AIRBAG.


8.4 Guidelines for Bus and Truck Drivers

Buses and Trucks fall under the category of heavy vehicle. They should be driven on the extreme left, speed

governors are mandatory for them and the maximum speed limit for buses and trucks is 40 KMPH. Buses and trucks

can never overtake any other vehicle. Bus drivers should drive their buses along the bus lane and should stop the

buses inside the bus box that is drawn near the bus stops. Other buses that are coming behind and are destined to

stop at this bus stop should stop behind the first bus in a line and wait for their turn. Under no circumstances can the

latter bus stand parallel to the former bus or overtake it.

8.4.1 Vehicle overloading & limiting size of the vehicle

Vehicle overloading are the most vulnerable for road blocks, accidents and cause of premature pavement failure. It

damages the road pavement which drag for more investment on rehabalitation and reconstruction that directly

increase road user cost. The safety issue also arises, since overloaded vehicle becomes less stable, difficult to steer

(manuevre) and will take longer to stop which result in the reduction of driver control on the overloaded vehicle and

enhancing the chances for an accident. Therefore, provision of the limiting size of the vehicle is necessary for the road

safety. Some provisions are mentioned in Public Roads Act 2031, Vehicle and Transport Management Act 2049,

Nepal Roads Board Act 2058, National Transport policy 2058, Twenty Year Road Plan 2001, Heavy Vehicle

management Policy.

8.4.2 Vehicle towing and loading

• You must not tow more than your license permits you to.

• You must not overload your vehicle or trailer. You should not tow a weight greater than that recommended by

the manufacturer of your vehicle.

• You must secure your load and it must not stick out dangerously.

• You should properly distribute the weight in your caravan or trailer with heavy items mainly over the axle(s)

and ensure a downward load on the tow ball. This should avoid the possibility of swerving or snaking and

going out of control. If this does happen, ease off the accelerator and reduce speed gently to regain control.

8.5 Guidelines for Motorcyclists

We can avoid accidents by following guidelines:

• While driving always carry your driving license and important documents such as your vehicle

registration certificate.

• MUST NOT carry more than one pillion rider and he/she MUST sit astride the machine on a proper seat

and should keep both feet on the footrests.

• Make yourself as visible as possible from the sides as well as the front and rear. You could wear a white

or brightly coloured helmet. Wear fluorescent clothing or strips. Dipped headlights, even in good daylight,

may also make you more conspicuous.

• You should be aware of what is behind and in the sides before maneuvering. Look behind you; use

mirrors if they are fitted.

• Wear reflective clothing or strips to improve your chances of being seen in the dark.

• Never Drink while driving

• Follow the traffic signals, lights and signs


• Avoid using the cell phone when driving. If urgent move to left, stop and then take the call

• Do not ride at high speeds. You may lose control and your life in the bargain

• Always use a helmet

• Do not ride or wheel your vehicle on to the footpath

• Use your lights when riding at night

• Understand the signals given by other road users and use the same when riding

• Never stop abruptly in traffic. Move to the left and slow down

• When passing a stationery vehicle allow sufficient clearance for the car doors which may open suddenly

• Do not try and weave your way through stationery or slow moving traffic. It may cause accidents

• Slow down at zebra crossing and if needs be stop

• Always ride with both hands on the handlebar except when signaling

• Don't sit children on fuel tanks or stand them in front of the rider

• Avoid using brakes at turns. If needed, ensure both brakes are applied gently

• MUST wear a protective helmet. Helmets MUST comply with the Regulations and they MUST be

fastened securely.

8.5.1 Facts about Helmet:

• It should not obstruct vision.

• It should not impair with hearing.

• It should be light weight.

• It should not cause fatigue which causes crashes.

• It should not cause skin diseases.

• It should not increase the probability of neck injuries.

8.5.2 Helmets to be used

It should have a thick padding of thermocole- at least 20 mm- which must extend to the sides of the head. A full face

helmet is safer by all means.

Components of the helmet and their roles:

The Shell: The shell of a helmet is an injection molded thermoplastic or a pressure molded thermoset that is reinforced with glass fibers or made of fiber glass.

• It absorbs energy in an impact: The shell bends when the helmet is impacted and the underlying foam

deforms. At moderate speeds the shell can take one-third of the impact energy.

• It distributes local forces from an impact:- Rigid objects like stone or a projecting beam can cause a skull

fracture at low forces, the shell acts to distribute the force of such impact eliminating the risk of

penetration.

• It allows sliding on road surfaces: The shell being rigid and having a convex shape allows the helmet to

slide along a road surface without there being an excessive force.

• It protects the face and temples: Full-face helmet is beneficial in protecting the face and jaw. The chin

bar of such helmets contain rigid foam to absorb energy for direct blows on the chin, prevent facial bone

fractures and prevent the lower part of the forehead and temple being struck.


The foam liner: This is a molding of polystyrene beads or polyurethane foam. It provides a stopping distance for the

head. The foam can compress by 90% during an impact, although it recovers partially afterwards. But this helps

increase the stopping distance thus reducing the peak deceleration of the head. It also protects as much as possible

of the head.

Proper strapping system: It is essential to wear a well-fitting helmet for the effective working of chinstrap system. To

test if the helmet fits your head properly, tightly fasten the chinstrap and then pull helmet off forward by gripping the

rear and then pulling. The strap must be threaded correctly so that the buckle locks the strap when it is pulled from the

chin side. The strap must be pulled as tight as is bearable under the chin.

8.6 Guidelines for Cyclists

सवार� साधनको अव�थाको वारेमा पूव� जानकार� राख� ।

• साईकलको ब�ने �सटको उचाई आफुलाई अनकुुल हुने ग#र �मलाऔ ं।

• �सधा र एकै ग(तमा साईकल चलाउनुहोस ्।

• एउटा साईकलमा एक जना मा+ बसेर साईकल चलाउनु होस ्।

• सडकको बायाँ /कनारा 0या1प साईकल चलाउनु होस ्।

• 2ा/फक (नयमको पालना गनु�होस ्।

• साईकल दायाँ वा बायाँ जादा हातले इसारा 5दनुहोस ्।

• रा(तको समयमा साईकल चलाउदा चि7कलो लुगा लगाउनहुोस ्।

• साईकलको अगाडी पछाडी बि:त तथा #र;ले<टर रा=नुहोस ्।

• साईकल चलाउदा हे>मेटको ?योग गनु�होस ्।

• साईकल चलाउन सिजलो हुने लुगा लगाउनुहोस ्।

• सधै हे@डीलमा समातेर साईकल चलाउनहुोस ्।

8.7 Guidelines for Pedestrians

The most important safety tip to reduce pedestrian injuries and fatalities is to pay attention. You can significantly

reduce your chances of being in a collision with a motor vehicle by obeying traffic rules and being aware of dangers

posed by cars in your vicinity. Make eye contact with drivers if possible and make sure that they can see you.

• सधै जेAाB�सCगबाट मा+ बाटो Bस गर� ।

• ह#रयो बि:त बले प(छ मा+ बाटो Bस गर� ।

• रातो बि:तमा बाटो नकाट� ।

• निजकै आएको सवार� साधन Bस भए प(छ मा+ बाटो काट� ।

• मोडहEमा बाटो नकाटौ ।

• रो/क राखेको ठुलो सवार�को अगाडी पछाडीबाट बाटो नकाटौ ।

• हतार गरेर बाटो नकाट� ।

• रातको समयमा चि7कलो लुगा लगाएर मा+ बाटो Bस गर� ।

• फुटपाथ भएको सHकमा सधै फुटपाथबाट 5हडने बानी बसालौ ।

• ब0चाहEले आफुभ@दा ठुला मा(नस संग सHकमा 5हडदा �भ:ता प5Iट हात समातेर 5हडने बानी

बसाल� ।


• आफु तफ�आई रहेको् गाडीको हक� त बुझ� ।

• सवार� आवागमनमा बाधा अवरोध पुKने ग#र क5ह>यै न5हड� ।

Pedestrians must:

• Where possible, avoid walking next to the kerb with your back to the traffic. If you have to step into the

road, look both ways first.

• Wear or carry something light coloured, bright or fluorescent in poor daylight conditions. When it is dark,

use reflective materials (e.g. armbands, sashes, waistcoats and jackets), which can be seen, by drivers

using headlights, up to three times as far away as non-reflective materials.

• Young children should not be out alone on the pavement or road (see Rule 7). When taking children out,

walk between them and the traffic and hold their hands firmly. Strap very young children into push-chairs

or use reins.

• Always walk on the footpath, they are meant for you. Where there is no footpath, walk in the right side

margin of the road so that you can see the traffic coming in the opposite direction.

• Cross roads where there are pedestrian crossings. They have been painted at great cost for your

convenience.

• Where there are no pedestrian crossings, watch the traffic on both sides and cross when it is safe.

• You MUST NOT walk on motorways or slip roads except in an emergency

• Never walk on the main carriageway, it could be fatal

• Do not read newspapers or look at hoardings while walking on the road.

• Do not greet friends on the road. Take them to the footpath or the side margin.

• Do not come on to the main road while waiting for a bus. Stay on the footpath at earmarked bus

stoppage.

• Where there are barriers, cross the road only at the gaps provided for pedestrians. Do not climb over the

barriers or walk between them and the road.

• Do not run after a moving bus. Follow safety rules on the road and live long.

• You MUST NOT get on to or hold on to a moving vehicle.

• Don't "Drink and Walk." If you've been drinking, take a cab or a bus, or let someone sober drive you

home.

• When walking at night, wear retro-reflective outdoor clothing or shoes or lights to make you more visible.

Avoid wearing dark clothing.

• At all crossings. When using any type of crossing you should always check that the traffic has stopped

before you start to cross or push a pram onto a crossing. Always cross between the studs or over the

zebra markings. Do not cross at the side of the crossing or on the zig-zag lines, as it can be dangerous.

You MUST NOT loiter on zebra, pelican or puffin crossings.

We must follow the six-step crossing code whenever we have to cross the road:

• THINK: What is a safe place to cross? Where can I see all the traffic properly? Make sure you are

not hidden behind a parked car.

• STOP: At the edge of the road where you have decided to cross


• LOOK and LISTEN: Look both ways, many time, to see if there is any traffic coming

• WAIT: For all the traffic to pass, and for road to be clear

• CROSS: Walk straight across the road

• KEEP LOOKING and LISTENING: Keep looking in all directions as you cross the road until you get to

the other side

8.8 Guidelines for School Children

Children should be taught the safety code and should not be allowed on the road alone until they can understand and

follow it properly. Children learn by example, so parents and teachers should always follow the Code properly when

going out with their children. They are responsible for deciding at what age children can use it safely by them. The

advice given below on crossing the road is especially for children.

• बाटो काIदा ज5हले प(न जेAाBसको ?योग गनL ।

• बस चMने �थानमा समय भ@दा अगाडीन ैपुKन ेबानी बसा>ने ।

• लाईन लागेर बस चMने र ओल�ने बानी बसा>ने ।

• बस राOोसंग रोकP सके प(छ मा+ बसमा चMने र ओल�ने बानी बसा>ने ।

• बसमा या+ा गदा� श#ररको कुन ैप(न अंग बा5हर न(नका>ने ।

• सवार� साधनबाट ओल�ने Rबि:तकै हतारमा बाटो नकाIने ।

• साना बालबा�लकाहEले अ�भभावकको हात समाती बाटो काIने ।

• बाटोमा खे>ने काम नगनL ।

• बाटोमा साईकल, मोटरसाईकल �स<ने काम नगनL ।

8.8.1 While Walking to School

• Always walk on the footpath only. On roads without footpath, walk on the extreme right hand side of the

roads.

• Do not be impatient on the road. Do not rush or run on the road.

• Cross only at Zebra crossings, traffic signals, subways, foot over-bridges. Where such facilities do not

exist, look for a safe place to cross.

• At the signal lights, cross only on a clear green signal. If an intersection is controlled by a policeman,

traffic warden, cross only when he signals you to do so.

• When crossing between vehicles parked on the side of the road, remember that you are not visible to the

moving traffic (because the parked vehicles may be taller than you). Stop as you appear from behind the

vehicle and look for a safe gap before crossing. Remember, drivers need plenty of time to see you and

to slow down and stop.

• While crossing wide roads that have central islands, always cross in two stages. Cross to the central

Island, stop, and cross when the next section is clear.

• While crossing one-way streets, remember that the traffic will usually be moving in a number of lanes

and at higher speeds. Do not cross unless all lanes are clear.

• Never cross a road at a corner/curve, as the motorist will taking the turn not be able to see you in time.


• Running across the road is a bad idea, as you may slip and fall.

8.8.2 While going by bus

• Leave home well in time, so that you won't have to run to catch the bus.

• At the bus stand, always follow the queue. Board the bus only after it has come to a halt, without rushing

in or pushing others.

• While in the bus, shouting or making a noise is definitely bad manners. Such behavior can also distract

the driver.

• Do not board or alight at a bus stop other than the one decided by the school. Never board and alight at

a red light crossing or unauthorized bus stop.

• Always hold onto the handrail if standing in a moving bus, especially on sharp turns.

• Do not sit, stand or travel on the footboard of the bus.

• Do not put any part of your body outside a moving or stationary bus.

• Always adhere to the bus safety rules.

8.8.3 Guidelines for parents of school children

• Parents are equally responsible for the safety of their children during school journeys.

• They must ensure that the mode of transport arranged by school or by themselves is absolutely safe.

• Parents must play the role of vigilant observers. They should note down violations committed by school

buses and immediately report to the authorities.

• Parents must participate in meetings and discuss the safety aspects of their children.

• While taking their children to school themselves, they should take proper care of their safety.

• Parents must ensure that the children acquire the right knowledge and skills for safe use of roads. They

should teach their children the basic rules of the road, how to walk and cross the road, how to alight and

board a bus etc.

• Parents should not allow their minor children to drive.

• Parents must also ensure that the right attitude for a law abiding citizen is imparted to their children by

the family.

• Children are very good observers and therefore, parents must set an example by meticulously observing

even small traffic rules.

• Remember safety of children must be the foremost priority of every parent.

8.8.4 Guidelines for teachers for ensuring safety of school children

It is the responsibility of school authorities and the teachers to ensure the safety of school children and also to impart

the necessary knowledge, skills and attitude to be a safe road user.

Teachers should help develop a responsible attitude towards road use in school children.

Teachers should impart essential knowledge about roads and traffic to school children, by:

• Making them familiar with the rules of road and their importance.

• By explaining them the causes of accidents involving pedestrians, cyclists and children.


• Telling them about the cause and extent of pollution due to traffic.

Children come to school in various modes of transport. Teachers should ensure that:

• The children enter and leave the school safely.

• There is no conflict between pedestrians and vehicles.

• The vehicles including school buses are parked safely and properly.

• Children should be supervised and taken care of at the time of alighting and boarding the school bus.

• Every school bus must be accompanied by a teacher for controlling the children and the bus driver.

• The teacher should arrange for an alternate bus and keep the children together at one place if the school

bus fails to arrive or if there is any problem.

• There should be regular checking of school buses to ensure compliance with mandatory safety

requirements.

• If any school bus or any conveyance, by which children come to school, violates traffic rules,

the teachers should inform about it to their principal or Traffic Police Control Room at Tel. Nos. 103

8.9 Situations needing extra care

Emergency vehicles: If an ambulance, fire engine, police or other emergency vehicle approaches using flashing blue

lights, headlights and/or sirens, keep off the road.

Buses: Get on or off a bus only when it has stopped to allow you to do so. Watch out for cyclists when you are getting

off. Never cross the road directly behind or in front of a bus; wait until it has moved off and you can see clearly in both

directions.

8.10 Request from Traffic Police for Road Users

8.10.1 नाग�रकह�लाई �ा�फक �हर�को अनुरोध

• सवार� चMदा र ओल�दा अEलाई नधकेलौ ।

• सवार� साधन चMदा कुन ैप(न मान1वय अगं बा5हर न(नकालौ ।

• चालकलाई (तS ग(तमा सवार� चलाउन ?ो:साहन नउ<साऔ ।

• सवार� साधनमा बसी असTय Uयवहार नदेखाऔ ं।

• सामान बो<ने सवार� साधनको पछाडी भागमा बसेर या+ा नगर� ।

• भ#रएको सवार� साधनमा नचड� ।

• छतमा बसेर या+ा नगर� ।

• चालकलाई सुरVWत त#रकाले सवार� साधन चलाउन ?ेरणा ?दान गर� ।

• मादक पदाथ� सेवन गरेको सवार� चालकलाई सवार� साधन चलाउन न5दऔ ं।

8.10.2 सवार� चालकह�लाई �ा�फक �हर�को अनुरोध

• सधY 2ा/फक (नयमको पालना गनL ।

• सवार�को अव�था चेकजाँच गनL ।

• समयमै सवार�को मम�त तथा ?दषुण जाँच गराउने ।


• मादक पदाथ� तथा लागु औषध सेवन गरेर सवार� साधन नचलाउने ।

• अ:या[धक खुसी, मान�सक तनाव तथा अ�व�थतामा सवार� साधन नचलाउने ।

• सवार� साधन चलाउदा सडकमा \यान केि@]त गनL ।

• सवार� साधन चलाउदा अनाव^यक कुरा नगनL ।

• सवार� साधन चलाउदा मोवाईल फोनको ?योग नगनL ।

• सवार� चलाउदा आ;नो अगाडीको सवार�सँग (नि^चत दरू� कायम गनL ।

• सवार� साधनमा धुOपान नगनL ।

• सवार�को कागजप+ साथमा रा=ने ।

• आपतका�लन अव�थाको ला[ग ?हर�को टे�लफोन साथमा रा=ने ।

• आफुले जानेका कुरा आ;ना साथी भाई, प#रवार तथा आफ@तलाई प(न जानकार� गराउने ।

• धरै जनाले बाटो काIनु छ भने एक पंि<तमा हात समातेर बाटो काIने ।

• ए<ला ए<लै बाटो नकाIने ।

• बाटो काIदा सधै जेAा Bसको ?योग गनL ।

• रातो बि:तमा बाटो Bस नगनL ।

• ह#रयो बि:तमा मा+ बाटो Bस गनL ।

• हतार गर� बाटो क5ह>य ैनकाIने ।

• सडकमा नखे>ने ।

• झयाल तथा ढोकाहE सधै राOो संग ब@द गन� लगाउने ।

• एक त/फर ्सडकमा Rब`याथaलाई चढाउने र ओरा>न ेकाय� नगनL ।

• Wमता भ@दा बढ� Rब`याथaहE नरा=ने ।

• सवार� साधन (तS ग(तमा नचलाउने ।

• मादक पदाथ� सेवन गर� सवार� साधन नचलाउने ।

• सधै सडकमा \यान केि@]त गर� सवार� साधन चलाउन े।

• ठुलो आवाजमा रेbडयो नबजाउने ।

• सवार� चालकले आ;नो सवार�मा सवार अ@य Uयि<त संग अनाव^यक कुराकानी नगनL ।

• सवार� साधनलाई Rबचमा रोकP अकc सवार� चालक संग कुरा नगनL ।

8.10.3 �कूल बस चालकह�लाई �हर�को अनुरोध

• 2ा/फक (नयमको पालना गनL ।

• बस चालकहEले आ;नो बस तो/कएको समय भ@दा केह� अगाडी तो/कएको �थानमा पुया�उने।

• बस चालकले सवार� साधनको अव�था बारेमा पूव� जानकार� रा=ने ।


• तो/कएको (नि^चत �थानमा मा+ Rब`याथa चढाउने र ओरा>न लगाउने ।

• Rब`याथaहEलाई बस पूण� Eपमा रो/क सके प(छ मा+ चMन र ओल�न 5दने ।

• Rब`याथaहE राOोसंग �सटमा ब�ससके प(छमा+ सवार� साधन गुडाउने ।

• Rब`याथaहEको कुन ैप(न शा#रर�क अंगहE बस बा5हर (नका>न न5दने ।

• हतारमा र ब5ढ ग(तमा सवार� साधन नचलाउने ।

9 Safety Tips for Drivers

The drivers of vehicle should:

• Not drive a motor vehicle, unless it is in fit Mechanical and Technical condition, and fulfills the

required criteria of a technically fit car as per rule.

• Observe the speed limits as indicated by an appropriate sign.

• Give appropriate light or manual signals before starting, stopping, slowing down turning or changing

lanes, clearly, correctly and well in time as laid down in the sixth schedule.

• Not drive a vehicle without wearing a seatbelt and properly functioning lights and indicators.

• Ensure that the view through the rear-view mirror is not obstructed in any way.

• Keep the rear screen of the vehicle, if installed, clear all the times.

• While following the other vehicle maintain the appropriate distance as per speed.

• Drive with full attention and care.

• Not attempt to gain a forward position by jumping the queue.

• Give way to ambulance, fire engine, police vehicles and funerals.

• Not cross a single or double unbroken continues line marked on the road in any circumstances

except when getting on or out of the premises.

• Not use indicators un-necessarily.

• Always overtake by following the rules and regulations.

• Not occupy the extreme right lane for overtaking purpose on a three-lane road with two-way traffic.

• Break of Journey for 20 Minutes after 3 hours continuous drive.

9.1 Driving in heat

• Use coolant instead of water in radiator.

• Keep an eye on the temperature gauge.

• Over heating can lead to engine seizure

9.2 In case of engine over heating

• Don't switch off the engine.

• Pour water on the radiator.

• Don't open the radiator cap

9.3 Speed limits

• Do not exceed speed limits.


• Reduce speed near schools and hospitals.

• Reduce speed in residential/shopping areas.

• Reduce speed at night and in bad weather.

• Maximum Speed Limits are for mechanically fit vehicles. If your vehicle is old please drive within suitable

limit.

9.4 Seat Belts

Seatbelts protects in the event of sudden application of brakes or in case of an accident.

9.5 Helmet

• Use approved Safety Helmet.

• Wear it securely

• The driver and the pillion rider must wear it for their safety.

9.6 Overloading

• Damage to vehicle.

• Cause accidents.

• Cause damage to road.

9.7 Check the POWER before going on Road

• P-Petrol.

• O-Oil.

• W-Water

• E-Electric

• R-Rubber (Tires & Belts)

9.8 Over Hanging Loads

• Keep load within the dimensions of the vehicle.

• Mark ends of the load with red flags by day.

• Mark ends of the load with red lights and reflectors by night.

9.9 Driving in Foggy Weather

• There is a manifold increase in the number of accidents during the foggy season.

• Before traveling do think that your journey is absolutely necessary, if "NO" than postpone it and if "YES" than

delay it as much as possible.

• Ensure that windscreen, windows, side view mirrors, headlights and brake lights of the vehicle are in proper

working order.

• Fix fog lamps to the front and rear of your vehicle in order to have extra protection.

• Be vigilant and visible.

• While driving in foggy weather keep your head lights on "LOW BEAM". High beams cause dispersion of light

which reduce visibility.

• When visibility is down to a minimum you should turn "ON" the fog lamps and when it improves you should

turn them "OFF".


• In foggy weather constantly use the defogging heater and the rear wind screen defogger.

• Do not use the tail lights of the vehicle in front of you as a guiding beacon/path finder. Keep a reasonable

distance between yourself and the vehicle in front.

• If the vehicle in front is visible to you and your speed is also considerable, it would mean that you are

dangerously close to the vehicle in front.

• When reducing speed in foggy weather use the brakes with caution, so that the vehicle coming behind you

may have ample time and warning to reduce their speed also.

• Do not park on road. If inevitable, park away from the road.

10 Road Safety Suggestions

The important thing is to stay alert at all times while using the roads and must know what is happening around us. In

that way necessary action can be taken to avoid danger. Road safety is very much up to how we use the roads. Use

them carefully and we may be able to use them for a long time. Use them carelessly and we may never be able to use

them again. Here are few road safety suggestions listed which will guide us in road safety.

• Safety awareness should begin from childhood, as it is difficult to impart awareness to a grown up human. If

safety awareness is imparted in childhood itself, safety will become a habit.

• Video and Computer games involving Motor Racing should be controlled / banned by Government or

discouraged by parents as it will develop racing habit in children.

• Children below a certain age should not be permitted to do cycling in busy roads and in roads where heavy

vehicles are plying.

• ‘Road Safety’ should be a topic for School Projects. Road Safety Week should be observed in all Schools.

Competitions on Road Safety Tips, Slogans, Essays, and Paintings etc. should be conducted.

• Advertisement boards and other items that may obstruct visibility at junctions, turnings and other parts of the

roads should be removed immediately.

• Obstructions on road side, caused by unauthorised construction and road side sales should be eliminated

completely.

• Visibility should be increased near turnings. Sometimes, even cutting of grass to increase visibility can help

save many lives.


11 References

1. Victoria's Road Safety Education Action Plan, 2012- 2013, Australia, 2013

2. Manual for designing, implementing and evaluating Road Safety Communication Campaign, Patricia

Delhomme, Werner De Dobbeleer, Sonja Forward, Anabela Simões; Project co-financed by the

European Commission Directorate-General Energy and Transport

3. Nepal Traffic Police: Public awareness campaign materials 4. Road Safety Manual for decision makers and practitioners: Safety belt and children restraints:

Global Road Safety Partnership-2007 5. Road Safety Manual for decision makers and practitioners: Speed management: Global Road

Safety Partnership-2007 6. Road Safety Manual for decision makers and practitioners: helmets: Global Road Safety

Partnership-2007 7. manual for design, implementation and evaluation (abridged version) 8. Road Safety Manual for decision makers and practitioners: drinking and driving: Global Road Safety

Partnership-2007 9. Road Safety Manual for decision makers and practitioners: pedestrian: Global Road Safety

Partnership-2008

Public Awareness Campaign Manual

Documents

determinants of road

road users

road user behaviour

reduction of road accidents

main advantages

interpersonal communication

disadvantages of printed

public relations