Pt1

Putting Science into Orbit;Skylab, the Beginning of ‘Science-in-Space’

Contents

Intro : Exploration vs. Science1. Science-of-Space to Science-in-Space2. Space-craft as a Laboratory

i. Acquiring a name of ‘LAB’ii. Skylab Falling Down

3. Astronaut as a scientisti. Creating Scientist-Astronautii. Identity theirselves

Outro. Science as a Metaphor of Conquest

Space, ‘site for Exploration’or ‘field for Science’?

Intro : Exploration vs. Science

Science-of-Space vs. Science-in-Space

What am Idoing here?

1. Science-of-Space to Science-in-Space

How has space become a "field of scien-tists”,where they collect data and experi-ment?

the Beginning of ‘Science-in-Space’

Skylab

1. Science-of-Space to Science-in-Space

The United State’s first space station.In Earth’s orbit from 1973 to 1979.Visited by crews three times in 1973 and 1974.

Skylab

Explore Skylab Research

Spacecraft Rocket-Modified-Lab Laboratory

Pilot Scientist-Astronaut Scientist

From Apollo to Sky-lab

Extended Apollo (Apollo X)

Apollo Extension System (AES)

Apollo Applications Program (AAP) : ‘Almost A Programs’ ? ‘Apples, Apricots, and Pears’ ?

Skylab (1970)

2. Space-craft as a Laboratory - Acquiring a name of ‘LAB’

Skylab, modified Apollo Rocket

2. Space-craft as a Laboratory - Acquiring a name of ‘LAB’

A huge scientific instrumentgenerating ‘permanent weight-less’

"We're balancing on a knife edge—but we're not sure where the knife is."

“3,036hrs were used for experimen-tal performance in solar astronomy and Earth resources experiments, medical studies, and educational experiments.” The fiery fall of the largest

machine man has ever hurled into space.

vs.

2. Space-craft as a Laboratory - Skylab Falling Down

3. Astronaut as a Scientist - Creating Scientist-Astronaut

‘Astronaut group 4’ (Scientist-Astro-naut)

Symbol of the coming of a new phase in the space flight effort.Eventually led to a greater capacity for ‘science in space’ beyond ‘science of space’

3. Astronaut as a Scientist - Creating Scientist-Astronaut

Concerning the Apollo project, the study recommended :

“At least one crew member of each Apollo lunar mission to possess the maximum scientific ability and training consistent with his required contribu-tion to spacecraft operations.”

Designated such a man ‘scientist-as-tronaut’.Fully trained both as a scientist and asan astronaut

The Report first addressed the role of the astronaut in space science (1962)

3. Astronaut as a Scientist - Creating Scientist-Astronaut

The four type of scientist in space mission

1. Scientist-astronaut: men who combine the experience and re-sourcefulness of trained scientist and trained astronaut

2. Scientist-passenger: experienced, mature scientists with ade-quate training in critical and emergency space craft operations

3. Ground scientist: leading scientists in pertinent fields who col-laborates with space craft personnel in the accomplishment of the scientific mission

4. Astronaut-observers: astronauts with varying degrees of special training

in making scientific observationExplorer Re-searcher

Pilot-astronaut

Astronaut-observer

Scientist-astronaut

Scientist-passenger

Groundscientist

3. Astronaut as a Scientist - Identity theirselves

The crews of Skylab2 project:Joseph P. Kerwin selected in Group 4, who has a Doctor of Medicine degree.Charles Conrad and Paul J. Weitz who were test pilots,

Dr. Kerwin: We will be up there for a long time. I think you better put a 51st star on the flag.

 Dr. Kerwin: I do not believe that at this point it is either demonstrably beneficial medically or cost effective. What I would like to work toward is to make space environment available to normal people of reasonable health in all walks of life so that they can do useful things up in space.

Putting Science into Orbit;Skylab, the Beginning of ‘Science-in-Space’

Skylab 1973