Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6 Chapter 6: States of Consciousness
Mar 28, 2015
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6
Chapter 6: States of Consciousness
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6
Some Early Definitions
• Consciousness: All the sensations, perceptions, memories, and feelings you are aware of in any instant– Waking Consciousness: Normal, clear,
organized, alertness
• Altered State of Consciousness (ASC): Changes that occur in quality and pattern of mental activity
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6
Sleep
• Innate, biological rhythm
• Microsleep: Brief shift in brain-wave patterns similar to those during sleep
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6
Figure 6.4
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6
Sleep Problems
• Sleep Deprivation: Sleep loss; being deprived of needed amounts of sleep
• Sleep-Deprivation Psychosis: Confusion, disorientation, delusions, and hallucinations that occur because of sleep loss
• Sleep Patterns: Daily rhythms of sleep and waking
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6
Rhythms
• Circadian Rhythms: Bodily changes that occur every 24 hours
• Biological Rhythm: Any repeating cycle of biological activity
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6
Jet Lag
• Disturbed body rhythms caused by rapid travel east or west
• Major time shifts (5 hours or more) can cause very slow adaptation
• Direction of travel affects adaptation, and thus, severity of jet lag– MUCH easier to go from east to west, than
west to east
• Preadaptation: Gradual matching of sleep-waking cycles to a new time schedule
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6
Measuring Sleep Changes
• Electroencephalograph (EEG): Brain-wave machine; amplifies and records electrical activity in the brain
• Beta Waves: Small fast waves associated with being alert and awake
• Alpha Waves: Large, slow brainwaves associated with relaxation and falling asleep
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6
Stage 1 Sleep
• Small, irregular waves produced in light sleep (people may or may not say they were asleep)– Hypnic Jerk: Reflex muscle contraction
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6
Stages of Sleep, Part 1
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6
Stage 2 Sleep
• Deeper sleep; sleep spindles (bursts of distinctive brain-wave activity) appear
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6
Stages of Sleep, Part 2
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6
Stage 3 Sleep
• Deeper sleep; Delta waves appear; very large and slow
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6
Stages of Sleep, Part 3
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6
Stage 4 Sleep
• Deepest level of normal sleep; almost purely Delta waves
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6
Stages of Sleep, Part 4
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6
Figure 6.3
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6
Two Basic Kinds of Sleep
• Rapid Eye Movements (REM): Associated with dreaming; sleep is very light– Body is very still during REM sleep– Lack of muscle paralysis during REM sleep
is called REM Behavioral Disorder
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6
Stages of Sleep, Part 5
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6
Non-REM (NREM) Sleep
• Occurs during stages 1, 2, 3, and 4; no rapid eye movement occurs – Seems to help us recover from daily
fatigue– EEG patterns return to Stage 1
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6
Stages of Sleep, Part 6
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6
Figure 6.8
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6
Some Sleep Disturbances
• Insomnia: Difficulty in getting to sleep or staying asleep– Sleeping pills exacerbate insomnia; cause
decrease in REM and Stage 4 sleep and may cause dependency
• Drug-Dependency Insomnia: Sleeplessness that follows withdrawal from sleeping pills
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6
Types and Causes of Insomnia
• Temporary Insomnia: Brief period of sleeplessness caused by worry, stress, and excitement– Avoid fighting it and read a book, for
example, until you’re struggling to stay awake
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6
Some More Sleep Concerns
• Chronic Insomnia: Exists if sleeping troubles last for more than three weeks– Adopt regular schedule; go to bed at the
same time each night, for example
• Tryptophan: Amino acid (chemical) that produces sleep
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6
Sleep Disturbances
• Sleepwalking (Somnambulism): Occurs in NREM sleep during Stages 3 and 4
• Sleeptalking: Speaking while asleep; occurs in NREM sleep
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6
Some Other Sleep Disturbances
• Nightmares: Bad dreams that occur during REM sleep – May occur once or twice a month; brief and
easily remembered– Imagery Rehearsal: Mentally rehearse the
changed dream before you go to sleep again; may help to eliminate nightmares
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6
Night Terrors
• Night Terrors: Total panic and often hallucinations of frightening dream images may occur– Occurs during Stage 4 sleep– Most common in childhood; may occur in
adults– Not remembered
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6
Physiological Sleep Problems
• Sleep Apnea: Repeated interrupted breathing during sleep; cause of very loud snoring– Hypersomnia: Extreme daytime sleepiness– Apnea can be treated by
• Surgery
• Weight loss
• Breathing mask
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
• Sudden, unexplained death of an apparently healthy infant (infants should sleep on back or on side to try to prevent)
• Also known as Crib Death
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6
Dreams
• Psychodynamic (Freudian) Theory: Emphasizes internal conflicts, motives, and unconscious forces
• Wish Fulfillment: Freudian belief that many dreams are expressions of unconscious desires– Much evidence to refute this
• Dream Symbols: Images that have a deeper symbolic meaning
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6
Activation-Synthesis Hypothesis
• Dream content may be affected by motor commands in the brain during sleep that are not carried out
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6
Hypnosis
• Altered state of consciousness characterized by intensely narrowed attention and increased openness to suggestion– Mesmer: Believed he could cure diseases
by passing magnets over body; true “animal magnetism” (“mesmerize” means to hypnotize)
– Must cooperate to become hypnotized
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6
Hypnotic Susceptibility
• How easily a person can be hypnotized
• Basic Suggestion Effect: Tendency of hypnotized people to carry out suggested actions as though they were involuntary
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6
Table 6.2
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6
Hypnosis Can
• Help people relax
• Reduce pain
• Get people to make better progress in therapy
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6
Hypnosis Cannot
• Produce acts of superhuman strength
• Produce age regression
• Force you to do things against your will
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6
Stage Hypnosis
• Simulation of hypnotic effects, done to entertain
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6
Tricks of the Hypnosis Trade
• Waking Suggestibility: People on stage do not want to spoil the act, so they will follow any instruction
• Selection of Responsive Subjects: Any “volunteer” who does not get hypnotized in the stage group and does not follow instructions is removed
• The Hypnosis Label Disinhibits: On stage, once you are “in a hypnotic trance,” your responsibility for actions is removed; you can do whatever you want!
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6
More Stage Hypnosis “Tricks of the Trade”
• Hypnotist as Director: Once they are in a trance, the “volunteers” are suddenly the show’s stars, and they will act like it; the hypnotist only needs to direct them
• Stage Hypnotists Use Tricks: Stage hypnosis is 50% deception and 50% taking advantage of the situation
• Conclusion: Stage hypnotists entertain; they rarely hypnotize
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6
Meditation
• Mental exercise designed to focus attention and interrupt flow of thoughts, worries, and analyses
• Concentrative Meditation: Attention is paid to a single focal point (i.e., object, thought, etc.)– Produces relaxation response and thus
works to reduce stress
• Receptive Meditation: Based on widening attention span to become aware of everything experienced at a given moment
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6
More on Meditation
• Mantra: Word(s) or sound(s) repeated silently during concentrative meditation
• Relaxation Response: Occurs at time of relaxation; innate physiological pattern that opposes body’s fight or flight responses
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6
Sensory Deprivation (SD)
• Any major reduction in amount or variety of sensory stimulation
• Benefits– Sensory enhancement– Relaxation– Changing habits– Benefits called REST: Restricted
Environmental Stimulation Therapy
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6
Figure 6.12
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6
Mindfulness
• Open, nonjudgmental awareness of current experience
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6
Drugs and Altered States of Consciousness
• Psychoactive Drug: Substance capable of altering attention, judgment, memory, time sense, self-control, emotion, or perception
• Stimulant: Substance that increases activity in body and nervous system
• Depressant: Substance that decreases activity in body and nervous system
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6
Dependence
• Physical Dependence: Addiction based on drug tolerance and withdrawal symptoms– Drug Tolerance: Reduction in body’s
response to a drug– Withdrawal Symptoms: Physical illness
following withdrawal of the drug
• Psychological Dependence: Drug dependence based on psychological or emotional needs
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6
Figure 6.13
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6
Stimulants
• Amphetamine: Synthetic stimulants that excite nervous system– Dexedrine and Methamphetamine are two
types of stimulants
• Amphetamine Psychosis: Loss of contact with reality because of amphetamine use; user tends to have paranoid delusions
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6
Interaction of Dopamine and Amphetamines
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6
Cocaine
• Central Nervous System stimulant derived from leaves of coca plant; also used as local anesthetic– From 1886-1906, Coca-Cola did indeed
have cocaine in it!– Highly addictive drug– Anhedonia (Inability to Feel Pleasure):
Common after cocaine withdrawal
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6
Interaction of Dopamine and Cocaine
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6
MDMA (Ecstasy)
• Chemically similar to amphetamine; created by small variations in a drug’s structure– May cause severe liver damage and fatal
heat exhaustion– Repeated use damages serotonergic brain
cells
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6
Caffeine
• Most frequently used psychoactive drug in North America; present in colas, chocolate, coffee, tea
• Causes tremors, sweating, talkativeness, tinnitus, suppresses fatigue or sleepiness, increases alertness– May be hazardous to pregnant women if
used excessively; may cause birth defects
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6
Caffeinism
• Physiological dependence on caffeine– Symptoms include: Insomnia, irritability,
loss of appetite, chills, racing heart, elevated body temperature
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6
Nicotine
• Natural stimulant found mainly in tobacco; known carcinogen
• In large doses it causes stomach pain, vomiting, diarrhea, confusion, tremors
• Addictive
• Smoking responsible for 97% of lung cancer deaths in men, 74% in women
• Sum: DON’T SMOKE; SMOKING KILLS (SO DOES CHEWING TOBACCO)
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6
Understanding Addiction
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6
Sedatives
• Barbiturates: Sedative drugs that depress brain activity– Seconal and Amytal are two types
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6
Interaction of GABA and Barbiturates
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6
GHB
• GHB (Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate): Central Nervous System (CNS) depressant that relaxes and sedates; combination of degreasing solvent and drain cleaner– Sedative effects may result in nausea, loss
of muscle control, and either sleep or a loss of consciousness
– Inhibits gag reflex, so some choke to death on their own vomit
– Addictive and deadly
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6
Tranquilizers
• Tranquilizers: Lower anxiety and reduce tension– Valium, Xanax, Halcion, and Librium are
four types– Rohypnol: Related to Valium; lowers
inhibitions and produces relaxation or intoxication; larger doses can induce short-term amnesia and sleep
• Date rape drug because it’s odorless and tasteless (“Roofies”)
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6
Drug Interaction
• One drug increases the effect of another
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6
Alcohol
• Ethyl Alcohol: Intoxicating element in fermented and distilled liquors– NOT a stimulant but DOES lower
inhibitions– Depressant
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6
Binge Drinking
• Consuming five or more drinks in a short time, or four or more for women– Serious sign of alcohol abuse– May lead to up to 10 percent loss of brain
power, especially memory
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6
How a Drinking Problem may Develop (Jellinek, 1960)
• Initial Phase: Social drinker turns to alcohol to relieve tension or feel good
• Crucial Phase: Person begins to lose control over drinking
• Chronic Phase: Person is now alcohol dependent
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6
Treatment for Alcohol Abuse and Dependence
• Detoxification: Withdrawal of the person from alcohol; occurs in a medical setting and is tightly controlled; oftentimes necessary before long-term treatment begins
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6
Alcoholics Anonymous (AA)
• Worldwide self-help organization composed of recovering alcoholics; emphasizes admitting powerlessness over alcohol usage and wanting to recover – Spiritual component– Free; around for over 70 years!
• Rational Recovery, and Secular Organizations for Sobriety (SOS): Non-spiritual AA Alternatives
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6
Table 6.3a
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6
Table 6.3b
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6
Some Hallucinogens
• Hallucinogen: Substance that alters or distorts sensory impressions
• Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD): Hallucinogen that can produce hallucinations and psychotic disturbances in thinking and perception
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6
Some More Hallucinogens
• Mescaline (Peyote) and Psilocybin (Magic Mushrooms)
• PCP (Angel Dust): Initially can have hallucinogenic effects; also an anesthetic and has stimulant and depressant effects
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6
Marijuana (Pot)
• Cannabis Sativa (Marijuana; Pot): Leaves and flowers of the hemp plant– Active chemical: THC– Effects: Relaxation, time distortion,
perceptual distortions– Psychologically, NOT physiologically,
addictive
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6
Some Health Risks of Using Marijuana
• Can cause precancerous changes in lung cells
• Can suppress immune system, increasing risk of disease
• Activity levels in the cerebellum are lower than normal in pot users
• Pot may damage some of the brain’s memory centers
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6
Dream Interpretation
• Freud: Four dream processes (mental filters) that hide true meanings of dreams
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6
Condensation
• Combining several people, objects, or events into a single dream image
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6
Displacement
• Directing emotions or actions toward safe or unimportant dream images
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6
Symbolization
• Non-literal expression of dream content
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6
Secondary Elaboration
• Making a dream more logical and adding details while remembering it
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6
Perls’ Views on Dreams
• Most dreams are a special message about what is missing in our lives, what we avoid doing when awake, or feelings that we need to re-own
• Dreams fill in gaps in our personal experience
Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 6
Lucid Dreaming
• Person feels fully awake within the dream and feels capable of normal thought and action