Psychological Perspectives in Learning

8/3/2019 Psychological Perspectives in Learning

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PSYCHOLOGICAL

PERSPECTIVES IN

LEARNING



Learning without thought

is labor lost;thought without

learning isperilous. -Confucius



The 4 Factors That Form

The Definition of Learning:

1) learning is inferred from a

change in behavior/performance

2) learning results in an inferred

change in memory

3) learning is the result of

experience

4) learning is relatively

permanent



Intelligence Latin verb-to understand

Capacity of learning, reasoning, understanding

and similar forms of mental activity

Ability to reason out, solve problems, think

abstractly, use of language and the like



So, how do we learn?



Spearman’s Two-Factor Theory of

Intelligence

Charles Edward Spearman,

September 10, 1863 –

September 7, 1945.

Dr. Jan Strelau, the Associate Editor of

the European Psychologist, was asked :

What were the three to four most significant

developments in scientific or professional

psychology in the 20th century?Part of his answer was:

“ There is no doubt that Spearman’s g construct

was the catalyst for most intelligence theories

(both in supportive and contradictory versions)

developed over the past century. And g became

one of the major concepts underlying the

construction of many intelligence tests, without

which professional psychology would be

strongly mutilated..” (Tele-Interviews, 2000)



• Charles Spearman created the firstpsychometric theory of intelligence

It states that any cognitive

performance is a function of two‘factors’---the general ability common

to most cognitive performances or the

“g” factor and an ability specific to a

particular factor.”



Cattells’ Two Types of

Intelligence

intelligence is

composed of a

number of different

abilities that interact

and work together to

produce overallindividual

intelligence.Raymond Bernard Cattell



CrystallizedKnowledge

Acquired skills andknowledge

Increasescontinuously as wegrow old

Fluid Intelligence

The power to reasonand use information

Peaked at around

20y/o until old ageand declines



Knox’s Seven Modifiers of Adult

Learning 1.Condition- physical state of

learner

2.Adjustment- how an adultlearner can adjust

(personally& socially) to the

learning environment 3.Relevance-

meaningfulness of task to

learners

Allan B. Knoxx



4.Speed- learners can proceed attheir own pace

5. Status- socio-economic status

and formal education

achievement

6. Age- as adult grow older they,

learn less (Thorndike, 1932)

7. Outlook- open/close minded



Gagne’s Hierarchical Model

There are eight kindsof learning whichdiffer in the quality

and quantity of stimulus-responseinvolved, from the

simplest to the mostcomplex.



ProblemSolving

Rule Learning

Concept Learning

Discrimination Learning

Verbal Association

Chaining

Stimulus Response

Signal Learning



1.Signal Learning – stimulus

serves as a cue for the onsetof appropriate response

2. Stimulus Response –

learning takes place

gradually w/ repeatedassociation of the stimulus

3. Chaining – connecting two or

more responses in sequence

4. Verbal Association – associating sets of words toother set of words to deliver aresponse



5. Discrimination Learning – learning to respond

individually to similarconcept after assorting onesthought

6. Concept Learning-responses are not due to one

specific stimulus7. Rule Learning – learningdifferent laws, principles thatshould be applied in problemsolving

8. Problem Solving –acquiredthe rules and applies in solvingproblems



-William Edwards Deming

"Experience byitself teaches

nothing."



thank youand

Psychological Perspectives in Learning

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