Psychological Disorders Chapter 15 Copyright 2003 Allyn & Bacon This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: •Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; •Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; •Any rental, lease, or lending of the program Slide authors: Larry D. Thomas Landon O. Thomas Book authors: R. H. Ettinger
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Psychological Disorders
Chapter 15
Copyright 2003 Allyn & Bacon
This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law:
•Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network;
•Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images;
Defining mental disorders– Several questions can help determine what behavior
is abnormal: Is the behavior considered strange within the person’s own
culture Does the behavior cause personal distress Is the behavior maladaptive Is the person a danger to self of others Is the person legally responsible for his or her acts
Views abnormal behavior as arising from a physical cause, such as genetic inheritance, biochemical abnormalities or imbalances, structural abnormalities within the brain, and/or infections
Agrees that physical causes are of central importance but also recognizes the influence of biological, psychological, and social factors in the study, identification, and treatment of psychological disorders
– Psychodynamic perspective Originally proposed by Feud Maintains that psychological disorders stem from early
childhood experiences and unresolved, unconscious conflicts, usually of a sexual or aggressive nature
An irrational fear and avoidance of social situations in which one might embarrass or humiliate oneself by appearing clumsy, foolish, or incompetent
About one-third of social phobics fear only speaking in public
In its extreme form, it can seriously affect people’s performance at work, prevent them from advancing in their careers or pursuing an education, and severely restrict their social lives
Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)– An anxiety disorder in which a person suffers form
obsessions and/or compulsions– Obsessions
A persistent, recurring, involuntary though, image, or impulse that invades consciousness and causes great distress
– People with obsessions might worry about contamination or about whether they performed a a certain act, such as turning off the stove or locking the door
A persistent, irresistible, irrational urge to perform an act or ritual repeatedly
– The individual knows such acts are irrational and senseless but cannot resist performing them without experiencing an intolerable buildup of anxiety-anxiety that can be relieved only by yielding to the compulsion
– People with OCD realize their behavior is not normal; but they simply cannot help themselves
Identifying Anxiety DisordersRead each of the four descriptions below and place a checkmark beside
each description that sounds like you or someone you know.1. You are always worried about things, even when there are
no signs of trouble. You have frequent aches and pains that can’t be traced to physical illness or injury. You tire easily, and yet you have trouble sleeping. Your body is constantly tense.
2. Out of the blue, your heart starts pounding. You feel dizzy. You can’t breathe. You feel like you are about to die. You’ve had these symptoms over and over again.
3. Every day you fear you will do something embarrassing. You’ve stopped going to parties because you’re afraid to meet new people. When other people look at you, you break out in a sweat and shake uncontrollably. You stay home from work because you’re terrified of being called on in a staff meeting
4. You are so afraid of germs that you wash you hands repeatedly until they are raw and sore. You can’t leave the house until you check the locks on every window and door over and over again. You are terrified that you will harm someone you care about. You just can’t get those thoughts out of your head
Culture, gender, and depression– One large study involving participants form ten
countries revealed that the lifetime risk for developing depression varied greatly around the world
– Before boys reach puberty, they are more likely than girls to be depressed, but at adolescence a dramatic reversal in the gender-related depression rates takes place
– Not only are women more likely to suffer form depression, they are also more likely to be affected by negative consequences as a result
Bipolar disorder (continued)– Bipolar disorder is much less common than major
depressive disorder– Bipolar disorder tends to appear in late adolescence
or early childhood, and, unfortunately, about 90% of those with the disorder have recurrences, and half experiences another episode within a year of recovering form a previous one
Causes of mood disorders– Biological factors such as genetic inheritance and
abnormal brain chemistry play a major role in bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder
– Drevets and others Located a brain area that may trigger both the sadness of
major depression and the mania of bipolar disorder A small, thimble-size patch of brain tissue in the lower
prefrontal cortex hereditary depression
– Researchers have found that patterns of dopamine, GABA, and norepinephrine production, transport, and reuptake in people suffering from mood disorders differ from those of normal individuals
Causes of mood disorders (continued)– In one twin study, researchers found that 50% of the
identical twins of bipolar sufferers had also been diagnosed with a mood disorder, compared to only 7% of fraternal twins
– Depressed individuals view themselves, their world, and their future all in negative ways
– Depressed persons believe they are deficient, unworthy, and inadequate, and they attribute their perceived failures to their own physical, mental, or moral inadequancies
A severe psychological disorder characterized by loss of contact with reality, hallucinations, delusions, inappropriate or flat affect, some disturbance in thinking, social withdrawal, and/or other bizarre behavior
Positive symptoms of schizophrenia– Positive symptoms are the abnormal behaviors that
are present in people with schizophrenia– Hallucinations
A sensory perception in the absence of any external sensory stimulus; an imaginary sensation
– Delusions of persecutions A false belief that a person or group is trying in some way
to harm one– Another positive symptom is the loosening of associations, or
derailment, when a schizophrenic does not follow one line of though to completion, but on the basis of vague connections shifts from one subject to another in conversation or writing
– Schizophrenics may also display inappropriate affect; that is, their facial expressions, tone of voice, and gestures ma not reflect the emotion that would be expected under the circumstances
Negative symptoms of schizophrenia– A negative symptom of schizophrenia is a loss of or
deficiency in thoughts and behaviors that are characteristic of normal functioning
– Negative symptoms include social withdrawal, apathy, loss of motivation, lack of goal-directed activity, very limited speech, slowed movements, poor hygiene and grooming, poor problem-solving abilities, and a distorted sense of time
– Flat affect Showing practically no emotional response at all, even
Types of schizophrenia (continued)– Catatonic schizophrenia
A type of schizophrenia characterized by complete stillness or stupor and/or periods of great agitation and excitement; patients may assume an unusual posture and remain in it for long periods
– Undifferentiated schizophrenia A catchall term for people who display symptoms of
schizophrenia but who do not fit into other categories
A somatoform disorder in which a person suffers a lost of motor or sensory functioning in some part of the body; the loss has no physical cause but solves some psychological problem
– A person may become blind, deaf, or unable to speak or may develop a paralysis in some part of the body
The alternate personalities, or alter personalities, may differ radically in intelligence, speech, accent, vocabulary, posture, body language, hairstyle, taste in clothes, manners, and even handwriting and sexual orientation
There is the common complaint of “lot time”-periods for which a given personality has no memory because he or she was not in control of the body
Disorders in which recurrent sexual urges, fantasies, and behaviors involve nonhuman objects, children, other nonconsenting persons, or the suffering or humiliation of the individual or his/her partner
– Gender identity disorders Disorders characterized by a problem accepting one’s
identity as male or female An individual may feel so strongly that she or he is
psychologically of the other gender that sex-reassignment surgery is sought
Personality disorders– A continuing, inflexible, maladaptive pattern of inner
experience and behavior that causes great distress or impaired functioning and differs significantly form the patterns expected in the person’s culture
– Characteristics of personality disorders People who suffer form other disorders, especially the
mood disorders, are often diagnosed with personality disorders as well
People with personality disorders are extremely difficult to get along with
Personality disorders (continued)– Types of personality disorders
Those who suffer from paranoid personality disorder display extreme suspiciousness, while those with schizoid personality disorder isolate themselves from others and appear to be unable to form emotional bonds
Individuals diagnosed with schizotypal personality disorder are often mistakenly classified as schizophrenic because their odd appearances, magical thinking, and lack of social skills are also often seen in schizophrenics
A pervasive desire to be the center of others’ attention is characteristic of both narcissistic personality disorder and histrionic personality disorder, as is a lack of concern for others
Personality disorders (continued)– Types of personality disorders (continued)
People with borderline personality disorder are highly unstable and fear of abandonment is the primary theme of their social relationships
A significant proportion of borderline personality disorder patients have histories of abuse or other disturbances in childhood attachment relationships
People who suffer from antisocial personality disorder have a “pervasive pattern of disregard for, and violation of, the rights of other that begins in childhood or early adolescence and continues into adulthood”