Ψ M E T E A V A L L E Y P S Y C H O L O G Y AP
ΨMETEA VALLEY
PSYCHOLOGYAP
Sensation & Perception Unit Guide
Essential Questions • What is the difference between sensation and perception, and how are they related? • What are the basic sensory concepts of thresholds and adaptation? • How is sensory information transformed and delivered to the brain? • How do individual factors influence perception? • How do the eyes receive, process, and transform light signals? • What are the theories that explain our sensation and perception of color? • What are the gestalt perceptual principles? • How do monocular and binocular depth cues help us perceive 3D and motion? • How do perceptual constancies help us create meaning from sensory signals? • How do restored vision, sensory restriction, and perceptual adaptation contribute to our understanding of perception? • How do ears process sound waves and contribute to the perception of pitch and sound location? • How do the other senses work [touch, pain, taste, smell, & body position and movement? • How do our senses interact?
Key Terms, Concepts and Contributors
MODULE 16: Sensation Perception Bottom-up processing Top-down processing Selective attention Cocktail party effect Inattentional blindness Change blindness Transduction Psychophysics Absolute threshold Signal detection theory Subliminal Priming Difference threshold [JND] Weber’s law Sensory adaptation MODULE 17: Perceptual set Extrasensory perception Parapsychology KEY CONTRIBUTORS: Gustav Fechner Ernst Weber David Hubel Torsten Wiesel
MODULE 18: Wavelength Hue Intensity Saturation Cornea Pupil Iris Lens Retina Acuity Accommodation Myopia [nearsightedness] Hyperopia [farsightedness] Rods Cones Optic nerve Blind spot Fovea Optic chiasm Bipolar cells Ganglion cells Feature detectors Parallel processing Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory Opponent-process theory After-image effect Visual cliff Binocular cues
MODULE 19: Gestalt Figure-ground Grouping Proximity Continuity Closure Depth perception Visual cliff Binocular cues Retinal disparity Monocular cues Relative height Relative size Interposition Relative motion Linear perspective Light and shadow Phi phenomenon Perceptual constancy Color constancy Brightness [lightness] constancy Shape constancy Size constancy Moon illusion Sensory deprivation Perceptual adaptation
MODULE 20: Audition Sound wave Frequency Pitch Decibels Hertz Outer ear Middle ear Hammer Anvil Stirrup Ear drum Round window Oval window Inner ear Cochlea Basilar membrane Organ of Corti/Hair cells Semicircular canals Sensorineural hearing loss Conduction hearing loss Cochlear implants Place theory Frequency theory MODULE 21: Touch Pain Nociceptors Gate-control theory Phantom limb Taste Basic tastes Smell/Olfaction Olfactory nerve Olfactory bulb Kinesthesia Vestibular sense Sensory interaction Embodied cognition
Name: ______________________
Directions: Create a storyboard or comic strip that demonstrates your understanding of thresholds and adaptation and includes ALL of the following concepts: absolute threshold, difference threshold, signal-detection theory, & sensory adaptation.
Use your imagination, but also depict the concepts in meaningful and accurate ways.
DO YOU HEAR WHAT I HEAR? Name: HEARING WEBQUEST Date: AP PSYCHOLOGY Period:
How We Hear http://tinyurl.com/nxcu3tb
1. Watch the video above and fill out the diagram of the ear. Make sure it’s labeled corrected with the following parts: outer ear, middle ear, inner ear, ear canal, eardrum, hammer, anvil, stirrup, and cochlea.
2. Give a two sentence summary of how hearing works.
3. What lobe of the brain does the video refer to that processes the auditory information received by the ears?
Hearing Vocabulary Essentials http://tinyurl.com/zt6wcz8
1. Explain amplitude in relation to what we hear.
2. Explain pitch in relation to what we hear.
3. In the space below, show high / low amplitude waves along with high / low pitch waves. (Hint: Image searching on Google will be your best friend )
High Amplitude Waves Low Amplitude Waves
High Pitch Waves Low Pitch Waves
Now create and compare two sets of waves: a quiet and low sound of thunder compared to a high and loud mouse screech.
Hearing Theories https://explorable.com/theories-of-hearing
1. How does Place Theory explain how we hear sound? What is the problem with this theory?
2. How does Frequency Theory explain how we hear sound? What is the problem with this theory?
3. Which of the two theories is correct? Why?
Hearing Loss http://tinyurl.com/ycc8lra
1. Summarize conductive hearing loss and give two possible causes for this kind of hearing loss.
2. Summarize sensorineural hearing loss and give two possible causes for this kind of hearing loss.
3. Describe possible treatments for hearing loss.
4. BONUS: Based on what you read in the article, what type of hearing loss would be caused by ear buds?
An Unfair Spelling Test http://tinyurl.com/jpjls74
List and follow the directions. Fill out the table as you work.
Column A: High Frequency Hearing Loss Column B: Softer Sound / Normal Column C: With Hearing Aid
Ready for more demos…? Try these! http://www.noiseaddicts.com/2009/03/can-you-hear-this-hearing-test/ http://tonometric.com/adaptivepitch/ http://www.starkey.com/hearing-loss-simulator http://www.hearinglikeme.com/hearing-loss-simulator/
Name:_________________________________
TOUCH AND SOME OTHER STUFF
Use the following websites to help you answer the questions below: http://tinyurl.com/bobwdg4 https://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/pain.html 1. Identify and provide a brief explanation for the three sensations we feel. Be sure to include information about
receptors and parts of the brain involved in processing the sensations.
2. Explain the two ways that pain signals reach the brain.
3. What factors influence pain perception?
4. Correctly identify A and B in the Gate-Control Theory diagram.
TOUCH
5. In your own words, summarize the process of how the Gate-Control Theory works.
HANDS-ON Unbend your paperclip and straighten it out to form it into a skinny letter “U.” Ask your partner to close their eyes and gently press the two points of the “U” on different
areas of your partner’s skin: cheek, palm, forehead, forearm, upper arm, shoulder, calf Compare the distances required for a “I feel two points” response on different body regions. What part of the body is most sensitive? In other words, where on the body can 2 points be detected with the
smallest tip separation? Use the following links to help you answer the questions below: https://tinyurl.com/y7va3apd https://tinyurl.com/z8zhgex https://tinyurl.com/y92buoda In your own words, define each of the following terms and provide an original real world example for where you’d actually use each of these senses.
Proprioception: Kinesthesis: Vestibular Sense: Explain how the vestibular and proprioception senses are related and how they are unique. HANDS-ON Unipedal stance: This test is used for screening neurological disorders. Stand with one leg
in the air in a bent position for 30 seconds. Then, close your eyes. What happened when you closed your eyes? Why?
THE OTHER SENSES
Name:_________________________________
TASTE & SMELL: THE CHEMICAL SENSES
Use the following Prezi to help you answer the questions below: http://tinyurl.com/o54o4vm 1. What are the five different taste sensations? Draw a sketch of the tongue mapping the five primary tastes.
2. What are the names of the sensory receptors for taste (contain our taste buds)?
3. Explain how the process of taste works – from receptors to the brain.
4. Name 3 things that could influence your sensation of taste and explain how it works.
HANDS-ON Tell your partner to close their eyes and pinch their nose. Offer them one flavor of candy. Ask them to identify the flavor with their nose plugged. Can they correctly identify it? Offer another piece of candy and have your partner let go of their nose (but still have them keep their eyes
closed!). Are they able to identify the flavor correctly now? Explain how this illustrates the concept of sensory interaction.
TASTE
Use the following video clip and readings from the links below to help you answer the questions below: http://tinyurl.com/nf2f2qj https://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/chems.html 5. What are the sensory receptors for smell and where are they located?
6. Explain how smell is processed in the brain. Be sure to include all pertinent structures and their role in the process.
7. How does the sense of smell differ from the other senses (taste, touch, sight, hearing)?
HANDS-ON Ask your partner to close their eyes. Have him or her smell each container. Write down the number of the container and your partner’s guess about what’s inside.
Are the answers right?
SMELL
What is Your Perception of Metea Valley?
Your task is to create a visual presentation using pictures that you will take of things at Metea to demonstrate the following perceptual cues.
DAY 1
STEP 1: Use the resources provided to complete the perception notes sheet in your packet for each of the perceptual cues. STEP 2: Begin taking photographs
• Once your teacher has checked your notes sheet, you will get a special pass to explore Metea and begin taking your photographs.
• You’re expected to come back with at least 6 photographs that your teacher can check for your understanding of the concepts.
○ You will need a different photograph for each cue. ○ If you waste this time and have no photographic evidence of your work after 25
minutes you will automatically lose 10 points! ○ Any cues you do not photograph during this time become homework, due
tomorrow. DAY 2
STEP 3: Create your presentation. You may use Google, Prezi, or another platform of your choice. Follow your teacher’s instructions for submitting your presentation.
Cues to use:
● Figure-ground ● Grouping ● Proximity ● Relative height ● Relative size ● Interposition ● Linear perspective ● Light and shadow ● Shape constancy ● Size constancy ● Texture gradient ● Bonus: Color Constancy (+1 pt)
Texture gradient
Relative size (of the desk)
“Wha
t is
You
r Pe
rcep
tion
of M
etea
Val
ley?
” N
ote
Shee
t U
se y
our
text
book
and
oth
er r
esou
rces
pro
vide
d by
you
r te
ache
r to
com
plet
e th
e fo
llow
ing
note
s sh
eet.
Onc
e th
is is
com
plet
e, s
how
you
r te
ache
r so
you
can
beg
in ta
king
pic
ture
s.
TERM
D
EFIN
ITIO
N
GES
TALT
A
pat
tern
, fig
ure,
form
, or
stru
ctur
e th
at h
as a
uni
form
org
aniz
atio
n; h
elps
us
perc
eive
thin
gs a
s or
gani
zed
who
les
Clo
sure
Con
tinu
ity
Figu
re-g
roun
d
Prox
imity
Sim
ilari
ty
DEP
TH P
ERC
EPTI
ON
A
bilit
y to
see
obj
ects
in 3
dim
ensi
ons,
alth
ough
imag
es s
trik
ing
retin
a ar
e 2-
dim
ensi
onal
; allo
ws
to ju
dge
dist
ance
Bi
nocu
lar
Cue
s D
epth
cue
s de
pend
ing
on u
se o
f tw
o ey
es
Retin
al d
ispa
rity
Mon
ocul
ar C
ues
Dep
th c
ues
avai
labl
e to
eith
er e
ye s
epar
atel
y Ph
i phe
nom
enon
Rela
tive
heig
ht
Rela
tive
mot
ion
Line
ar p
ersp
ectiv
e
Rela
tive
size
Ligh
t and
sha
dow
Perc
eptu
al
cons
tanc
y
Col
or c
onst
ancy
Text
ure
grad
ient
Name_____________________________
“Watch This” Video Guide
Directions: while watching this episode of Brain Games, apply the theories on perception that we have covered in class to the “games.” Be sure to explain how the theory is being demonstrated. THEORIES TO APPLY: USE OF SHADOWS; PHI PHENOMENON; COLOR CONSTANCY; PERCEIVING SHAPE; LINEAR PERSPECTIVE
THEORY EXPLANATION
Game #1
Game #2
Game #3
Game #4
Game #5
Game #6
Game #7
Game #8
Rubber hand illusion
Game #9
Sensa
tion
Ess
enti
als
If y
ou w
ere
an A
P Ps
ycholo
gy
student
an
d a
bout
to e
mb
ark
on a
tw
o-d
ay
test
to d
em
onst
rate
your
know
ledge o
f th
e
sense
s and h
ow
our
bra
ins
perc
eiv
e in
form
ati
on,
what
would
you w
ant
to k
now
??
Rig
ht
now
you
r ey
es a
re s
ensi
ng w
hat
is o
n t
his
paper
.
• Li
st t
he m
ost
import
ant
term
s fo
r yo
ur
sense
of
visi
on (
hin
t: t
hin
k about
part
s of
the e
ye a
nd b
rain
where
sig
ht
is
pro
cess
ed).
If
a p
art
has
an im
port
ant
funct
ion,
desc
ribe it
.
• D
esc
ribe O
pponent-
Proce
ss T
heory
of
Colo
r V
isio
n (
don’t
forg
et
your
colo
rs):
• Youn
g-H
elm
holt
z Tri
chro
mati
c Theory
(d
on’t
forg
et
your
colo
rs):
Your
psy
chol
ogy
teac
her
just
rece
ntl
y gav
e y
ou d
irec
tions
to c
om
ple
te t
his
exe
rcis
e:
• W
hat
does
the c
och
lea lo
ok
like a
nd h
ow
does
it d
eal w
ith s
oun
d w
ave
s?
•
What
part
of
the e
ar
sends
info
rmati
on t
o t
he b
rain
for
pro
cess
ing a
nd w
hic
h lo
be d
oes
it g
o t
o?
•
Desc
ribe P
lace
Theor
y and it
s p
ros/
cons:
• D
esc
ribe F
requency
Theory
and it
s pro
s/co
ns:
• D
esc
ribe w
hy
people
wit
h c
onduct
ive d
eafn
ess
cannot
hear:
Now
, unfo
rtunat
ely
for
you
, w
hen
you
wal
ked in
to t
he c
lass
room
today
you
not
iced
a f
oul s
mell.
• W
hat
type o
f p
roce
ssin
g is
that
(bott
om
-up o
r to
p-d
ow
n)?
D
efine b
oth
. Is
it: o
Bott
om
-up
o
Top-
dow
n
•
What
part
of
the b
rain
pro
cess
es
that
foul s
mell
and w
here
does
it g
o in
the b
rain
(hin
t: it
’s n
ot
the s
am
e a
s th
e
oth
er
sense
s)?
•
Som
e p
eople
in c
lass
could
bare
ly t
ell
there
was
a b
ad s
mell
in a
ir 5
0%
of
the t
ime. T
he s
trength
of
this
sm
ell
does
not
meet
their
___
____
____
____
____
___
____
____
____
____
____
_?
•
And s
ince
we a
re o
n t
he t
opic
, w
hy
don’t
you g
o a
head a
nd d
efine JN
D (
and n
o,
this
is n
ot
the t
erm
fro
m a
bove
).
Whose
conce
pt
is JN
D?
This
tes
t m
ay s
eem
ove
rwhel
min
g, but
I pro
mis
e it
won
’t b
e p
hys
ical
ly p
ain
ful (
may
be ju
st e
moti
onal
ly).
• D
efine t
he g
ate
contr
ol t
heory
…
•
What
are
the f
our
sense
s of
touch
?
Ass
um
ing y
ou M
ISSED
a q
ues
tion
on t
his
exe
rcis
e, but
it W
AS p
rese
nt,
what
theo
ry a
m I
refe
rrin
g t
o?
Ok…
go a
head a
nd d
esc
ribe t
he t
heory
and f
our
part
s.
Terms for Extra Credit Flashcards:
Unit 3: Sensation and Perception Sensation Perception Bottom-Up Processing Top-Down Processing Selective Attention Inattentional Blindness Change Blindness Transduction Absolute Threshold Signal Detection Theory Subliminal Messages Difference Threshold Weber’s Law Sensory Adaptation Perceptual Set Extrasensory Perception (ESP) Wavelength Hue Pupil Iris Lens Retina Accommodation Rods Cones Optic Nerve Optic Chiasm Blind Spot Fovea Feature Detectors Parallel Processing Trichromatic Theory Opponent-Process Theory Gestalt Figure-Ground Grouping Depth Perception Visual Cliff Binocular Cues Retinal Disparity Monocular Cues Phi Phenomenon Perceptual Constancy Perceptual Adaptation Color Constancy Audition Frequency Pitch Middle Ear Cochlea Basilar Membrane Hair Cells Sensorineural Hearing Loss Conduction Hearing Loss Cochlear Implant Place Theory Frequency Theory Gate-Control Theory Vestibular Sense Sensory Interaction Kinesthesis Proprioception Papillae Olfactory Bulb Sensations of Touch Volley Principle
Pick 15 terms from the above list (or from the unit guide on the back of the packet cover) that you are least familiar/comfortable with and construct a flashcard including the following information:
1. On one side, define the term IN YOUR OWN WORDS. Try and keep the definition short, meaningful, and something that you can remember.
2. On the other side, draw a picture that demonstrates the term OR describe a personal example.
You may earn up to 5 points of extra credit for your 15 flashcards!
All flashcards must be turned in by the day of the unit assessment – no late flashcards will be accepted!