Psychoanalytic Psychoanalytic Theory Theory
Psychoanalytic Psychoanalytic Theory Theory
Core Concepts: Core Concepts:
1. Psychic Determinism1. Psychic Determinism 2. Unconscious Motivation2. Unconscious Motivation 3. Child development3. Child development 4. Conflict4. Conflict
Sub-Theories:Sub-Theories:
Economic/Drive Theory ( Dual Economic/Drive Theory ( Dual Instinct )Instinct )
Topographic ( UNC, Preconscious, Topographic ( UNC, Preconscious, CON )CON )
Structural ( ID, EGO, SUPEREGO )Structural ( ID, EGO, SUPEREGO )
Instincts: Instincts:
Eros (libido) Eros (libido)
Thanatos (death/aggression)Thanatos (death/aggression)
Love and Death (Creation and Love and Death (Creation and Destruction)Destruction)
Cathexis (investment of psychic Cathexis (investment of psychic energy)energy)
Fixation (getting stuck)Fixation (getting stuck)
Structures of the MindStructures of the Mind IdIdinstinctual gratificationinstinctual gratificationPleasure Principle / Primary ProcessPleasure Principle / Primary Process
EgoEgoreality testingreality testingReality Principle / Secondary ProcessReality Principle / Secondary Process
Superego Superego
Personality StructurePersonality Structure
Personality develops as a result of our Personality develops as a result of our efforts to resolve conflicts between our efforts to resolve conflicts between our
biological impulses biological impulses IdId and the constraints of and the constraints of the the EgoEgo & & SuperegoSuperego. .
Psychosexual Psychosexual Development Development
Oral (0-18 mo.)Oral (0-18 mo.)
Pleasure zone: mouth; Pleasure zone: mouth;
Activities: sucking, mouthing, biting etc.Activities: sucking, mouthing, biting etc. Anal (18-36 mo.)Anal (18-36 mo.)
Pleasure zone: anusPleasure zone: anus
Activity: elimination & retention of feces Activity: elimination & retention of feces (control)(control)
Phallic (3-6 yo)Phallic (3-6 yo)
Oedipus ComplexOedipus Complex
LatencyLatency
GenitalGenital
Personality fixed by the end of Personality fixed by the end of Phallic stagePhallic stage
Anxiety and DefenseAnxiety and Defense
RepressionRepression
Defense MechanismsDefense Mechanisms
Examples:Examples:
Projection, Displacement, Reaction Projection, Displacement, Reaction Formation, etc.Formation, etc.
CharacterCharacter
Fixed patterns of conflict and Fixed patterns of conflict and defense.defense.
Criticism of FreudCriticism of Freud
Overemphasis on unconscious processesOveremphasis on unconscious processes Overemphasis on Overemphasis on ““sexualsexual”” development development Neglect of interpersonal environment Neglect of interpersonal environment
and social learningand social learning Overemphasis on early developmentOveremphasis on early development
Difficult to operationalize and testDifficult to operationalize and test Biased by era and cultureBiased by era and culture
Post-Freudian TheoriesPost-Freudian Theories
Evolution of the theoryEvolution of the theory Move away from primary focus on Move away from primary focus on
instincts and more toward ego instincts and more toward ego capacitiescapacities
Greater emphasis on Greater emphasis on social/interpersonal relationssocial/interpersonal relations
Development as on-going processDevelopment as on-going process
Similarities:Similarities:Dynamic UNC, Conflict, Stages of DevelopmentDynamic UNC, Conflict, Stages of Development
JungJung
Psychic energy(not necessarily sexual, Psychic energy(not necessarily sexual, self-actualization)self-actualization)Collective UNC (transpersonal, Collective UNC (transpersonal, inherited)inherited)ArchetypesArchetypes
(myth, art, culture, religion, etc.)(myth, art, culture, religion, etc.)
Anima/AnimusAnima/AnimusIntroversion/ExtraversionIntroversion/Extraversion
AdlerAdler ““Individual PsychologyIndividual Psychology”” unique unique
individuality and unified strivings of the individuality and unified strivings of the whole personwhole person
Ego functionsEgo functions Social environment Social environment
Inferiority/SuperiorityInferiority/Superiority Compensatory MotivationCompensatory Motivation Inferiority ComplexInferiority Complex
EriksonErikson
PsychoPsychosocial social DevelopmentDevelopment
8 stages, development throughout the 8 stages, development throughout the lifespanlifespan
CrisesCrises
1.Trust1.Trust
2. Autonomy2. Autonomy
5. Identity5. Identity
6. Intimacy6. Intimacy
OBJECT RELATIONS OBJECT RELATIONS THEORYTHEORY
Interpersonal relationsInterpersonal relations and the and the development of the development of the SELFSELF
Internalized Internalized ““objectobject”” representationsrepresentations
Fundamental role of Fundamental role of ATTACHMENT as primary needATTACHMENT as primary need
KleinKlein
Stages:Stages: 1. (Schizoid) Fusion 1. (Schizoid) Fusion ““Mommy and I Mommy and I
are oneare one”” 2. (Paranoid) Good bad splitting2. (Paranoid) Good bad splitting 3. (Depressive) Integration 3. (Depressive) Integration
ambivalence & compromiseambivalence & compromise
““good enough motheringgood enough mothering””
AttachmentAttachment
MAHLER, BOWLBY, MAHLER, BOWLBY, AINSWORTH, KERNBERG etc.AINSWORTH, KERNBERG etc.
responsive parentingresponsive parenting secure/anxious/avoidant secure/anxious/avoidant
attachments attachments
KohutKohut
SELF PSYCHOLOGYSELF PSYCHOLOGY
Self-objectsSelf-objects FunctionsFunctions MirroringMirroring
HorneyHorney
psychosocial and sociocultural psychosocial and sociocultural factorsfactors
““womb envywomb envy””
ASSESSMENTASSESSMENT
tip of the icebergtip of the iceberg
ambiguous stimuliambiguous stimuli
Projective TestingProjective Testing
RorschachRorschach
TATTAT
MurrayMurray’’s Needs s Needs ““higher order higher order motivesmotives””
Interrater/Interjudge reliabilityInterrater/Interjudge reliability
Empirical evidenceEmpirical evidence
CriticismCriticism
superficialsuperficial isolatedisolated artificialartificial
Empirical evidenceEmpirical evidence
1. UNC processing1. UNC processingNeuroscience, Automaticity Neuroscience, Automaticity
2. UNC motivation2. UNC motivationNisbet & Wilson (unconscious behavior)Nisbet & Wilson (unconscious behavior)Silverman (subliminal activation)Silverman (subliminal activation)
3. Repression3. RepressionMixed resultsMixed resultsRepressed Memory DebateRepressed Memory Debate
Eyewitnesses reconstruct their Eyewitnesses reconstruct their memories when questioned about memories when questioned about the event.the event.
Group A: How fast were the cars going Group A: How fast were the cars going when they when they hithit each other? each other?
Group B: How fast were the cars going Group B: How fast were the cars going when they when they smashed intosmashed into each each other?other?
A week later they were asked: Was there A week later they were asked: Was there any broken glass? Group B any broken glass? Group B ((smashed into)smashed into) reported more reported more broken glass than Group A (broken glass than Group A (hithit).).