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Past exam papers unit 2 PSYA2 2009-2012

2

June 2009 SECTION A: BIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY

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1 The following are features of the pituitary-adrenal system and the sympathomedullary

pathway.

Tick the boxes next to three features of the sympathomedullary pathway.

Noradrenaline

Pituitary gland

Adrenal cortex

Adrenal medulla

Sympathetic nervous system

(Tick three boxes only)

(3 marks)

2 Questionnaires have often been used in stress research to measure the impact of life changes

on health.

Outline one advantage and one disadvantage of using questionnaires in stress research.

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(3 marks + 3 marks)

3 During the last few months, Paula has suffered from headaches and colds, and has been

having difficulty sleeping. She decided to keep a diary and found that her headaches, colds

and sleep problems were associated with experiences such as having too much homework,

losing house keys and being stuck in traffic.

3 (a) What is the name for these sorts of stress-related experiences?

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(1 mark)

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3 (b) Use your knowledge of psychology to explain why Paula might be feeling unwell.

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............................................................................................................................................ 5 4 Discuss one or more physiological methods of stress management.

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..................................................................................................................................................... 10 7

5

SECTION B: SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY

5 Explain what is meant by locus of control.

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6 It is Ani‟s first day in a new job and he spends a lot of time watching to see what his

colleagues are doing, so that he will fit in with them and be liked. Explain Ani‟s behaviour

in terms of compliance.

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(2 marks)

7 (a) Outline one method that psychologists have used to study conformity.

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(2 marks)

7 (b) Explain one limitation of this method.

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(2 marks)

7 (c) Suggest an appropriate way of overcoming this limitation.

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8 Outline and evaluate one or more explanations of why people obey.

You may use this space to plan your answer

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SECTION C: INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES

9 (a) Describe key features of the behavioural approach to psychopathology.

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9 (b) Outline one limitation of the behavioural approach to psychopathology.

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10 One way of defining abnormality is to see whether or not someone meets the criteria for

mental health. Ivan has high self-esteem and a strong sense of identity.

10 (a) Describe two other criteria that you would expect Ivan to display if he were

psychologically healthy.

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10 (b) Outline one weakness of defining abnormality in terms of mental health.

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(2 marks)

11 Sally often gets anxious for no apparent reason. She believes that people do not like her and

becomes distressed when she has to meet strangers. She is very nervous when faced with

new or unexpected situations. Sally has been referred to a therapist for psychoanalysis.

11 (a) Outline two techniques used in psychoanalysis.

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11 (b) Sally asks whether there are any problems with this therapy. What would you tell her?

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11 (c) Cognitive Behavioural Therapy is another psychological therapy. Explain why this

might be an appropriate therapy for Sally‟s problems.

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12 Describe the use of ECT (electro-convulsive therapy) in treating abnormality.

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..................................................................................................................................................... 4 END OF QUESTIONS

Psychology PSYA2 Tuesday 13 January 2009 9.00 am to 10.30 am SECTION A: BIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY

Answer all questions.

Total for this question: 4 marks

1 You are a passenger in a car that has suddenly slammed on its brakes to avoid hitting a dog.

Your breathing quickens, your mouth is dry and you have a feeling of „butterflies‟ in your

stomach. But after a few minutes these physical changes start to disappear. Using your

knowledge of the body‟s response to stress, explain why you are likely to have experienced:

1 (a) the changes that occurred in the first 30 seconds;

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1 (b) the changes that occurred after a few minutes.

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2 A doctor has been given a new drug to test, which is intended to help boost the immune

system and help prevent people from getting colds.

How have psychologists investigated the relationship between stress and the immune system?

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3 (a) Outline what is meant by Type A behaviour.

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3 (b) Outline a method used by psychologists to assess whether someone shows

Type A behaviour.

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4 Psychologists have found that the physical environment (eg noise and heat) can be a source

of stress in the workplace.

Apart from the physical environment, outline two other sources of stress in the workplace.

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Total for this question: 8 marks

11

SECTION B: SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY

Answer all questions.

Total for this question: 2 marks

6 The following statements are all related to conformity.

A Doing what the group does in order to be liked by them.

B Doing what the group does because we do not know what else to do.

C Going along with the group, even if we do not really agree with what they are doing.

D Going along with the group because we accept their beliefs and attitudes into our own

cognitions.

In the table below, write which statement, A, B, C or D, describes each type of conformity.

Type of conformity Statement

Internalisation

Compliance

(2 marks)

7 When we are in a large group of friends, it is very easy to agree with them and simply go

along with their views. However, sometimes we are able to resist the pressure to conform.

Using what you have learned from studying conformity, outline one reason why we might

resist the pressure to conform.

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8 Milgram‟s work into obedience provided us with valuable insights into why people obey,

even though it was carried out in a laboratory.

8 (a) Outline two explanations of why people obey.

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8 (b) Milgram‟s work can be criticised for being unethical. Describe one way in which his

work is unethical.

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8 (c) Apart from ethical issues, give one strength and one limitation of Milgram‟s

methodology.

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Total for this question: 4 marks

9 In a hospital, you are very likely to obey a nurse. However, if you meet her outside the

hospital, for example in a shop, you are much less likely to obey. Using your knowledge of

how people resist pressures to obey, explain why you are less likely to obey the nurse outside

the hospital.

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10 What are the implications for social change of research into social influence?

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SECTION C: INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES

Answer all questions.

11 Before leaving the house each morning, Angus has to go round checking that all the lights

are switched off. He has to do this several times before he leaves and it makes him late for

work.

11 (a) Give one definition of abnormality.

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(1 mark)

11 (b) Use this definition to explain why Angus‟ behaviour might be viewed as abnormal.

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Total for this question: 4 marks

12 (a) Which two of the following statements (A – E) apply to the behavioural approach to

psychopathology? Tick the two correct boxes.

A Unresolved confl icts in childhood affect adult behaviour.

B All behaviour is learned in the same way.

C Abnormal behaviour is caused by faulty thinking.

D The same basic laws that explain animal behaviour can also explain human

behaviour.

E Irrational thoughts lead to abnormal behaviour.

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12 (b) Explain one limitation of the behavioural approach to psychopathology.

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Total for this question: 5 marks

13 Claire constantly worries that she will be unable to finish a task. She thinks that if she does

not complete it perfectly, it will not be worth doing. These thoughts are so bad that she finds

it difficult starting anything and her work is suffering.

13 (a) Outline what is involved in Cognitive Behavioural Therapy.

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13 (b) Why might Cognitive Behavioural Therapy be appropriate for Claire?

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14 Outline and evaluate the biological approach to psychopathology.

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Psychology PSYA2 (Specification A) Thursday 21 January 2010 9.00 am to 10.30 am SECTION A: BIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY

Answer all questions in the spaces provided.

Total for this question: 3 marks

1 Outline the main features of the pituitary-adrenal system.

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2 Sandy and Vandita play for the same netball team. Two weeks ago, while playing in a

competition, they both grazed their elbows. Vandita‟s wound is healing well, but Sandy‟s

wound is taking much longer to heal. Sandy is very worried about the plans for her wedding

and her forthcoming house move.

Using your knowledge of psychology, explain why Sandy‟s wound is taking longer to heal

than Vandita‟s.

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3 (a) One measure of the functioning of the immune system is the level of activity of white

blood cells.

What does the graph below tell you about the relationship between stress and the level

of activity of white blood cells?

Measure of

white blood

cell activity

as a

percentage

of normal

level

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3 (b) Outline one strength and one weakness of using correlations in stress research.

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4 Describe personality factors that have been shown to influence the way people respond to

stress.

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5 Mr Harris is about to move his business into a brand new building. He is very keen to

create a healthy working environment and reduce workplace stress. In this way, he hopes to

improve productivity and reduce absenteeism.

What advice would you give Mr Harris? Use your knowledge of psychological research in

this area.

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SECTION B: SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY

6 (a) Explain what is meant by internalisation in the context of conformity.

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6 (b) Explain what is meant by compliance in the context of conformity.

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7 (b) Most research into conformity takes place in a laboratory. Outline one strength of

conducting research into conformity in a laboratory.

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(2 marks)

8 Three students, George, Petra and Dan, have just started in the sixth form. Dan is a confident

person who thinks that his fate lies firmly in his hands. By the end of the first week, Dan has

put himself forward to be nominated as the class representative. Petra has also put her name

forward to be nominated. She believes it is just luck whether or not she will be selected

and feels that there is not much she can do about it. George did not put his name forward

because his father told him not to.

8 (a) (i) What type of locus of control does Petra‟s behaviour show?

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8 (a) (ii) What type of locus of control does Dan‟s behaviour show?

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8 (a) (iii) George did not put his name forward as the class representative. Use your

knowledge of social influence research to explain this.

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8 (b) Which one of the three students is most likely to resist pressures to conform? Use your

knowledge of psychology to explain your choice.

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9 Describe how social influence research has contributed to our understanding of social change.

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SECTION C: INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES

Answer all questions in the spaces provided.

Total for this question: 12 marks

10 “Abnormality is very difficult to define. It can be hard to decide where normal behaviour

ends and abnormal behaviour begins.”

Discuss two or more definitions of abnormality.

You may use this space to plan your answer

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(12) 13 G/K50378/Jan10/PSYA2 Areas outside

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11 Identify and outline key features of two psychological approaches to psychopathology.

Approach 1 ................................................................................................................................

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12 Hamish has a phobia of heights. This phobia has now become so bad that he has difficulty

in going to his office on the third floor, and he cannot even sit on the top deck of a bus any

more. He has decided to try systematic de-sensitisation to help him with his problem.

Explain how the therapist might use systematic de-sensitisation to help Hamish to overcome

his phobia.

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Psychology PSYA2 (Specification A) Unit 2 Biological Psychology, Social Psychology and Individual Differences Thursday 10 June 2010 9.00 am to 10.30 am

1 (a) What might the researcher conclude from these data? ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... 1 (b) Identify one limitation of this study and explain how you would correct it. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... 1 (c) Outline one problem-focused approach to coping with stress. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... (2 marks + 2 marks + 2 marks) ____

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2 Harry always meets deadlines. He hates being late and always likes to keep himself busy with plenty to do. Alex does not mind being late for anything and although he tries to meet deadlines, he is not worried if he misses some of them. 2 (a) Is Harry or Alex more likely to have Type A personality? ........................................................................................................................................... Explain why having Type A personality makes him more likely to suffer the negative effects of stress. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... (1 mark + 3 marks) Extra space ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... 2 (b) Outline one way in which psychologists measure Type A personality. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... (2 marks) 3 Outline and evaluate research into the relationship between the immune system and stress-related illness. 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4 (a) Milgram‟s experiments into obedience can be criticised as being unethical. Describe two ethical issues that can be illustrated by Milgram‟s research. Ethical Issue One ............................................................................................................. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... Ethical Issue Two ............................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... (4 marks) 4 (b) Choose one of the ethical issues identified in your answer to 4(a) and explain a way of dealing with it. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... (2 marks) Total for this question: 4 marks 5 For many years, smoking in public places such as trains, pubs and restaurants was quite acceptable. People could smoke wherever they wanted and non-smokers had to put up with smoky atmospheres. However, in 2007, the Government finally introduced a law banning smoking in public places and those who smoke are limited in where they can smoke. Using your knowledge of the psychology of social change, explain how this social change has occurred. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... (4 marks) Extra space ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ...........................................................................................................................................

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6 Explain how locus of control influences independent behaviour. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... (4 marks) Extra space ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ____ 7 The following phrases refer to different types of conformity. Select the two phrases that describe internalisation. Tick two boxes only. A The deepest level of conformity. B The individual conforms publicly with the rest of the group but may privately disagree with them. C The beliefs of the group become part of the individual‟s own belief system. D The individual goes along with the group but does not agree with them. E The individual changes his/her beliefs, but it is a temporary change. (2 marks) ____

2 10 Do not write

outside the box G/T52601/Jun10/PSYA2

Total for this question: 8 marks 8 Outline and evaluate explanations of conformity. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... (8 marks)

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Section C Individual Differences 9 (a) Outline two definitions of abnormality. Definition One .................................................................................................................. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... Definition Two .................................................................................................................. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... (3 marks + 3 marks) 9 (b) Choose one of these definitions and describe a limitation associated with it. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... (2 marks) 10 (a) Outline key features of the psychodynamic approach to psychopathology. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... (4 marks) Extra space ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ...........................................................................................................................................

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10 (b) The behavioural approach assumes that abnormal behaviour is learnt through classical conditioning, operant conditioning and imitation. Evaluate the behavioural approach to psychopathology. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... (4 marks) ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... 11 Dr Francis has been treating a patient with severe depression. He has been prescribing anti-depressant drugs and although, initially, the patient appeared to show some improvement, it was only temporary. Dr Francis has offered her ECT but she knows very little about it. 11 (a) What information could Dr Francis give to the patient about this therapy? ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... (4 marks) Extra space ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... G/T52601/Jun10/PSYA2

11 (b) The patient decides not to have ECT and asks Dr Francis what other therapies are available. He suggests Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT). Describe how CBT would be used to treat her. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... (4 marks) Extra space ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ...........................................................................................................................................

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Psychology PSYA2 (Specification A) Unit 2 Biological Psychology, Social Psychology and Individual Differences Thursday 10 June 2010 9.00 am to 10.30 am Section A Biological Psychology Answer all questions in the spaces provided. Total for this question: 6 marks 1 The following data show the results from a study into different strategies for coping with stress. 100 student volunteers were first given a talk about emotion-focused approaches and then given a talk about problem-focused approaches. They were then asked which one of these strategies they generally preferred. Preferred coping strategy Emotion-focused approach Problem-focused approach Men 11 39 Women 27 23 1 (a) What might the researcher conclude from these data? ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... 1 (b) Identify one limitation of this study and explain how you would correct it. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... 2 Harry always meets deadlines. He hates being late and always likes to keep himself busy with plenty to do. Alex does not mind being late for anything and although he tries to meet deadlines, he is not worried if he misses some of them. 2 (a) Is Harry or Alex more likely to have Type A personality? ........................................................................................................................................... Explain why having Type A personality makes him more likely to suffer the negative effects of stress. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... (1 mark + 3 marks) Extra space ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ...........................................................................................................................................

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2 (b) Outline one way in which psychologists measure Type A personality. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... (2 marks)

Total for this question: 12 marks 3 Outline and evaluate research into the relationship between the immune system and stress-related illness. You may use this space to plan your answer ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... 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(12 marks) ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... Section B Social Psychology Answer all questions in the spaces provided. Total for this question: 6 marks 4 (a) Milgram‟s experiments into obedience can be criticised as being unethical. Describe two ethical issues that can be illustrated by Milgram‟s research. Ethical Issue One ............................................................................................................. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... Ethical Issue Two ............................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... (4 marks) 4 (b) Choose one of the ethical issues identified in your answer to 4(a) and explain a way of dealing with it. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... (2 marks) ____

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Total for this question: 4 marks 5 For many years, smoking in public places such as trains, pubs and restaurants was quite acceptable. People could smoke wherever they wanted and non-smokers had to put up with smoky atmospheres. However, in 2007, the Government finally introduced a law banning smoking in public places and those who smoke are limited in where they can smoke. Using your knowledge of the psychology of social change, explain how this social change has occurred. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... (4 marks) Extra space ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... 6 Explain how locus of control influences independent behaviour. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... (4 marks) Extra space ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... Total for this question: 2 marks

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7 The following phrases refer to different types of conformity. Select the two phrases that describe internalisation. Tick two boxes only. A The deepest level of conformity. B The individual conforms publicly with the rest of the group but may privately disagree with them. C The beliefs of the group become part of the individual‟s own belief system. D The individual goes along with the group but does not agree with them. E The individual changes his/her beliefs, but it is a temporary change. (2 marks) ____

2 10 Do not write

outside the box G/T52601/Jun10/PSYA2

Total for this question: 8 marks 8 Outline and evaluate explanations of conformity. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... (8 marks) Extra space ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ...........................................................................................................................................

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Section C Individual Differences Answer all questions in the spaces provided. Total for this question: 8 marks 9 (a) Outline two definitions of abnormality. Definition One .................................................................................................................. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... Definition Two .................................................................................................................. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... (3 marks + 3 marks) 9 (b) Choose one of these definitions and describe a limitation associated with it. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... (2 marks)

Total for this question: 8 marks 10 (a) Outline key features of the psychodynamic approach to psychopathology. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... (4 marks) Extra space ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... 10 (b) The behavioural approach assumes that abnormal behaviour is learnt through classical conditioning, operant conditioning and imitation. Evaluate the behavioural approach to psychopathology. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ...........................................................................................................................................

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11 Dr Francis has been treating a patient with severe depression. He has been prescribing anti-depressant drugs and although, initially, the patient appeared to show some improvement, it was only temporary. Dr Francis has offered her ECT but she knows very little about it. 11 (a) What information could Dr Francis give to the patient about this therapy? ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... (4 marks) Extra space ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ...........................................................................................................................................

11 (b) The patient decides not to have ECT and asks Dr Francis what other therapies are available. He suggests Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT). Describe how CBT would be used to treat her. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... (4 marks) Extra space ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................

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Psychology (Specification A) PSYA2 Unit 2 Biological Psychology, Social Psychology and Individual Differences Tuesday 7 June 2011 1.30 pm to 3.00 pm

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Section A Biological Psychology Answer all questions in the spaces provided. Total for this question: 4 marks 1 The body‟s response to stress includes the pituitary-adrenal system and the sympathomedullary pathway. The following are all features of this stress response. A Adrenal medulla B Noradrenaline C Adrenal cortex D Adrenaline E Cortisol/Corticosteroids F Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) Select two from the above list that are linked to the pituitary-adrenal system and two from the list that are linked to the sympathomedullary pathway. Put one letter in each box. Pituitary-adrenal system Sympathomedullary pathway (4 marks) 2 Psychologists sometimes use questionnaires to find out about stress. Explain two strengths of using questionnaires in research. Strength one ..................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... Strength two ..................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... (2 marks + 2 marks)

Total for this question: 5 marks 3 Describe one or more studies of workplace stress. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... (5 marks) Extra space ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ...........................................................................................................................................

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4 Mark is very competitive and he hates losing any game he plays. At work, he is often impatient and likes working to tight deadlines. He can become quite hostile when challenged. 4 (a) What personality type is Mark likely to have? ........................................................................................................................................... (1 mark) 4 (b) Using your knowledge of how personality factors can affect the body‟s response to stress, explain how Mark might respond to the effects of stress. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... (4 marks) Extra space ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ____

5 5 (a) Name one psychological method of stress management. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... (1 mark) 5 (b) Explain strengths of this psychological method of stress management. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... (5 marks) Extra space ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ...........................................................................................................................................

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Section B Social Psychology 6 “Not everyone conforms or obeys authority; some people resist these pressures and remain independent.” Outline and evaluate research relating to independent behaviour. You may use this space to plan your answer ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... 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7 (a) Explain why it is sometimes necessary to deceive participants in social influence research. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... (2 marks) 7 (b) Describe one way in which deception has been dealt with in social influence research. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... (2 marks) 8 Jan and Norah have just finished their first year at university where they lived in a house with six other students. All the other students were very health conscious and ate only organic food. Jan had listened to their point of view and now she also eats only organic food. Norah was happy to eat organic food while in the house, but when she went home for the holidays she ate whatever her mother cooked. Both girls conformed, but for different reasons. Explain which type of conformity each girl was showing. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... (4 marks)

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Extra space ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... 9 Outline two explanations of why people obey. Explanation One .............................................................................................................. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... Explanation Two .............................................................................................................. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... (2 marks + 2 marks) Section C Individual Differences 10 Two different drug therapies were tested on a group of patients. All the patients suffered with the same anxiety disorder. Half the patients were given Therapy A and the other half were given Therapy B. Improvement was assessed on a scale from 0 – 25, where 0 = no improvement. The table below shows the improvement made between the start and the end of the treatment. Average and range of improvement scores Average Range Therapy A 6.5 2 – 19 Therapy B 6 4 – 9 Explain what these findings suggest about the different therapies? ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... (4 marks) Extra space ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ...........................................................................................................................................

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Total for this question: 6 marks 11 Diane is a 30-year-old business woman and if she does not get her own way she sometimes has a temper tantrum. Recently, she attended her grandmother‟s funeral and laughed during the prayers. When she talks to people she often stands very close to them, making them feel uncomfortable. 11 (a) Identify one definition of abnormality that could describe Diane‟s behaviour. Explain your choice. Definition .......................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... Explanation of your choice ............................................................................................. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... (1 mark + 2 marks) 11 (b) Explain one limitation of this way of defining abnormal behaviour. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... (3 marks) Total for this question: 6 marks 12 There are various types of psychological therapy for treating abnormality. 12 (a) Outline what is involved in psychoanalysis. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... (3 marks) 12 (b) Outline what is involved in systematic de-sensitisation. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... (3 marks)

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13 Outline and evaluate the biological approach to psychopathology. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... (8 marks) Extra space ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ...........................................................................................................................................

Psychology (Specification A) PSYA2 Unit 2 Biological Psychology, Social Psychology and Individual Differences Tuesday 17 January 2012 1.30 pm to 3.00 pm Section A Biological Psychology Answer all questions in the spaces provided. Total for this question: 4 marks 1 Describe one research study that has investigated stress in the workplace. In your answer you should include details of what was done and what was found. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... (4 marks) Extra space ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ____

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2 Lee and Denis were talking in the doctor‟s waiting room. Denis remarked that his new neighbours were very noisy and that whenever he drove into town it was getting increasingly difficult to find anywhere to park. Lee said that his wife had died recently and that he was just about to retire. Using examples from the conversation above, discuss the difference between life changes and daily hassles. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... (4 marks) Extra space ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... 3 Both life changes and daily hassles are often measured using questionnaires. Give two limitations of using questionnaires. Limitation One .................................................................................................................. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... Extra space ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... Limitation Two ................................................................................................................. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... Extra space ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... (2 marks + 2 marks) Total for this question: 12 marks

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4 „There are several methods used to manage the negative effects of stress. These methods can be biological or psychological.‟ Discuss two or more methods of stress management. 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........................................................................................................................................... Section B Social Psychology 5 Josie, Hana and Caitlyn have just started new jobs and all three are keen to do well. Josie laughs a lot at the jokes her colleagues tell, even though she does not always find them very funny. Hana observes her colleagues closely and makes sure that she completes the work in the same way that they do, so that she does not make any mistakes. Caitlyn prefers to learn through trial and error. She believes that by trying and by making mistakes, she will really understand what she is doing. Which girl‟s behaviour is being influenced by normative social influence and which girl‟s behaviour is being influenced by informational social influence? Justify both choices. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... (6 marks) Extra space ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ____

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6 Using your knowledge of psychology, explain why some people might resist pressures to conform. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... (4 marks) Extra space ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... 7 Explain one or more reasons why people obey authority. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... (6 marks) Extra space ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... 8 Describe two ethical issues that can be illustrated by Milgram‟s research into obedience to authority. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... 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Total for this question: 4 marks 9 How has social influence research helped our understanding of social change? ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... (4 marks) Extra space ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ____ 10 The following scattergram shows the relationship between the number of weeks of treatment with ECT and the score on the Self-Rating Depression Scale (on this scale, a high score indicates depression). 0 2 3 4 0 10 20 30 5 15 25 1 Weeks of treatment Score on self-rating depression scale 5

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11 Abnormality can be defined as „the failure to function adequately‟. Outline and evaluate this definition of abnormality. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... (6 marks) Extra space ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... 12 The following statements refer to different approaches to abnormality. Select three statements that describe the psychodynamic approach. Tick three boxes only. A Holding unrealistic and irrational beliefs about oneself and the world. B Behaviour is caused mainly by the unconscious. C Behaviour is shaped by forces in the environment. D There is conflict between the id and the super-ego. E The human mind is an information processor. F Abnormality is caused by unresolved childhood problems. (3 marks) 13 Outline the biological approach to abnormality. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... 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14 Hugh has a phobia of the dark. Because of this phobia, he has problems sleeping and has difficulty getting to and from work in the dark winter months. His doctor suggests a biological therapy might be the solution and prescribes a short course of drugs. 14 (a) What advice should the doctor give concerning the disadvantages of this type of drug therapy? ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... (4 marks) Extra space ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... 14 (b) Identify one psychological therapy that Hugh could consider and explain why it might help him. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... (3 marks) Extra space ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ...........................................................................................................................................