Psychedelics Revisited

8/10/2019 Psychedelics Revisited

1/8

ReVI SION

OLUME

10

NLM ER

THEOURN L

OFONS OUSN SS

ND

CH NGE 50

Psychedel i cs

Revi si t ed

8/10/2019 Psychedelics Revisited

2/8

Terence Me

Kenna has spent

t he

l a s t 20

years i n t he st udy

of

t he

ont ol ogi cal

f oundat i ons

of shamani sm

and t he et hno-

pharmacol ogy of

s p i r i t u a l

t ransf ormati on

He

graduat ed

from

t he

Uni versi ty

of

Cal i -

forni a

a t Berkel ey

w t h

a

d i s

tri buted

maj or i n

ecol ogy,

r e

source

conservati on,

and

shamani sm Af t er

graduat i on

he tr avel ed extensi vel y

i n t he

Asi an and

NewWorl d

tr opi cs, becomng

speci al i zed

i n

t he

shamani sm

and

ethno-

medi ci ne of t he

Amazon

Basi n Wth hi s brot her

Denni s, he i s t he

aut hor

of

The I nvi s ib le Landscape

and

Psdocybi n :

The

Magic

Nf ush-

room

Growers

Gui de

t a l k

i ng book

of

hi s Amazon

ad-

vent ures, True

Hal l uci nati ons,

has

al so

been

produced

I n

Hawai i

he

i s t he f oundi ng

sec-

retary- tr easurer

of

Bot ani cal

Di mensi ons,

a t ax- exempt ,

nonprofi t

research botani cal

garden

and

germ

pl asma

r e

posit ory

devot ed

t o t he

col l ect i on and

propagati on

of

pl ants of

ethnopharmacol ogi -

c a l

i nterest

I n

Cal i fo rni a he

di v ides hi s

t i me

bet ween w r i t

i n g l ecturi ng,

and

managi ng

Lux

Natura

I nc

.

a publ i shi ng

company of which

he

i s t he

presi dent

and

founder

Hal l uci nogeni c

Mushrooms

and

Evol ut i on

TerenceMcKenna

F

or t ens of

ml l enni a

humanbei ngs have

been

u t i l i z i n g

hal l uci nogeni c

mushroom

t o

di vi ne

and

t o i nduce

shamani c

ecstasy

The

human mushroom

i nteracti on

i s

not a

s t a t i c

symbi oti c

rel ati onshi p

but rather adynamc

one

t hrough

whi ch t

l e a s t one of

t he p a r t i e s has

been

bootst r apped t o hi gher

cul t ural l e v e l s

The i mpact of

hal l uci n-

ogeni c

pl ant s

on t he evol ut i on

and emer gence

of human

bei ngs i s a heretof ore

un-

examned

phenomenon

yet t

promses t o provi de an

under st andi ng

of not onl y

pri mate

evol ut i on

but al so t he

emer gence of

t he c ul t u r a l f orms

uni que

t o

Homosapi ens

At

Gome

Nat i onal

Park

i n

Tanzani a,

pri matol ogi sts

found t hat one

part i cul ar

speci es

of

l e a f kept

appeari ng undi gest ed

i n

Chi mpanzee

dung They

f ound t h a t

every few

days

t he

chi mps

woul d vary

f r om

t h e i r

usual patt ern

of eat i ng w l d f r u i t

I nst ead,

t hey woul d wal k

f or

20 m nut es or

l onger

t o

t he

s i t e

where

a

speci es

of

Aspi l i a

was grow ng

They

woul d

repeat -

edl y pl ace

t h e i r l i p s over an

Aspi l i a l e a f and

hol d

i t

i n t he i r

mouths

Chi mps were

seen

t o

pl uck

a l e a f

pl ace

i t

n

t h e i r

mout hs, r o l l t around f or

a f ewmoments

and t hen swal l ow t

whol e I n

t h i s

way as many

as 30 smal l

l e a ve s

mght

be eat en

Bi ochemst

El oy Rodr i guez of

the Uni versi ty of

Cal i forni a,

I r v i n e i s o l a t e d

t he a c t i v e pri n-

c i p l e fromt he

Aspi l i a- a reddi sh

oi l now

named

t hi arubri ne- A

Worki ng

w t h t he

same

subst ance, Nei l

Towers of t he

Uni versi t y

of

B r i t i s h

Col umbi a f ound

t hat

t h i s

compound can

k l l common bacteri a

i n

concent rat i ons

of l e s s t han one

part

per

m l l i o n Her bar i um

records

st udi ed

by Rodri guez

and

Towers showed

t hat Af ri can

peopl es

used t he

same l e a ve s

t o

t r e a t

wounds

and st omach

aches

O t he f our

s p e c i e s

of Aspi l i a

nat i ve to Af r i ca,

t he i ndi genous

peopl es used onl y t h r e e

t he same three

u t i l i z e d

by t he

chi mpanzees

Rodr i guez,

Aregul l i n,

Uehara,

N shi da, Wangham

Abramowski

Fi nl ayson,

Tower , 1985

These

f i ndi ngs c l e a r l y

show

t he way a benef i ci al

pl ant ,

once

di scovered

by

an ani mal or a

person,

can

be

i ncl uded

i n

t he

d i e t

and

thus

conf er an

adapt i ve

advantage

The

ani mal

or

person

i s no l onger t hreatened by

cert ai n

envi ronment al f a c t o r s

such

as

di s e a s e s t hat may

have

previ ousl y

s e t const rai nt s

on

t he

l i f e

span

of

i ndi vi dual s

of

t he

speci es or

on t he

growt h

of

t he popul ati on

as awhol e Thi s type

of

adapt i ve

advant age

i s

e a s i l y under st ood

Less easy

t o underst and

i s t he way

pl ant

hal l uci nogens

mght

have

provi ded

s i m l a r ye t

d i f f e r e n t adap-

t i v e

advant ages

These

compounds

do not

catal yze

t he

i mmune

system i nto hi gher

s t a t e s of

a c t i v i t y

al t hough

t h i s may be a secondary

e f f e c t

Rather ,

t hey

cat al yze

consci ousness,

t hat

pe c ul i a r

s e l f r e f l e ct i ng a bi l i t y t hat has r eached

i t s

greatest apparent

expressi on

i n human be-

i ngs Consci ousness,

l i k e

t he

a b i l i t y

t o

r e s i s t

d i s e a s e

conf er s an i mmense

adapt i ve

advantage

on

any i ndi vi dual

who possesses t

Consci ousness

has been c a l l e d awareness of

awar eness

Guent her,

1966 and

i s

character -

i zed by

novel

connect i ons

among

t he

vari ous data

of

experi ence

Consci ousness

i s

l i k e

a super

nonspeci f i c

i mmune

response

There s no

evol ut i onary

l i m t t o how

much consci ousness

can

be

acqui red

by

a

speci es And there

i s

no end t o

t he

degree of adapt i ve

advant age

t he

acqui si -

t i on of

consci ousness

wi l l

conf er on t he i ndi vi dual

or

t he speci es

i n

whi ch

i t r e s i d e s

There

s reason

t o quest i on t he

scenari o whi ch

physi cal

ant hropol ogi st s

present

us

regardi ng

t he

emer gence

of humanconsci ousness out of

bi nocul ar,

bi pedal

pri mates

The

amount of t i me

a l l o t t e d

t o

t h i s ont ol ogi cal

t ransf ormati on of ani mal

organi zati on

i s

excessi vel y

b r i e f

Evol ut i on

i n

hi gher ani mal s

t akes

a

very l ong t i me

t o

occur

For exampl e,

t he

b i o l ogi s t who

s t u d i e s t he

evol uti on

of t he

earl y amphi bi ans r a r e l y operates i n

t i me spans

of l e s s

t han 100

t housand

years

and

often

speaks

i n

t erms of m l l i o n s of years But

t he

emergence

of man

f r om

t he

hi gher p r i

mat es i s somethi ng

t hat has

gone

on

i n

l e s s

than

a

m l l i o n

years

Physi cal l y humans

apparent l y

have changed

very

l i t t l e i n

t he

l a s t

m l l i o n

years

But

t he amaz i ng

p r o l i f e r a t i o n

of

consci ousness,

s oc i a l i n s t i t ut i ons

codi ng pr a c t i c e s

and

cul t ures

has

come

so

qui ckl y

that

i t i s d i f f i c u l t f or

mod

ern evol ut i onary

b i o l o g i s t s t o

account

f or i t

Most

do not even

at t empt

an expl anati on

SPR NG

88

5

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2 R

e

V

S I ONVOL I o No 4

There i s a hi dden f a c t o r

i n

t he

evol ut i on of

human bei ngs t h a t nei t her a mss i ng

l i nk nor

a t e l o s

i mpar t ed f r om on hi gh

Thi s hi dden factor i n t he

evol ut i on

of human

bei ngs, t he f act or t hat c a l l e d human con-

sci ousness

f o r th

f roma bi pedal ape wi th bi n-

ocul ar

v i s i o n ,

i nvol ved a f e edback l oop wi t h

pl ant hal l uci nogens Thi s not an i dea t hat

has been w del y

expl or ed,

al t hough

a

very

conservati ve

f o rm

of

t h i s

noti on appear s

i n

R

Gordon Wasson s Soma Di vi ne Mush-

room

of

I mmort al i t y

W

sson, 1971)

Was-

son

does not comment on t he

emer gence

of

humanness out

of t he

pr i mat es

but does sug-

gest hal l uci nogeni c mushroom as t he causal

agent i n

t he appear ance of

s p i r i t u a l l y

awar e

human

bei ngs

and

the genes i s of r e l i g i o n

Wasson

f e e l s

t hat

omni vor ous fo ragi ng hu-

mans woul d

have

event ual l y encount er ed

hal l uci nogeni c mushroom

or

ot her

psycho-

a ct i v e

pl ant s

i n t h ei r envi r onment

The strategy

of

t hese

e a r l y

human

omni -

vores

was t o ea t

ever yt hi ng

and t o

vomt

what ever

was unpal atabl e Pl ant s

f ound

t o

be

edi bl e

by

t h i s method

were t hen i n c u l -

cated in to t h ei r d i e t The

mushroom

would

be e sp ec i a l l y noti ceabl e because of t h ei r un-

usual form and

col or

The s t a t e of

con-

sci ousness

i nduced

by t he mushroom or

ot her

hal l uci nogens woul d pr ovi de a reason

f or

f oragi ng

humans t o r et ur n

r epeat edl y

t o

t hose

pl ant s

i n

or der t o

r eexperi ence

t h ei r

be-

wi tchi ng novel ty Thi s process woul d create

what

C Waddi ngton 1961 cal l ed a

c r eode,

a

pat hway

of devel opment al

ac-

t i vi t y i n ot her wor ds, a habi t )

Habi t uat i on

t o t he

exper i ence was i nsured

si mpl y because t was e cs t a t i c Ecsta t i c

a word unnecess ar y

t o

defi ne except oper a-

t i o n a l l y An ec s t at i c exper i ence

one

t hat

one wi shes t o have over and over agai n I t

has

been

shown

i n

experi ment al si t uati ons

t h a t i f one

creates

a

s i t u a t i o n

i n whi ch

N N-

di - met hyl t r ypt amne

DMT) can be del i ver ed

t o a

monkey

on demand t hen a l a r g e

num

ber of monkeys exposed t o that exper i ment al

appar at us w i l l

pr ef er t he

MT over food

and water MTwas used

i n

these exper i -

ment s because t a

very short - acti ng,

overt

hal l uci nogen

t hat

occurs i n

many di f f e r en t

pl ant spec i e s ( J acobs, 1984) Al t hough

we

cannot

anal yze

t he l aboratory monkeys

s t a t e

of m nd,

t

i s very

c l e ar

t h a t somet hi ng

i n t he experi ence i mpel s

them

t o r et ur n t o t he

st i mul us

agai n

and agai n

Was son s i dea t h a t r e l i g i o n ori gi nated when

an omnivorous protohuman encount er ed

a l k al o i d s i n t he envi r onment

was

count ered

by

M r c e a El i ade

1964 ,

t he most

b r i l l i a n t ex-

posi t or of t he ant hr opo l ogy of

shamani sm

and

t he author of

Shamani sm

Ar chai c

Techni ques

of

Ecstasy El i ade consi ders what

he c a l l s

na rcot i c

shamani smt o be deca-

dent He

f e e l s

t hat

i f one cannot achi eve

ec-

stasy

wi t hout dr ugs, t hen one s cul ture i s

pr obabl y i n

a

decadent

phase The use of t he

word na r c ot i c - a

t e rm

usual l y

used

f or so-

p o r i f i c s - t o

descri be

t h i s

f o rm

of

shamani sm

betrays an unsett l i ng

bot ani cal

and phar ma-

col ogi cal nai vet e

Wasson s

not i on, whi ch I

share, i s p r ec i s e l y t he

opposi t e

I t i s t he pres-

ence of a

hal l uci nogen

i n

a

shamani zi ng cul -

t u r e that i ndi cates

i t s shamani sm i s aut hent i c

and a l i v e

I t i s

t he

l a t e

and decadent phase of

shamani smt hat characteri zed

by

el aborate

r i t u a l s ,

ordeal s,

and

r e l i a n c e

on pathol ogi cal

personal i t i es

Wherever t hese

l a t t e r

phenom

ena

ar e

c en t r a l , shamani sms

we l l

on i t s way

t o

becomng si mpl y

r el i gi on.

One

vi ew of

pl ant hal l uc i nogens

t o

see

them

as

i nt erspecies messages or exopher o-

mones

Pheromones ar e chemcal compounds

exuded by an organi sm f or t he

pur pose

of

car r y ing mes sages

bet ween or gani sms of t he

same speci es

The meani ng of t he mes sage

not i n t r i n s i c i n t he pher omone s chemcal

s t ruc ture

but

i n

evoluti onar i l y

establ i shed

convent i on

Ants, f or

i n s t a n c e, produce a

number of

secret i ons

wi t h

very s p e c i f i c

meani ngs

f or ot her

ant s Howeve r , t hese

chemcal l anguages ar e s pe ci e s- s p ec i f i c

t he ant of one s p ec i e s cannot r ead t he

pheromones

of another

s p ec i e s

I n

f a c t

there

one known case wher e a pheromonemeans

one

t hi ng

t o one ant speci es and y et bear s a

compl et el y di ff erent meani ng t o anot her

ant

s p ec i e s , much

i n t he sameway t hat t he Eng

l i s h word no means yes

i n

Gr eek

I f

hal l uci nogens ar e

operat i ng

as exopher -

omones t hen t he

dynamc

symbi ot i c

r e l a -

t i onshi p bet ween pr i mat e

and hal l uci nogeni c

pl ant

actual l y a t r ans f er

of

i nf ormat i on

from one speci es t o

anot her The pr i mat e

ga ins i nc reased v i s u al

acuity and access t o

t he t r ansc endent Ot her ,

whi l e

t he b en ef i t s t o

t he

mushroom

a r i s e

out of t he

pr i mat e

do-

mesti cati on

of pr evi ousl y

w l d

c a t t l e

and

hence t he expansi on of t he

ni che occupi ed

by

t he mushroom Where pl ant hal l uci nogens

do not

occur , such

processes cannot

take

pl ace,

but

i n

t he

presence of

hal l uci nogens

a

cul t u re

sl ow y

i nt r oduced

t o i nc r eas ingl y

more novel i nfo rmat i on, sensory i nput,

and

behavi or

and t hus i s

boot st r apped t o

hi gher

s t a t e s of s e l f - r e f l e c t i o n

Human

l anguage

aro se out

of t he

synergy

8/10/2019 Psychedelics Revisited

4/8

l l

of t he ment al f unc t i o ns

t h a t

we

associ at e

wi t h humanness may

have

emerged

out

of

i n t e r a c t i o n

w i t h

hal l uci nogeni c pl ant s

of

pr i mat e

organi zati onal

p ot e n t i a l

by

pl ant

hal l uci nogens

I ndeed

t h i s

p o s s i b i l i t y

was

b r i l l i a n t l y

ant i ci pat ed

by

Henry

Munn i n hi s

essay The

Mushroom of Language

( 1973)

Munn wri t es

Language

i s an ec st at i c act i v i t y of s i g n i f i -

c a t i o n

I n t ox i c a t e d by t he

mushr oom,

t he

f l u en c y, t he e a s e , t he

a p t n e s s

of e x pr e s s i o n

one becomes capabl e

of ar e such

t h at one

i s

ast ounded by

t he

wor ds t h a t

i s s ue f o r t h f r om

t he contact of t h e i nt e nt i on

of

a r t i c u l a t i o n

w i t h

t he mat t er of e x pe r i e nc e

The spontane-

i t y

t he

mushr ooms

l i b e r a t e

i s

no t

onl y per -

c e pt u a l ,

but

l i n g u i s t i c

For

t he shaman, i t

i s

as

i f

e xi s t e n c e were u t t e r i n g

i t s l f

t hrough

hi m ( pp

8 8- 8 9 )

Ot her wri ters have

sensed t he i mpor t ance

of hal l uci nat i ons as c at a l y s t s

of

human psy-

chi c organi zat i on : J u l i a n

J aynes t heory,

present ed i n

hi s

cont roversi al

book The Ori -

gi ns

of

Consci ousness

i n

t he

Breakdown of

t he

Bi camer al

Mnd 1 9 7 7 ) , makes t he poi nt

t hat

there

may have been maj or s hi f t s i n hu-

man s e l f - d e f i n i t i o n even i n hi s t or i c al

t i mes

He

proposes

t hat through Homer i c t i mes

peopl e

di d

not

have

t he

ki nd

of

i n t e r i o r

psy-

chi c organi zat i on

t h a t we take f or

grant ed

What we c a l l ego was

f or pr e- Homer i c peo-

pl e

what t hey

cal l ed a god . When

danger

t hreatened

suddenl y

and

unbi dden,

t he god s

voi ce was heard i n

t he i ndi v i d ua l s mnd, a

ki nd of

metaprogram f or

s ur v i v a l

cal l ed

f o r t h under

great s t r e s s

Thi s

i n t e g r a t i v e

psy-

chi c f unct i on

was

percei ved

by

those

experi -

enci ng

i t

t o

be

e i t h er

t he di r e c t voi ce of a

god, or t hat

of

t he l eader of

t he

soci ety

k i n g ) , or

of

t he

dead

k i n g , t he ki ng i n t he

a f t e r l i f e

Mer chant s and t r a d e r s moving

fromone

soci ety

t o

anot her br ought

t he

un-

wel come

news t hat t he gods were sayi ng d i f -

f erent

t hi ngs

i n

d i f f e r e n t p l a c e s , and t hus

c a s t

e ar l y seeds of

doubt

At

some

poi nt

peo-

pl e

i nt egrated

i n

t he

J ungi an

s e n s e ) t h i s

pre-

vi ousl y

autonomous

f uncti on, and

each per-

sonbecame t he god and rei nt erpret ed

t he i n-

ner

voi ce

as t he s el f or ,

as

i t

was l a t e r

c al l e d,

t he

ego .

Hal l uci nogeni c pl ant s may have

been t he

c at a l y s t s f or

everythi ng

about us t h a t

d i s t i n -

gui shes

us

from

other

pr i mates

except per-

haps

t he l o s s of body h ai r Al l

of t he

ment al

f unct i ons- t hat

we

associ at e wi th

humanness,

i ncl udi ng

r e c a l l ,

proj ecti ve

i magi nat i on, l an-

guage, namng,

magi cal

speech,

dance, and a

sense of r e l i g i o

may have emer ged out

of

i n-

teract i on wi th

hal l uci nogeni c

pl ant s

Our so-

c i e t y ,

more t han

others,

w i l l f i n d t h i s

theory

d i f f i c u l t t o

accept

because

we have

made

pharmacol ogi cal l y

obt ai ned

e c s t a s y

a

t aboo

Sexual i t y

i s a

t aboo

f or

t he

same

reason

such t hi ngs are consci ousl y

or unconsci ousl y

sensed t o be ent wi ned wi th

t he mysteri es

of

wher e

we

came

f r om

and how

we

got t o be

t he

way

we

are

theory of

pl ant hal l uci no-

gens

as

cent ral

t o

t he o r i g i n of

mnd suggest s

a

scenar i o

such

as t he f ol l owi ng

e

know

t hat t he

Sahar a was

much wet t er

as recentl y

as

or t housand y e a r s

ago

The

Roman

hi st or i an Pl i ny r e f e r r e d

t o ort h

Af r i ca as

Rome s breadbasket

.

The pre-

sumpt i on

i s

t h a t over

t he

l a s t

150

t housand

years t he Sahar a has grown

gradual l y

d r i e r ,

changi ng f r om

a subtr opi cal

f or es t t o

g r a s s -

l ands

and r e c en t l y , t o

d e s e r t

When

t he g r a s s -

l ands f i r s t

appear ed,

t he arboreal

adaptat i on

of t he pr i mates i l l served t h e i r

cont i nued

sur-

v i v a l

They l e f t t he t r e e s and

began

t o f oray

onto t he

grassl ands Thei r

arboreal l y

evol ved

repert oi re

of

t roop

s i g n a l s came under

p r e s -

sure t o f ur t her

expand t was t he generat i on

of hunt i ng

pack

s i g n a l s ,

such as occurs

i n

wol ves

and

dogs, t h a t

served

as t he b as i s f or

l anguage

But

anot her r e s u l t

of movi ng out of

t he

t r e e s

and

onto

t he grassl ands

was

t he

l i k e l i -

hoodof

encount eri ng t he manure

of

ungul at e

herbi vor es,

and, i n

t he

same

s i t u a t i o n , copro-

p h i l i c

( dung- l ovi ng)

mushroom

Several spe-

c i e s of

psi l ocybi n- cont ai ni ng

mushroom are

coprophi l i c

;

Aman ta

muxar i a,

whi ch has a

symbi ot i c

rel at i onshi p to b i r c h

and f i r

t r e e s ,

does not

The f a r

f ewer number of pl ant

speci es that

characteri ze

grassl ands i n

cont rast

wi th

f o r -

e s t s make

i t hi ghl y

l i k e l y

t hat any

grassl and

pl ant

encounter ed

woul d

be t e s t e d

f or i t s

f ood

pot ent i al

Theemnent

geographer

Carl

Saur

f e l t t hat

there was no such

t hi ng

as a

natur al

grassl and

He suggest ed

t h a t a l l

grassl ands

wer e human

a r t i f a c t s

r e s u l t i n g

from

bur ni ng

He

based

t h i s

ar gument on

t he f a c t

t hat a l l grassl and

s p e c i e s

can be

found present

i n

t he unders t or y

of

t he

f o r -

es t s at

t he

edge

of t he grassl and, but a very

hi gh percent age

of t he f o r e s t s p e c i e s are ab-

sent

i n

t he grassl ands

From

t h i s he argued

t h a t t he

grassl ands

are

so

recent that

they

must be seen

as

concom t ant wi th t he

r i s e

of

l arge human

popul at i ons ( Saur, 1973)

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4

The next s tep

i n

t he

cul tura l

evol ut i on

of

t he

bi pedal

pack-hunt i ng

pri mat es

was

t he

domesti cati on of some of

t he

br owsi ng

her-

bi vor es

Wth

t he

ani mal s and

t h ei r manure

came

t he mushroom and t he

human-mush-

room

re l at i onshi p was fur ther enhanced and

deepened

Evi dence f or t hese specul ati ons can be

found

i n

southern

Al ger i a

Ther e

i s

an

area

cal l ed t he T a s s i l i pl at eau, a

cur i ous geol ogi -

c a l f ormati on

t s

l i k e a l abyri nth,

a vast

badl ands of

stone

escar pments that have

been

cut by t he

w nd

i nt o

many per pendi cu-

l a r

nar row

corr i dors ,

al most l i k e an aban-

doned

c i t y

And i n t he

T a s s i l i

t here are

rock

pai nt i ngs

t h a t

date f r om

t he

l a t e

n e o l i t h i c

t o

as r ecent l y as 2

thousand

years

ago Her e

ar e

t he e a r l i e s t known depi cti ons of shamans

i n

coi nci dence

w t h l a r g e numbers of gr azi ng

ani mal s,

s pec i f i c a l l y c a t t l e (Lhote, 1959 La-

j oux, 1963)

The

shamans ,

danci ng and

hol di ng

f i s t f u l s

of

mushroom,

a l s o

have

mushroom

spr out i ng

out of t h e i r bodi es

Thi s connecti on

bet ween t he

T a s s i l i

ar t and

mushroomuse was di scovered and

poi nt ed

out t o me by J e f f Gai nes, an et hnomycol o-

g i s t

and ar t h i s t o r i a n l i v i n g i n Boul der ,

Col -

or ado He r ecogni zed

t he i mpl i cati ons of t he

T a s s i l i

i mages f or t he r o l e

of

mushroom

use

i n

human

pr ehi story

S im l a r i mages occur i n

pre- Col ombi an Peruvi an

t e x t i l e s

wherei n

t he

shaman s

shown

hol di ng

an obj ect that has

been

i dent i f i ed as

e i t h e r a

chopper

or

mushroom Choppi ng t o ol s have been

found that r esembl e t he

depi ct ed

obj ect

Un-

l i k e

t he Peruvi an

i mages, w t h

t he T a s s i l i

f r escoes the case

s

c l e ar Her e we s ee

danci ng

shamans w t h s i x , e i g ht , or t en mushroom

cl utched

i n

t h ei r

hands

and spr out i ng

from

t h ei r bodi es

The

her di ng peopl es

who

produced the Tas-

s l

pai nt i ngs moved out of Af r i c a over a l ong

peri od of

t i me, per haps

f r om

30 thousand t o 5

thousand

years ago

Wher ever

they

went ,

t h ei r

pastoral

l i f e s t y l e

went

w t h

themThe

Red Sea

was l andl ocked

at

t h a t t i me The boot

of

Ar abi a was backed

up

agai ns t t he

Af r i c an

cont i nent

The

l andbr i dge

there

was u t i l i z e d

by some of

these Af r i can p a s t o r a l i s t s t o

enter

t he f e r t i l e

c r e s c e n t and l a t e r Asi a M nor ,

wher e they

i nterm ngl ed w th popul at i ons

al -

r eady

present and bec ame

we l l - e s t a bl i s he d by

12

thousand

years ago

These

p a s t o r a l

peopl e

had

a

c u l t

of c a t t l e

and one

of

t he

Gr eat

God-

dess

The

evi dence f or t h i s

comes

f r om

a num

ber

of

s i t e s i n southern

Anatol i a ,

t he

b e s t

r e-

sear ched

bei ng Cat al

Huyi i k, a s i t e

dated

t o

8-9, 000

BP Cat al Huyti k

has been thor-

oughl y excavated

and

cont ai ns amazi ng

shr i nes

w t h c a t t l e b a s - r e f i e f s and heads of t he c a t t l e

cover ed

w t h ocher

des i gns- t he

very

compl ex

pai nt i ngs of

a

very compl i cat ed

c i v i l i z a t i o n

(Mel l aart , 1 5, I 7)

I n t he conf l uence of t he

c u l t

of

t he

Gr eat

Goddess and

t he c a t t l e

c u l t ,

there

s a

r ecog-

n i t i o n and an awareness of t he

mushroom

as

t he t hi r d

and cht honi c

member

of

a

ki nd

of

l a t e

n e o l i t h i c t r i n i t y The mushroom seen t o

be as much a pr o duc t of t he c a t t l e as

m l k,

meat , and manur e,

was t he

pi pel i ne t o

t he

presence of t he Goddess Recent l y Ri ane

Ei s l e r 1 9 8 7 ) , i n her i mpor t ant

revi s i oni ng

of

h i s t o r y

The Chal i ce

and t he Bl ade,

has ad-

vanced t he

i mpor t ant

not i on of

partner-

shi p model s of soci ety bei ng

i n

compet i t i on

and oppr essed by domnator

f or ms

of so-

c i a l or gani zat i on These

l a t t e r

ar e

hi erarch i -

c a l ,

pa t er n al i s t i c ,

ma t er i a l i s t i c , and

mal e

dom nat ed

Her

pos i t i on

s

that i t

i s t he t en-

s i o n

bet ween

these

two

f or ms

of

s o ci a l

or -

gani zati on

and t he

overexpr essi on

of

t he

dom nat or model t hat ar e r esponsi bl e f or

our al i enati on I am

n compl ete agr eement

w t h E i s l e r s

vi ew

I n

f a c t t h i s essay asks a

two-poi nt ques t i on that

i s an

ext ensi on

of

her

ar gument

What

factor ma in t ai ned t he

equi l i br i um

of t he

part ner shi p

s oc i e t i e s of

t he

l a t e n e ol i t hi c , and what factor f aded,

thereby

s e t t i n g

t he

s t age f or

t he emergence

of t he

evol ut i onar i l y

mal adapt i ve domnator

model ?

t s

t he

dept h of

t he re l at i onshi p of

a

human

gr oup

t o t he

gnosi s

of

the vegetabl e

m nd, t he Gaian c o l l e c t i v i t y of organi c l i f e ,

t h a t

deter m nes t he

strength

of t he gr oup' s

connect i on

t o t he archetype

of

t he Goddess

and hence t o t he part ner shi p s t y l e of s o c i a l

or gani zat i on

The l a s t t i me that t he mai n-

stream of West er n

t hought

was refreshed by

t he gnosi s of t he

vegetabl e

mnd was at t he

c l o s e of t he

Hel l eni st i c

era,

when

t he El eu-

s i a ni a n

Myst eri es

wer e f i n a l l y suppr essed

by

enthusi asti c Chr i s t i an

barbar i ans

( Was son,

Hofmann Ruck,

1978)

The

l a t e

medi eval

church

that

conducted

the great w t c h bur ni ngs was

very

concer ned

t h a t

al l c r e di t f or

epi sodes of magi c and de-

r angement shou l d be

gi ven

t o t he

Devi l -

hence, know edge of pl ants

such

as Dat ur a,

deadl y ni ghts hade, and

monkshood

and t he

r o l e

that

they wer e pl ayi ng i n

t he nocturnal

gat her i ngs and a c t i v i t i e s of t he

pract i t i oners

of t he c r a f t

wer e

suppr essed

After a l l

we

cannot have a Devi l who i s such

a

di m ni shed

f i g u r e that he must r e l y

on

mere

her bs t o

work hi s wi l e s The Devi l must be a

worthy

8/10/2019 Psychedelics Revisited

6/8

f oe of t he

Chri stos, and hence n ea r l y

co-

equal

Duer r ,

1985

My

concl usi on s t hat taki ng the next evo-

l ut i onary step the

ar chai c r e v i v a l t he r e

b i r t h of t he Goddess,

and t he endi ng of

pro-

f ane

hi s t o r y- are

agendas t hat i mpl i c i t l y

cont ai n

t he

not i on of

our

r ei nvol vement w t h

and t he emer gence of

t he

veget abl e

mnd

That same mnd t hat coaxed

us

i n t o s e l f r e

f l e c t i n g l anguage

nowoffers

us t he bound-

l e s s

l andscapes

of t he i magi nat i on

Wthout

such

a r el at i ons hi p t o

psychedel i c

exopher o-

mones r egul at i ng

our symbi oti c

rel ati onshi p

w t h

t he

pl ant ki ngdom we stand out si de

of

an

underst andi ng of pl anetar y pur pose

And

under st andi ng

pl anetar y pur pose may be

t he

maj or

cont r i but i on

t hat

we can make

t o

t he

evol ut i onar y

process

Returni ng

t o t he bosom

of t he pl anetar y

par t nershi p

means t radi ng

t he poi nt of vi ewof t he

mal e- created ego

f or

t he i n t ui t i o na l t r a ns l i ngu i s t i c

under st andi ng

of t he mat ernal mat r i x

The peopl e of

Cat al

H0yi l k

and

ot her

Mesopotaman peopl es exi sted

undi st ur bed

i n t he

anci ent M ddl e East

f or a l ong t i me,

pr acti ci ng thei r

Mother

Goddess r e l i g i o n

Then, around 5- 7, 000 BP a d i f f e r e n t ki nd

of peopl e

w t h wheel ed c ha r i o t s

pat r i ar chy,

and

a r i t u a l

i nvol vi ng horse s a c r i f i c e swept

down

f r om north

of t he Caspi an Sea i nto

Tur key,

Anat ol i a, and what

now

I r a q and

I r a n

encount er i ng

t he

p as t o r a l mushroom

usi ng

l ow anders These i nvaders ar e t he

peopl e t hat Wasson has

suggest ed wer e t he

bearers of Soma

He

f e e l s

t hat

Soma

t he i n

t oxi cat i ng pl ant

of t he

Vedi c

hymns, may

have been

t he mushroom

Amani ta

muscar i a

mushroom

myst er y

c u l t was

carr i ed

out of

t he f o r e s t s

of Centr al As i a by Aryan peopl e

who event ual l y

s e t t l e d

i n I ndi a

The probl em

w t h t h i s hypot hesi s

t hat

A muscar i a

not a

r e l i a b l e vi si onary ha l l u

ci nogen

t s

d i f f i c u l t t o

obtai n

a cons i s -

t ent l y e c s t at i c i ntoxi cat i on

from

Amani ta

muscar i a

Much

i nk has

been

shed

over t h i s

pr obl em

Some

have suggest ed t h a t

muscar i a must be poundedw t h m l k curd

i n

or der

t o decar boxal ate muscar i ne, t he a c t i v e

t o x i n i nto

muscamol the hal l oci nogeni c

const i t uent

Ot her s have suggest ed t hat t he

Amani ta

must

be

dri ed

or roasted and aged

before i t s r ender ed

nont oxi c

and

e f f e c t i v e

The

f a c t

of t he mat t er

s that

muscamol

not

a

deep

hal l uci nogen,

even

when used

as

a

pur e compound

Wasson was on t he r i gh t

t r a c k

corr ectl y

r ecogni zi ng

t he

pot ent i al

of

Amani ta

muscar i a

t o i nduce

r e l i g i o u s

f e e l i n g

and

ecstasy but di d not take i nto

account t he

i magi nat i on

and

l i n g u i s t i c

st i mul at i on i m

parted

by

t he

i nput

of

Af r i can

psi l ocybi n-

cont ai ni ng

mushroom i nt o t he

evol ut i on of

O d Worl d

mycol at r y

Weknow

t hat at l e a s t one psi l ocybi n

mush-

room Psi l ocybe

cubensi s or St rophar i a

cu-

b en s i s

ci r cum r opi cal

i n t

di s t r i but i on

oc-

curr i ng

t hr oughout

t he warm wet tr opi cs

wher ever c a t t l e of t he

Bos i ndi cus type are

present Thi s r a i s e s a

number

of quest i ons

s

P

cubensi s

excl usi vel y

a creature

of t he

manure

of Bos

i ndi cus,

or can i t occur

i n

t he

manure

of

other c a t t l e ? ow

recent l y

has t

r eached

t s var i ous

habi t at s?

The

f i r s t

s p ec i

men of Psi l ocybe

cubensi s

was

col l ect ed by

Ear l e i n Cuba

i n

1906, yet cur r ent botani cal

theory pl aces t he actual

poi nt of or i gi n f or

t he speci es

i n

Kampuchea

n

archaeol ogi cal

di g

i n Thai l and

at a pl ace

c a l l e d Non Nak

Tha

has been dated

t o

15, 000 BP, and there

t he bones of Bos i ndi cus

have

been f ound

coi nci dent w th

human graves

Some

of

t he

bones

have burned- out c e n t e r s

i ndi cat i ng

t h a t

they had been used as chi l l ums

t o bum

and

pr esumabl y smoke

vegetabl e

mater i al

Chi l l ums

of t he

NonNak

Tha

type

ar e used

even

t oday

among

yoga- saddhus

t hr oughout

I ndi a

Psi l ocybe cubensi s common

i n t he

NonNak

Tha

area t oday

At what poi nt , t hen, di d

P

cubensi s

ent er

t he New

Worl d? I n southern Mexi co,

coi nci -

dent w t h t he Mayan

cul t ur al a r e a nat i ves

use a number of

psi l ocybi n- cont ai ni ng mush

r ooms

Ps i l ocybe

mexi cana, P azt ecor um

P maztecorum and

others

These mush

room

const i t ut e

t he

Mexi can

mushroom

compl ex di scover ed by

Val ent i na and Cor -

donWasson

i n

t he ear l y

f i f t i e s

Psi l ocybe

cu-

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Themushroom

el i gi on

i s

act ual l y

the

generi c r el i gi on

of human

bei ngs

5 6

ReVSO Vot

. l oNo

4

bensi s al so occur s

i n

these a r e a s

bei ng

espe-

c i a l l y

p r o l i f i c

at Pal enque

Pal enque

i s t he

s i t e

of

t he

rui ns

of one

of t he

most exqui si te

c i t i e s of t he Mayan cl i max

Many

peopl e

have taken t he mushroom

at Pal enque

and

have

had

t he i mpressi on that

they wer e

i n-

gest i ng t he

sacred

sacr ament

of t he peopl e

who b u i l t t h i s

f abul ous abandoned 7th- cen-

tury Mayan

c i t y

but

t h i s

noti on

i s

di sput ed

by

modern botani st s

We cannot be cert ai n

t h a t P

cubensi s

was

t he

mushroomsacra-

ment

of

t he

Maya

Most

orthodox

botani sts

ar gue

that P

cubensi s entered

t he

New

Worl d w t h

t he conquest ,

transported by t he

Spani sh

and t h e i r c a t t l e I n t he

absence

of a

deci pher ment of t he Mayan gl yphs,

i t i s not

easy

t o i magi ne howsuch a mat t er

coul d

be

pr oved or

di sproved

Gi ven t he l ong

v i a b i l i t y

of t he spores and t he general l y prevai l i ng

w nds at

t he

equat or ,

t he

ci r cumr opi cal

di s -

t r i b u t i o n

of

P cubensi s

i s probabl y

a

very ol d

f a c t of t he

ecol ogy

of t he pl anet

The

I ndo- Ar yan

peopl e comngout

of cen-

t r a l

Asi a

contacted

val l ey- dwel l i ng,

past oral ,

par tners hi p

c u l t u r es

and

assi ml ated

from

them

t he

c ul t of

t he

coprophi ti c psi l ocybi n-

contai ni ng mushroom car ryi ng

i t

east ward

i nt o I ndi a The evi dence

i s

t h i n but,

on

t he

other hand,

t he

evi dence has not been

sought

Af t er

l l

t he current desert cl i mate of t he

r egi on encompass i ng I r a q I r a n southern

Tur k ey, J or dan,

and Saudi Ar abi a makes

t h i s a very unl i kel y pl ace

t o

l ook

f or

archaeo-

l o gi c al evi dence of a

mushroom

c u l t How

e v e r

Rober t

Gr aves s

book

Food

f or Cen

taurs

1960)

di scuss es

how

a

taboo usual l y

i n-

di c a t e s

an

e a r l i e r h i s t or i c a l

i nvol vement w th

t he f orbi dden

i t e mi n

the i nventory of t he c ul -

ture

And

mus hr oom , whi ch ar e har dl y

f ound

i n t he cont empor ar y envi r onment where

these

r e l i g i o n s are pract i ced, are

very

taboo

i n

t he substr at um of p r i m t i v e

Zoroast r i an-

i sm

Mandaeani s m

and t he undi f f erenti ated

c u l t

r e l i g i o n s

t h a t pr eceded themMandaean

i sm

s p e c i f i c a l l y f or bi ds t he eat i ng of

mush

room, accor di ng

t o Wasson

Wasson, Hof

mann

Ruck, 1978)

I n

The

Sacr ed Mushroomand t he

Cr oss

1970) ,

J ohn Al l egr o, concent r at i ng on

post-

e x i l i c

J udai sm

i n

Pal esti ne, makes a contro-

v er s i a l

case that can onl y be

j udged

by Su-

mer i an

ph i l o l o g i s t s He p o s i t s t hat

t her e ar e

mushroom

wor ds, phrases, and symbol s t h a t

can be traced

through

Accadi an

i n t o ol d Ac-

cadi an and

back

in t o Sumer i an,

and

that

mushrooms

wer e

used

very

earl y

i n t hi s

ar ea

y

own appr oach has been t o work f orwar d

from

t he Vedas The Vedas are hymns

t h a t

these

I ndo- Ar yan peopl e composed

s ome-

where

al ong

t h ei r ml l enni a- l ong

per egr i na-

ti ons

i n I ndi a

TheNi nt h Mandala

of t he Ri g

Veda

especi al l y

goes i nt o g r e a t d et a i l

about

Soma and

s t a t e s

t h a t

Soma stands

above

t he

Gods

Soma

i s t he s upr eme e n t i t y Soma

i s

t he moon

Soma i s mascul i ne

Her e we have

a r ar e

phenomenon

a

mal e

l unar dei t y

The

connect i on

bet ween t he f em ni ne and t he

moon i s

so

deep

and obvi ous t hat a l unar

mal e

dei ty

stands out, maki ng

i t s tr adi ti onal

hi s t or y i n t he

regi on easy

t o

t r a c e

I

r eexamned

t he mythol ogi es

of t he

Near

East t r y i n g t o f i nd a

l unar

god that woul d

prove t h a t

t h i s i dea

had been

i mpor t ed t o

I n-

di a

fromt he West I found t h a t

t he

Sumer -

i an

c i v i l i z a t i o n s

nort her nmost

outpost

was

a

c i t y c al l ed Harr an, a c i t y t r a di t i o n a l l y a s so c i -

ated

w t h t he

begi nni ng of

ast r ol ogy

I n -

vented i n

Harr an,

ast r ol ogy spread t o Chi na,

l a t e r

t o Egypt , and thr oughout t he anci ent

worl d The

patron dei ty of t he

c i t y

of

Har -

r an was a moon

god Si n or Nannar Si n

was

mal e andwore

a cap that l ooked l i k e amush

room

Noother

dei ty i n t hat

pant heon

had

t h i s headgear

f ound three exampl es of

Si n

or Nannar

on

cyl i nder s e al s and i n each case

t he headgear was promnent, and

i n

one i n-

stance t he accompanyi ng

t e x t

by

a ni ne-

t eenth- century

schol ar ment i ons

that t h i s

headgear was i n f ac t t he i d e n t i f i e r

f or t he

god

Masper o, 1894)

Why

was

t he Aryandei ty connect ed

w t h

t he

mushroomper cei ved

as

mal e?

Al t hough

t h i s

i s aprobl emf o r

f o l k l o r i s t s

and mythol o-

g i s t s

cert ai n poi nts ar e obvi ous

German

f o l k l or e

has

al ways

associ at ed

t he

moon

w t h

the mascul i ne, and

t he

mushroom

w l l

take t he

proj ecti on of mascul i ni t y or fem-

ni ni t y

w t h

equal

ease

t

i s

obvi ousl y con-

nected

t o

t he moon i t has

a l u st r o us s i l v e r y

appear ance

i n

cert ai n f o r m , and

i t

seem t o

appear at ni ght

when

t he moon r u l e s t he

heavens On t he other

hand, one can s h i f t

t he

poi nt

of vi ew

and suddenl y

s ee t he mush

roomas mascul i ne

i t

i s sol ar

i n

col or,

phal -

l i

i n

appearance, and i mpar t s a

great

en-

ergy

So t he

mushroom

i s

ac t u al l y

an

an-

8/10/2019 Psychedelics Revisited

8/8

drogynous

shape- shi f t i ng dei t y

t h a t can take

vari ous f orms

r e l a t i v e

t o t he

predi sposi t i on

of t he

cul t ure

encount er i ng

i t

One can al

most say

that

i t i s

a

mrror

of c ul t u r a l

expec-

t ati ons

That

i s

why f or t he

I ndo- Aryans

i t

took ona

mascul i ne qual i ty

and

why

i n

ot her

si t uati ons

i t

seems t o

have a ver y

l unar qual -

i t y

Ei ther

way,

i t i s

a hal l uci nogen

t h a t i s

not

w l d

and

i s

associ at ed w th t he

domest i -

cat i on of ani mal s

and w t h human

cul t ure

Thi s associ ati on

w t h

domest i cat ed

ani mal s

i mpl i cat es t he

mushroom

i n

t he c ul t u r a l

de-

ve l opment of t he

I ndo- Aryans, t he

peopl e

who

wrot e

t he

Vedas

These same Aryans

were t he aut hors

of

a

breakt hrough i n r e l i g i o u s

ont ol ogy

For

them

there

wer e

no

sacred r i v e r s no

sacred

t r e e s

and

no

hol y

mount ai ns

They t ran-

scended

geography i n

t h e i r not i on of

dei t y

They

b u i l t a f i r e and

where

t he

f i r e was

human

consci ousness

emer ged

i n t o

t he

l i g h t

ki ndl ed, the center of

t he uni verse came

t o

r e s t

They had di scovered

t he

t r anscendence

of t i me and

space

A

sacr ament al

pl ant

h al

l uci nogen

t h a t i s l i n ke d t o t he

dung of do-

mesti cated ani mal s means t h a t

t he sacr ament

i s

as nomadi c

as

t he peopl e and

ani mal s that

provi de

i t s

f avored

m l i e u

There

are a

number

of pr obl ems

w t h t h i s

t heory, one

of

whi ch i s

t he l ack of conf i rma-

t i on

i n I ndi a

of

t he

presence of

Psi l ocybe

cubensi s or

ot her

psi l ocybi n- cont ai ni ng

mushroom

Amani ta

muscari a i s a l s o rare

i n

I ndi a

I

p r e di c t

however ,

t h a t

a

caref ul

search of t he f l o r a of

I ndi a w l l

r e v e a l P cu-

bensi s

as an i ndi genous

component of t he

bi ome

of t he subcont i nent And

I

mai nt ai n

that

t he d e s e r t i f i c a t i o n

of t he e n t i r e area

from

Nort h Af r i ca

t o

t h e Tar r

regi on around

Del hi has

di st ort ed our

concept i on

of what

occurred

i n

t he p r e hi s t o r i c evol ut i on

of r e l i g

i ous

ont ol ogy when these

c i v i l i z a t i o n s

wer e

i n

t h e i r

i nf ancy

and t he area was

much

wet -

t er

The

mushroom

r e l i g i o n i s act ual l y

t he

generi c r e l i g i o n

of

human

bei ngs,

and

al l

l a t e r

adumbrat i ons

of r e l i g i o n stem from

t he

c u l t

of

r i t u a l

i n ge s t i o n

of

mushroom

t o

i n

duce ecst asy

rethi nki ng

of

t he

r o l e t ha t hal l uci nogeni c

pl ant s

and f ungi have pl ayed

i n

t he

prom-

t i on

of

human

emergence f rom

t he subst rat a

of pri mat e

organi zat i on can

hel p t o

l ay t he

b as i s f or a new

appreci ati on of

t he

uni que

conf l uence

of

f actors responsi bl e and neces-

sary

f or t h e evol ut i on

of human bei ngs

The

w del y

f e l t i ntui t i on

of

t he

presence

of

t he

Ot her

as

a f emal e

companion

t o

t he

human

navi gati on

of hi story can, b el i e ve be

traced

back

t o

t he

i mmer si on i n

t he veget abl e

mnd

that provi ded

t he

r i t u a l cont ext i n whi ch

of sel f - awareness, s e l f r e f l e c t i o n

and

s e l f

art i cul at i on

:

t he l i g h t of t he Great

Goddess

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