7/24/2019 Psych Final 1x03 http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/psych-final-1x03 1/117 QUIZ 1 1. Which of the following social psychology experiments would raise the most significant ethical concerns? a) An experiment that involves subjects witnessing a fake lottery winner to observe how individuals react to situations of extreme happiness b) An experiment that involves mice being placed in a cage with no water to dehydrate them prior to collecting their brain in an attempt to measure the levels of various chemicals found in the brain C) An experiment that involves subjects beig unknowingly placed in an inescapable room during a fire alarm to observe how individuals communicate during emergency situations. D) An experiment that intentionally places subjects in a highly stressful situation designed to produce anxiety in an attempt to observe their subsequent levels of aggression towards others. Answer: !. "uppose that a mouse is placed in a sealed cage and periodically administered a small electric shoc#. After some time$ the cage is opened% howe&er$ the mouse remains inside the cage and endures the electric shoc#s. Which of the following does this scenario 'est exemplify? A) Desensitiation !) Depression C) "earned helplessness D) #abituation Answer: (. In which of the following cases would the use of a functional )*I 'e most effecti&e? A) $yla is interested in comparing which areas of the brain are active when looking at pictures of a car accident in patients with and without depression !) %ylar wants to know exactly how enlarged the cerebellum of a patient with anxiety is compared to a typical brain. C) A doctor wants to know whether a brain tumour is large enough to be affecting the functioning of her patient&s amygdala D) A doctor is interested in the sie of a brain lesion that is causing a particular patient to have extreme mood swings Answer: A
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!) !ehaviourists utilie an individual8s behaviour in order to understand the workings of the black box
the mind)
C) !ehaviourists believe external influences are more important to development than genes
D) %he goal of a behaviourist is to seek to understand the physiological mechanisms of behaviour
A"W;*:
9B. -hich of the following statements accurately describes a level of analysis5
A) %he environmental approach may consider how a person8s positive interactions with their teacher
affect their resiliency to negative events
!) %he psychological approach may consider what selective advantages could have influenced a person8s
attraction to those with rosy cheeks
C) %he neuroscience approach may consider how drug use affects neurotransmitter levels in the brain
D) %he cognitive approach may consider a person8s maladaptive ways of thinking about their environment
A"W;*: A
9. -hich of the following would a developmental psychologist most likely investigate5
A) %he development of superior hunting abilities of a particular tribe over
centuries of coloniing a land
!) %he fitness benefit to developing differences in sexual characteristics C)
%he effect of the environment on language development across a lifetime.
D) 0enetic factors behind the development of speech from early human ancestors
A"W;*:
-hich of the following statements about a strong behaviorist
perspective in psychology is correct5
A. !ehaviorists utilie an individual&s behavior in order to understandthe
workings of the black box the mind).
!. !ehaviorists believe external influences are more important todevelopment
than genes.
C. %he goal of a behaviorist is to seek to understand the
physiologicalmechanisms of behavior.
D. -hile acknowledging other perspectives as acceptable/ behavioristsbelieve
overt behavior is most important.
Answer: ,
<QUIZ !=
3. Ahmad is looking to test his theory that drinking caffeine before a math test has a positive effect on
performance. #is experimental group is administered @:: m" of caffeinated coffee <: minutes prior to thetest. -hich of the following would act as the best control group5
A) 'articipants picked from the same population are told they will be tested on performance after
drinking coffee and given @:: m" of caffeinated coffee <: minutes prior to the test
!) 'articipants picked from the same population are administered the test without any prior beverage
C) 'articipants picked from the same population are given @:: m" of water <: minutes prior to the testD)
'articipants picked from the same population are given @:: m" of decaffeinated coffee <: minutes prior to
the test
Answer: 4
9. Arthur conducts an experiment testing the relationship between the duration of sleep and memory
performance. -hich of the following most accurately represents a specific hypothesis that Arthur will betesting5
A) Duration of sleep affects memory performance
!) A longer duration of sleep results in more accurate memory performance
C) emory performance is affected by several external factors
D) Duration of sleep is affected by several internal factors/ including memory performance.
Answer: ,
<. Dr. 'ink has designed a new special pill that he believes will increase attention span. %o test hishypothesis/ Dr. 'ink measures the attention span of <: undergraduate students/ then administers the special
pill to all <: participants before redoing the attention span task. -hich of the following statements regardingDr. 'ink&s experiment is true5
A) %he independent variable is the participants& performance on the attention span task
!) %he between,subjects design of the experiment may have confounding variables
C) 'ractice effect is possible because participants repeat the same attention span taskD) %he conclusions
made from Dr. 'ink&s results are reflective of the city&s population
Answer:
?. f Eu !in8s t,test yields a p,value of :.3/ which of the following best describes what she can safely
conclude5
A) Although the experimental manipulation did not significantly affect the dependent variable measured/ the
difference may be meaningful and worth reporting
!) %he experimental manipulation did not affect the dependent variable measured/ but statistical significance
was reached/ lending support to her hypothesis.
C) Although the experimental manipulation affected the dependent variable measured/ statistical significance
was not reached/ lending support to her hypothesis
D) %he experimental manipulation affected the dependent variable measured and statistical significance was
reached/ disproving her hypothesis
Answer: A
@. -hich of the following is a true statement regarding hypothesis testing5
A) %he result of a t,test produces the probability of achieving the same results without any experimental
manipulation
!) A correlation coefficient r) of 3 suggests that variable A is the cause of the observed change in variable !
C) t is necessary to have control over the duration of each instance of procrastination exhibited by an
individual
D) %here is easy access to carefully observe an individual procrastinating without being noticed or being
intrusive
Answer: A
3:. %alysha is shopping for new shoes and notices that there tends to be a larger number of shoes in sie
/ indicating that they are in higher demand. %here are less sie 7s and @s/ and very few shoes largerthan 3: or smaller than ?. f %alysha plotted her observations and found a normal distribution/ what can
we determine about sie of women8s shoes5 A) %he mode or average shoe sie for women is
!) %here is a bimodal distribution/ with B and 4 being the peaks
C) %here are fewer women with sie 4 than sie @ shoes
D) %he standard deviation of this distribution is < shoe sies
AnswerF A
<QUIZ (=
W2> I" 2;*; QUIZ (??
<QUIZ +=
Artin works at a call center and has
heard a tip from a co, worker. %he
supervisor regularly monitors calls with customers at approximately supervisor grants a pay,bonus. As
a result/ Artin tends to concentrate his best efforts to coincide with this period. -hich of the following
reinforcement schedules does this scenario best exemplify5
A) variable ratio
!) fixed ratio
C) variable interval
D) fixed interval
Answer:
9. -hich of the following is the best example of omission training5
+esse is misbehaving in class/ and as a result his teacher tells him to write will not A)
misbehave in class over and over again.
3@ minutes after the hour. Gollowing a strong performance/ the
C) A H*,3::: schedule would ensure that responses never stopped.
D) A G,3 schedule is the same as a continuous reinforcement schedule.
Answer: A
B. -hat is a H*,@ schedule of reinforcement5
A) A subject receives reinforcement every @ trials.
!) A subject receives reinforcement on average every @ minutes.
C) A subject receives reinforcement every @ minutes.
D) A subject receives reinforcement on average every @ trials.
Answer: 4
. -hich of the following statements regarding the cumulative record is correct5 A) An G* schedule of reinforcement exhibits a characteristic scallop pattern on the record.
!) A H* 3@: schedule of reinforcement will have a steeper line than a H* 3:: schedule.
C) 2nly variable schedules of reinforcement produce linear plots on the cumulative record.
D) %he steeper the slope of a cumulative record/ the more infrequent the reinforcement.
Answer:
<QUIZ -=
3. Diana monkeys often use different but specific types of calls to indicate the oncoming threat of specific
types of predators from different locations. -hich of the following does this observation best
demonstrate5
A) %his form of communication is likely to be enhanced with
reinforcement.
!) %his form of communication involves productivity.
Jasmine will likely encounter difficulty in fluent speech production.
!
Jasmine will probably not be able to understand written language.
"
AnswerF C
<QUIZ /=
3. -hich of the following would be characteristic of an individual in the pre,operational stage of
development5
A) Iuinn&s mom had just come home from a long day at work and before asking her mom totake her to the park/ thought it might be best to ask later when she had rested for a while.
!)$urt got quite upset when his older sister pushed him for pulling her hair by accident and
just realied he could have the same effect on her by pushing her back.
C)
-hen Ginn was misbehaving his mom took his toy ball and hid it in the next roomJ as
soon as she came back/ Ginn began crying and asked for her to get the ball back from
the other room.
D)ercedes was looking through her older sister&s logic homework and realied she could
actually complete some of the beginner questions accurately.
AnswerF C
9. -hich of the following best represents a similarity between object permanence and egocentrism5
A)!oth are required to move onto the concrete operational stage in the four stages of
development.
!)!oth can be understood by a child if they are capable of utiliing operational logic
between the ages of : to years old.
C)!oth are understood at a younger age if the child is a frequent video game player
D)!oth can be understood by a child if they are capable of understanding a perspective
other than their own.
AnswerF A
<. $amila was trying to defend her boyfriend to her friends/ claiming that he treated her well and wasn&t
going to break up with her. n order to do this she showed them the romantic notes and texts he had left
her recently but failed to mention she had caught him dancing pretty closely with another girl the other
night). -hat does this scenario best exemplify5
A) Confirmation bias.
!) Availability heuristic.
C) nsight problems.
D) "ack of validity. AnswerF A
?. -hich of the following scenarios best exemplifies inductive reasoning5
A)
Alan tells his <,year,old nephew that he is (uperman. -hen the Grisbee they are
throwing gets stuck on the roof of a house/ Alan&s nephew reasons that Alan should
be able to fly up there and grab it.
!) Adam comes into work and sees +oelle&s bag on her desk as well as her coat thrown
over her chair. #e concludes that +oelle is probably at work as well.
C) ;rin sees that it is a warm and sunny day and decides to tan by the pool. (he forgother sunscreen/ however/ and concludes that she will burn if she stays out too long.
D)
Diana sees a note on the door of her favourite coffee shop reading/ !e back in <:
minutes. (he concludes that it is likely no one is inside/ the door will be locked/ and
she better get her coffee somewhere else.
AnswerF !
@. -hich of the following statements is true of 'iaget&s stages of development5
A) n the concrete operational stage of development children have mastered seriation.
!)Children all eventually reach the last stage but do so at different rates/ sometimes
skipping stages. C) All children progress through the stages of development at the same rate.
D)t is in the preoperational stage of development that children develop object
A) %riesman proposed that information from the attended ear was filtered for semantic importance and
the unattended ear was filtered for physical characteristics
!) !roadbent proposed that semantically important information may still be processed even if it is heard
through the unattended ear
C) !roadbent proposed that information is processed through a single attentional filter on the basis of
semantic importance
D) %riesman proposed that all information is passed through the physical filter/ where ratings of importance
are made/ to the semantic filter to determine what is attended to
AnswerF D
5. Which of the following statements regarding )aslowCs hierarchy is true? A) An individual who is extremely insecure is likely to be stuck trying to satisfy safety needs and will not be
able to progress up the hierarchy
!) (omeone at the esteem needs level of the hierarchy would have to go back through safety and
belongingness if their house burned down
C) (omeone attempting to satisfy their safety needs has already established their physiological and
belongingness needs
D) An individual who has recently been fired is now struggling to satisfy their physiological needs
AnswerF A
6. Which of the following is an example of the Dundamental Attri'ution ;rror?
A) 1ed assumes that his daughter was yelling at her brother because she was upset about her dog runningaway
!) Cersei thinks that her friend only bought lunch for her because he just found out he was hired for the job
she wanted
C) (tannis thinks that his colleague is just a generous person after she bought doughnuts for the office even
though he heard she was up for promotion.
D) Dany assumes that because her friend got a bad mark on the test he didn&t get a good night&s sleep
AnswerF C
7. Which of the following correctly descri'es sensory memory?
A) %he general term given for storage of visual information/ known as iconic memory/ and auditory information/known as echoic memory/ which filters information into short term memory based on the amount of decay
!) Any physical or sensory characteristics of stimuli in the environment are encoded in sensory memory/ which
has a large capacity to store information for a several minutes
C) %he physical or sensory characteristics of stimuli are briefly stored in sensory memory/ which has a large
capacity because it does not require attention
D) %he physical or sensory characteristics of attended stimuli are stored in sensory memory/ which has a large
capacity to detect a large number of details of the sensory characteristics
18. Which of the following statements is true regarding the 'ird study 'y *ips presented in the we'module?
A) ;xemplar theory suggests that the robin will be classified as a bird more quickly than the penguin because it
more similar to the average bird than the penguin.
!) ;xemplar theory suggests that it should take individuals longer to recognie a penguin than a robin becauseof the greater number of penguin exemplars held in the mind
C) 'rototype theory suggests that it should take individuals longer to recognie a penguin than a robin because
of the greater number of penguin exemplars held in the mind
D) 'rototype theory suggests that the robin will be classified as a bird ore quickly than the penguin because it is
more similar to the average bird than the penguin
AnswerF D
<;" 1(=
3. !ob is showing the symptoms of a psychological disorder. -hich method would the structuralist Dr.
(mith most likely use to diagnose !ob5 A) 2bserve !ob to form a diagnosis based on his behavioural symptoms
!) %reat !ob&s brain as an indescribable structure and focus strictly on overt behaviour
C) Ask !ob to explore his own cognitive processes and provide a report to Dr. (mith to form a diagnosis
D) Design experiments to test how !ob&s patterns of thinking have altered his behaviour
Answer:
9. -hich of the following statements would support the argument made by -atson and the behaviourists
regarding the mind as a black box5
nternal mental events are not objectively observable.
2vert behaviour can be used to make inferences about the mind. Conscious thoughts exist for some adaptive purpose.
%he aspects of conscious thought that are most important are the processes it allows us to do.
CorrectK !ehaviourists emphasied that anything internal mental processes are unobservable and
therefore off limits to psychology as a science.
<. -hich of the following situations is the best example of an ethical concern5
A) 'articipants are told they are participating in a study about memory when it is actually
about stereotyping and prejudice.
!) 'articipants are placed in a room with no lights and asked to report the source of various sounds for
3.@ hours.
C) 'articipants are required to take a vision test before sitting at the computer for an experiment.
D) 'articipants are involved in a study involving holding hands with one unknown person while looking
at another unknown person and subsequently asked who they prefer as a potential friend.
CorrectK %his situation is an example of deception which can lead to emotional or
. From which of the following sub-disciplines is the psychologist operating?4
A) Development and neuroscience
B) Development and learning
) !ocial psychology and neuroscience
D) "earning and social psychology
orrect# !ocial psychology recogni$es alienation% a dynamic between individuals in so
cause of depression and neuroscience deals with chemical changes in the brain.
%en year old +ames recently switched schools and has become very depressed. A psychologistreports that this sudden change is typical in children who switch schools/ and results from feelings of
isolation. %he psychologist prescribes medication to reverse the chemical changes in the brain caused bydepression.
@. According to the textbook/ what emerging school of thought was influenced by 'avlov&s experiments
on involuntary learning in dogs5
A) functionalism
!) behaviourism
C) structuralism
D) psychoanalysisCorrect. 'avlov&s experiment inspired -atson to treat the mind as a black box and focus studies strictly on
behaviour.
B. -hich of the following is an example of psychometrics/ as it applies to sports psychology5
A) "isa is administered a personality test to determine whether she should play forward or
defence in the upcoming hockey season.
!) +ohn is instructed to perform relaxation techniques while swinging a bat to overcome his anxiety on
the baseball field.
C) Gollowing a serious injury while playing football/ +ames has been ordered to take a depression
screening test as a result of his emotional changes while unable to play during recovery.
D) +en/ a professional golf player/ has enrolled as a subject in a mental rotation experiment designed
such as familly si$e in&uences future mate selection?
A) 'nvironmental
B) 'volutionary
) !ocio-cultural
D) Developmental
orrect# (his researcher would be eamining the evolutionary advantage that coming fgroup may have on mate selection% which would in&uence reproductive success.
4. A researcher following which of the following perspectives is most likely to study how selective forces
7. -hich psychological perspective would be most useful for developing a model for understanding theinfluence of a charismatic individual on group behaviour5
N A) (ocio,cultural
!) 'sychological
C) Cognitive
D) ;nvironmentalCorrectK %he socio,cultural perspective focuses on how individuals are influenced by culture and interactions
with other people
3. +im,!ob is an intelligent student who graduated high school on the #onour *oll. #owever at university heexperiences high anxiety in tutorials where participation was mandatory. #ow might a social psychologistapproach +im,!ob&s issues5
A) Ask +im,!ob about his relationships with his professors and fellow students and how they affects his feelings
in such situations
!) ;ncourage +im,!ob to brainstorm the source of his social anxiety and whether it is the result of any
academic difficulties he is facing
C) ;xplore +im,!ob8s past experiences in similar situations as well as patterns of social behaviour in early
education
D) seek whether there are any differences in functionality of brain regions associated with anxiety in +im,!ob as
compared to Onormal8 individuals
A"W;*: A
9. -hich of the following statements regarding descriptive statistics is true5
A) A frequency distribution is a bar,graphical representation of mean data values
!) A histogram of collected experimental data provides information about frequency
epects to get yelled at anyway. *hat phenomenon does this scenario best eemplify
A) Depression
+ B) "earned helplessness
) lassical conditioning
D) ,abituation
4. %ina has been working endlessly for the past < years on a research project with her close,knit team offellow researchers. (he will be presenting the work at an upcoming conference in the hopes of getting
noticed by leading researchers in the field to gain a position as a post,doctoral researcher. -hich stage in
the hierarchy of needs is %ina trying to fulfill5
A) !elonging
!) ;steem
C) (elf,actualiation
D) (afety
A1(-;*F!
7. -hat conclusion was drawn from the study performed by -alster in 37B@5
A) %hose with low self esteem rated attractiveness higher than those with high esteem!) those with high self esteem rated attractiveness lower than those with low esteem
C) -e tend to like those who like us/ especially when our self esteem is low
D) (elf esteem of women is generally highly changeable/ especially when low
A1(-;*F C
3:. -hat term refers to an individual8s tendency to defer action to others in the presence of someone
more qualified A) (ocial loafing
!) Diffusion of responsibility
C) Collective ignorance
D) 0roup think
A1(-;*F !
3. ;very time ikael asks his supervisor Dave for a break/ ikael gets yelled at and is given more work.
;ven after a nicer supervisor/ +en/ is hired in addition to Dave/ ikael still asks Dave to go on break as he
9. -hich of the following statements is correct regarding the practice effect5
A) 'ractice effects enhance the control of a given experiment because it becomes difficult to
separate natural improvement from the effect of manipulating the independent variable.
!) 'ractice effects enhance the control of a given experiment because it becomes difficult to
separate natural improvement from the effect of manipulating the dependent variable.
0 . *hich of the following scenarios would result in an improved primacy e1ect and dim
C) 'ractice effects reduce the control of a given experiment because it becomes difficult to
separate natural improvement from the effect of manipulating the dependent variable.
D) 'ractice effects reduce the control of a given experiment because it becomes difficult to
separate natural improvement from the effect of manipulating the independent variable.
<. -hich of the following statements regarding %horndike&s pule box experiment is correct5
A) %horndike observed that once the cat learned to escape/ the cat pulled the rope immediately
on all subsequent trials.
!) %horndike believed that once the cat learned to escape/ it would pull the rope on all
subsequent trials.
C) %horndike observed the number of desired behaviours decreased gradually after a number of
trials.
D) %horndike initially believed that once the cat learned to escape/ the number of random
behaviours would gradually decrease.
?. +asmine suffered from head trauma and damaged a small area in her left frontal lobe called !roca&s area.-hich of the following impairments is she most likely to encounter5
A) +asmine will probably not be able to understand written language.
!) +asmine will probably not be able to understand what is being said to her.
C) +asmine will likely develop what is perceived by listeners to be a foreign accent.
D) +asmine will likely encounter difficulty in fluent speech production.
@. %wo siblings/ #eidi who is B and gor who is 4/ were given a full glass of milk each in the same sie cup.
%heir mom poured one of the glasses of milk into a taller plastic cup because it was in one of her favouriteglasses and she thought the kids might break it. -ho is more likely to complain about not
effect in the serial position curve5
A) %he words are presented in pairs allowing the individual to chunk two words together and
recall them as a pair.
!) %he words are presented at a slower rate in the list and the individual successfully chunks
ncorrect. -orking memory training did not increase working memory capacity but rather/ according to
experimenters/ increased working memory efficiency.
<Qui3 5=: ategories and oncepts:
-hich of the following is evidence in favour of the prototype theory5
A) deal representations of categories change over time with changing experience of
category members.
!) ndividuals from (outh America are faster to respond to rice as a staple meal item thanto pasta.
C) Category membership is robust to changes after short,term changes in experiences
with category members.
D) (imple but abstract categories are easily defined in terms of inclusion and exclusion
criteria.
CorrectK -ith prototype theory/ category representations are based on an average of experiences of
experiences with similar things or phenomena/ and therefore items that more closely resemble a categoryrepresentation are likely to be categoried at a faster rate.
-hich of the following would be considered evidence for the level of ability children have in categoriing and
CorrectK %he other is the side of you within your shadow complex that you often fear and reject/ according
to +ung. #owever/ in order to fully develop the self/ it is important to accept all parts of the self and come to
terms with them/ especially since the shadow can be a great source of insight and creativity.
Granklin and #arold have been childhood best friends and grew up together. 1ow in their twenties/ people
are surprised when they hear that Granklin and #arold are best friends simply because their lifestyles andattitudes are so different/ with Granklin being very talkative and #arold being overly stubborn. -hich of the
following best describes their development through the different stages as defined by Greud5
A) Granklin likely has the most residual libido from his anal stage.
!) Granklin is anal,expulsive and #arold is anal,retentive.
C) Granklin has the most oral libido and #arold has the most anal libido.
D) #arold likely has the most residual libido from his oral stage.
CorrectK %alkativeness is associated with an oral fixation/ while stubbornness is associated with an
analretentive fixation.
-hich of the following is most correct of the tripartite model of personality5
A) %he id does not consider reality because it is entirely unconscious.
!) %he ego&s main concern is upholding moral standards.
C) %he process of balancing the desires of the id and superego is mostly conscious.
D) %he superego is equally conscious and unconscious.
ncorrect. %he ego is responsible for striking a balance between the id pleasure) and the superego morals)
and its processes are approximately equally split between conscious and unconscious.
-hich defense mechanism involves perceiving ones true feelings in another5
A) *eaction formation
!) Displacement
C) Denial
D) 'rojection
ncorrect. n displacement/ the unconscious ego redirects the forbidden impulse away from its original target
to a consciously acceptable target so the conscious ego does not feel any anxiety. n this case/ the correctmechanism is projection. 'rojection involves attributing our own anxiety producing thoughts or impulses to
someone else.
ndividuals who are interested in a large variety of experiences in their life would most likely receive a high
score on which of the following !ig Give personality traits5
CorrectK 'eople who score high on 2penness tend to desire variety and adventure in their lifeJ they are
very open to new experiences. %hey also tend to be unconventional/ intellectually curious and
imaginative.
-hich of the following statements about the type approach is most correct5
A) %he key distinction between the type and trait approaches is the type approach is on an
allor,none basis/ while the trait approach measures on a continuum.
!) 0reek and *oman philosophers thought temperament was based on the ratio of two
humours/ blood and bile.
C) t characteries personality along a spectrum from driven/ aggressive behaviour to relaxed
and sensitive behaviour.
D) ndividuals with type ! personalities are more likely than those with type A personalities to
have coronary problems.
CorrectK %he type approach may characterie an individual as either a type A personality or a type !personality. %he trait approach/ on the other hand/ may characterie an individual as being high/ low/ or
somewhere in between on the neuroticism scale.
-hich of the following statements regarding personality is true5
A) Greud believed in an unconscious mind/ which influenced the conscious mind and could be
brought into consciousness.
!) -hile it does maintain balance/ the ego is responsible for satisfying the needs and desires of the id.
C) !ehaviourists believe that personality develops over a lifetime of experiences and does not
-hich of the following correctly outlines a finding of the iller 374?) experiment on children and
adults living in ndia or the 6nited (tates of America5
A) American adults are more likely to overestimate dispositional factors than ndian adults are to
overestimate situational factors.
!) American adults are more likely to attribute behaviour to personal factors/ while ndian adults
are more likely to consider dispositional factors.
C) ndian children tend to start overestimating situational factors around 3@ years old.
D) !eyond age 4 ndian children begin to drastically overestimate the importance of situational
factors compared to dispositional.
CorrectK ndividuals from collectivist societies such as ndia begin to consider situational factors more heavilybeyond age 4/ while those from individualist societies such as the 6nited (tates tends to overestimate
dispositional factors.
-hich of the following statements is most correct5
A) ndividuals often assume that the general population would make the same decision as
that individual in a given situation.
!) ndividuals do not fall victim to the actor,observer effect if they are previously told theindividuals& intentions and normal behaviour.
C) %he fundamental attribution error dictates that individuals will assume the more
unfavourable factor has more to do with a stranger&s behaviour.
D) %he self,serving bias dictates that individuals believe their behaviour is caused by
dispositional factors and not situational factors.
ncorrect. %he fundamental attribution error refers to our tendency to assume dispositional factors played
more of a role in another person&s behaviour than situational factors. Gor example/ we wouldn&tnecessarily assume that someone who donated money to charity was just being nice because they got a
promotion today,, the GA; can also lead to position thoughts about others.
*esearchers investigating different diseases are trying to convince the public to donate to their respective
cause. -hich of the following will people likely find most severe/ encouraging them to donate to that cause5
CorrectK %here is research to suggest that males are more likely to help females and that this
helping behaviour becomes even more likely when the problem is perceived to be beyond the control of
the person requiring aid.
<Qui3 1(=: *e&iew:-hich of the following scenarios is the best demonstration of how habituation would be used in
psychological methodology5
A) ary shows a boy a picture of a smiling face until he gradually gains interest and then shows
him a picture of a frowning face. f he shows no interest in the frowning face/ ary can infer
that he is able to discriminate between the two facial expressions.
!) ary shows a boy a picture of a smiling face until he gradually loses interest and then shows
him a picture of a frowning face. f he shows renewed interest in the frowning face/ ary can
infer that he is able to discriminate between the two facial expressions.
C) A mouse receives a small shock when he presses a lever in his cage. f/ over time/ thefrequency with which he presses this lever increases/ it can be inferred that the mouse has
learned to press the lever.
D) A mouse receives a small shock when he presses a lever in his cage. f/ over time/ the
frequency with which he presses this lever decreases/ it can be inferred that the mouse has
learned to not press the lever.
CorrectK #abituation is a form of non,associative learning in which there is a decrease in response to a given
stimulus. t is a principle often utilied in experiments like this one.
-hich of the following best captures the principle of parsimony5
A) Garia has equal evidence for the theory that memory is composed of several structures and
the theory that memory is one process/ and chooses the latter.
!) #eather happens to find that/ contrary to a substantial history of research/ babies are not
attracted more to faces than other stimuli/ yet she holds off submitting these results before
replicating them.
C) !arb/ in her research/ finds that elder individuals are more likely to show deficits in motor
skills than younger generations/ and assumes results will be the same in any sample of
elder individuals.
D) (hivani makes the assumption that based on her experimental observations depression is
always the result of abnormal perceptions of the world.
CorrectK Garia has two theories that equally explain her observations/ however/ one is simpler than the other
and by choosing this one she is being parsimonious.
!) An individual will not obey a command unless it is given in a prestigious location.
C
)
'roximity of the learner to the experimenter is an important factor in obedience.
D
)
An individual will tend to obey another who possesses power in a particular situation.
Which of the following is the best reason for using fMRI scans over CT scans?
A)If researchers are attempting to determine how an injur to the brain
occurred!
")If researchers need to use a procedure that their patient is morecomfortable with!
C)If researchers are attempting to detect an abnormalit in the si#e of
certain brain areas!
$)If researchers are attempting to detect an abnormalit in activation of
certain brain areas!
%iew &eedbac'
(atients with depression ma obsess about a negative perception of their lives! This
obsession can lead to a phsiological change of the hippocampus a brain arearesponsible for forming and retrieving memories)! As a result* these patients form a
bias towards remembering negative memories! What two levels of analses are
most applicable to this description of depression?
A) +ocial and neuroscience
") $evelopmental and cognitive
C) +ocial and developmental
$) Cognitive and neuroscience
%iew &eedbac'
Which of the following is a major challenge of social pscholog?
A)+ocial pscholog often fails to see the ,bigger picture, of the behaviours
being studied and falls victim to reductionism!
") Models developed are often abstract assumptions about human capacities!
-hich of the following data collection techniques is correctly paired with one of itsdisadvantages5
A)2ne disadvantage of the interview is that answers can be susceptible to socialdesirability bias.
!)2ne disadvantage of direct observation is that it provides the opportunity for study in
an artificial setting that may not relate to those found naturally.
C)
2ne disadvantage of the experiment is that it only allows for long periods ofobservation rather than brief measures of behaviour.
D)
2ne disadvantage of the case study is that the results are usually generaliable to abroad population.
Hiew Geedback
esearch ethods
18 3 M 3 point
%alysha is shopping for new shoes and notices that there tends to be a larger number of shoes insie / indicating that they are in higher demand. %here are less sie 7s and @s/ and very fewshoes larger than 3: or smaller than ?. f %alysha plotted her observations and found a normaldistribution/ what can we determine about sie of women8s shoes5
A) %he standard deviation of this distribution is < shoe sies.
!) %here are fewer women with sie 4 than sie @ shoes.
C) %he mode or average shoe sie for women is .
D) %here is a bimodal distribution/ with B and 4 being the peaks.
1 3 M 3 point-hich of the following is the best example of discrimination training5
A)elissa accidentally touched a burning hot pan and now refuses to use that brand ofpans as a result of her fear towards them/ but is not afraid of other pans or her stove.
!)(hanta received an electric shock from the electrical outlet in her bedroom and nowhas a severe fear towards electrical outlets/ but does not fear power cords.
C)
1athaniel was bitten by a pit bull dog as a child and now has a severe fear of pit bulldogs/ a moderate fear towards boxer dogs and bulldogs/ and a mild fear towards allother dogs.
D)
+acob was attacked by several bees and now has a severe fear of bees and a mildfear to all other insects/ except he is no longer afraid of mosquitoes.
Hiew Geedback
! 3 M 3 point
-hich of the following is a similarity between discrimination training and generaliation5
A)%he conditioned stimulus that originally formed the contingency shows the greatestconditioned response.
!)Conditioned stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus that originally formedthe contingency show very mild conditioned responses.
C)
All conditioned stimuli/ with the exception of the conditioned stimulus that originallyformed the contingency/ may undergo extinction trials/ resulting in extinction.
D
)
%he unconditioned stimuli no longer predict the unconditioned responses in either
discrimination training or generaliation.
Hiew Geedback
( 3 M 3 point
+ennifer routinely injects heroine in both her kitchen and her car. (he tends to inject the heroinewhile listening to the radio after a long shift at work that finishes around midnight. -hich of thefollowing scenarios would lead to the greatest feeling of withdrawal due to classical conditioning5
A)+ennifer spends the entire day driving around the city in her car listening to herfavourite radio station.
!)+ennifer returns home from work one night and decides to make a pia whilelistening to her favourite radio station.
C)
+ennifer encounters an individual injecting heroine while walking home from work oneday.
D)
+ennifer spends the entire day in her kitchen baking several recipes for an upcomingoffice party while watching television.
Hiew Geedback
+ : M 3 point
According to a conditioning analysis of tolerance/ why might an individual experience an overdosein a novel environment where they have not previously administered the drug5
A)%olerance is built up in both environments but because the new environment has new
stimuli that do not cue compensatory responses/ overdosing occurs.
!)2ften new environments are uncomfortable and drug users increase dosage to helpcope with any fear and anxiety and this often leads to overdosing.
C)
;nvironmental cues of the new environment are encoded during drug use and canthen act as cues to prevent compensatory responses.
D)
;nvironmental cues of only the original environment are encoded during drug use andact as cues to elicit compensatory responses.
Hiew Geedback
*ecall
- : M 3 point-hich of the following statements about the C( is correct5
-hich of the following statements is true regarding acquisition and extinction5
A) ;xtinction results in the severing of the C(,6( contingency causing the 6* to fade.
!) Acquisition is the process by which a contingency is formed between 6* and 6(.
C)
Acquisition can be characteried by a positively accelerated increasing curve orfunction.
D)
;xtinction followed by acquisition produces a more linear acquisition curve.
Hiew Geedback
5 : M 3 point
-hich of the following statements is true of acquisition5
A)'avlov was the first to observe the positively accelerated increasing function whenstudying digestion.
!) Acquisition requires many trials before a contingency is learned between C( and 6(.
C)
%he shape of the acquisition curve suggests that/ while some learning occurs earlyon/ most occurs during later trials.
D)
According to the acquisition function/ the majority of learning occurs early on.
Hiew Geedback
6 : M 3 point
-hich of the following is a difference between the 6* and C*5
A) %he C* is elicited by the C(V and C(, whereas the 6* is elicited only by the C(V.
!)%he 6* is learned very quickly following the 6( whereas the C* is learned slowlyfollowing the C(.
C)
Gollowing successful extinction training/ the C* fails to be elicited but the 6* remains.
D)
Gollowing development of a contingency/ the C* undergoes generaliation but not the6*.
Hiew Geedback
ext
7 3 M 3 point
-hich of the following best describes the principle of renewal5
A) f associations are taught and then the contingency is not experienced for anextended period of time/ presenting the contingency over only a couple trials will
!)f associations are extinguished in different environments than acquisition/ presentingthe C( in the original context continues to elicit a response.
C)
f/ following successful discrimination training/ the original association is againpresented/ generaliation to stimuli similar to the C( reoccurs.
D)
f associations are extinguished and the original contingency is again presented/ theoriginal contingency is acquired faster than before extinction.
Hiew Geedback
18 3 M 3 point
odern learning psychology research has led to a refined understanding of the associationdeveloped in classical conditioning. -hich of the following statements is supported by modernscientific evidence5
A)%he lack of a presentation of an unconditioned response after the unconditionedstimulus still provides important information about the contingency.
!) Contiguity is sufficient but not always necessary for the acquisition of a learnedassociation.
C)
n a contingency/ the presentation of one stimulus reliably predicts whether or not thepresentation of another will occur.
D)
Contiguity is both a necessary and sufficient condition for the acquisition of a learnedassociation.
Hiew Geedback
n 1 2 3 4 pointWhich of the following would pose the greatest difficult in terms of segmentation?
A)An individual attempts to brea' words apart while listening tosomeone spea' the individual,s native language ver .uic'l!
")An individual attempts to brea' phonemes apart while listening to
someone spea' an unfamiliar language ver .uic'l!
C)An individual attempts to brea' phonemes apart while listening tosomeone spea' their native language using infant directed speech!
$)
An individual attempts to brea' words apart while listening tosomeone spea' an unfamiliar language at normal pace!
%iew &eedbac'
n ) 2 3 4 pointWhich of the following scenarios is consistent with tpical language development between infanc andadulthood?
A) There is a strong negative correlation between infant segmentation
") =sing past e-periences to ma'e assumptions and judgments!
C) =sing available media to ma'e assumptions and judgments!
$) =sing the most accessible information to ma'e assumptions!
%iew &eedbac'esTe-tn / 4 3 4 point
What are the main implications of the results discussed in 6Wired for Categori#ation6?
Categori#ation should be studied in terms of the tpe of e-perience and
sensor stimulation we receive!
The visual corte- is best to stud for understanding the innate nature
of our categori#ation abilities!
An understanding of sensor perception is not necessar for anunderstanding of categori#ation!
There is some sort of survival benefit that has resulted in our abilit to
categori#e well!
%iew &eedbac'
n 0 4 3 4 point
Which of the following best e-plains the wh the statement* ,the organi#ation of the brain has to beunderstood in terms of our evolutionar histor*, occurs in the article 6Wired for Categori#ation6?
A)
The results discussed in the article suggest that the visual corte-,s
organi#ation around categories of 'nowledge is similar in sightedpeople and in individuals who were born blind!
")
The results discussed in the article support the long9held notion that
categori#ation processes e-ist solel as the result of learning torecogni#e the differences in visual stimuli!
C)
The results discussed in the article impl that the reason our brains
are innatel structured for categori#ation is because it would have
been advantageous to our survival in the past!
$)
The results discussed in the article indicate that the gradual process
of learning to differentiate between* sa* a bear and a tree* wouldhave provided us with some survival benefit in the past!
remember her own e-periences first learning to drive in order tobest e-plicitl e-plain what to do!
C)After consuming upsetting food at the campus pub /ohnn feels a
bit .ueas ever time he wal's b!
$)
/ord seems to have a collection of memories of her plaing with aspecific to car and claims it was her favourite childhood to!
%iew &eedbac'
n 0 4 3 4 pointJander suffered a severe trauma to his head that caused him to have difficult riding a bi'e and driving a
car* and he could not recall his eighteenth birthda part* even though he previousl referred to it as hisfavourite da of his life! Which long9term memor sstems would cause these specific memor losses?
A) Implicit memor and episodic memor
") +emantic memor and declarative memor
C) ;pisodic memor and nondeclarative memor$) $eclarative memor and nondeclarative memor
%iew &eedbac'
n 1 2 3 4 pointWhich of the following best e-emplifies a source9monitoring error?
A)
A few minutes after getting on the bus for school this morning*Whitne tried to remember if she had unplugged her curling iron!
+he could picture herself doing it but wasn,t sure it if actuall
happened or she was just imagining it happening!
")
/ohn met /ane at a part> he 'new she loo'ed ver familiar so heassumed she was in one of his classes! 8ater that night while on the
6"oo'face6 site* he reali#ed he had actuall seen her in his friend,s
pictures right before the part!
C)
8ast wee'* +imone,s older sister told her a stor about the timethe went camping as 'ids and +imone ate sun9tan lotion thin'ing it
was food a complete lieK)! That night at dinner +imone complainedto her parents about how the let her do that!
$
) In a recent e-periment* T!C! as'ed participants who had visited
6Wonderpar'6 in high school and had been on the rides to rate the
intensit of the wooden coaster +cream "laster> most did without
$aniel,s id would consciousl motivate $aniel to attend school solel
to sociali#e with his friends!
%iew &eedbac'
n * 4 3 4 point
<urt is a huge fan of "roadwa musicals and often goes to see shows with his older sister! owever* he,s
become afraid of how others will perceive him for this behavior> he could never tell his friends and he,sscared of how some of the bullies at school will call him a 6siss6 or a 6little girl6! 0ot far into high school hestopped going to shows and told his famil he no longer cared for musicals! What does this represent?
A) <urt,s anima comple-!
") <urt,s projection of the anima!
C) <urt,s animus comple-!
$) <urt,s projection of the animus!
%iew &eedbac'
n + 2 3 4 point1ar embar's on a journe to better understand his own personalit! Which of the following correctlrepresents 1ar moving toward self9actuali#ation?
A)1ar finds a new feeling of peacefulness when he sleeps and noticeshe is becoming more creative and intuitive!
") 1ar finds himself better understanding women* suggesting hecame in touch with his persona!
C)1ar finds his opinion on certain controversial issues has changed*
suggesting he came in touch with his anima!
$)
1ar finds he is more than ever disturbed b primitive instincts thathe used to alwas avoid thin'ing about!
n 1 4 3 4 pointWhich of the following is true about the theories of attribution?
A)The fundamental attribution error e-plains the erroneous nature of
how all humans judge each other!
")The above average effect is simpl a special case of thefundamental attribution error!
C)The above average effect stems from the fact that we attribute all
our behaviours as being situational!
$
)
The intention from one theor is comparable to the distinctiveness
in the other theor!
%iew &eedbac'
n ) 4 3 4 pointWhich stream of reasoning used b the individual in each of the following situations best demonstrates the
self9serving bias?
A)Moni.ue has just won the 4229meter dash at her school* and
suggests that it was because of her new shoes!
")enri has just lost the most important badminton match of his life*and thin's it is because the strings on his rac.uet were too loose!
C)(ippi has just lost the final round in the chess tournament* and sasthat it was because she made a huge mista'e on her first move!
$)
(ierre has just won the spelling bee at school* and claims that it isbecause he just got luc' and had ver eas words to spell!
%iew &eedbac'
n * 4 3 4 point
&our friends are eating a delicious meal at Che# &ood when a patron named /enna starts coughing loudl* jumping up and down* and turning red in the face! A stranger leaps from his meal to perform the eimlich
maneuver* saving the customer,s life! Which of the four friends li'el has the most accurate hpothesisregarding the stranger?
A)
"enjamin thin's the man is an instructor in first aid* and that he
'new to help /enna because the customer did not choose to jumpup and down!
")Talor thin's the man is a doctor and instructor in first aid* and thathe 'new to help /enna because her behaviours were not what were
e-pected!
C) <enneth thin's the man is an instructor in first aid* and that he
'new to help /enna because her behaviours were not what was
C)Manpreet thin's she was late because she just happened to get allthe red lights!
$
)
Michel thin's he did well on his test because he had the most time
to stud!
%iew &eedbac'&orming Impressions
n 1 4 3 4 point
Researchers investigating different diseases are tring to convince the public to donate to their respectivecause! Which of the following will people li'el find most severe* encouraging them to donate to that cause?
A)Cerebrovascular Accident* a little 'nown medical term for +tro'eNwhich is an established medical condition!
")1luten9Induced ;nteropath* a medical term for Celiac $iseaseN
which is commonl 'nown as being a serious condition!
C)Male (attern "aldness* the plain terminolog for a recentlestablished condition!
$)
8ou 1herigNs $isease* a common term that man people will li'elhave previousl heard!
%iew &eedbac'
eAppn 1 4 3 4 point
Anoosh is going s'iing for onl the second time! Which of the following is most li'el?
A) With a group of friends* Anoosh is li'el to perform ver well!
") +urrounded b strangers* Anoosh is li'el to perform ver well!
C) With nobod around to watch him* Anoosh will perform poorl!
$) Alone* but on a bus da* Anoosh is li'el to perform poorl!
/ulia is jogging along a beach and notices somebod ahead of her ling on the ground motionless! Inwhich of the following scenarios is /ulia the most li'el to provide help to the non9moving person?
A)/ulia is jogging along the beach during a bus da and is not trainedin first aid!
") /ulia is jogging along the beach alone during the da and is nottrained in first aid!
C)/ulia is jogging along the beach alone during the da and is trained
in first aid!
$)
/ulia is jogging along the beach during a bus da and she is trainedin first aid!
%iew &eedbac'
n * 4 3 4 point$uring a protest* Michael gives a ver enthusiastic speech that provo'es the individuals at the protest to
become violent and begin vandali#ing propert! Which of the following outlines the best method for stopping
this behaviour according to groupthin'?
A)Michael should call the police to provide the group with a second
chance at protesting!
")Michael should split the group up into smaller groups and as' themto consider other people,s feelings before returning to protest!
C)Michael should give another speech to reduce the motivation and
therefore diminish the violent behaviour of the group!
$
)
Michael should inform the group that collective ignorance will not
help their cause* and that it is everone,s responsibilit to act in a
professional manner!%iew &eedbac'
n + 4 3 4 point
8ilia is a chemist tring to convince her boss to give her more lab supplies! 8ilia is afraid that her boss won,tagree to her re.uirements* so she tries a few persuasion techni.ues! Which of the following approacheswill least li'el result in the persuasion of 8ilia,s boss?
A)8ilia needs an industrial si#ed glass jar* and so she first as's her
boss for a small glass jar before as'ing for the larger si#ed jar!
")8ilia needs more test tubes* and at first her boss agrees to purchasea few! Bnce 8ilia,s boss agrees to a few test tubes* 8ilia reveals that
what she reall needs is a new lab set9up!
C)
8ilia needs some bea'ers that are on sale* and her boss agrees! As
the conversation progresses* 8ilia graduall admits that she needsmore and more bea'ers!
")+ince the mind cannot be objectivel measured* models arenecessar to ma'e inferences about the mind from observed
behaviour!
C)The mind is the basis of the learning methodologies proposed bWatson!
$
)
Analsing the mental processes of the mind is essential to
understanding human behaviour!
%iew &eedbac'
Methods
n ) 4 3 4 point
If (aeden,s t9test ields a p9value O2!24* which of the following best describes what she can safel conclude?
A)
Although the e-perimental manipulation affected the dependent
variable measured* statistical significance was not found* disprovingher hpothesis!
")Although the e-perimental manipulation did not significantl affectthe dependent variable measured* the difference ma be
meaningful and worth reporting!
C)The e-perimental manipulation affected the dependent variablemeasured and statistical significance was reached* disproving her
hpothesis!
$
)
The e-perimental manipulation affected the dependent variable
measured and statistical significance was reached* lending support
to her hpothesis!
%iew &eedbac'
Conditioning
n * 4 3 4 pointRamond once dated a girl named Martha! =nfortunatel* Martha bro'e up with Ramond and left him
e-tremel heartbro'en! A few ears later Ramond met a girl that was perfect for him* onl to find out hername was Martha! =pon hearing this* feelings of his heartbrea' surfaced and he could not bring himself to
date her! What are the C+ and =+ in this scenario?
A) C+* feeling sad> =+* being heartbro'en!
") C+* the name Martha> =+* being heartbro'en!
C) C+* Martha dumping Ramond> =+* feeling sad!
$) C+* the name Martha> =+* Martha dumping Ramond!
%iew &eedbac'
ntal Conditioning
n + 4 3 4 pointWhich of the following is true regarding generali#ation in instrumental conditioning?
A) A range of +$,s will elicit a CR similar to a C+!
") +$9similar stimuli are able to elicit a response!
C) +ubjects learn that an +$ will predict a valid contingenc!
$) +timuli similar to the C+ will elicit a range of CR,s!
%iew &eedbac'
e
n , 4 3 4 pointWhich of the following correctl outlines a 'e similarit between the +ocial 8earning Theor and Innate
Mechanism Theor?
A)
"oth the +ocial 8earning Theor and Innate Mechanism Theor aim
to e-plain the factors that contribute to the segmentation problem!
")"oth the +ocial 8earning Theor and Innate Mechanism Theorsuggest that language development in infants begins as soon as the
infant is e-posed to language!
C)"oth the +ocial 8earning Theor and Innate Mechanism Theorattempt to e-plain initial language development in children!
$)
"oth the +ocial 8earning Theor and Innate Mechanism Theor
provide comparable e-planations for the use of overe-tensions andundere-tensions in developing children!
%iew &eedbac'
goriesn - 4 3 4 point
Which of the following best e-plains the wh the statement* ,the organi#ation of the brain has to beunderstood in terms of our evolutionar histor*, occurs in the article 6Wired for Categori#ation6?
A)
The results discussed in the article suggest that the visual corte-,s
organi#ation around categories of 'nowledge is similar in sightedpeople and in individuals who were born blind!
")
The results discussed in the article impl that the reason our brains
are innatel structured for categori#ation is because it would have
been advantageous to our survival in the past!
C) The results discussed in the article support the long9held notion that
categori#ation processes e-ist solel as the result of learning to