psoc

IV B.Tech. I Semester Supplementary Examinations, March 2010

ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING-II

(Civil Engineering) Time: 3 Hours Max Marks: 80

Answer any Five Questions

All Questions carry equal marks

*******

1. a) What are the various the primary air pollutants and sources? [8]

b) What are the ozone depleting substances? What is their contribution in the

formation of ozone holes? [8]

2. a) What are the operational problems with bag filters? [8]

b) What are the various the absorbents used for control of gaseous air pollutants?

Indicate their suitability? [8]

3. a) Describe the Nalgonda technique of De-fluoridation? [8]

b) What are the various applications of Ion Exchange in water and waste water

treatment? [8]

4. a) What are the various methods of phosphate removal? [8]

b) What is the proportioning? How proportioning is useful in the control of

industrial wastes? [8]

5. Discuss the various collections and handling techniques of solid wastes? [16]

6. a) What is Incineration? When is it suitable for solids wastes disposal? [8]

b) Describe the process of aerobic composting? [8]

7. a) What are the different ways of disposal of Nuclear Wastes? [8]

b) What are the various problems with e- wastes? [8]

8. a) What are the adverse effects of Noise of pollution? [8]

b) Write short notes on air emissions standards? [8]

Set No. 1 Code No: M0104

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*******

1. a) How do you classify the sources of air pollution? [8]

b) What is acid rain? What are the pollutants that contribute to acid rain? [8]

2. a) What are the various gravity separators? What are the limitations of gravity

separators? [8]

b) Mention the general techniques of Gaseous Emission Control? [8]

3. a) What are the various techniques of de- fluoridation?

What is their suitability? [8]

b) What are major differences between Reverse Osmosis and Ultra- filtration

processes? [8]

4. a) What is Equalisation? How is it going to help in the process of industrial

waste treatment ? [8]

b) What is Nitrification and Denitrification ? What is the necessity of these in

industrial waste treatment ? [8]

5. a) Write short notes on processing of solid wastes? [8]

b) What are the general properties of Indian Urban Solid Wastes? [8]

6. a) How do handle the leachates problem in land filling ? [8]

b) Discuss the suitability of composting for solid wastes disposal? [8]

7. a) What is need for proper disposal of Biomedical Wastes? [8]

b) What are the precautions to be taken for disposal of chemical wastes? [8]

8. a) List the various Noise Control methods? [8]

b) What are the functions of State Pollutions Control Boards? [8]

Set No. 2 Code No:M0104

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*******

1. a) What are the various secondary air pollutants how they are formed? [8]

b) What is global warming? What are the substances responsible for global

warming? [8]

2. a) Sketch and describe the working of a cyclone separator? [8]

b) What are the various wet collecting devices? What are the advantages and

disadvantages of wet collection devices ? [8]

3. a) What are the various adsorbents that are generally used in water treatment?

What is their utility? [8]

b) What is Ultra-filtration? What are its various applications in water and waste

water treatment? [8]

4. Describe the various techniques of Strength Reduction in detail? [16]

5. a) What are the various collection devices of solids wastes? Discuss their utility

and suitability ? [8]

b) What are the various sources of solids wastes? [8]

6. a) What are the guidelines to be followed in selecting site for land filling? [8]

b) Discuss the suitability of incineration for solid waste disposal? [8]

7. a) What are the various processes that generate hazardous wastes? [8]

b) What are the various methods of e-waste disposal? [8]

8. a) What are the air emission standards of thermal power plants? [8]

b) What are the salient features of Environment Act -1986? [8]

Set No. 3 Code No: M0104

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*******

1. a) What are the adverse effects of Sulphur Dioxide on human health? [8]

b) What is acid rain? What are the pollutants that contribute to acid rain? [8]

2. a) What are the construction features of Electrostatic precipitators? [8]

b) Mention the general techniques of Gaseous Emission Control? [8]

3. a) Explain the Ion Exchange process with the help of chemical reactions. [8]

b) Explain the role of adsorption in water and waste water treatment? [8]

4. Describe the various techniques of Volume Reduction in detail? [16]

5. a) Describe the various separation techniques of solid wastes? [8]

b) What is the general composition of Indian Urban Solid Wastes? [8]

6. a) What is ISO 14000? What are the advantages of it? [8]

b) What is Sanitary Land Filling? What are the precautions to be taken for

Land Filling? [8]

7. a) Describe the various disposal methods of Biomedical Wastes? [8]

b) How do you classify nuclear wastes? [8]

8. a) List the various effluents standards? [8]

b) What are the salient features of Air Act -1981? [8]

Set No. 4 Code No:M0104

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Code No: M0203/R05 Set No. 1

IV B.Tech I Semester Supplementary Examinations, March 2010POWER SYSTEM OPERATION AND CONTROL

(Electrical & Electronic Engineering)Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80

Answer any FIVE QuestionsAll Questions carry equal marks

? ? ? ? ?

1. (a) The fuel cost of alternator is expressed as F= 0.12 Pg2 +20 Pg +40 Rs/MWhrthe capacity of alternator is 200MW calculate incremental fuel cost and fuelcost when the alternator is loaded at 75% of its capacity.

(b) Discuss about the incremental fuel cost and production cost. [8+8]

2. A system consisting of two generating plants with fuel costs ofC1 = 0.05 P

2

G1+ 20 PG1+ 1.5

and C2 = 0.075 P2

G2+ 22.5 PG2 + 1.6

The system is operating on economical dispatch with 100 MW of power generationby each plant. The incremental transmission loss of plant-2 is 0.2. Find the penaltyfactor of plant-1. [16]

3. Discuss about draw backs of first order gradient method of optimization problem.[16]

4. A 210 MVA turbo alternator operator at 50 Hz, operates at 3000 rpm. A load of75 MW is suddenly applied to the machine and the steam valves to the turbinecommence to open after 1 sec due to the time lag in the governor system. Assum-ing inertia constant H= 5 kW- sec per kVA of generator capacity, calculate thefrequency to which the generator voltage drops before the steam flow commencethe increase to meet the new load. [16]

5. (a) With first order approximation explain the dynamic response of an isolatedpower system for load frequency control.

(b) Two generating units rated for 250 MW and 400 MW have governor speedregulations of 6.0 and 6.4 percent, respectively, from no load full load. Theyare operating in parallel and share a load of 500 MW. Assuming the freegovernor action, determine the load shared by each unit. [8+8]

6. (a) Explain the modeling of tie-line in a two area interconnected system.

(b) Two control areas connected by a tie line have the following characteristics.Area 1: R=0.011 pu

D=0.85 puBase MVA=1000

Area 2: R=0.018 puD=0.95 puBase MVA=1000

A load change of 200 MW occurs in area 1. Determine the new steady statefrequency. Assume both areas were at nominal frequency 50 Hz. [8+8]

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7. Discuss the importance of combined load frequency control and economic dispatchcontrol with a neat block diagram. [16]

8. Three supply points A, B and C are connected to a common bus bar D as depictedin figure 8. Supply point A is maintained at a nominal voltage of 400 kV and isconnected to D through 400/132kV transformer and a 132 kV line of reactance50 ohms. Supply point B is nominally at 132kV and is connected to D througha 132 kV line of 50ohms reactance. supply point C is nominally at 400kV andis connected to D by a 400/132 kV transformer and a 132 kV line of 100ohmsreactance. If at a particular load, the line voltage at D falls below its nominal valueby 5 kV, calculate the value of the reactive volt-ampere injection required at D tore-establish the original voltage. [16]

Figure 8

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? ? ? ? ?

1. Derive optimum generation allocation of thermal plant when line losses neglectedand write an algorithm.

[8+8]

2. The incremental fuel costs for two plants are given bydc1dp1

= 0.1p1 + 20Rs./Mw −Hr dc2dp2

= 0.15p2 + 22.5Rs./MW −Hr.The system is operating at the optimum condition with p1 = p2 = 100MW and∂p1/∂p2 = 0.2. Find the penalty factor of plant 1 and the incremental cost ofreceived power. [16]

3. Describe the objective function is minimize the cost of generation of hydro thermalscheduling. [16]

4. Briefly explain static excitation system? [16]

5. A single area consists of two generating units with the following characteristics.

Unit RatingMVA Speed regulation R(pu on unit MVA base)1 600 6%2 500 4%

The units are operating in parallel, sharing 900 MW at a nominal frequency. Unit1 supplies 500 MW and unit 2 supplies 400 MW at 60 Hz. The load is increasedby 90 MW.

(a) Assume there is no frequency dependent load i,e., B=0. Find the steady statefrequency deviation and new generation on each unit.

(b) The load varies 1.5 % for every 1 % change in frequency i.e., B= 1.5. Findthe steady state frequency deviation and new generation on each unit. [8+8]

6. (a) Explain how the tie-line power deviation can be incorporated in two-area sys-tem block diagram.

(b) What are the features of the dynamic response of a two area system for stepload disturbances? [8+8]

7. (a) Explain economic dispatch control problem in detail.

(b) Explain how the frequency error in the load frequency control problem isreduced to zero. [8+8]

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8. (a) Explain about the losses that occur due to VAR flow in power systems.

(b) Explain how the generators act as VAR sources in a power network. [8+8]

? ? ? ? ?

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? ? ? ? ?

1. Derive optimum generation allocation of thermal plant when line losses neglectedand write an algorithm.

[8+8]

2. The incremental fuel costs for two plants are given bydc1dp1

= 0.1p1 + 20Rs./Mw −Hr dc2dp2

= 0.15p2 + 22.5Rs./MW −Hr.The system is operating at the optimum condition with p1 = p2 = 100MW and∂p1/∂p2 = 0.2. Find the penalty factor of plant 1 and the incremental cost ofreceived power. [16]

3. Using dynamic programming method, how do you find the most economical com-bination of the units to meet a particular load demand? [16]

4. A 100 MVA synchronous generator operates on full load at a frequency of 50 Hz.The load is suddenly reduced to 50 MW. Due to time lag in the governor system,the steam valve begins to close after 0.4 secs. Determine the change in frequencythat occurs in this time. H=5 KW-s/KVA of generator capacity. [16]

5. (a) Discuss in detail the importance of a load frequency problem.

(b) Find the static frequency drop if the load is suddenly increased by 25 MW ona system having the following data:Rated capacity Pr = 500MW, Operating Load PD = 250MW, Frequency f =50 Hz,Inertia constant H = 5 sec, Governor regulation R = 2Hz /(pu) MWAlso find the additional generation. [8+8]

6. Two areas are connected via an inter tie line. The load at 50 Hz, is 15000 MW inarea 1 and 35000 in area 2. Area 1 is importing 1500 MW from area 2. The loaddamping constant in each area is B=1.0 and the regulation R=6 % for all units.Area 1 has a spinning reserve of 800 MW spread over 4000 MW of generationcapacity and area 2 has a spinning reserve of 1000 MW spread over 10000 MWgeneration. Determine the steady state frequency, generation and load of each areaand tie-line power for

(a) Loss of 1000 MW in area 1, with no supplementary control.

(b) Loss of 1000 MW in area 1, with supplementary controls provided on genera-tors with reserve. [16]

7. Distinguish between load frequency control and economic dispatch control. [16]

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8. (a) Write short notes on compensated and uncompensated transmission lines.

(b) Explain briefly about the shunt and series compensation of transmission sys-tems. [8+8]

? ? ? ? ?

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? ? ? ? ?

1. The incremental fuel cost of two plants are given as dF1

dP1

= 0.1P1 + 20 anddF2

dP2

= 0.12P2 + 16 Rs/MWhr. The loads on each plant 20 ≤ P ≤ 125. Determinethe economic division of the load between two units for a total demand of 150 MW.The losses are neglected the corresponding incremental fuel cost is? [16]

2. (a) Derive the conditions to be satisfied for economic operation of a loss less powersystem.

(b) What is the objective in economic scheduling? [8+8]

3. (a) Explain about spinning reserve in hydro power plants.

(b) Explain about co-ordination in hydro thermal system. [8+8]

4. A 2- pole, 50hz, 11 KV, turbo - generator has a rating of 60MW, Power factor of0.85 lagging. Its rotor has a movement of inertia of 8800 kg - m2 . Calculate itsinertia constant in MJ / MVA and its momentum in MJ - s. /electrical degree.

[16]

5. With first order approximation explain the dynamic response of an isolated areafor load frequency control. [16]

6.

Area-1: Speed regulation = 0.02 puDamping co-efficient = 0.8 puRated MVA = 1500

Area-2: Speed regulation = 0.025 puDamping co-efficient = 0.9 puRated MVA = 500

Determine the steady state frequency change and the changed frequency followinga load change of 120MW occurs in area-1. Also find the tie-line power flow change.

[16]

7. Describe how optimal control can be determined in case of load frequency controlproblem. [16]

8. Find the rating of synchronous compensator connected to the tertiary windingof a 132 kV star connected, 33 kV star connected, 11 kV delta connected threewinding transformer to supply a load of 66 MW at 0.8 p.f. lagging at 33 kVacross the secondary. The equivalent primary and secondary winding reactancesare 32 ohms and 0.16 ohms respectively while the secondary winding reactance isnegligible. Assume that the primary side voltage is essentially constant at 132 kV

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and maximum of nominal setting between transformer primary and secondary is1.1. [16]

? ? ? ? ?

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Code No: N0303/R05 Set No. 1

IV B.Tech I Semester Supplementary Examinations, March 2010MECHATRONICS

( Common to Mechanical Engineering and Production Engineering)Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80


? ? ? ? ?

1. (a) Explain the steps that might be present in the sequential control of a dishwasher.

(b) Name any two PC based control systems and explain briefly. [8+8]

2. (a) What is the function of amplifier?

(b) Name the different types of filters. Describe them with neat sketches. [4+12]

3. (a) Sketch the control of a single acting cylinder and control of a double-actingcylinder.

(b) Draw the sketches of the following ball bearings and explain its importance:

i. angular contact

ii. filling slot . [8+8]

4. (a) What are the advantages of PC interfacing?

(b) Explain n-channel and p-channel types of MOSFETs. [8+8]

5. Discuss the principle of indirect vector control in the speed control of inductionmotor. [16]

6. Discuss the salient features of the 8051 microcontroller. What are its areas ofapplications? [16]

7. Explain the reasons why analog to digital and digital to analog converters are usedin input and output channels of a programmable and logic controller. [16]

8. Explain with a neat diagram construction and principle of operation of eddy currentproximity sensor. [16]

? ? ? ? ?

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? ? ? ? ?

1. (a) Explain with the help of a block diagram, functioning of a mechatronics sys-tem.

(b) Discuss the application of graphical interface in flexible manufacturing system.[8+8]

2. (a) What are the different types of filters? Explain them with simple sketches.

(b) What are the advantages of using digital to analog converter? [12+6]

3. (a) Explain the applications of hydraulic actuator systems.

(b) Explain with a suitable illustration, how a linear motion is used to producerotary movement. [8+8]

4. (a) What is brushless permanent magnet d.c. motor? Explain its characteristics.

(b) What is solenoid? Explain the working principle of solenoid. [8+8]

5. Explain the operation of induction motor drive with pulse width modulation tech-nique. [16]

6. Write an assembly level program to add two 8-bit numbers located in two memorylocation. Explain the algorithm also. [16]

7. Explain the sequence of steps followed by programmable logic controller (PLC) incarrying out the program. Also explain the input/output processing methods inPLC. [16]

8. What are the different types of robots? Explain each one briefly. List out theirapplications. [16]

? ? ? ? ?

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? ? ? ? ?

1. (a) What is the role of control system in a mechatronics system? Explain.

(b) Discuss the use of real time control system in robots. [8+8]

2. Explain the following:

(a) Analog to Digital Converter

(b) Filters

(c) Digital signal processing. [5+5+6]

3. Describe the following systems:

(a) Timing belts

(b) Roller bearing

(c) Electro Pneumatic system. [5+5+6]

4. (a) What is Darlington pair? Explain the Darlington pair used as switching cir-cuit.

(b) What is interfacing equipment? Why interfacing equipments are required?[8+8]

5. Explain, in detail, the specifications of a stepper motor. Draw its speed-torquecharacteristics and indicate few specifications on the characteristics. [16]

6. Describe different types of the data transfer instructions in 8051. Explain thedifference between the MOV, MOVC and MOVX instructions. [16]

7. Discuss how the data is moved and compared in a shift register with the help ofladder diagrams. [16]

8. Explain the principle of operation of capacitive proximity sensor with a neat dia-gram. [16]

? ? ? ? ?

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? ? ? ? ?

1. What is real time control system and graphical interface system? Discuss theirapplications in the field of robotics and FMS. [16]

2. (a) What is the function of filtering? Explain its characteristics.

(b) List the different types of amplifiers and sketch any two types of amplifiers.[8+8]

3. (a) Describe the following two types of pressure control valves:

i. Pressure limiting valves

ii. pressure sequence valves

(b) Describe the mechanism of converting rotary motion to linear motion. [8+8]

4. (a) What is the function of stepper motor? Explain the important characteristicsof stepper motor.

(b) Distinguish between bipolar transistors and mosfets. [8+8]

5. (a) Explain the principle of vector control with the help of phasor diagram.

(b) An ac induction motor is rated at 1175 rpm, 480V, 60 Hz 3-phase. If we reducethe motor speed by reducing the line frequency to 25 Hz, what should be theline voltage? [8+8]

6. Compare and contrast between Analog to Digital Converters (ADC) and Digital toAnalog Converters (DAC). [16]

7. Explain in detail different memories of a programmable logic controller (PLC) andexplain how the memory of PLC is specified. [16]

8. What is the state of damping for the systems having the following transfer func-tions?

(a) G(s) = 2(s2−6s+16)

(b) G(s) = 10(s2+s+100)

(c) G(s) = 2s+1(s2+2s+1)

(d) G(s) = 3s+20(s2+2s+20)

[16]

? ? ? ? ?

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RADAR SYSTEMS

(Electronics & Communications Engineering)

Time: 3 Hours Max Marks: 80



*******

1. a) Derive the maximum range for a radar system from the basic principles.

b) What are the problems and limitations in the prediction of radar range? [8+8]

2. Write short notes on

a. Receiver noise and SNR.

b. Radar cross section of targets.

c. Integration of Radar pulses. [5+5+6]

3. a) Draw the block diagram and explain the operation of a CW Radar with side band super

Heterodyne receiver

b) Discuss the limitations of simple CW Radar with zero IF [10+6]

4. a) With a neat sketch explain the measurement procedure for range and Doppler measurement

using FM- CW Radar.

b) What are the various measurement errors that occur in FM-CW Radar? [10+6]

5. a) Distinguish the principle of operation of a simple pulse Radar from a simple CW Radar

b) Mention the applications of MTI Radars [10+6]

6. a) How is a Radar target acquired in a typical Radar

b) What are the factors that determine the range angular accuracies in radar? [8+8]

7. a) Explain the principle and process of correlation on the detection

b) Write a short note on the efficiency of non matched filters [8+8]

8. a) Discuss and compare the characteristics of A – scope and P- scope displays.

b) Write a short note on different types of radar antennas [8+8]

Set No. 1 Code No: N0403

��


RADAR SYSTEMS

(Electronics & Communications Engineering)




*******

1. a) Describe the working principle of basic Radar system.

b) What do you mean by maximum unambiguous range? Explain.

c) What are the applications and limitations of Radars? [5+5+6]

2. a) Explain the significance of probability of false alarm and probability of miss.

b) Explain about the integration of Radar pulses [8+8]

3. a) Compare the operation of Non zero IF receiver with zero IF receiver and mention its

advantages.

b) Determine the operating frequency if the target is moving with acceleration same as the

acceleration of gravity and the received signal bandwidth is 50Hz. [8+8]

4. a) With a neat block diagram explain how a CW Radar is used for the determination of

the relative velocity of a target.

b) Explain the method of measurement of distance by using multiple frequency CW Radar. [8+8]

5. a) A simple MTI delay line canceller is an example of time domain filter. Why? Explain.

b) Mention the advantages of time domain delay-line canceller as compared to the conventional

frequency domain filter. [8+8]

6. a) Compare and explain the tracking techniques of Radar.

b) Explain in detail limitations of tracking accuracy [10+6]

7. Explain the principle and characteristics of a matched filter. Derive the expression for its

frequency response function. [16]

8. a) Define the noise figure and obtain the expression for the noise figure for 3 networks in cascade.

b) Explain the functioning and characteristics of PPI display [10+6]

Set No. 2 Code No: N0403 �

��

IV B.Tech I Semester Supplementary Examinations, March 2010

RADAR SYSTEMS (Electronics &Communications Engineering)




*******

1. a) Derive the basic Radar equation.

b) Discuss the range of Radar frequencies in the electromagnetic spectrum. [8+8]

2. Discuss in detail about

a. Transmitter power

b. PRF and Range ambiguities

c. Systems losses [5+6+5]

3. a) What is Doppler effect? Explain in detail. What is its importance in Radar applications?

b) Explain the operation of Non Zero intermediate frequency receiver with a neat diagram.

[8+8]

4. a) Draw the block diagram of FM CW Radar and explain its operation with triangular

modulation

b) Differentiate CW and FM CW Radars [10+6]

5. a) What is the need of delay line canceller?

b) Draw the filter characteristics of the delay –line canceller with necessary equations

c) What is blind speed in MTI Radar? [4+8+4]

6. a) Illustrate the low angle tracking in detail

b) Briefly explain the four types of radars that provide the tracks of targets [8+8]

7. Write a short notes on

a) Cross correlations receiver

b) Matched filter with non white noise [8+8]

8. a) Explain various types of radar displays

b) Write notes on feed illumination angle, feed support, and feed ratio with reference to

radar antennas [8+8]

Set No.3 Code No: N0403 �

��

IV B.Tech I Semester Supplementary Examinations, March 2010

RADAR SYSTEMS (Electronics &Communications Engineering)




*******

1. a) With a neat block diagram, explain the operation of a Radar system

b) Derive the range equation and discuss about its limitation. [8+8]

2. a)What do you mean by false alarm? Mention the design precautions to be taken to minimise

it.

b) Describe the different noise components present in Radar system. [8+8]

3. a) With a neat block diagram explain the principle of operation of CW Doppler Radar with

non zero IF receiver.

b) Briefly explain the applications of CW Radar [10+6]

4. Explain in detail.

a) FM-CW altimeter

b) Multiple frequency CW Radar [8+8]

5. a) Draw the block diagram of non-coherent MTI Radar and explain the function of each block

in detail.

b) What are the advantages of non-coherent MTI Radar? [10+6]

6. a) Compare the advantages of monopulse radar over conical scan radar.

b) Explain the block diagram of amplitude comparison monopulse for extracting error signals

in both elevation and azimuth. [8+8]

7. a) Explain the characteristics of a cross-correlation receiver with a neat block diagram.

b) Derive the impulse response characteristics for a matched filter. [8+8]

8. a) List out different types of displays used for radar applications and their characteristics.

b) Three network units each of 6dB noise figure and 10dB, 6dB and 3dB gains respectively are

cascaded. Determine the overall noise figure of the system. [8+8]

Set No.4 Code No: N0403

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IV B.Tech I Semester Supplementary Examinations, March 2010SOFTWARE PROJECT MANAGEMENT

( Common to Computer Science & Engineering and InformationTechnology)

Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80Answer any FIVE Questions

All Questions carry equal marks? ? ? ? ?

1. What is the impact of the Documentation and review meetings? [16]

2. What is Mccabe? How it is important in complexity metrics? [16]

3. Describe the characteristics exhibited by successful and unsuccessful modern projects?[16]

4. Compare and contrast a model and a view with appropriate example. [16]

5. (a) Distinguish various major milestones.

(b) Explain pragmatic planning. [10+6]

6. (a) What are the main features of the default organization of project organiza-tions?

(b) Define stakeholder. Explain stakeholder environment. [6+10]

7. (a) Define architectural risk. Write process discriminators that result from differ-ences in architectural risk.

(b) Define MTBF and maturity. Draw a graph for maturity expectation over ahealthy project’s life cycle. [8+8]

8. (a) Explain project closure analysis.

(b) What are the important differences between a quality circle and a reviewgroup? [8+8]

? ? ? ? ?

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1. How is environment, quality and personnel have an impact on software cost model?[16]

2. Summarize the characteristics of a successful object oriented project? [16]

3. Describe the various concerns of different stakeholders? [16]

4. Provide a default outline for an architecture description. [16]

5. (a) What are three types of joint management reviews? Explain.

(b) Discuss about the cost and schedule estimating process. [8+8]

6. (a) Define round-trip engineering. What is the primary reason for round-tripengineering? Explain.

(b) What are the stakeholder environments? Explain. [8+8]

7. (a) Explain quality indicators.

(b) Explain contention. [8+8]

8. Discuss about Ada COCOMO. [16]

? ? ? ? ?

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1. Describe the three generations of basic technology advancement in tools, compo-nents and processes? [16]

2. How the assessment in performance is done and what are the influencing factors?[16]

3. Describe the artifact sequences across a typical life cycle? [16]

4. State the heuristics that describe objectively an architecture baseline. [16]

5. (a) Develop “context-free-questions” that you might ask a stakeholder during in-ception.

(b) Write default agendas for the life-cycle architecture milestone. [8+8]

6. Explain the life cycle focus on:

(a) Software management team

(b) Software architecture team

(c) Software development team

(d) Software assessment team. [4+4+4+4]

7. (a) What are management and quality indicators?

(b) Explain contention of process discriminants. [8+8]

8. (a) Write 80/20 lessons of software.

(b) Write Boehm’s top 10 software metrics. [8+8]

? ? ? ? ?

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1. Describe the predominant process used for the software cost estimation? [16]

2. Explain in detail the five basic parameters of the software cost model? [16]

3. Describe the two stages of the life cycle to active economies of scale and higherreturns on investment. [16]

4. Describe the different aspects of an architecture from a technical perspective. [16]

5. (a) Write six-iteration profile.

(b) Conventional WBS’s are prematurely structured around the product design.Discuss.

(c) Discuss about planning guidelines. [4+4+8]

6. (a) Give two reasons why the system version in an N-version system may fail ina similar way.

(b) What are the three levels of process?

(c) Discuss about the prototyping environment. [6+6+4]

7. (a) Explain MTBF and modularity.

(b) Briefly discuss about metrics automation. [6+10]

8. (a) Explain continuous integration.

(b) Give the context of CCPDS-R. [8+8]

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IV B.Tech I Semester Supplementary Examinations, March 2010CHEMICAL PROCESS EQUIPMENT DESIGN

(Chemical Engineering)Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80


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1. (a) Suggest the applications for the following materials of construction.

i. Synthetic rubber

ii. Glass - fiber reinforced plastics.

iii. Polyvinylidine fluoride

iv. Poly vinyl chloride

v. Borosilicate glass lined vessels.

(b) Write about the importance of the following:

i. Factor of safety

ii. Corrosion allowance

iii. Use of IS:2825. [10+6]

2. (a) Discuss the features of the storage vessels for the following:

i. Storage of non-volatile liquids

ii. Storage of gases

iii. Storage of volatile liquids.

(b) Explain the design procedure for a horizontal storage tank with saddle sup-ports. [6+10]

3. (a) What are the various stresses in a pressure vessel subjected to combined load-ing?

(b) A pressure vessel of 1.5m. in diameter subjected to combined loading operatesat an internal pressure of 12 kg/cm2. The allowable stress of the material offabrication is 1000 kg/cm2. Welded joint efficiency is 85%. Weight of thevessel with all its contents is 6000 kg. Torque exerted over the vessel is 50kgcm. Neglect the bending moment. Corrosion allowance of 2mm may be taken.Calculate the various induced stresses and find whether it is higher than theallowable stress of the material. [6+10]

4. (a) Pull through heat exchangers

(b) Floating heat exchanges

(c) U-tube heat exchages.

A shell and tube 1-4 pass heat exchanger is required to cool kerosene at the rate of20,000 kg /h from 2000 C to 950 C using a crude oil, at an initial temperature of350C in counter current flow. The flow rate of crude oil is 68000 kg/h. Kerosene

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flows on shell side. A dirt factor of 0.0004 m2 K/W is to be provided. Correctionfactor for LMTD due to cross flow is 0.92A heat exchanger with a shell insidediameter of 0.53m having tubes of 2.5 cm O.D and 2cm I.D The length of the tubesis 4.8m. The bundle is arranged for four passes with baffles spaced at 12 cm apart.Kerosene is allowed to flow on shell side. The tubes are arranged in square pitch 0f3.2 cm. Find whether the heat exchanger is suitable for the purpose from thermaldesign point of view.

DATA

Properties Kerosene Crude oilPrandtl number 7.45 55Specific heat (kJ /kgk) 2.52 2.0

Correlations:Tub side: hD

k= 0.023 (Re)0.8 (Pr)1/3

Shell side: hoDe

k= 0.36

(

DeGs

µ

)0.55

(Pr)0.33. [16]

5. Discuss the effect of Boiling point elevation, liquid head and friction on temperaturedrop on the design of evaporator. [16]

6. The absorption of water in sulfuric acid is an exothermic process. Describe the effectthis would have on the required height of a mass-transfer column as compared tothe height that is evaluated if isothermal conditions are assumed. [16]

7. 1 kg /s of A is to be decomposed at 700 K and 1 atm. pressure in a tubular plugflow reactor irreversibly where the rate constant is 0.5 m3 / kg.mol.s. Calculate thevolume of the reactor required for 25 % decomposition of feed? [16]

8. The output from a crystallizer is a 10% by volume slurry of crystals which have adensity of 2.2 g/cm3. The acceptable crystal loss from the centrifuge is such thatit is necessary to retain a crystal size of 40µ. Obtain an estimate of the cost of themost suitable type of centrifuge. The efficiency of centrifuge is 60%. [16]

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1. (a) Acetone is synthesized by catalytic hydrogenation of isopropyl vapor in a reac-tor at 4000 C and 40 psig pressure. For this purpose, liquid isopropyl alcoholis vaporized, heated and fed to a reactor. The reactor exit gases includingwater, unconverted isopropyl alcohol and the products of the reaction are fedto a condenser in which most of the acetone, water and alcohol are condensed.The remaining traces of acetone and alcohol are removed in a water scrubber.The effluent from the scrubber is combined with the condensate and sent to adistillation column to obtain pure acetone. The bottom product consisting ofwater and alcohol is sent to another distillation column. The top product is anazeotrope from the second distillation column and is recycled to the reactor.The convertion of alcohol per pass through the reactor is 85 percent. Draw apreliminary flow sheet of the process.

(b) Write short notes on the following:

i. Time basis for flow sheet preparation

ii. Scaling factor for flow sheet calculations. [10+6]

2. (a) Discuss briefly the most commonly used theories of failure for componentssubjected to combined stresses i.e., normal and shear stresses

(b) Write short notes on the following techniques used to make compound vessels

i. Shrink fitted cylinders

ii. Multilayer vessels

iii. Wound vessels

iv. Autofrettage. [8+8]

3. (a) A shell of inside diameter of 200mm and thickness 3mm is subjected to aninternal pressure 0.4 N/mm2. Permissible stress at the design temperature is140N/mm2 and the welded joint efficiency may be taken as 0.85. A corrosionallowance 1.5mm is provided. Actual thickness of the nozzle 3.5mm. Find thearea of the compensation required.

(b) Explain with diagram the following types of reinforcements

i. Internal and external reinforcement

ii. Internal reinforcement

iii. External reinforcement. [10+6]

4. (a) A double pipe heat exchanger is used to heat 1000 kg/h of oil from 30 0C to40 0C using hot water at 90 0Cin counter current flow. The hot water flows at

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a velocity of 2500 m/h through the annulus of the heat exchanger. The outerdiameter of the inner pipe is 2.5cm and the inside diameter of outer pipe in4.0 cm. The wall thickness of the inner pipe is 2mm. Neglect wall and scaleresistances. Calculate the length of the heat exchanger.DATA:Properties Water OilCp (kJ/kgK) 4.2 1.9K (W/mK) 0.7 0.14ρ (kg/m3) 1000 850ν (m2/s) 0.4× 10 - 6 0.7 × 10 - 5

Heat Transfer coefficients may be calculated using the equation appropriately.Nu = 0.023 (NRe)

0.8 (Npr)1/3

(b) Explain the salient features of the following heat exchangers with respect totheir construction and limitations.

i. Double pipe heat exchangers

ii. 1-1 Pass shell and tube heat exchanger. [10+6]

5. Discuss he construction and functioning of falling film evaporators with a neatdiagram. [16]

6. A mixture of benzene and toluene containing 40 percent benzene and 60 percenttoluene is to be separated in fractionating column to give product (distillate) con-taining 96 percent benzene and a bottom product containing 95 percent toluene.Feed is a mixture of two third vapor and one third liquid. Find out the number oftheoretical stages required if reflux ratio of 1.5 times the minimum is used and ifrelative volatility is 2.5. [16]

7. Under appropriate conditions acetaldehyde vapor reacts to give methane and car-bon monoxide by the reaction,CH3CHO → CH3 + CO0.1kg / sec of acetaldehyde vapor is to be decomposed at 520 0C and 1 atm, ina tubular reactor. The reaction is irreversible and second order with respect toacetaldehyde. Value of rate constant, K= 0.43m3/kg mole sec. What will be thevolume of the reactor for 35% and 90% decomposition of acetaldehyde? [16]

8. A sludge forming a uniform non-compressible cake is filtered through a filter pressout of which one frame is kept under study. At a constant pressure difference of2.8 kg/cm2, a 10 cm cake is formed in one hour with a filtrate volume of 6000liters. Three minutes are needed to drain liquor from filter. Two minutes areneeded to fill the filter with water. Washing proceeds exactly as filtration using1200 liters. Opening, dumping and closing take 6 minutes. Assume the filtrate hassame properties of wash water and neglect the resistance offered by cloth and flowlines. How many liters of filtrate are produced in 24 hours on the average? [16]

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1. The Process description for manufacture of Methyl Ethyl Ketone (MEK) by de-hydrogenation of 2-butanol in a reactor is given below. The capacity of the plantis 25 t /day. Draw the flow sheet from the description indicating all the availableinformation clearly.The Conversion in the reactor is 85 percent. The reaction produces one mole ofMEK and one mole of hydrogen per mole of 2-butanol. The reactors off gases arecooled in a condenser where 84 percent of the MEK and 90 percent of alcohol arecondensed. The hydrogen is non condensable. The condensate is sent to an ab-sorber where 95 percent of MEK and alcohol are absorbed giving 10 percent w/wsolution. The solution from the absorber is sent to an extraction column in whichthe solution is extracted by trichloroethylene. The extract contains 20 percent w/wMEK. A small amount of butanol and water is fed to a distillation column. Thedistillation column separates MEK and alcohol from trichloroethylene. The solventcontaining a trace of MEK and water is recycled to the extraction column.The product containing MEK and alcohol is sent to another distillation columnwhich produces pure MEK product. The residue from this column containing mostof the un reacted 2-butanol is recycled to the reactor. [16]

2. (a) Discuss the features of the storage vessels for the following:

i. Storage of non-volatile liquids

ii. Storage of gases

iii. Storage of volatile liquids.

(b) Explain the design procedure for a horizontal storage tank with saddle sup-ports. [6+10]

3. (a) Derive the equation for optimum ratio of dimensions (i.e., length to diameter)of pressure vessel from the following dataVolume of the pressure vessel = VLength of the vessel = LDiameter of vessel = DCorrosion allowance = CInternal pressure = pJoint efficiency = JThickness of vessel = t

(b) A Pressure vessel is required to have a capacity of 35m3. The vessel operatesat a pressure of 4kg /cm2. The material of construction has a permissiblestress of 1050 kg/cm2. Welded joint efficiency is 85%. Corrosion allowance is2mm. Estimate the optimum dimensions of the vessel. [6+10]

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4. (a) Pull through heat exchangers

(b) Floating heat exchanges

(c) U-tube heat exchages.

A shell and tube 1-4 pass heat exchanger is required to cool kerosene at the rate of20,000 kg /h from 2000 C to 950 C using a crude oil, at an initial temperature of350C in counter current flow. The flow rate of crude oil is 68000 kg/h. Keroseneflows on shell side. A dirt factor of 0.0004 m2 K/W is to be provided. Correctionfactor for LMTD due to cross flow is 0.92A heat exchanger with a shell insidediameter of 0.53m having tubes of 2.5 cm O.D and 2cm I.D The length of the tubesis 4.8m. The bundle is arranged for four passes with baffles spaced at 12 cm apart.Kerosene is allowed to flow on shell side. The tubes are arranged in square pitch 0f3.2 cm. Find whether the heat exchanger is suitable for the purpose from thermaldesign point of view.

DATA

Properties Kerosene Crude oilPrandtl number 7.45 55Specific heat (kJ /kgk) 2.52 2.0

Correlations:Tub side: hD

k= 0.023 (Re)0.8 (Pr)1/3

Shell side: hoDe

k= 0.36

(

DeGs

µ

)0.55

(Pr)0.33. [16]

5. With a neat sketch, explain the construction of Forced-circulation evaporators. [16]

6. The absorption of water in sulfuric acid is an exothermic process. Describe the effectthis would have on the required height of a mass-transfer column as compared tothe height that is evaluated if isothermal conditions are assumed. [16]

7. The hydrolysis of acetic anhydride is conducted in a reaction battery consisting offour vessels. The temperature maintained in the reactors are 10 0C in first, 15 0Cin second, 25 0C in third and 40 0C in fourth. The reaction is of the first orderwith specific reaction rates as below:

Temperature 0C 10 15 25 40K, min−1 0.0567 0.0806 0.158 0.38

The inlet composition is 0.68 kg mol per gallon and the feed rate is 25 gallon perminute, the vessels are all of same size and the desired conversion is 95%. Calculate:

(a) What size of vessel is needed?

(b) If all the reaction vessels are maintained at 15 0C, how many reactors of thesize calculated in part (a) would be needed? [16]

8. (a) Write the classification of centrifuges according to the mechanism used forsolid separation.

(b) Explain Tubular bowl centrifuge with a neat diagram. [8+8]

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1. (a) Explain the concept of degrees of freedom in a given process.

(b) A double pipe heat exchanger transfers heat between two single phase streams.Determine the degrees of freedom available for the design of the heat ex-changer.

(c) Consider a cylindrical container of length L and diameter D. Find the optimumratio of length to diameter such that the cylinder has minimum surface areato enclose a given volume. [2+6+8]

2. (a) What do you understand by high pressure vessel? Discuss at least four ofconstruction of high pressure vessels with appropriate diagrams.

(b) Explain about the various types of materials of construction used in the con-struction of high pressure vessels. [10+6]

3. (a) Explain the purpose of flanged joints. What do you understand by standard-and non- standard flanges? Draw the figures for one type of standard flangeand one type of non- standard flange and explain their construction features.

(b) What do you understand by flange facings? Explain the features of

i. Wide face flange and

ii. narrow - face flange. [10+6]

4. Hot oil at 2200 C is to be cooled in a heat exchanger having a heat transfer areaof 20m2 using water available at 250 C in counter current flow. Water and oil flowin counter current direction. Overall heat transfer coefficient may be taken as 280W/m2K. Calculate the outlet temperatures of water oil by

(a) log mean temperature method and

(b) heat exchanger effectiveness method from the following data.DATA [16]

Properties Water OilCp (J/kgk) 4200 1800

Mass flow rate (kg/h) 3000 10,000

5. (a) What are the types of condensers that are used in evaporator installations?

(b) 3.78 kg/sec steam at 13.5 KN/m2 is to be condensed in a jet condenser usingcooling water at 2880k. If the cooling water exit temperature is 3160K andthe steam is not super heated, what is the cooling water requirement? At 13.5KN/m2,steam temperature =3250K and latent heat = 2379 KJ/kg. [16]

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6. Ammonia is to be absorbed from air mixture at 293 K and 1.013 × 105 Pa pressurein a counter current packed tower, using water at 293 K as the absorbent. An inletgas rate of 1.21 × 10 - 2 m3/s and ammonia - free water rate of 9.46 × 10 - 3 kg/swill be used. If the ammonia, NH3, concentration is reduced from 3.52 to 1.24%by volume, determine the ratio of (Ls/Gs) actual/(Ls/Gs)

minEquilibrium data for

the system at 293 K and 1.013 × 105 Pa are as follows: [16]

X moleNH3

moleH2O0.00 0.0164 0.0352 0.0349 0.0445 0.0722

X moleNH3

mole·air0.00 0.021 0.032 0.042 0.053 0.080

7. The homogenous reaction A → 2B is run at 100 0C at a constant pressure of 1 atmin an experimental batch reactor. The data in below table were obtained startingwith pure A. What size plug flow reactor operated at 100 0C and 10 atm wouldyield 90% conversion of A for a total feed rate of 10 mol /sec, the feed containing40% inerts? [16]

Time, min 0 2 4 5 6 7 8 10 12 14V /Vo 1.00 1.35 1.58 1.66 1.72 1.78 1.82 1.88 1.92 1.95

8. The output from a crystallizer is a 10% by volume slurry of crystals which have adensity of 2.2 g/cm3. The acceptable crystal loss from the centrifuge is such thatit is necessary to retain a crystal size of 40µ. Obtain an estimate of the cost of themost suitable type of centrifuge. The efficiency of centrifuge is 60%. [16]

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IV B.Tech I Semester Supplementary Examinations, March 2010ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS

( Common to Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering, Bio-MedicalEngineering and Electronics & Telematics)



1. (a) Write history of artificial neural system development.

(b) List and explain the various activation functions. Also explain their suitabilitywith respect to applications. [8+8]

2. (a) Show that the McCulloch-Pitts formal model of a neuron may be approximatedby a sigmoid neuron.

(b) What is Hebbian learning rule for training the neural networks? Explain withthe help of an example. [8+8]

3. (a) Derive the weight update equation for discrete Perceptron and write its sum-mary algorithm.

(b) Explain the limitations of backpropagation learning. Also explain the scopeto over come these limitations. [8+8]

4. (a) Explain the architecture and training method of self-organizing map network.

(b) Explain the Grossberg layer training algorithm. [8+8]

5. Explain the methods of determining the winner-takes-all. Explain with an example.[16]

6. (a) Describe the Hopfield neural network models.

(b) Explain the concept of stability in neural networks and discuss the stabilityof Hopfield networks. [8+8]

7. Draw the architecture of a BAM network and discuss in detail the training Algo-rithm. [16]

8. Explain how multilayer feedforward neural network can be used for character recog-nition. Use a sample of 7×10 pixel matrix for the recognition of letter ‘A’. [16]

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1. (a) Explain the biological prototype of neuron. Also explain the characteristics ofneuron.

(b) List and explain the various activation functions used in modeling of artificialneuron. Also explain their suitability with respect to applications. [8+8]

2. (a) Describe McCulloch-Pitts model of a neuron. Design a network using McCulloch-Pitts neuron to realize the NOR gate.

(b) Determine the weights of a network with 4 input and 2 output units usingdelta learning law with f(a) = 1

1+e−a

for the following input-output pairs:Input: [1 1 0 0]T [1 0 0 1]T [0 0 1 1]T [0 1 1 0]TOutput: [1 1]T [1 0]T [0 1]T [0 0]T

[8+8]

3. Derive the weight update equations for a multilayer feed forward neural networkand explain the effect of learning rate, and momentum term on weight updateequations. [16]

4. (a) What are Kohonen layer and Grossberg layer.

(b) Explain Kohonen’s layer learning algorit. [16]

5. With a neat sketch explain and discuss full counter propagation algorithm. [16]

6. (a) Define and explain energy (Lyapunov) function of Hopfield Neural Network.

(b) Discuss storage capacity and energy function of the Hopfield network. [8+8]

7. Explain the function of ART network and explain its operation with relevant Equa-tions. [16]

8. Give the statement of optimization problem with equality constraints and explainhow it can be solved using Hopfield neural network. [16]

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1. (a) Explain the classification of artificial neural networks

(b) Explain the characteristics of artificial neural networks.

(c) What are the popular nonlinear functions used in modeling artificial neuron?Explain each of them. 5+5+6

2. (a) Given are a set of input training vectors and initial weight vector. The learningconstant is assumed to be 0.1. The desired responses for X1, X2 and X3 ared1=-1, d2=-1 and d3=1 respectively for a bipolar binary case. X1 =[1, 2 ,0,1]T , X2 = [0, 1.5, -0.5, -1.0]T and X3 = [-1, 1, 0.5, -1]T . W0 = [1,-1,0, 0.5]T .With the Perceptron learning rule evaluate weight vector after completion ofone cycle of training.

(b) Explain the memory based learning rule and also explain its limitations.

[8+8]

3. With suitable diagram, derive the weight update equations in backpropagationalgorithm for a multilayer feed forward neural network and explain the effect oflearning rate, and momentum terms or weight update equations. [8+8]

4. Explain the architectures of popular self-organizing maps. Derive the training al-gorithm of Kohonen network. Also explain how SOMs can be used for data com-pression. [16]

5. What are Kohonen’s self organizing maps? Explain the architecture and the train-ing algorithm used for Kohonen’s SOMs. [16]

6. (a) Distinguish between static neural networks and dynamic neural networks withexamples.

(b) Explain applications of Hopfield networks and mention its limitations. [8+8]

7. Illustrate with a neat Figure, the two basic units of ART network. Prove BAMstability theorem. [10+6]

8. (a) Explain the steps in the solution of a general optimization problem by a neuralnetwork.

(b) How an optimization problem formulated for solution using a neural networkmodel.

[8+8]

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1. (a) Write history of artificial neural system development.

(b) List and explain the various activation functions. Also explain their suitabilitywith respect to applications. [8+8]

2. (a) Show that the McCulloch-Pitts formal model of a neuron may be approximatedby a sigmoid neuron.

(b) What is Hebbian learning rule for training the neural networks? Explain withthe help of an example. [8+8]

3. (a) Derive the weight update equation for discrete Perceptron and write its sum-mary algorithm.

(b) Explain the limitations of backpropagation learning. Also explain the scopeto over come these limitations. [8+8]

4. Describe the architecture of a counter propagation networks. Explain the trainingof counter propagation network and also discuss the practical considerations. [16]

5. Consider a Kohonen net with two cluster units and five input units. The weightvector for the cluster units are:W1= (0.1 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.9) andW2= (0.9 0.7 0.5 0.3 0.1)Using Euclidian distance find the winning cluster unit for the input pattern. [16]

6. (a) What are the assumptions to be satisfied for a network to form a Hopfieldnetwork?

(b) Construct an energy function for the same size with N neurons. Show thatthe energy function decreases every time as the neuron output changes. [8+8]

7. Draw the architecture of ART algorithm and explain. Comment on the vigilanceparameter.

[10+6]

8. Construct a Hopfield network to associate 3×3 input images with dots and dashes.Whatare the limitations of Hopfield network

[10+6]

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IV B.Tech I Semester Supplementary Examinations, March 2010 DIGITAL CONTROL SYSTEMS

(Common to Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering and Electronics &Control Engineering)




******* 1. What are the various types of analog to digital converters? Explain the successive

approximation type analog to digital converters with neat block diagram and timing diagram.

2. a) Explain the properties of Z-transform

b) Find the Z-transform for the following

(i) 2( 1)

( )( 4)

sF s

s s

+=

+

(ii) ( )at

f t te−

=

3. For the sampled data control system shown in below in figure find the response c(k) for r(t) =

unit step

4. a) Derive the state transition matrix properties in discrete data system.

b) Find the variable model for the following system

( 2) 3 ( 1) 2 ( ) 2 ( 1) 3 ( )y k y k y k r k r k+ + + + = + + assuming initial conditions are

zero.

5. Investigate the controllability and observability of the following system

1 1

2 2

1 1

2 2

( 1) ( )1 2 1 1( )

( 1) ( )1 1 0 0

( ) ( )1 0

( ) ( )0 1

x k x ku k

x k x k

y k x k

y k x k

+ − −� � � �� = +� � � ��

+ −� � � ��

� � � �� =� � � ��

6. The block diagram of a digital control system shown in figure below


ZOH 1

( 1)s +

C (t) e(t)

e(k)

��

��

-

� ��

( 4)

k

s s +

�

c(t)

-

r(t)

T=0.5sec

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Determine the range of k for the system to be asymptotically stable

7. A block diagram of a digital control system is shown in figure below. Design a PID control

D(z), to eliminate the steady state error due to a step input and simultaneously realizing a

good transient response and ramp error constant kv should be equal to 5.

8. a) Explain the design the of full order state observer with neat block diagram

b) Prove ackermann’s formula for the determination of the state feedback gain matrix K

D(z) ZOH ��

��

T = 0.1sec

-

r(t) y(t)

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Code No: N1003 Set No. 1

IV B.Tech. I Semester Supplementary Examinations, March 2010 DIGITAL CONTROL SYSTEMS





******* 1. a) Explain the sample and hold operations with neat diagram

b) Illustrate the discrete data and digital control systems with a digital controller for a turbine

and generator

2. a) State and explain the modified Z-transform.

b) Find the Z-transform for the following

(i) 2

2( )

( 1)f z

s s=

+ (ii) ( ) sinf t t at=

3. a) Solve the difference equation

( 2) 3 ( 1) 2 ( ) ( );

(0) 1

( ) 0, 0

C k C k C k u k

C

C k fork

+ + + + =

=

= <

�

b) Find the ( )

( )

C z

R z for the sampled data closed system shown in figure below

4. A discrete time system is described by the differential equation

( 2) 5 ( 1) 6 ( ) ( )

(0) 1, (1) 0, 1sec

Y k Y k Y k u k assume

Y Y T

+ + + + =

= = =

Determine a state model in canonical form. Find the state transition matrix.

5. a) Explain the controllability, observability and their tests

b) Examine whether the discrete data system

( 1) ( ) ( )

( ) ( )

x k A x k B u k

y k C x k

+ = +

=

Where 1 2 1 0 1 0

, ,1 1 0 1 0 1

A B C−� � � � � �

= = =� � � � � �− −� � � � � �

is

(i) State controllable

(ii) Observable

Set No. 2

Code No: N1003

H(s)

G1(s) ZoH

��

G2(s)

�

��

��

��

��

6. Using the Bilinear transformation , determine whether following system is stable

7. Derive the pulse transfer function of digital PID controller. Also explain design procedure of

PID controller.

8. Consider the system

[ ]

( 1) ( ) ( )

( ) ( )

0 1 0 , , 1 1

0.16 1 1

x k G x k H u k

y k C x k

where G H C

+ = +

=

� � � �= = =� � � �

− −� � � �

Design a current observer for the system. It is desired that the response to the initial observer

error be deadbeat.

ZOH ��

��

C(t) r(t) T

-

Code No: N1003

��

Set No. 2


DIGITAL CONTROL SYSTEMS





******* 1. a) What are the advantages of digital control systems?

b) Illustrate the discrete data and digital control systems with a simplified single axis

autopilot control system

2. a) State and prove initial and final value theorms

b) Given that the Z- transform z(z-0.2)

G(z) =4(z-0.8)(z-1)

3. For the sampled – data control system shown in figure below, find the output c(t) for

r(t)= unit step

4. A discrete time system has the transfer function

3 2

2

10 12 6( )

( 1) ( 3)

z z zF z

z z

− + −=

− −

Determine the state model of the system in

(a) Phase variable form

(b) Jordan canonical form

5. a) State and explain the controllability and observability in discrete data system

b) Consider a linear discrete – data control system, whose input and output relation is

described by the difference equation

( 2) 2 ( 1) ( ) ( 1) ( ).y k y k y k u k u k+ + + + = + + Test the state controllable and output

Controllable

6. The block diagram representation of digital control system shown in figure below

Using Jury’s criterion, find the range of values of k for which the system is stable.


ZoH �

��

r(t)

T=1sec c(t)

-

ZOH �

� � ��

�

��

��

-

e(t)

T=1sec

e(k)

��

��

7. Consider the block diagram shown in figure below and design lead compensator Gc(z) in w-

plane for this system to meet the following specifications

(i) damping ratio =0.7

(ii) Settling time =1.4sec

(iii) Velocity error constant ,kv= 2 sec-1

8. Consider a digital control process with state equations described by

[ ]

( 1) ( ) ( )

( ) ( )

0 1 0 , , 2 0

1 1 1

x k A x k B u k

y k C x k

where A B C

+ = +

=

� � � �= = =� � � �

−� � � �

Design a full order observer which will observe the states x1(k) and x2(k) from the output

y(k), having deadbeat response.

��

��

r(t)

T= 1sec

-

y

��

Code No: N1003

Set No. 3


DIGITAL CONTROL SYSTEMS





******* 1. a) Illustrate the discrete data and digital control systems with microprocessor-controlled

systems.

b) Explain the weighted register digital to analog converter.

2. a) What are the steps necessary to determine the Z-transform.

b) State and prove the following theorems of Z-transform

(i) Shifting Theorem

(ii) Complex transation theorem

(iii) Complex differentiation and partial differentiation theorem

3. For the Sampled data system shown in figure below, find the response to unit step input.

4. a) Mention the advantages of state variable representation of discrete data control systems.

b) Obtain the Jordan canonical state model of a discrete data system given that

3 2

2

( ) 4 12 13 7

( ) ( 1) ( 2)

Y z z z z

U z z z

− + −=

− −

5. a) Show that duality between controllability and observability in discrete data system.

b) Examine whether the discrete data system

( 1) ( ) ( )

( ) ( )

x k A x k B u k

y x C x k

+ = +

=

Where [ ]0 1 1

, , 1 02 2 1

A B C� � � �

= = =� � � �− − −� � � �

is

(i) State controllable

(ii) Output controllable

(iii) Observable

6. Find the range of K for the system shown in figure to be stable


�

��

T=1sec

-

r(t) C(t)

��

�� e-TS �

��

��

��

T= 1 sec

7. a) Explain the design produce of digital controller through bilinear transformation.

b) Describe the design procedure of lead-lag compensator in ‘w’-plane for discrete data

system.

8. Explain the design of state feedback controller through pole placement.

Code No: N1003

��

Set No. 4

www.jntuworld

.com


STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND DETAILED DESIGN

(Aeronautical Engineering)




*******

1. Tricycle of landing gear shown in Fig. Find the forces Gv, Fv, Hd, Fd, Hv of brace

struts. Assume the data if necessary. [16]

2. What is effective sheet thickness and effective area of stringer type of fuselage

section? Explain with the help of neat sketches. [16]

3. (a) What is structural idealization?

(b) How it is helpful for analysis of aircraft structures?

(c) With neat sketches, Derive the boom areas of any cross-section and also find

out boom areas for axial loading and pure bending moment.

[4+4+8]

Set No. 1 Code No. M2103

1of 3

4. A Circular cylinder has radius (r) = 1250mm a length L = 1875mm and wall

thickness(t) = 1125mm. What compressive load will it carry? Using design values

based on 90% probability, 95% confidence level (for this case /E = 0.000121) and

99% probability , 95% confidence level ( for this case Fccr /E= 0.000082). Discuss

above two levels. Take � = 0.3, E = 74 KN/mm2 and for curve r/t = 1000 [16]

Geometrical Parameter(z) Buckling Coefficient (Kc)

2000 260

3000 400

5. (a) Explain the different types of structural measures that are used in air craft

structures.

(b) Explain different types of fuselage structures

(c) What are the monocoque and semi monocoque structures? Explain briefly with

suitable example. [6+5+5]

6. Find the shear centre for the wing section shown in figure. Web 3 has a thickness

1.6mm, and the other webs have thickness of 1mm. Assume G is constant for all cross-

sections. The cross section is symmetrical about a horizontal.

[16]

7. (a) Explain in detail the shear forces in tapered webs.

(b) Derive the relationships for shear force at any section of a tapered diagram tension

field beam, subjected to a load at its free end perpendicular to the axis in the plane

of the beam.

[8+8]

Code No. M2103 Set No. 1

2of 3

8. A steel ship deck plate G 2.5mm thick, 10m wide and 20m long (in the tensile stress

direction). It is loaded with a normal tensile stress of 50 MPa. It is operated below its

ductile to brittle transition temperature with KIC equal to 28.3Mpam1/2

. If a 65mm long

central hole transverse crack is present, estimate tensile stress at which catastrophic

failure will occur. Compare thin stress with the yield strength of 240 Mpa for the steel.

[16]


3of 3







*******

1. (a) Explain the working procedure of oleo struct? Explain construction detail with neat

sketch.

(b) Explain design procedure for landing gear. [8+8]

2. A Fuselage has the circular cross-section as shown in figure . The cross-sectional area

of each stringer is 100mm2 and the fuselage is subjected to bending moment of 200

KNm applied in the vertical plane of Symmetry, at this section. Calculate the direct

stress distribution. [16]

3. (a) Explain the construction of fuselage structure. [6+10]

(b) Explain with neat sketches skin instability, panel instability and general instability.

4. a) Explain buckling of monocoque circular cylinder under external hydrostatic

pressure.

b) Monocoque cylinder radius (r) = 1500mm thickness (t) = 1.4mm, length 2200mm

� = 0.3. Torsional buckling coefficient (Kt) = 180. Find the geometrical parameter (z)

and what Torsional moment will this cylinder develop. [6+10]

5. Explain the phenomenon of distribution of concentrated loads on thin webs in aircraft

structure. [16]


1of 2

6. Calculate the shear flows in the web panels and the axial loads in the flanger of the

wing rib shown in fig. Assume that the web of the rib is effective only in shear while

theresistance of the wing to bending moments is provided entirely by the three flanges

1, 2 and 3. [16]

7. Determine the shear flow distribution in the web of the tapered beam shown in the

figure below at a section midway along its length. The web of the beam has a thickness

of 2 mm and is fully effective in resisting direct stresses. The beam taper

symmetrically about its horizontal centroidal axis and the cross section area of each

flange is 400mm2. [16]

8. a) Explain why residual stress are important in failure analysis.

b) Describe the concept of fatigue crack propagation. [8+8]


2of 2







*******

1. Explain about landing gear structures with neat sketches. [16]

2. The thin- walled single cell beam has been idealized into combination of direct

Stress carrying booms and shear stressesaly carrying walls. If the section supports

a vertical shear bond of 10KN acting vertical plane through booms 3 and 6.

Calculate the distribution of shear flow around the section. Boom areas

B1=B8=200mm2, B2 =B7 =250mm2, B3=B6= 400 mm

2 , B4 =B5 =100 mm

2 as shown

in figure. [16]

3. Explain the following with neat sketches:

a) skin instability b) panel instability c) general instability. [16]

4. a) Explain about buckling short cylinders, intermediate cylinders, long cylinders and

verylong cylinders.

b) Discuss buckling of monocoque circular cylinder under axial load and

internal pressure. [16]

5. A circular cylinder has a radius (r) =1250mm a length L = 1875mm and wall thickness

(t) = 1125mm. Find margin of safety(MS) using design curves values based on 90%

probability,95% confidence level( for this case Fccr / E = 0.000121) levels and also

calculate geometrical paramaeter (z) take µ = 0.3. Buckling Coefficient Kc = 280,

E = 74 KN/mm2 .The applied load P = 58KN applied torque (T) = 40.185KN-m and

allowabletorque(Ta)=77.3KNm [16]


1 of 2

6. (a) Derive the approximate formula for semi-tension field beam

(b) A 50-by 2.4 mm steel tube is heat-treated to an ultimate tensile strength σtu = 1240

N/mm2.

(i) Find the margin of safety if the tube resists a design tension load of

22000N and a design bending moment of 3.3kN-m.

(ii) Find the margin of safety if the tube resists a bending moment of 3.3kN-m

and a torsional moment of 5.64kN-m.

Assume �B =1466N/mm2 and the ratio

tu

T

σ

τ=0.58. [16]

7. The cantilever beam shown in figure is uniformly tapered along its length in both X

andY directions and carries a load of 100k N at its free end. Calculate the forces in the

booms and shear flow distribution in the walls at a section 2m from the built in end if

the booms resist all the direct stresses while the walls are effective only in sheer

. Each corner boom has a cross-sectional area of 900 mm2 While both central booms

have cross sectional area of 1200 mm2. [16]

8. A plate of width 1.4 mm and length 2.8m is required to support tensile force in the

2.8m direction 5.0MN. Inspection procedure will only detect through thicken edge

cracks larger than 2.7mm. The two Ti-6Al- 4 V alloys in table are being considered

for this application, for which the safety factor must be 1.3 and minimum weight is

important. Which alloy should be used? [16]

Metal KIC

MPa m SY Mpa

Ti- 6A1-4V 115 910

Ti- 6A1-4V 55 1035


2 of 2







*******

1. Calculate the forces (TE, CG, CGv, CGD, BI, BIv, BIS, ES, ED, EV ) on the oleo strut

shown in Figure 1. Assume the data if necessary. [16]

2. What is effective sheet thickness and effective area of stringer type of fuselage

section? Explain with the help of neat sketches. [16]

3. a) Determine the stress in a stiffened cylindrical structure under external loads.

b) With a neat sketch, derive the boom area of any cross-section and also find out boom

areas for axial loading and prove bending moment. [8+8]

4. Monocoque cylinder radius r = 1250mm, thickness t = 1.25mm, length L = 1875mm,

E = 74 KN/mm2. The cylinder subjected to an axial compressive bond of 225KN and

internal pressure of 0.3447 N/mm2. What is the margin of safety under this combined

load system with 90% Probability and 95% confidence level (for thin interval

Fccr/E=0.000121) take µ=0.3, �= 1.0, Kc=280 [16]


1 of 2

5. Monocoque cylinder radius r = 1250mm thickness (t) = 1.25mm, length (l) =1875mm.

What torsional moment will this cylinder develop using design curves values based on

90% probability, 95% confidence level(for this case Fst / e = 0.000082) and 99%

probability 95% confidence level ( for this case Fst / E = 0.000060). Discuss above

two levels take µ = 0.3, E = 74 KN / mm2. [16]

Geometrical parameter(z) Torsional Buckling Coefficient (Kt)

2000 160

3000 235

6. Derive the general wagner equation for the tension field beam theory. [16]

7. A wing spar has the dimensions shown in figure , and carries a uniformly distributed

load of 15 kN/m along its complete length. Each flange has a cross-sectional area of

500 mm2 with the top flange being horizontal. If the flanges are assumed to resist al

direct loads while the spar web is effective only in shear, determine the flange loads

and the shear flows in the web at sections 1 and 2 m from the free end. [16]

8. (a) Explain with neat sketch basic modes of crack growth.

(b) What is mean by S-N Curve and explain its significance in Fatigue failure.

[8+8]

2 of 2



IV B.Tech I Semester Supplementary Examinations, March 2010DOWNSTREAM PROCESSING

(Bio-Technology)Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80


? ? ? ? ?

1. Outline the downstream processing steps in gluconic acid manufacture. [16]

2. (a) Discuss recent developments in product isolation.

(b) Describe characteristics of fermentation broths. [16]

3. What are different cell disintegration methods? Explain any one method with aneat diagram. [16]

4. Discuss about the multi-stage separation with plug flow. [16]

5. Write in detail about extraction using aqueous two phase systems. [16]

6. (a) Describe about different types of support media employed in electrophoresis.

(b) How to prepare the sample of a nucleic acid to load on an Agarose gel. [16]

7. A protein sample isolated from a patient serum contains two types of proteins ofpI 4 and 5.6. Which type of chromatography is suitable for the separation of thecomponents, wite its principle and mode of operation. [16]

8. Discuss the principle of Electro dialysis. Write its role in the recovery of citric acidby use of bipolar membrances.

[16]

? ? ? ? ?

1 of 1





? ? ? ? ?

1. Discuss about the application of Biochemical Engineering principles in Downstreamprocessing. [16]

2. Discuss the steps involved the product isolation and purification of an intra cellularenzyme. [16]

3. What do you understand by cell disruption? What is its importance in Biotech-nology? Explain the different mechanical methods of cell disrupting. [16]

4. What are the modes of operation of filters and explain in detail about them. [16]

5. What are the commonly used tools and methods for ISPR (in situ product recovery)[16]

6. Write about eletro osmotic flow and pressure induced flow in capillary electrophore-sis. [16]

7. Explain the principle of gas chromatography. Discuss the different components ofgas chromatography instrument with a neat labeled diagram. [16]

8. Write about the down stream processing techniques that are available for citric acidrecovery in the industry.

[16]

? ? ? ? ?

1 of 1





? ? ? ? ?

1. Discuss about the Important steps involved in downstream processing for ethanolproduction. [16]

2. (a) What are bio molecules? How they are characterized? Explain.

(b) Make a brief study of recent developments in product isolation. [16]

3. Explain the working principle and procedure of pressure leaf filters. [16]

4. Discuss about the applications of membrane separation process in Biotech industry.[16]

5. (a) Write about the criteria used for selection of extraction equipment in antibioticindustry.

(b) A compound X is to be extracted from a clarified fermentation beer by usingpure amyl acetate as solvent at pH 4.0. The distribution coefficient K of thesystem was found to be 30. The initial concentration of compound x in thefeed is 400ml/L. The flow rates of the feed and solvent streams are 500L/Hand 30L/hr respectively. How many ideal stages are required to recover 90%of X in the feed. [8+8]

6. Explain about different gel staining methods available for electrophoresis. [16]

7. (a) Write about the sample injection systems commonly used in gas chromatog-raphy.

(b) Write about Gas Solid Chromatography. [16]

8. Discuss the advantage and disadvantage of foam based separation in the recoveryof products in biotech Industry.

[16]

? ? ? ? ?

1 of 1





? ? ? ? ?

1. Discuss about the Important Steps involved in downstream processing for penicillinproduction. [16]

2. What are the major steps involved in the product isolation and purification of citricacid manufacturer? [16]

3. Write short notes on the following.

(a) Cell aggregation

(b) Flocculation

(c) Rotary vacuum filter [16]

4. Write short notes on

(a) Structure of membranes

(b) Preparation of membranes. [16]

5. Write the principle and method for precipitation of proteins by salts. What are therequired precautions during the process for different biotechnological products?

[16]

6. Write the principle, instrumentation, detection and significance of capillary elec-trophoresis. [16]

7. (a) Describe the principle of gel filtration chromatography. How to determine themolecular weight of an unknown compound by this chromatography. [16]

(b) A gel filtration resin has a molecular weight cut off of 1000kda 5kDa. SampleA which is loaded to the column contains protein x(2,000,000Da), ProteinY (5,00,000Da), Peptide T (3000Da), Protein z(80,000Da). Arrange them inorder of elution and give justification for the order. [16]

8. Write about the principle of dialysis. How it is different form ultra filtration. Writethe significance of dialysis in product recovery.

[16]

? ? ? ? ?

1 of 1

psoc

Documents

various problems

solid wastes disposal

various collections

control of industrial

nuclear wastes

e wastes

disposal of chemical

processing of solid