PSA - Sicurezza delle gallerie in caso di incendio

Approccio sistemico per la sicurezza

delle gallerie in caso di incendio

e problemi strutturali specifici

Prof. Ing. Franco Bontempi

Ordinario di Tecnica delle Costruzioni

Facolta’ di Ingegneria Civile e Industriale

Universita’ degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza

Corso di

PROGETTAZIONE STRUTTURALE ANTINCENDIO

A.A. 2015/16

FB - Dicembre 2015 Progettazione Strutturale

Antincendio

1

Scopo della presentazione

• Far vedere gli aspetti piu’ generali della

progettazione strutturale antincendio:

Complessita’ del problema;

Approccio sistemico;

Natura accidentale dell’azione incendio;

Progettazione prestazionale/prescrittiva;

Aspetti specifici delle gallerie stradali.


Antincendio

2

OGGETTOCaratteristiche delle gallerie

Geometrie

Impianti

1w

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.fra

nc

ob

on

tem

pi.o

rg

Stro N

GER


Antincendio

3

GEOMETRIE

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Antincendio

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Tipo A - autostrade w

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Antincendio

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Antincendio

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Tipo B – extraurbane principaliw

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.fra

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on

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Antincendio

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Tipo C – extraurbane secondariew

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Antincendio

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Antincendio

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Antincendio

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Antincendio

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Antincendio

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Antincendio

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Antincendio

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Antincendio

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Antincendio

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Sistema vs Strutturaw

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OperaMorta

OperaViva


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IMPIANTI VENTILAZIONE

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Piston effect

• Is the result of natural induced draft caused by

free-flowing traffic (> 50 km/h) in uni-directional

tunnel thus providing natural ventilation.

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Mechanical ventilation

• “forced” ventilation is required where piston

effect is not sufficient such as in

– congested traffic situations;

– bi-directional tunnels (piston effect is neutralized by

flow of traffic in two opposite directions);

– long tunnels with high traffic volumes.

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Longitudinal ventilation system

• employs jet fans suspended under tunnel roof; in

normal operation fresh air is introduced via

tunnel entering portal and polluted air is

discharged from tunnel leaving portal.

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Semi-transverse ventilation system

• employs ceiling plenum connected to central fan

room equipped with axial fans; in normal

operation fresh air is introduced along the tunnel

trough openings in the ventilation plenum while

polluted air is discharged via tunnel portals.

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Transverse ventilation system

• employs double supply and exhaust plenums

connected to central fan rooms equipped with

axial fans; in normal operation fresh air is

introduced and exhausted via openings in

double ventilation plenums.

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FB - Dicembre 2015 29

Attachments

• Dispersion stack and fan room combined with

longitudinal ventilation: may be required in order

to reduce adverse effect on environment of

discharge of polluted air from tunnel, where

buildings are located in proximity (< 100m) to

tunnel leaving portal.

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Ventilation unit

Air extraction

Ventilation unit

Supply of fresh air

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Progettazione Strutturale

Antincendio

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COMPLESSITA’Approccio prestazionale

Modellazione

Sicurezza

2w

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Antincendio

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LOO

SE

co

up

lings

TIG

HT

LINEAR interactions NONLINEAR

System Complexity (Perrow)w

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APPROCCIO PRESTAZIONALE

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Prescrittivo (1)

APPROCCIO

PRESCRITTIVO

1) BASI DEL PROGETTO,

2) LIVELLI DI SCUREZZA,

3) PRESTAZIONI ATTESE

NON ESPLICITATI

1) REGOLE DI

CALCOLO E

2) COMPONENTI

MATERIALI

SPECIFICATI E

DETTAGLIATI

QUALITA' ED AFFIDABILITA'

STRUTTURALI

ASSICURATI IN MODO

INDIRETTO

GARANZIA DIRETTA DELLE PRESTAZIONI

E DELLA SICUREZZA STRUTURALI

INSIEME DI

STRUMENTI

LOGICI E

MATERIALI #3

INSIEME DI

STRUMENTI

LOGICI E

MATERIALI #1

INSIEME DI

STRUMENTI

LOGICI E

MATERIALI #2

OBIETTIVI

PRESTAZIONALI E

LIVELLI DI

SICUREZZA

ESPLICITATI

APPROCCIO

PRESTAZIONALE

NUMERICAL

MODELING

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38

Prescrittivo (2)w

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Prestazionale (1)

APPROCCIO

PRESCRITTIVO

1) BASI DEL PROGETTO,

2) LIVELLI DI SCUREZZA,

3) PRESTAZIONI ATTESE

NON ESPLICITATI

1) REGOLE DI

CALCOLO E

2) COMPONENTI

MATERIALI

SPECIFICATI E

DETTAGLIATI

QUALITA' ED AFFIDABILITA'

STRUTTURALI

ASSICURATI IN MODO

INDIRETTO

GARANZIA DIRETTA DELLE PRESTAZIONI

E DELLA SICUREZZA STRUTURALI

INSIEME DI

STRUMENTI

LOGICI E

MATERIALI #3

INSIEME DI

STRUMENTI

LOGICI E

MATERIALI #1

INSIEME DI

STRUMENTI

LOGICI E

MATERIALI #2

OBIETTIVI

PRESTAZIONALI E

LIVELLI DI

SICUREZZA

ESPLICITATI

APPROCCIO

PRESTAZIONALE

NUMERICAL

MODELING

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Prestazionale (2)w

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START

APPLICAZIONE

DI

REGOLE

PRESTABILITE

E

TECNICHE

PREDEFINITE

END

START

END

DEFINIZIONE E DISANIMA

DEGLI OBIETTIVI

INDIVIDUAZIONE DELLE

SOLUZIONI ATTE A

RAGGIUNGERE GLI

OBIETTIVI

ATTIVITA' DI

MODELLAZIONE E MISURA

GIUDIZIO DELLE

PRESTAZIONI

RISULTANTI

No

Yes

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MODELLI

NUMERICI

MODELLI

FISICI

RISPETTO DI

PRESCRIZIONI

livello

1OBIETTIVI

livello

3

DEFINIZIONE

DELLA

SOLUZIONE

STRUTTURALE

livello

4

VERIFICA

DELLE

CAPACITA'

PRESTAZIONALI

LIMITI DELLA

PERFORMANCE i-esima

CRITERIO (QUANTITA')

CHE MISURA

LA PERFORMANCE i-esima

DEFINIZIONE DELLA

PERFORMANCE i-esima

livello

2

ESPLICITAZIONE DEGLI

OBIETTIVI ATTRAVERSO

L'INDIVIDUAZIONE DI n

PRESTAZIONI;

ordinatamente, per ciascuna di

esse, i =1,..n:

ESITO

NO

SI'

A

C

B

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MODELLI

NUMERICI

MODELLI

FISICI

RISPETTO DI

PRESCRIZIONI

livello

1OBIETTIVI

livello

3

DEFINIZIONE

DELLA

SOLUZIONE

STRUTTURALE

livello

4

VERIFICA

DELLE

CAPACITA'

PRESTAZIONALI

LIMITI DELLA

PERFORMANCE i-esima

CRITERIO (QUANTITA')

CHE MISURA

LA PERFORMANCE i-esima

DEFINIZIONE DELLA

PERFORMANCE i-esima

livello

2

ESPLICITAZIONE DEGLI

OBIETTIVI ATTRAVERSO

L'INDIVIDUAZIONE DI n

PRESTAZIONI;

ordinatamente, per ciascuna di

esse, i =1,..n:

ESITO

NO

SI'

A

C

B


Antincendio

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MODELLAZIONE

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Factors for Coupling

MECHANICAL

STATE

(Strain and Stress

Fields and

Mechanical related

Properties)

TERMAL

STATE(Temperature Field

and Termic Related

Properties)

INFORMATION

FLOW DIRECTION

time

tK

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Fully Coupled Scheme

time

tK

TERMAL


and Termic Related

Properties)

MECHANICAL

STATE

(Strain and Stress

Fields and

Mechanical related

Properties)

time

tK

TERMAL


and Termic Related

Properties)

MECHANICAL

STATE

(Strain and Stress

Fields and

Mechanical related

Properties)

time

tK

TERMAL


and Termic Related

Properties)

MECHANICAL

STATE

(Strain and Stress

Fields and

Mechanical related

Properties)

time

tK

TERMAL


and Termic Related

Properties)

MECHANICAL

STATE

(Strain and Stress

Fields and

Mechanical related

Properties)

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Staggered Coupled Scheme

time

tK

TERMAL


and Termic Related

Properties)

MECHANICAL

STATE

(Strain and Stress

Fields and

Mechanical related

Properties)

time

tK

TERMAL


and Termic Related

Properties)

MECHANICAL

STATE

(Strain and Stress

Fields and

Mechanical related

Properties)

time

tK

TERMAL


and Termic Related

Properties)

MECHANICAL

STATE

(Strain and Stress

Fields and

Mechanical related

Properties)

time

tK

TERMAL


and Termic Related

Properties)

MECHANICAL

STATE

(Strain and Stress

Fields and

Mechanical related

Properties)

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Antincendio

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Temperature Driven Scheme

time

tK

TERMAL


and Termic Related

Properties)

MECHANICAL

STATE

(Strain and Stress

Fields and

Mechanical related

Properties)

time

tK

TERMAL


and Termic Related

Properties)

MECHANICAL

STATE

(Strain and Stress

Fields and

Mechanical related

Properties)

time

tK

TERMAL


and Termic Related

Properties)

MECHANICAL

STATE

(Strain and Stress

Fields and

Mechanical related

Properties)

time

tK

TERMAL


and Termic Related

Properties)

MECHANICAL

STATE

(Strain and Stress

Fields and

Mechanical related

Properties)

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Scheme With No Memory

time

tK

TERMAL


and Termic Related

Properties)

MECHANICAL

STATE

(Strain and Stress

Fields and

Mechanical related

Properties)

time

tK

TERMAL


and Termic Related

Properties)

MECHANICAL

STATE

(Strain and Stress

Fields and

Mechanical related

Properties)

time

tK

TERMAL


and Termic Related

Properties)

MECHANICAL

STATE

(Strain and Stress

Fields and

Mechanical related

Properties)

time

tK

TERMAL


and Termic Related

Properties)

MECHANICAL

STATE

(Strain and Stress

Fields and

Mechanical related

Properties)

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NUMERICAL

MODELING

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Antincendio

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58

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Analysis Strategy #1:

Sensitivity governance of priorities

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Bounding behavior governance

p

(p)

p

(p)

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Super

ControlloreProblema Risultato

Solutore #1

Solutore #2

Voting System


Redundancy Governance

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SICUREZZA

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ATTRIBUTES

THREATS

MEANS

RELIABILITY

FAILURE

ERROR

FAULT

FAULT TOLERANT

DESIGN

FAULT DETECTION

FAULT DIAGNOSIS

FAULT MANAGING

DEPENDABILITY

of

STRUCTURAL

SYSTEMS

AVAILABILITY

SAFETY

MAINTAINABILITY

permanent interruption of a system ability

to perform a required function

under specified operating conditions

the system is in an incorrect state:

it may or may not cause failure

it is a defect and represents a

potential cause of error, active or dormant

INTEGRITY

ways to increase

the dependability of a system

An understanding of the things

that can affect the dependability

of a system

A way to assess

the dependability of a system

the trustworthiness

of a system which allows

reliance to be justifiably placed

on the service it delivers

SECURITY

High level / active

performance

Low level / passive

performance

Visions, I., Laprie, J.C., Randell, B.,

Dependability and its threats:

a taxonomy,

18th IFIP

World Computer Congress,

Toulouse (France) 2004.

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ATTRIBUTES

RELIABILITY

AVAILABILITY

SAFETY

MAINTAINABILITY

INTEGRITY

SECURITY

FAILURE

ERROR

FAULT

permanent interruption of a system ability

to perform a required function

under specified operating conditions

the system is in an incorrect state:

it may or may not cause failure

it is a defect and represents a

potential cause of error, active or dormant

THREATS

Structural Robustness (1)

64

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FB - Dicembre 2015

Structural Robustness (2)

• Capacity of a construction to show a

regular decrease of its structural quality

due to negative causes. It implies:

a) some smoothness of the decrease of

structural performance due to

negative events (intensive feature);

b) some limited spatial spread of the

rupture (extensive feature).

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Levels of Structural Crisis

Usu

al

UL

S &

SL

S

Ve

rifi

ca

tio

n F

orm

at

Structural Robustness

Assessment

1st level:

Material

Point

2nd level:

Element

Section

3rd level:

Structural

Element

4th level:

Structural

System

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Bad vs Good Collapses

STRUCTURE

& LOADS

Collapse

Mechanism

NO SWAY

“IMPLOSION”OF THE

STRUCTURE

“EXPLOSION”OF THE

STRUCTURE

is a process in which

objects are destroyed by

collapsing on themselves

is a process

NOT CONFINED

SWAY

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FB - Dicembre 2015

Design Strategy #1: Continuityw

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Design Strategy #2: Segmentationw

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AZIONENatura dell’azione incendio

Carattere accidentale

Carattere estensivo

Carattere intensivo

3w

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Aspetti caratteristici dell’incendio

• Carattere estensivo

(diffusione nello spazio):1.wildfire

2.urbanfire

3.all’esterno di una costruzione

4.all’interno di una costruzione

• Carattere intensivo

(andamento nel tempo).

• Natura accidentale.

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Carattere intensivo

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ISO 13387: Example of Design Firew

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fla

sho

ver

STRATEGIE

ATTIVE

(approccio

sistemico)

STRATEGIE

PASSIVE

(approccio

strutturale)

Tempo t

Tem

pera

tura

T(t

)

andamento di T(t) a

seguito del successo

delle strategie attive

fla

sho

ver

STRATEGIE

ATTIVE

(approccio

sistemico)

STRATEGIE

PASSIVE

(approccio

strutturale)

Tempo t

Tem

pera

tura

T(t

)

andamento di T(t) a

seguito del successo

delle strategie attive

Strategiew

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75

FLASHOVER

passive

Create fire compartments

Prevent damage in the elements

Prevent loss of functionality in the building

active

Detection measures(smoke, heat, flame detectors)

Suppression measures (sprinklers, fire extinguisher, standpipes, firemen)

Smoke and heat evacuation system

prevention protection robustness

Limit ignitionsources

Limit hazardous human behavior

Emergency procedure and evacuation

Prevent the propagation of collapse, once local damages occurred (e.g. redundancy)

Fire Safety Strategies

systemic structural

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activeprotection

passiveprotection

no failures

doesn’t trigger

Y

N

Y

N

spreads

extinguishes

damages

Y

Nrobustness

no collapse

collapse

Y

N

triggers

prevention1 42 3

Fire Safety Strategies

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Antincendio

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Antincendio

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Antincendio

79

SnakeFighter w

ww

.fra

nc

ob

on

tem

pi.o

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Stro N

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Antincendio

80

SVILUPPODinamica degli incendi in galleria

Effetti della ventilazione

4w

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Antincendio

81

FIRE DYNAMICS IN TUNNELS

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Antincendio

82


Antincendio

83

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Tunnel Fires vs Compartment Fires (0)

84

Tunnel Fires Progression (1)w

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Antincendio

85

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Antincendio

86

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Tunnel Fires Progression (2)w

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Effects of ventilationw

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Antincendio

89

Temperature developmentw

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Smoke development

• A smoke layer may be created in tunnels at the early stages of a fire with essentially no longitudinal ventilation. However, the smoke layer will gradually descend further from the fire.

• If the tunnel is very long, the smoke layer may descend to the tunnel surface at a specific distance from the fire depending on the fire size, tunnel type, and the perimeter and height of the tunnel cross section.

• When the longitudinal ventilation is gradually increased, the stratified layer will gradually dissolve.

• A backlayering of smoke is created on the upstream side of the fire.

• Downstream from the fire there is a degree of stratification of the smoke that is governed by the heat losses to the surrounding walls and by the turbulent mixing between the buoyant smoke layers and the normally opposite moving cold layer.

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Antincendio

91

Backlayeringw

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Antincendio

92

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Maximum gas temperatures in the ceiling area of

the tunnel during tests with road vehicles

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Maximum gas temperatures in the ceiling area of

the tunnel during tests with road vehicles

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Antincendio

95

Maximum gas temperatures in the cross section

of the tunnel during tests with road vehicles

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Antincendio

96

EMERGENCY VENTILATION

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Antincendio

97

Smoke stratification w

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Antincendio

98

• It can be sufficient in short, level tunnels

where smoke stratification allows for

escape in clear/tenable conditions.

Natural smoke ventingw

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Antincendio

99

Smoke filling long tunnel w

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Antincendio

100

Emergency ventilation with

longitudinal system

• It can be employed in unidirectional, medium length

tunnels, with free flowing traffic conditions. Smoke is

mechanically exhausted in direction of traffic circulation,

clear tenable conditions for escape are obtained on

upstream side of fire.

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Antincendio

101

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Antincendio

102

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k size factor for small pool firew

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Antincendio

104

k size factor for HGV firew

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Antincendio

105

Emergency ventilation with semi-

transverse “point extraction” system

• Smoke is mechanically exhausted from single ceiling

opening (reverse mode) leaving clear tenable escape

conditions on both sides of fire.

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Antincendio

106

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Observation: goal

• The purpose of controlling the spread of smoke is to keep people as long as possible in a smoke-free environment.

• This means that the smoke stratification must be kept intact, leaving a more or less clear and breathable air underneath the smoke layer.

• The stratified smoke is taken out of the tunnel through exhaust openings located in the ceiling or at the top of the sidewalls.

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Antincendio

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Observation: longitudinal velocity

• With practically zero longitudinal air velocity, the smoke layer expands to both sides of the fire. The smoke spreads in a stratified way for up to 10 min.

• After this initial phase, smoke begins to mix over the entire cross section, unless by this time the extraction is in full operation.

• The longitudinal velocity of the tunnel air must be below 2 m/s in the vicinity of the fire incidence zone. With higher velocities, the vertical turbulence in the shear layer between smoke and fresh air quickly cools the upper layer and the smoke then mixes over the entire cross section.

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Antincendio

109

Observations: turbulence

• With an air velocity of around 2 m/s, most of the

smoke of a medium-size fire spreads to one side

of the fire (limited backlayering) and starts

mixing over the whole cross section at a

distance of 400 to 600 m downstream of the fire

site. This mixing over the cross section can also

be prevented if the smoke extraction is activated

early enough.

• Vehicles standing in the longitudinal air flow

increase strongly the vertical turbulence and

encourage the vertical mixing of the smoke.

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110

Observation: fresh air

• In a transverse ventilation system, the fresh air jets entering the tunnel at the floor level induce a rotation of the longitudinal airflow, which tends to bring the smoke layer down to the road.

• No fresh air is to be injected from the ceiling in a zone with smoke because this increases the amount of smoke and tends to suppress the stratification.

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Antincendio

111

Observation: smoke extraction

• In reversible semi-transverse ventilation with the

duct at the ceiling, the fresh air is added through

ceiling openings in normal ventilation operation.

• If a fire occurs, as long as fresh air is supplied

through ceiling openings, the smoke quantity

increases by this amount and strong jets tend to

bring the smoke down to the road surface. The

conversion of the duct from supply to extraction

must be done as quickly as possible.

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Antincendio

112

Observation: traffic conditions

• For a tunnel with one-way traffic, designed for queues (an urban area), the ventilation design must take into consideration that cars can likely stand to both sides of the fire because of the traffic. In urban areas it is usual to find stop-and-go traffic situations.

• For a tunnel with two-way traffic, where the vehicles run in both directions, it must be taken into consideration that in the event of a fire vehicles will generally be trapped on both sides of the fire.

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Antincendio

113

Strategies

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Antincendio

114

Smoke extraction

• Continuous extraction into a return air duct is needed to remove a stratified smoke layer out of the tunnel without disturbing the stratification.

• The traditional way to extract smoke is to use small ceiling openings distributed at short intervals throughout the tunnel.

• Another efficient way to remove smoke quickly out of the traffic space is to install large openings with remotely controlled dampers. They are normally in an open position where equal extraction is taking place over the whole tunnel length.

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Antincendio

115

Tunnel with a single-point

extraction system

The usual way to control the longitudinal velocity is to provide several

independent ventilation sections.

When a tunnel has several ventilation sections, a certain longitudinal

velocity in the fire section can be maintained by a suitable operation of the

individual air ducts.

By reversing the fan operation in the exhaust air duct, this duct can be

used to supply air and vice versa.

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116


Antincendio

117

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FIRE MODELING

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Antincendio

118

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119

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Levels


Antincendio

120

1Dw

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Antincendio

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1Dw

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Antincendio

122

2D (zone model)w

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Antincendio

123

2D (zone model)w

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Antincendio

124

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Antincendio

125

FDS Simulation3D (ventilation)

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FDS Simulation3D (fire)

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Antincendio

127

3D (traffic)w

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Antincendio

128

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129

Multiscalew

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Antincendio

130

Multiscale (ventilation)w

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Antincendio

131

Multiscale (fire)w

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Antincendio

132

Multiscale (structural)w

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Antincendio

133

Multiscale (structural)w

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Antincendio

134

PROGETTOBasis

Failure path

Risk

5w

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Antincendio

135

BASIS

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Antincendio

136

Design Process - ISO 13387

A. Design constraints and possibilities

(blue),

B. Action definition and development

(red),

C. Passive system and active response

(yellow),

D. Safety and performance

(purple).

3/22/2011

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Antincendio

137

SS0a

PRESCRIBED

DESIGN

PARAMETERS

SS0b

ESTIMATED

DESIGN

PARAMETERS

SS1

initiation and

development

of fire and

fire efluent

SS2

movement of

fire effluent

SS3

structural response

and fire spread

beyond enclosure

of origin

SS4

detection,

activitation and

suppression

SS5

life safety:

occupant behavior,

location and

condition

SS6

property

loss

SS7

business

interruption

SS8

contamination

of

environment

SS9

destruction

of

heritage

(0)

DESIGN

CONSTRAINTS

AND

POSSIBILITIES

(1+2)

ACTION

DEFINITION

AND

DEVELOPMENT

(3+4)

SYSTEM

PASSIVE

AND ACTIVE

RESPONSE

BU

S O

F I

NF

OR

MA

TIO

N

RESULTS

DESIGN

ACTION

RESPONSE

SA

FE

TY

& P

ER

FO

RM

AN

CE

FSEw

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Antincendio

138

STRUCTURAL

CONCEPTION

STRUCTURAL

TOPOLOGY

&

GEOMETRY

threats

No

Yes

threats

STRUCTURAL

MATERIAL

& PARTS

No

Yespassive

structural

characteristics

threats

FIRE DETECTION

& SUPPRESSION

No

Yes

active

structural

characteristics

threats

ORGANIZATION &

FIREFIGHTERS

No

Yes

threats

MAINTENANCE

& USE

No

Yes

threats

No

alive

structural

characteristics

Yes

STRUCTURAL

SYSTEM

CHARACTERISTICS

STRUCTURAL

SYSTEM

WEAKNESS

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STRUCTURAL

CONCEPTION

STRUCTURAL

TOPOLOGY

&

GEOMETRY

threats

No

Yes

threats

STRUCTURAL

MATERIAL

& PARTS

No

Yespassive

structural

characteristics

threats

FIRE DETECTION

& SUPPRESSION

No

Yes

active

structural

characteristics

threats

ORGANIZATION &

FIREFIGHTERS

No

Yes

threats

MAINTENANCE

& USE

No

Yes

threats

No

alive

structural

characteristics

Yes

STRUCTURAL

CONCEPTION

STRUCTURAL

TOPOLOGY

&

GEOMETRY

threats

No

Yes

threats

STRUCTURAL

MATERIAL

& PARTS

No

Yespassive

structural

characteristics

threats

FIRE DETECTION

& SUPPRESSION

No

Yes

active

structural

characteristics

threats

ORGANIZATION &

FIREFIGHTERS

No

Yes

threats

MAINTENANCE

& USE

No

Yes

threats

No

alive

structural

characteristics

Yes

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STRUCTURAL

CONCEPTION

STRUCTURAL

TOPOLOGY

&

GEOMETRY

threats

No

Yes

threats

STRUCTURAL

MATERIAL

& PARTS

No

Yespassive

structural

characteristics

threats

FIRE DETECTION

& SUPPRESSION

No

Yes

active

structural

characteristics

threats

ORGANIZATION &

FIREFIGHTERS

No

Yes

threats

MAINTENANCE

& USE

No

Yes

threats

No

alive

structural

characteristics

Yes

STRUCTURAL

CONCEPTION

STRUCTURAL

TOPOLOGY

&

GEOMETRY

threats

No

Yes

threats

STRUCTURAL

MATERIAL

& PARTS

No

Yespassive

structural

characteristics

threats

FIRE DETECTION

& SUPPRESSION

No

Yes

active

structural

characteristics

threats

ORGANIZATION &

FIREFIGHTERS

No

Yes

threats

MAINTENANCE

& USE

No

Yes

threats

No

alive

structural

characteristics

Yes

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Fire fighting timeline w

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142

STRUCTURAL

CONCEPTION

STRUCTURAL

TOPOLOGY

&

GEOMETRY

STRUCTURAL

MATERIAL

& PARTS

FIRE DETECTION

& SUPPRESSION

ORGANIZATION &

FIREFIGHTERS

MAINTENANCE

& USE

CRISIS

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HAZARD

IN-D

EPTH

DEFE

NCE

HOLES DUE TO

ACTIVE ERRORS

HOLES DUE TO

HIDDEN ERRORS

FAILURE PATHw

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Controlled vs. Uncontrolled Eventsw

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Controlled vs. Uncontrolled Eventsw

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146

Fire safety concepts tree (NFPA)1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Buchanan,

2002

Strategie per

la gestione

dell'incendio

1

Prevenzione

2

Gestione

dell'evento

3

Gestione

dell'incendio

4Gestione delle

persone e

dei beni

15

Difesa sul posto

16

Spostamento

17

Disposibilità

delle vie

di fuga

18

Far avvenire

il deflusso

19

Controllo

della quantità

di

combustibile

5

Soppressione

dell'incendio

10Controllo

dell'incendio

attraverso il

progetto

13

Automatica

11

Manuale

12

Controllo dei

materiali

presenti

6Controllo

del movimento

dell'incendio

7Resistenza e

stabilità

strutturale

14

Contenimento

9

Ventilazione

8

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147

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Strategie per

la gestione

dell'incendio

1

Prevenzione

2

Gestione

dell'evento

3

Gestione

dell'incendio

4Gestione delle

persone e

dei beni

15

Difesa sul posto

16

Spostamento

17

Disposibilità

delle vie

di fuga

18

Far avvenire

il deflusso

19

Controllo

della quantità

di

combustibile

5

Soppressione

dell'incendio

10Controllo

dell'incendio

attraverso il

progetto

13

Automatica

11

Manuale

12

Controllo dei

materiali

presenti

6Controllo

del movimento

dell'incendio

7Resistenza e

stabilità

strutturale

14

Contenimento

9

Ventilazione

8

Fire safety concepts tree (NFPA)

Buchanan,

2002

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148

Basis of tunnel fire safety design

• The first priority identified in the literature for fire design of all tunnels is to ensure:1. Prevention of critical events that may endanger

human life, the environment, and the tunnel structure and installations.

2. Self-rescue of people present in the tunnel at time of the fire.

3. Effective action by the rescue forces.

4. Protection of the environment.

5. Limitation of the material and structural damage.

• Furthermore, part of the objective is to reduce the consequences and minimize the economic loss caused by fires.

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149

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RISK CONCERN

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Antincendio

151

Risk treatmentw

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Option 1 Risk avoidance, which usually means not

proceeding to continue with the system; this is not

always a feasible option, but may be the only

course of action if the hazard or their probability of

occurrence or both are particularly serious;

Option 2 Risk reduction, either through (a) reducing the

probability of occurrence of some events, or (b)

through reduction in the severity of the

consequences, such as downsizing the system, or

(c) putting in place control measures;

Option 3 Risk transfer, where insurance or other financial

mechanisms can be put in place to share or

completely transfer the financial risk to other

parties; this is not a feasible option where the

primary consequences are not financial;

Option 4 Risk acceptance, even when it exceeds the criteria,

but perhaps only for a limited time until other

measures can be taken.

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153

Quantitative Risk Analysis

Luur,

2002

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Antincendio

154

Risk Analysis, Assessment, Management

(IEC 1995)

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RISK CONCERNS

DEFINE CONTEXT

(social, individual,

political, organizational,

technological)

RSK ANALYSIS

(for the system are defined organization,

scenarios, and consequences of

occurences)

RISK ASSESSMENT

(compare risks

against criteria)

RISK TREATMENT

option 1 - avoidance

option 2 - reduction

option 3 - transfer

option 4 - acceptance

MONITOR

AND

REVIEW

RISK

MANAGEMENT

RISK

ANALYSIS

RISK

ASSESSMENT

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Antincendio

156

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Antincendio

157

SCENARIOS

DEFINE SYSTEM

(the system is usually decomposed into

a number of smaller subsystems and/or

components)

HAZARD SCENARIO ANALYSIS

(what can go wrong?

how can it happen?

waht controls exist?)

ESTIMATE

CONSEQUENCES

(magnitude)

ESTIMATE

PROBABILITIES

(of occurrences)

DEFINE

RISK SCENARIOS SENSITIVITY

ANALYSIS

RISK

ANALYSIS

FIRE

EVENT

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Antincendio

158

ISHIKAWA DIAGRAMw

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Antincendio

159

EVENT TREE

Triggering

event

Fire

ignition

1. Fire

extinguished

by personnel

2. Intrusion of

fire fighters

Arson

Explosion

Short

circuit

Cigarette

fire

YES (P1)

NO (1-P1)YES (P2)

NO (1-P2)

Scenario

Other

A1

A2

A3

A4

A5

3. Fire

suppression

YES (P3)NO (1-P3)

YES (P3)NO (1-P3)

Fire

location

AREA A

(PA)

YES (P1)

NO (1-P1) YES (P2)

NO (1-P2)

B1

B2

B3

B4

B5

YES (P3)NO (1-P3)

YES (P3)NO (1-P3)

AREA B

(PB)

YES (P1)

NO (1-P1) YES (P2)

NO (1-P2)

C1

C2

C3

C4

C5

YES (P3)NO (1-P3)

YES (P3)NO (1-P3)

AREA C

(PC)

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PREPARAZIONE EVOLUZIONE160

DEFINE SYSTEM

(the system is usually decomposed into

a number of smaller subsystems and/or

components)

HAZARD SCENARIO ANALYSIS

(what can go wrong?

how can it happen?

waht controls exist?)

ESTIMATE

CONSEQUENCES

(magnitude)

ESTIMATE

PROBABILITIES

(of occurrences)

DEFINE

RISK SCENARIOS SENSITIVITY

ANALYSIS

RISK

ANALYSIS

NUMERICAL

MODELING

SIMULATIONSw

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F (frequency) – N (number of fatalities) curve

• An F–N curve is an alternative way of describing

the risk associated with loss of lives.

• An F–N curve shows the frequency (i.e. the

expected number) of accident events with at

least N fatalities, where the axes normally are

logarithmic.

• The F–N curve describes risk related to large-

scale accidents, and is thus especially suited for

characterizing societal risk.

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FN-curves UK Road Rail Aviation Transport, 67-01w

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166

Persson, M. Quantitative Risk Analysis Procedure for

the Fire Evacuation of a Road Tunnel - An Illustrative

Example. Lund, 2002

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Risk acceptance – ALARP (1)

RISK MAGNITUDE

INTOLERABLE

REGION

As

Low

As

Reasonably

Practicable

BROADLY ACCEPTABLE

REGION

Risk cannot be justified

in any circumstances

Tolerable only if risk

reduction is impracticable

or if its cost is greatly

disproportionate to the

improvement gained

Tolerable if cost of

reduction would exceed

the improvements gained

Necessary to maintain

assurance that the risk

remains at this level

As

Low

As

Reasonably

Achievable

RISK MAGNITUDE

INTOLERABLE

REGION

As

Low

As

Reasonably

Practicable

BROADLY ACCEPTABLE

REGION

Risk cannot be justified

in any circumstances

Tolerable only if risk

reduction is impracticable

or if its cost is greatly

disproportionate to the

improvement gained

Tolerable if cost of

reduction would exceed

the improvements gained

Necessary to maintain

assurance that the risk

remains at this level

As

Low

As

Reasonably

Achievable

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Risk acceptance – ALARP (2)w

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Risk reduction by designw

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Monetary values – cost of human life (!)

What is the maximum amount the society (or the

decisionmaker) is willing to pay to reduce

the expected number of fatalities by 1?

Typical numbers for the value of a statistical life used in

cost-benefit analysis are 1–10 million euros.

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172

RESISTENZA

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The burnt out interior

of the Mont Blanc Tunnel

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Curve temperatura - tempo

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Types of fire exposure

for tunnel analysis

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176

Cellulosic curve

• Defined in various national standards, e.g. ISO 834, BS 476: part 20, DIN

4102, AS 1530 etc.

• This curve is the lowest used in normal practice.

• It is based on the burning rate of the materials found in general building

materials.

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Hydrocarbon (HC) curve

• Although the cellulosic curve has been in use for many years, it soon became

apparent that the burning rates for certain materials e.g. petrol gas, chemicals

etc, were well in excess of the rate at which for instance, timber would burn.

• The hydrocarbon curve is applicable where small petroleum fires might occur,

i.e. car fuel tanks, petrol or oil tankers, certain chemical tankers etc.

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178

Hydrocarbon mod. (HCM) curve

• Increased version of the hydrocarbon curve, prescribed by the French

regulations.

• The maximum temperature of the HCM curve is 1300ºC instead of the

1100ºC, standard HC curve.

• However, the temperature gradient in the first few minutes of the HCM fire is

as severe as all hydrocarbon based fires possibly causing a temperature

shock to the surrounding concrete structure and concrete spalling as a result

of it.

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RABT ZTV curves

• The RABT curve was developed in Germany as a result of a series of test

programs such as the EUREKA project. In the RABT curve, the temperature

rise is very rapid up to 1200°C within 5 minutes.

• The failure criteria for specimens exposed to the RABT-ZTV time-temperature

curve is that the temperature of the reinforcement should not exceed 300°C.

There is no requirement for a maximum interface temperature.

RABT-ZTV (train)

Time (minutes) T (°C)

0 15

5 1200

60 1200

170 15

RABT-ZTV (car)

Time (minutes) T (°C)

0 15

5 1200

30 1200

140 15

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RWS (Rijkswaterstaat) curve

• The RWS curve was developed by the Ministry of Transport in the

Netherlands. This curve is based on the assumption that in a worst case

scenario, a 50 m³ fuel, oil or petrol, tanker fire with a fire load of 300MW could

occur, lasting up to 120 minutes.

• The failure criteria for specimens is that the temperature of the interface

between the concrete and the fire protective lining should not exceed 380°C

and the temperature on the reinforcement should not exceed 250°C.

RWS, RijksWaterStaat

Time

(minutes)

T

(°C)

0 20

3 890

5 1140

10 1200

30 1300

60 1350

90 1300

120 1200

180 1200

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Lönnermark, A. and Ingason, H., “Large Scale Fire Tests in the Runehamar

tunnel – gas temperature and Radiation”,

Proceedings of the International Seminar on Catastrophic Tunnel Fires,

Borås, Sweden, 20-21 November 2003.

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185Progettazione Strutturale

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Fire Scenario Recommendationw

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Verifiche

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Mechanical Analysis

• The mechanical analysis shall be performed for the same duration as used in the temperature analysis.

• Verification of fire resistance should be in:

– in the strength domain: Rfi,d,t ≥ Efi,requ,t

(resistance at time t ≥ load effects at time t);

– in the time domain: tfi,d ≥ tfi,requ

(design value of time fire resistance ≥

time required)

– In the temperature domain: Td ≤ Tcr

(design value of the material temperature ≤ critical material temperature);

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Verification of fire resistance (3D)

R = structural resistance

T = temperature

t = time

T=T(t)

R=R(t,T)=R(t,T(t))=R(t)

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189

Verification of fire resistance (R-safe)


T = temperature

t = time

Rfi,d,t

Efi,requ,t

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Verification of fire resistance (R-fail)


T = temperature

t = time

Efi,requ,t

Rfi,d,t

Failure !ww

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191

Verification of fire resistance (t)


T = temperature

t = time

Efi,requ,t Rfi,d,t

Failure !

tfi,d ≥ tfi,requ

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Verification of fire resistance (T)


T = temperature

t = time

Efi,requ,t

Rfi,d,t

Failure !

Td ≤ Tcr

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193

Verification of fire resistance (T)


T = temperature

t = time

Efi,requ,t

Rfi,d,t

Failure !

Td ≤ Tcr

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CONCLUSIONIConceptual design

Resilience

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Conceptual Designw

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Conceptual Design

MULTI-HAZARD

BLACK-SWAN

DISASTER CHAIN

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Flow chart

Tabella dotazioni Frejùs

Forensic Engineering

200

Resilience


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Resilience

• Resilience is defined as “the positive

ability of a system or company to adapt

itself to the consequences of a

catastrophic failure caused by power

outage, a fire, a bomb or similar” event or

as "the ability of a system to cope with

change".

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RESILIENCE

www.francobontempi.org

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

• Dr. Konstantinos GKOUMAS – Uniroma1

• Dr. Francesco PETRINI – Uniroma1

• Ing. Alessandra LO CANE – MIT

• Dr. Filippo GENTILI – Coimbra (PT)

• Mr. Tiziano BARONCELLI – Uniroma1

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