PRT 2008 PRT 2008 Lecture 2 Lecture 2
PRT 2008PRT 2008
Lecture 2Lecture 2
Agricultural SystemsAgricultural Systems
Agricultural systemAgricultural system
• Subsistence farmingSubsistence farming
• Commercialized farmingCommercialized farming
Subsistence farmingSubsistence farming
Characterized by low Characterized by low input/yield. Usually inter-input/yield. Usually inter-cropping. Slash and burn. cropping. Slash and burn.
High risk.High risk.
Cont.Cont.
Involves working on a plot of land Involves working on a plot of land to produce only enough food to to produce only enough food to
feed the family working on it. The feed the family working on it. The success is dependent on climate, success is dependent on climate,
soil, agricultural practice and soil, agricultural practice and crops grown.crops grown.
Cont.Cont.
The land produces enough food to The land produces enough food to sustain the family through daily sustain the family through daily
activities, rarely enough of surplus activities, rarely enough of surplus to take to the market or store for to take to the market or store for
later use.later use.
Cont.Cont.
Does not promote accumulation of Does not promote accumulation of capital. Thus, free of capitalist capital. Thus, free of capitalist economy. The benefit of fewer economy. The benefit of fewer
working hours provides the family working hours provides the family with time for a healthy life.with time for a healthy life.
Cont.Cont.
The area of land a farmer can The area of land a farmer can cultivate is limited by soil cultivate is limited by soil
fertility, climate, tools, fertility, climate, tools, techniques and available crop techniques and available crop
types. types.
Cont.Cont.
Socio-economic conditions may Socio-economic conditions may prevent an expansion of farming prevent an expansion of farming plot, especially when inheritance plot, especially when inheritance traditions require that the plot be traditions require that the plot be
split among the children.split among the children.
Cont.Cont.
Raising of domesticated Raising of domesticated livestock (free-range chicken), livestock (free-range chicken), fish in small pond and paddy fish in small pond and paddy
fieldsfields
Cont.Cont.
Happen in Africa, South Happen in Africa, South America, certain part of America, certain part of Europe, South-east Asia.Europe, South-east Asia.
Commercialized FarmingCommercialized Farming
Characterized by monoculture, or Characterized by monoculture, or a combination of a few crops with a combination of a few crops with high yielding modern varieties and high yielding modern varieties and large quantities of chemical input large quantities of chemical input (pesticides and fertilizers). Use of (pesticides and fertilizers). Use of modern techniques and advanced modern techniques and advanced
machineries.machineries.
Tropical Plantation Tropical Plantation AgricultureAgriculture
• Oil palm, rubber, cocoa, coffee, Oil palm, rubber, cocoa, coffee, coconut, tea, etc.coconut, tea, etc.
• Produce are exported to the Produce are exported to the developed Westdeveloped West
• Some are for home consumptionSome are for home consumption
Vegetable farmingVegetable farming
• A specialized production in rows and A specialized production in rows and blocksblocks
• Open or enclosedOpen or enclosed
• Allow machinery to cultivate the fieldAllow machinery to cultivate the field
• Labor intensiveLabor intensive
• Using latest post-harvest technologiesUsing latest post-harvest technologies
Organic farmingOrganic farming
Using no chemical or very Using no chemical or very little of it to produce little of it to produce vegetables and fruitsvegetables and fruits
HydroponicsHydroponics
A technique of growing plants A technique of growing plants without soilwithout soil
Cont.Cont.
Passive hydroponics – plants in Passive hydroponics – plants in containers of nutrient solution in containers of nutrient solution in
growing medium such as growing medium such as vermiculite, clay granules, gravel, vermiculite, clay granules, gravel,
cocoa bean shell, etc.cocoa bean shell, etc.
Cont.Cont.
Flood & drain – a tray filled with Flood & drain – a tray filled with plants in a growing medium of plants in a growing medium of
nutrient solution which is pumped nutrient solution which is pumped into the tray then drained back into the tray then drained back
into a reservoir.into a reservoir.
Cont.Cont.
Deep water culture – plant roots Deep water culture – plant roots are suspended and are allowed to are suspended and are allowed to hang down into aerated nutrient hang down into aerated nutrient
solutionsolution
Cont.Cont.
Nutrient film technique – plants Nutrient film technique – plants grow through light-proof plastic grow through light-proof plastic
films placed over shallow, gently films placed over shallow, gently sloping channel along which a sloping channel along which a
steady flow of a thin film of steady flow of a thin film of nutrient solution is maintained nutrient solution is maintained such that roots grow into dense such that roots grow into dense
matmat
Cont.Cont.
Aeroponics – plant roots are Aeroponics – plant roots are suspended in a mist (produced by suspended in a mist (produced by misters commonly used in micro-misters commonly used in micro-irrigation system) or extreme fine irrigation system) or extreme fine
fog of nutrient rich solutionfog of nutrient rich solution
Cont.Cont.
Media – expanded clay aggregate Media – expanded clay aggregate (baked clay pebbles), rockwool (baked clay pebbles), rockwool (from basalt), coco coir (from (from basalt), coco coir (from coconut husk), perlite (glass coconut husk), perlite (glass
pebbled from volcanic rocks), etc.pebbled from volcanic rocks), etc.
AquacultureAquaculture
Cultivation of aquatic organisms Cultivation of aquatic organisms such as raising catfish or tilapia in such as raising catfish or tilapia in ponds or net-pens in lakes, rivers ponds or net-pens in lakes, rivers
and baysand bays
Poultry and animal Poultry and animal farmingfarming
They are in They are in enclosures/shelters or enclosures/shelters or
rangelandrangeland
Agri-based industriesAgri-based industries
• Fruit processing – canning juices/codials, jem and Fruit processing – canning juices/codials, jem and jelly, pickled and dehydrated fruits, herbals and jelly, pickled and dehydrated fruits, herbals and health potionshealth potions
• Food processing – mills for rice, sugar and spices, Food processing – mills for rice, sugar and spices, packed food such as cereals and canned beverages, packed food such as cereals and canned beverages, katchup, chocolate candies, canned fish, flakeskatchup, chocolate candies, canned fish, flakes
• Animals – poultry, dairy, fish processing (burger, fillet, Animals – poultry, dairy, fish processing (burger, fillet, bottled milkbottled milk
• Industrials – leather and rubber goods, batik and Industrials – leather and rubber goods, batik and songket, oleochemicals, biofuel, wood-based productssongket, oleochemicals, biofuel, wood-based products
• Cottage industries – food, handicraftsCottage industries – food, handicrafts