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C h a p t e r t h r e e
t Cg Icig picii
thIs Chapter applIes the analytICal ramework outlIned
i c 2 i b cg c i v-
ig civi ci i, ivig ici civi ci i gv, iig ici jc.
w c ici v civ, ci-
i? w c i c v b
i ic? w cg ig ic
ivi i civic i ic icii? h
iciv ii iii gv bcci
c ii ici jc? t c
ic iv gi
i vic i bq c.
u ig cii, civ c icii c b
c cg civ vi v-
bjciv. lc v v big ici
cii b i g
ibi i ic cii ci g
wig (2003) c ici gvc. ti c
i cciz b i ici:
picii v cic ii.
picii b b , i
c b b gb bi i b ivv i cii ig.
picii b ibiv.
g wig ibi c cciv ci-
i ig i ic g c c c iv i
Under the right conditions
eective local participatio
can be a powerul orce o
change and the achieveme
o various development
objectives.
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l o c a l i z i n g d e v e l o p m e n t : d o e s p a r t i c i p a t i o n w o r k ?
88
vi. I i ci c c ggg
i g c ci. I c cii ig,
c ggg b cig v. dibiv cii ig
qi ici i ii g
g cic cii i vi, v i
ci cic i.a xiig vi cc c ici
gvc , g wig cc i
vc i ici, gvc iii
ic ig :
Devolution. lc cii-ig i v ig-
b ccb.
Centralized supervision and coordination. lc cii-ig
i ii, ,
icv b i i big i ccb b c.
State-centered, not voluntary. e icii
iii ig i i i i-
ci v c.
Iic, icii qi g, ciig
iiz b bjciv ig
cc v c vi ciiz i
ig ic b civ vi c
b ic i c .t i ig ici v i
g i iivi civ
g c bjciv
civ bjciv i . B biizig ciiz
g i cciv -big, ici v
i i i
i ivig cci iivi b
g.
o icii c i i c v iiic v
p v i c vig i ii ,
big i . I bic cii i ibiv
ici, i giv v ic
, c q vic, c b
ic cii , i i, i c gc
Ironically, empowered
participation requires a
strong, unctioning state.
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t h e c h a l l e n g e o f i n d u c i n g p a r t i c i p a t
piic i c icii i
c iiv -i b czig ib
cg i iivi: c cii cic ig, g
c ic, iivi b cici,
c bii i c i bi i
c, bii gg i ic jg (w 1995).
mc v icii c b c i hic
(1970) vi vic b iiic i v. t
gi aj ai (2004) g , cibig vic
c cci. Vic, c, i j
ig cic ig b ggig i ci, iic,
cic i i , ic, gizi, b-
ic c, i gi vig i . ti
cci i i v iib. I ii icv ci b b ci, iic, cic
cci v c vig ,
i . . . b cci i b
ii bjc ii. t ic b b
vig i cizig i ii. I icii
i bi i vigi cci, vic cci
i b cic i, i c ccig
(ai 2004).
pici ivi , v, ji b i
i vi i ccb ciiz, cii biiz
iv ci ivi ii g c -
c. t ccbii ci icii qi
g biiz i cg iciv g
c i i ciiz. s i
cc bc iciv iivi ci
, ci i g, ig i
ciiz; i, g xiiz i i. I
bc q vig, i c c i g
v c, bi ci bic
c. , i vig ci i g gi
( i, b), c ci cc-
b , ivig ci ic i
b ig c . t cqc
Participation can have
intrinsic value: people ma
value the simple courtesy
being listened to.
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l o c a l i z i n g d e v e l o p m e n t : d o e s p a r t i c i p a t i o n w o r k ?
90
c i cbig biig b c, ciig
i , cb ig
i biqi i vig .
picii i c g c
gi i iv i bic g. I
ccbii i b c, ci, icfic. h i cfic i g c
, iii iciv i g,
ivii ibii b iic i
bc, x cizi i
civi ciiz.
picii i c ivi ii
ci . micci g biiz g iivi
cciv c c v b, i
v cii b i i ii cii iivi, ic v b
g ci i vicig c cii
s- g v b biiz x ivi
ii gb viig iig i ic
gic ciq, x, iig i -c
i civii. t g vi ci
cic , ig i
ii g.
picii b vii
bic g vic c , , c, ciic, ic c gv ic vi. I ci
iv v ivi, c bic g vic
b v i cii g. I i x
c cii q i gv
b qic, xci
i biiz bi , , big g
gc i. w c i gig g civi
i, ci-b i i cfic
cci.
picii b c ci, iic,
cic iqi. B vig i ii i civic bi
ivg g, ici ivi
v xici iciii b ig
gii i i big ii
Participation has the
potential to orce agents o
the state to act against theirprivate interests and or the
public good.
Participation has
been used to try to redressthe underprovision o public
goods and services . . .
. . . and to reduce social,
political, and economic
inequality.
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t h e c h a l l e n g e o f i n d u c i n g p a r t i c i p a t
i. t ivi i cfic, i c-
g giv i i.
uig civic g c v ivv
cfic i i, bc i cg bi i
i. I ci, ic, ci-b ici-
bi c bcii v ci g, iv gig v c i civ i.
Participation and the Capacity to Engage
a i i ic ici ivi c i b
cgig cc v ici c , v
i, ci ii. I ig q vi,
ci c . mvig ccb gv b qi big b
cg i c ic. t cvi i
big b ii xiig ii c-
ii b ci i ic c i,
cg, b i ic, ciiz
bjc. sc i i cgii c v i c-
ic iici (B 2011).
t big b i cg, ciiz v cc -
i iciv giccii, ci, ig,
ig, ig b gic .ev i c v ii ic
ci bic c, cg i c c, v
i, bi Gib wcc (2008) c cci
gg. hvig ibiv ci giv gi-
iz g qib giig, ig, ig
i i i i i i xic. wi
ici, qi i bii ic
c v cii jc b qi-
b gvc. ti xi i i gic i c cg
civ ii i cii b
civ v.
r s (2010) z ci 300 gram sab-
has(vig ig) Ii. ti xc ici
b -c i panchayat(vig cci),
Participatory interventions
have the potential to chan
the character o everyday
interactionsa process thover time, reshapes socia
relationships.
To bring about this change
citizens must have access
a new toolkit o discursivestrategies that they are ab
to deploy strategically.
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l o c a l i z i n g d e v e l o p m e n t : d o e s p a r t i c i p a t i o n w o r k ?
92
-c vig (J), vig (mij
cb (di) cvi x ibiv
ci i ic di vig i ig ciiz.
Jayaraman:t 45 ii i vig. n
. w g i g. wv i g ci ci. B i iib c
ci ig c bc v . . .
s q gv ig. . . . o
i i. ev i , i. . . . h
i v q ci g
c ?! w c q . t
i .
Panchayat president:I 2025 i , b b i . t b
i b ig .
Muniraj:t [i v b], i v
g i [ gram sabha ig i ig
c]. I qi b i , c
vic ? w i ? . . . I b
bg ci, v i b
ei, i bc c v
i i i ! t c c [ gram sabhaig] v
b . y c, i ci, ig
ci g v, g . w ?
yv j . w v
? . . . w b c v.
X c y c, i i . w v, b
? w g v b
i, v , v , i
. . . w g i . B b
i b. wv b i
. ev vig i i. h
i . B b i ig
. t i i iv. w c
ig i.
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t h e c h a l l e n g e o f i n d u c i n g p a r t i c i p a t
Panchayat president:I cii, i
i . t ci-b i-
ciii b. I i b b 1 ji
v , I bc i. o , i v
i b v , bc
i. a i i c b v i. t, g g, v
bic i v ig. a c bc . . . . ev
g b b g, I i-
. I cg c i.
Muniraj:ev b q. n b
ii . w b giv cc i
i [ i]. w b i
ig? J bc I i i, i I g i ic . I i vicig ig.
C-b ivii v iic i Ii. t i-
v i cic c ic icig bic
c. I i ii ici
big cg igram sabhaig, mij
g ci iic. l-c cg c
; xcg xc bv i i i c
b c i b i vig
b i v, c c iqi. oi ivg c v i iic icii,
bc gram sabha i ic ig
i ciiv ii cic i i i
ii ciiz i q ig i . t
bic ici v i cg c ci
i bc v
xi iici i iv i -
ig ci i bic, ggig i
i. sc ici x i ci (sc
1990) c ig i ii b
c vi cg .
mi i , c
c b vic ci giv
ig q cgii ciiz. w
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l o c a l i z i n g d e v e l o p m e n t : d o e s p a r t i c i p a t i o n w o r k ?
94
c -c cg cc i civ civic cci
ci v ic c, v
iqi, x ic iqi i b ii
b ci ii.
Diagnosing Failure Triangles
ec ici ivi c b ci i i
igi i i i c i i ig
g iiic i c, g-
v bjciv, - cii. ec
ivi i ii ci ( ic
ci g i v i g biiz
cc ic). n c g ii i cii, v i ggic ci
bi iciv cciv ci. Cq,
b bjc i i.
pi iv civic bjciv
b g g. wi biig icci g i
i g c g vig cci ci? wi
ig ci i q cci
i ci-b iii c c bi i
c ?
Gv ivi b jii i cic ci iqii b ( c 2)
t iic c bic vic b vi b
jiici vig c v ii ggic
iiz [i] b c (o 1972, 55). lc
ic c gv ci, bc g
ii c ig bc gii i
c vii i cii cii cii
i , gg cii c i
vii c bic g b ciz.1
Jici gv ivi cic b
c gv v i, bc b
cii, ci, ii i
c c. t xci b gv c
fc c iqi. t g ic ci-b
Each type o participatory
intervention needs to be
associated with a dierent
diagnosis o the ailures it
will conront.
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t h e c h a l l e n g e o f i n d u c i n g p a r t i c i p a t
bi c gv b ii c c
iqi c b x g, ig c iig
c bi v ic. Cq, c civic ci (c -
icii) i civ ib ig
c gv iig i ci, givig
g i ic cii, ig c gv ccb.
t , v, ii i i gic, ic
b ig. i, civi ci i bjc i
iqii . Icig i iqi-
i i civi ci ic gic cic
ciiv. picii i bi b c
. Civi ci xi i biic ii i :
i b cii i cii
b i.sc, v civic cci i j c cg;
civi ci i ccig c v gv-
c c iii. I ii, civic
g i i v , b c-
ig big vi i; cig i-
; viig ci, ci i
iciv cic g. t, cg v i
v civic civi b ic c v.
ti, civi ci i bc cc xi i c
g, ci c, ig bi , i. I i b , c c
i ci c ii cic iic .
t i ic giz, i ic
biiz, iv i ic ic,
bjc i ic bi c c ic
i gb ifc. pic b c-
i cci civi ci c i
c vi ( x, w iic ). I,
ig c civi,
ci, icii ii iig . I,
ic i i
ivi ci vv
(C C 1999). dig c
ciiv iv c ic.
. . . but civil society and
government, which are su
to ailure themselves, sha
and condition each other,
a manner determined by t
nature o the ailure.
Local civic action is believ
to be the most eective w
o redressing local govern
ailure . . .
Developing civil society
is not just a local
challenge . . . doing so
helps check the tendency
o all levels o government
central and localtoward
authoritarianism.
Civil society is not an abst
concept that exists outsidlocal orms o knowledge,
social structures, meaning
and belie systems, and p
relations . . .
. . . it is shaped by people
who are products as much
o their social and cultura
milieus as o economic an
political systems.
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l o c a l i z i n g d e v e l o p m e n t : d o e s p a r t i c i p a t i o n w o r k ?
96
i, , gv, civi
ci b b i iqii, ic i ic
c v, ic bc , ig bc vi
bc bc g b 1950
(lv 2010). s v ic b q
icig , x, biig igii gi xci b gv civi
cci i , i c vig civ
gv civ civic ? s g b
bc b i ivig ciig
? h , gv, civi ci ccii
c v c ic i c v? a c v
v vig igb c i b
i cii b i ci c, ggi, ci
v ccivi qi b civ b xiig vic, c 46 .
Local Government Failure and the Nexus o Accommodation
I cii i vig , b
v i. lc ii vii bi
g, c cig, , c ic; i cc
ci, , ii. lc gv
i c, v, b i c vi c iii
iivi. a c gv ic ci bc. l c b b vig cci, igb
ci, ici cci, ci ii
ci i vi. t ci ii vi
ccbii. t b c i g, i
vi ci i g ci giz
vi c; b i b -v iic
c ccbii; b i.
ev i ci cci, ic gic
cic ccbii ci i
gic ici b gv ciiz. lc g
iz ci c b i b c i vg
i ci, g c civ i
ccbii ci, c b bjc cii
ii bic c cig. ev i
Local government ailure
is dispersed across a
variety o local institutions
and individuals.
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t h e c h a l l e n g e o f i n d u c i n g p a r t i c i p a t
i b v gv ccb
, c gv c b civ i qiig g
c gv. hi c i cic ig,
g ii, c b bjc vi g- c-
i, cc, bic ci big c
i i i bjc.a c c i ic ii giig
i c gv, ii cx c g-
i iic iciv. t g j b
c i bgiig i c. a
i gv, v ii v
b c i ii vig bg c
ig v. t , v, v bi
iic i c, givig
. t i c bc x ic c ci gv
i c cci i v. t
c , g i . B c gv
ci ii i c g, c g
, i cib ifc
i b i.
lc v i c bc,
bjc iii c gv. lc
bc c g gv vic;
i i iciv g ig i cb vig i ic. t i
ci c v c bic c,
ic giv cib ii vig ici-
i. t c bc c g iic ii
-v ci, c xi c ji gi,
c gv, c ji bi cc.
I ici jc, i i -v bc (
jc cii) v xi ic
c, bc i cii
-- bi. t xc biiz cii;
bi cci cciv ci; q i
icii; , c, b i ii. t
i, gi, gi, ci, cc
b c iic iiv ciic . I i iic
The theoretical logic o
democratic accountability
does not necessarily map
into the real world logic
o interactions between
government and citizens.
In participatory projects,
project acilitators have th
most proximate impact on
outcomes, because they
are the people who deal
with communities on a
day-to-day basis.
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98
i ic , ic icii c cc i, i
xic, -i, ji .
a c gv c ii i
ic c v b c ci gv
iv. w c b cci
c, b ii ccbii ci, bcci c g b c bc
iici (mig 1988). t cci i
c c g vig cci, x
c g c b b ici i
i cii. w c q , i
c b i i ci icb, i
ibii ci, civ ic.
I i ic c gv i c
gv bc v ici i ii cii c b vv i c. t x
ci c, i, g cc
i, ciiz, qi v g
jiici jiici, cig cii v ig
g gi. t vii c b b
iig vii c gv; i i
ciz, c c i gv i
. t c c cci g c, c
g, c gv , bc,
i ciiz ii i i ic i b cc.
picii i cg i ic. I c v
ci c gv i ciiz b
ig i vic ix c cci. I civic
g iic g c c
gv ib g xi ii
c c cci, c bc iic
c. I civ ic i g i i
i, ciiz c b i, bb civ, c
gv i i i vi, ig i i
b cgig iciv ii c gv.
ag ici jc cg
i cig i
It is dicult or central
governments to monitor thework o local governments
because o the very
imperections in inormation
and coordination that caused
power to be devolved in the
rst place.
Participation has the potential
to move the actions o local
governments toward the
interests o citizens by
adding their voice to the
mix o necessary
accommodations . . .
. . . but realizing this potential
requires radical change,
including conrontation with
elites.
Local politicians, bureaucrats,
strongmen, and other elites
oten unction in a nexus o
accommodation that is hardto break.
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t h e c h a l l e n g e o f i n d u c i n g p a r t i c i p a t
gvc, c b c qi
ic cg ci i c i i,
mig gg, i x cci. I x
c gv v c iiz
ic g icii i i ig
-iv , i i i ivi i b i- i i ig. I, g i
b c ii xiig x cci, ig
cg i c i b i c i
c. pici ivi bc c
h sigiz (2001) c iviivi
i ib ivib cg i iic -
ic v gigib ic c. t civ
ivi, ci g- c
giig; ccb civ ic i qi cig ig. dig qi g
iig vi i bc, bvi, c, bi-
i iigi b bv v i gg
i cii.
Participation and Political Opportunity
eciv icii qi i xii c iic
ii (kii 2007). a iivi iic i
i i b i i (i, igic, iib), b cic, ci, iic, cic c-
i c. t cii ici, v,
g ci b g ic
iivi bg. a g iig biiz c cc-
iv i i , gi cc
cig cciv, c ci ci i
ciig cciv civi. I i j iivi cciv
i ifc iii i bi
b ii (e 1989). t bi i
bc c c i vi i
cci c cg. scigi c i ix iivi
g iic ii bi iic i
c (kii 2007).
Lasting change is unlikely
i the radical process o
breaking the local nexus
o accommodation is not
internalized and supported
donors and the central sta
Eective participation req
the skillul exploitation o
local political opportunitie
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l o c a l i z i n g d e v e l o p m e n t : d o e s p a r t i c i p a t i o n w o r k ?
100
Ii vi iig x vig g
b xi iic ii cg b vig i
cci gg (Gib wcc 2008). a x cfic
v v fi gizig
vig i iig vi iigi
iig . Iii, vig bcic c q i . w i
bg xig i g g g -c
vic g v, icig g b i
b i iji.
a i 2001, vig cg i cic
bg biiz c, ic, civi v, ic
g b ci
ti biizi cg i ci c
cci, i i c icb. a vig bc , ci
i ci cig ii c i
cci iv i iic
c ii .
ti vic gv i f c i gg
i cig gv c
i b . I ig igi cfic v i
cci gg i c ci xi cii
b vig v iic i
c bi b v i v ig ic c i.
a iic i c i i ic civic ci
c xi cg i iic i c
, i i, i ic b ic i
i ic g. lcizig vg
cizi ci-iv v jc,
xc iic ii b bigig c
cii ig c ciiz, ic ic b
icii i cig i c. Bc x cc
i b c c iici b c
c bc, v, civ c civic biiz
i c b . ag civic biizi c i cg
iciv g c c i
i ciiz, g i v bc
c ciiz gi c ii
Localizing development can
open up political opportunities
by bringing the locus o
decision making closer
to citizens, increasing the
benets to participation while
reducing its costs.
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t h e c h a l l e n g e o f i n d u c i n g p a r t i c i p a t
cig c c. I bc
ib i i x cci, , xi
civic ii c v v ii ic.
acg rbi i iig i
c ici cic cg i Economic Origins of
Dictatorship and Democracy. t cii iciic ii ciiz xiiz i
ic ciiz c c cg i giv -
ic g biv i cc-
i bi i v ici gi ic i
c cvic g i c (acg
rbi 2006, 21). B c c, ciiz v b
v iic i c i b
b iic iii i cic
ci g i giv ccb c. Icg i , iivi i i
xiiz i ii gi. Ciiz i ici i
cg i i c c
i iic i i i v.
Ciiz iig c i cic b ci
b cizi, ic c b ciz ig x
iic cc, i v vig c.
sii, i bc b i ccb
, icii i ci-iv v jc
g ciiz biizi i, ci xc b. I c, gi cg i iic
i c, cci b cciv biizi, c
ic c i iiig i ii.
Ciiz cii b icii b i
cc cic , i bi b ib i i,
i i bc. ev i civ ici-
i, b gi i cg
b i c g i. s i
v i i i , iig
qic i cg b ciig c. t i b
gi civ civic g bc
g cg i i.
ei gi i ic
c c bc, c g, c c
iici. s i bc gi, v, i
Beore they can act, citize
have to be persuaded that
move toward an open poli
opportunity structure will
durable.
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l o c a l i z i n g d e v e l o p m e n t : d o e s p a r t i c i p a t i o n w o r k ?
102
cg i ic c v i i; i, i
c, i i c i gi ivi cc i
- i i . a i cg i
b-c ciiz i ig b iic
i, c c, , i c
i bc iic ig cigiiv cg bc i giv i
gi . I i c, i ii c cii
ivi v b i i cc.
p cg icig ciz ici
gv i cii i ii i c i
ii ci i i gvc
ic ci g cc j gii. I
cii, i cgizb cci ciizi i x
b ; , i, bjct giic c i b gi c,
bigi b bjc i ic civic civi
ci g bjc ig q . l g
q i b , xcig bic i
t ig qiibi c i ic, ii
iqii i , , ci .
dv jc c i i gvc
ciizi, ic ic i gv
ciiz q c
g gvc qi b ccb ciiz. ti i gvc i b cii
gii bigi.
siig gi-b cii- gii-b
gvc ciizi i ig ci c
dig i c b c ii qiibi
ci iic v ci
ici ig icbv cfic . wii
i , v, b ii b iqi
. a b, c sc (1990
x i xici c
i. pici ivig i c
iqii, c i i qiibi
b cgig c civ ic, cig i
giiiz b bigi i ii b
In some societies, there is
no recognizable conception
o citizenship in the textbook
sense o the term . . .
. . . instead, leaders and
subjects relate to one another
through systems o mutual
obligation.
Shiting rom a git-based to a
competition- and negotiation-
based model o governance
and citizenship is a highly
contentious process.
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t h e c h a l l e n g e o f i n d u c i n g p a r t i c i p a t
ciiz b cic ccbii. u ii
iqii ig ii , , ii cc-
c b i ic bii
, v, ii xiig c i
b bv c ici iii.
I, v, ici ivi b b iqi-i, cciv -big c iii i , i
i, bjc , i i cg i .
s i bjc i b c, ig
vig vi. o i c b ig
vic. t j cg ig i ii i i c
cfic i v ibi b, i civ
gi ii gi. I c i civ, i i
qiibi i ic i i gii b i bii
ciiz ci i b civ.
Implementation Challenges: The Role o Donors
Cg i icig icii i i -
ic ii cii; ifc b iciv
ii gci i ig iig ici
jc. I ic, b i biv
b i ici ivi. t v
b ib ig i ciq gi
civ cig ivi vi cii i c. d v
ig c cx (iic jci, ci cic
iqi, ic gi, bic bic g) c
iic ci iii, ci ci v, -
ig i b cic .
ti c i ev (2004) c iii
cig iii bi b iiz
vi ag-aic iii, icbii ic i
c i cicc c. o
ciic, icig hi (2001) C ki (2001), g
i ici jc, cx cx cc c
ci, , cci cciv ci
i g v jc ig ii. Cq,
jc i, iciv ig i
Challenges in inducing
participation lie not only i
the power dynamics within
communities . . .
. . . they are also deeply
infuenced by incentives
within agencies tasked wi
unding and implementing
participatory projects.
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l o c a l i z i n g d e v e l o p m e n t : d o e s p a r t i c i p a t i o n w o r k ?
104
jc, g v ic ii g g
c c c i ic
iii biig i v i ivb b
c.
m (2005) g I-Bii ri- ig
pjc (IBrp), b ui kig ov dvaiii (oda) d Ii dv
(dId), i c ic icii i
g, c-, -iv jc. m i jc v
v ivv i i i vi ccii
ci x, i cvi c, vi
i vv g i ig ii . h
i i , ici, i 1992, ici
jc g bigig gic cgi iv
i ib Bi i i c Ii; i b v ci, i 1995, x cc; i
cii, i 199899, b ic i i c i. oda
dId Ii gizi iiz c, ic
m b ci ici ic. t
c i g ci giz i
g b vig-v v, cjankars(gb
), g g cci c i b
t jc bg i vig ici i
t v ici iic i ic
i c vig bbjc i ig g bi fc c c . t
g cic, ic,
fc bi civ, ic b
vig, ci bc
cci i ci gizi i iii
biig jc. t b ci
iig, iic ici i c c. I
, ci gizi g cg i cic
t c i ic, i
i xci, ic ci i ii i
i vig i.
m i ig i vi
, v: vig qic ici
i i vi, jc ccii viig
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t h e c h a l l e n g e o f i n d u c i n g p a r t i c i p a t
ic, c i ccig. t jc
c b ic civii cici.
t ici i ig g bc, i c,
c ci i ic c g i
civ ic b jc vcb, ci
civ i jc i. ag ci gg icii -
, vig vi jc j i g.
B- vig vi ic i
ci iv (, i, ); - vig-
c vi jc c g b ci.
w ig g i i ici jc
g? t b -
icii. r vig jc bc i,
m i vi ic. t ci gizi g ic c ig
ci b. dig qi bc ii i
c b, iii g, bc. a i ,
g bc iic i vi vig ici c-
i i c xcg, v, ic.
t vig-vjankarsbc v i
(g i c x i
jc), g i i g i
i i. ti c, m g, i gic i-
ici c: c jc b iiv gc c, b c-ci,
c g (m 2005).
s i ig bgi g g i i jc? t i-
i b : m vi ii
g jc gizi jg c
jc cc i.
I m vi, ii g bg i i i
gizi ic: iiizig qib g, ig
ic g, vig ig xii. ti
ii c gi ii (2005, 109). s -
b c gig ii g,
bv b. tjankars, ig c i b
ji ci gizi jc , bg g
v ii jc (i iv cc),
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l o c a l i z i n g d e v e l o p m e n t : d o e s p a r t i c i p a t i o n w o r k ?
106
i ci (m 2005
114). a i jc ,
i jankars g iig v
. t bc iv ci, ic [
igi iig (114). a vig, g
ii i ici ic icii (janasabhagita), i c c icii (bhagidari
ii i cibi ( b) b
. . . x vig bhagidari(cibi)
gii g i i (114). B
i , ici i bc g bic. s
i [ici i] ; v
i xi. . . . a gic ii c
ic izi, i vi iib
ici ig ivv c b vig v cigb iv. I c, qi ici c
(116).
m i cib i ic xic b
ici jc, - ig
c ii . I i ib c
civ i i ici jc, ic c
, v b ici.
m gig, ccig m, c i i
vic iv c jc i
v b b c i. Vig v i c v jc c bg. r i
ig i vig v , c
(iivi c bii) b iv
i-b-i bii i gic bb
iiiv icb. o
x gic b q b g i
vig jc ciig ii cg
civiic, g, rabi, (m 2005
263). m g b i i
ig ii i c cic i
i c, g i iii, civii, g
ic b qi i g gig c
i icii x i ic v
jc ig c. t ii b ic cic
i ici ivi c cii.
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t h e c h a l l e n g e o f i n d u c i n g p a r t i c i p a t
a b i i, iv
v jc c i i v (m cib
i ii g), i i m ii
g c, c, bg cii, jc
, vig-v ci gizi, v, vig.
ti g ii i cci qi c jc. m cib g , ii i i
jc, dIdi i c b g ii
vi -cig, iig, -cig, ici.
a , g b c cx :
jc c gizi c, q
iz i i . . . -c i c (c vig
i) . . . c ig [ b c gv
cci c], i iig i i c ici-
i . . . (m 2005, 185).m iig, g i i ic jc
c cc i, civii, v ,
gg i , jc
c ii iv . ti , ccig m,
jc gc i i ig
ii b cgig ic i. t 1990
ic i i i c; -
jc v, b icb
(m 2005, 199). w m i i i ic
i cc bcig , bii gi ci b icig ci, jc b
i i g g v i ic bjciv.
sv g m cc:
t xci b i i ic v c
v v jc cci cib
ivi. I jc i -
ig ii v xi i cibig
ib cg, ig-v jc ci i i
i ig ivi cc ig i ig cg.
t xci b i i ic ifc q-
i cc biizi. Bc ivi i
i b, ici g i
i gi. t c c
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l o c a l i z i n g d e v e l o p m e n t : d o e s p a r t i c i p a t i o n w o r k ?
108
jc big v gi cc
i b. ag c bvi c
- iv i i -big, i
i ig i i ii g
ci vic bii.
ev i ivi i g ig, ici cg i. a jc cc iii b i-
jc cg c v cii gig
ci.
pici jc giv -
b ig, c xi iv
b bc g. a jc x,
v, xii bc ic,
ic ig
ii jc g. cii cci i ici jc.
Implementation Challenges: The Role o Facilitators
cii i ic icii. t ii
i c civi ci, , gv; ig i
vi i ; i ci civi
i, iic ii, biiz ci
xi . cii i ci civ
i i gic ici v. ti iciv ig i i cg
v. x, g i jb qi fxibii, i
c gg i xii, cii giv
g (biiz X cii i y ). Bc
c jc i i ,
c ig . t i
ig bi civ jc
g.
p g cc, cii ig ci
i c c ici, igg ci qi i jc
g. x, i icii g b
ig g i g i ic b ig i
iici i b. I big g
Facilitators are at the rontline
o induced participation . . .
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t h e c h a l l e n g e o f i n d u c i n g p a r t i c i p a t
cg, cii b civ xiig x
cci. t qi, , i c gii
c ic cg civ -
? w cg qi ic vcc, cii,
i vc ic
cg, c ig iciv? m , c cii- cci? wii ic c c cg? C
ic ici v g iic ci
? m c c qi, b
i i c ivi i cc i ig v
gv big civ ci v civ civic
gg c v.
Implementation Challenges: Trajectories o Change
a j b i -ic icii i i
ii ic . d iii c
iciv i i jc i ii
i jci cg i c, big jc
c. w big i bi, ic, c i i
vi, jc cg i icb, ic i
ii. pici ivi, ic gg i c
cx iig iic ci qiibi, v v
i jci.
u, ici jc g
gci ig ii jc -
v- cc ic jc. a jc cc,
jc xc v vi civic bjciv (b
ci ci, ci , iv ccbii).
a ci-iv jc g , jcig gi i
c c v ci, c , ii
, . t i i ii i
jc cc, ivi i civ civic cci
x i i i iic i g v bvb ic c.
t i i i i iig:
Civic gg i b civ i iii i
jc.
. . . but their incentives ar
oten not set up to truly
empower communities.
Donors institutional
structures and incentives
optimally suited to project
with short timelines and li
trajectories o change with
clear, unambiguous projec
outcomes . . .
. . . but civic change is a h
unpredictable process.
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l o c a l i z i n g d e v e l o p m e n t : d o e s p a r t i c i p a t i o n w o r k ?
110
Civic cci i b g i gv
i.
ti iv i qi gv
i i b cg i c.
ig 3.1 i b i i. tjc-b i (i b i)
i ic civi ci gvc c iv i ic
b i i cg i cg i b
c. t b i i ig i civic cg i ig
icb c; ig v c i
. Iivi v biv cciv biizi i
b iig ici; civic g v v
cciv ci b xi iic ii c
cg; x cci i gv b i
b iig c igig ciiz i, iici bc cg i ci; i ci v
i cg i c. a cg i c b c b
iv i civic cci, ic ib i
cg i cg c (wcc 2009). t i i
ic b i i i g 3.1.
picig ig cg i cc i c
i x iic bc b c c i
Figure 3.1 Possible trajectories o local participation
Household welfare, public
goods, quality of public
services
Projected development
path for welfare outcomesRealized
development
path for welfare
outcomes
Civil society and governance
outcomes
Projected development
path for civil society and
governance outcomes
Realized development
path for civil society an
governance outcomes
Time
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t h e c h a l l e n g e o f i n d u c i n g p a r t i c i p a t
icig civ ic; i
civic gg iic; v v; x
ic ci c cg i
civ icivizig, cig, iig ci i
g; v ic; ii fi ,
c c civic i. sci qiibi i cgbc i vv ici ii -
ic cic, iic, ci vi.
t, ic c v, civic gg-
b bb, i i g, ii x
cci, i c- b i. ,
ic i i i c, i ciiz cvic
ig c gig i i iig i ii
i , i gg i civ .
wi icii cc iig i i c g cvic v icii,
cg i iic ,
g cvic g gg, ig
i ici cc. Big vi bigi,
cigi cib i c c qiibi
(k 2007) c i ic g i bii
c b bi i x i cg. a c
v, i ivi i cii ic i
icbii i iig cg. ec ci i i
v i cg jc.t, ic i i cg ii jc, ic
icii i i bc iic ic-
i g bcic iiv. t cg
ic ivi i g c ci i ii
i cx jc cg c big vi
i ic cg c cc i iv v-
bjciv. ic ici jc v cc
ig i bjciv, v ii
xii, ig, i gg cc-
iz gic ici cg. u, b b
ic ii; iiv i qic civ;
i iciv civ iig
vi ii jc v, i ic i -
i.
Particularly when it is
packaged within a project
induced participation is
almost set up or ailure
because o unrealistic
predictions that emerge r
bureaucratic imperatives.
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l o c a l i z i n g d e v e l o p m e n t : d o e s p a r t i c i p a t i o n w o r k ?
112
Deriving Hypotheses
pbic ig iv ivig cii iv
g i i cc c cib v
g. t i i ic i i i ic
i ic g civi ci. I i i i vig ci v vv g bi
vic, v ciz ii g v
ci g, icig viig c bic g
g ci ic ci ici
i. a c i i g civic gg
c c ci b iv cc
b, i g b iz b i ifc
cci iv iv.
t ii cic jici c vii b
ic g vic i i bjiici i
v, qi, c vic c c i
Gv b g big ciiz bi, b
v i i b vig gi, x
vic b c i c .
m bic g vic (c, iig , ii
) i c; v b - g
ic i c b civ xc. I c c
vi ic b cic qi, bc i
i c vig cqi c ii cc c bic g. lc g
v cc gig ii, c c v c,
b fc i vib i c
ii. t x i cciic
v ci cic, cizig iici
bcii ic cic c ci
Ciiz bii c x c b
jiici c b civ
b bi, ic cb xciv -ig b bi
ci ic vic qi. m (2003) g i
c cc ci i ici ci i ui
s 20 c. a i v
i bc ccib, cci c gv ci
xc ci ( rii, mccg, J
1989; k 2002).
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t h e c h a l l e n g e o f i n d u c i n g p a r t i c i p a t
I ciiz bi gv big, b
cic g ciz c ci, xc
igic ici cii b i iv,
xii, ci c qi ciz g-
. (r gi gig vi i, vc-
cii g, g x.)t ii i qi i i vig ci,
i g cizi c ccbii.
I i vi, b i c vii
bic g vic i bcic icic
-ig. lcizig c ci cii big i
ciiz, v g i qi vic vi
g iciv ic -ig, i c x-
ii i v cii . dcizi ciiz
bv ci ci vi, i ii ic ig v c, g ci
ic .
Cc b ci v i ccbii g-
cizi.2 ov c, vi c-
i j v cqi cib c-
c. Ci i ig bi c viig
bic bic g vic; ig iibiv bjciv
v ci g; , , cgig
iciv cig b ciiz bic ci.3 a
ic g ci iii c v ci cc, c i g, i
g i civi ci vig iig bic
ci vi.4
ti i c ccbii civ c
jici cizi c ci cii
i v v i igic vii i
c bic g. ag
c ici iii cc i givig vic
ivg b ci i c
b gvc.
Ifi vic i b v icii
i iig c cii ig
v c i ci c fc g ii
c ici. I c cx, g, c
iqii c cqi c g igicc,
The main argument or
decentralization in most
developing countries is th
it increases accountability
thereby reducing corruptio
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l o c a l i z i n g d e v e l o p m e n t : d o e s p a r t i c i p a t i o n w o r k ?
114
i c ci cii i ; i
x, c xcb c iqi v
ivig c i.
w cii g i c, c i
i ic, ci, ib cii, b ii c
ii cg g i iibiv jc g xcb c cfic. s c, c h
si (2001), v g g gg b
ici g i ig ci g c ig
i, c c i i bi
i ii vic ii gvc
icii c, ic i
cci. I c igic g gi, c
iciv c ic iic g c c i
ci i, c b iv i bicg vic.
w c gv ici g c
b iv c igic g
c c cc iv i ici
v v ci c c iv .
, icig iic cx i ic c gv
cizi, i vig ci, vi
ibii xi b ci
vi ibiii xi, ic c
gv c. wi xci, v, g cizi , c gv bi
b i c , b i
ci c, c ii-v gv
xi i i vv bi g. a
, i vib i b c v
gv gig ccbii c icii c
v. lc ci b c i i i vic vi
i b ciig c ig
, iiig i bii i ibiii. dici
c ci ic i
c vii bic g vic, bc ii
c gv bii iv xi
v c gv vb vi i
i c. i , c gv b
Whether local governments
or participatory programs can
be responsive to local needs
may depend to a signicant
degree on the resources they
can access relative to their
mandate . . .
. . . and the discretion they
have over the allocation o
resources across diverse
needs.
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t h e c h a l l e n g e o f i n d u c i n g p a r t i c i p a t
c gv bg ci, ii i ic c
gv ci b i v-iig cci
v c bi i
x v g .
o c, c vig i b
xi .I ici, c gv c i i
c ic i ci, g x ,
i g i v vvig v-iig
ibiii. s c v v g g
c b cig c v-iig ,
c v c c gv cc ibii
vic vii iciviz ciiz i c ci
c c. I cic, v, vvig v i-
ig c v i ic.C gv v iig igi
iii g i g c , ic c
ic cii ii gic iz. a Ci
ti (2004) g, gi ic i civ-
i cic c igic (bc ci, ggi
xii, c), c xi i
c c b. a c gv c
c , - cii bc
c . ti ii c xcb
gi iii i gv vic ic iz iqi. t - v iciv
giv -ig civii.
s bv gg ii bjciv -
jc c xcb cg. d- jc,
g, v i ib i, ci
ci gizi, civ i
iv, iv i ic
bcii. t vi cii c iciv c
i c giz g jc b
b qic bb jc i civ
civii.5
a cc i ibii civi ci i ( i
c 2). a g ig b b c cciv, cciv
ci c cc i -ci b ci
In practice, devolving reve
raising to the local level is
dicult.
Donors evaluation criteria
create incentives to select
areas that are easily reach
and organized . . .
. . . . and to target project
benets to households thaare able to quickly absorb
project unds in productiv
activities.
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l o c a l i z i n g d e v e l o p m e n t : d o e s p a r t i c i p a t i o n w o r k ?
116
c vg ciiz ( i c, x
giz ig g vic i
xi ig ci c).
w i civic icii i b b gv
i, i i ? t c
x, cii b ci c iicjci, i v ci. a ic i
vig i ib i . mv, civ cciv
ci civ ic vi b g
, i i c g civi ci c g gv
; i i cx c. sii, g
ig civic g g c, ig i
i -b g iig ic
g g c bc
, iv ci vic. kig i i i, cii b, , c icii b
i ig ivv i vig cii
c ciii ic c, ii ic gi
i c, ic i.
tizig iig g cc i
qi c i i iig, b v qi
b b xiig vic. w icii
, i i civ cic bjciv? h i
i c? d ig v g ci
g , i i ic v? wci civ i ivig cci cciv
ci biig ci ci? w c civic iq
i i c ? d ici
jc i cic b ig i
c? d ig icii c ci ci? d i
g civi ci? d i c ii iciv
c iii? t x g gi ii
c c qi icii? d icii iv
v c c v? d i ib
g c c? C 46 vi b c
iv vi vic qi
i i c 1, c vi
vic i g-c ici jc v b
When civic participation is
likely to be the best solution
to government and market
ailures, and when it is not, is
highly contextual. . . .
. . . and thus best determined
by turning to the evidence.
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t h e c h a l l e n g e o f i n d u c i n g p a r t i c i p a t
v b iv g i i
g cci v vi c g
cii g ( ) b ivi. G
ig, i ig c cic i,
g -ig qiiv c i xi i
.
Notes
1. n c b ii, v. niv i c -i cizi cq q i bgci ci i cig xi x ig c jiici. ag i i cizi c i ,
i i i.2. t w B u.s. agc Ii dv(usaId) v b ig ci i i gigci. s World Development Report 2004(w B 2004) c ci vic iv
3. tzi dvi (1997) ci c c bic v ic ic iqi b ig -ii iivi b gv g i .
4. m (1993) p, r, tbii (1997) vi -ic g ii b iic iii ci. B mj (2006) vi g vvi cc i ii b cizi
ci vi c iic vic.5. B (2008) vic ii ci
gizi i Bi sg b cii i i. t ic g i b - ci-i vig gizi v -c ib 1980, ici c bc - i, b 2002. I Bi , 22 c vig vig gizi i 1982, 91 c vi-g gizi b 2002; i sg, 10 c vig vig gizi i 1982, g 65 c.h icii i vig gizi ic,
i 57 c i Bi 69 c i sg
iciig i vig gizi. hv, - gi gizi civi b i v, g , b j-c i ic i igicb.
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l o c a l i z i n g d e v e l o p m e n t : d o e s p a r t i c i p a t i o n w o r k ?
118
Reerences
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B, p., d. mj. 2006. Decentralization and Governance iDeveloping Countries. Cbig, ma: mIt p.
B, k. 2011. Beyond the Invisible Hand: Groundwork for a New Economicspic, nJ: pic uivi p.
B, t., m.-h. Ci, a. d Jv, p. r, e. s2008. d Vig ogizi m dic i aic rdv? a s sg Bi . World Developmen36(11): 2188204.
Ci, h., d. ti. 2004. s Cig i. Journal oPublic Economics88(34): 81943.
C, J., J. C. 1999. Civil Society and Political Imagination inAfrica. Cicg: uivi Cicg p.C, B., u. ki. 2001. Participation: The New Tyranny?l
Z B.e, J. 1989. Nuts and Bolts for the Social Sciences. Cbig, u.k.
Cbig uivi p.ev, p. 2004. dv Iii Cg: t pi
mcig pi dibi. Studies in ComparativInternational Development38(4): 3052.
g, a., e. o. wig. 2003. tiig b e piciGvc. I Deepening Democracy: Institutional Innovations inEmpowered Participatory Governance, . a. g e. o. wig
342. n y: V.Gib, C., m. wcc. 2008. e, dibiv dv
lc lv piic i Ii: pici pjc sc Cviig p. Studiesin Comparative International Developmen2(43): 15180.
hi, J. 2001. Depoliticizing Development: The World Bank and SociaCapital. n di: lw.
h, h., r. si. 2001. picii sii d; e sc sbjci. I Participation: The New Tyranny? . B. C u. ki, 16884. l: Z B.
hic, a. o. 1970. Exit Voice and Loyalty: Responses to Decline in FirmsOrganizations and States. Cbig, ma: hv uivi p.
h, k., J. e. sigiz. 2001. m ecic t dv. I Frontiers of Development Economics, . G. mi
J. sigiz, 389459. ox, u.k.: ox uivi p.k, m. h. 2002. Ci Gvc i e Cii: w
B sgi ti liii. I Reinventing the World Bank
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