Proxicast - Glossary of Cellular & Wireless Terms

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GlossaryCommon Terms forCellular & WirelessData Networking

10/100: A term used to indicate

that a device can support bothEthernet (at a data transfer rate of10Mbps) and Fast Ethernet (at adata transfer rate of 100Mbps).

1G: The original analog, voice-onlycellular telephone standard,developed in the 1980s. Analogcellular service is being phased outin all but the most rural areas in theUnited States.

1x (1xRTT): A cellular data technology for CDMA networks. RTT stands for Radio Transmission

Technology. 1xRTT has a theoretical maximum of 144 Kbps of bandwidth, but achieves a practicalthroughput of only 50 to 70 Kbps in the real world.

1xEV-DO: A third-generation cellular data technology for CDMA networks championed by Verizon

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Wednesday March 11. 2009

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Wireless. EV-DO stands for Evolution Data Optimized (but is sometimes referred to as EvolutionData Only).

1xEV-DV: A third-generation cellular data technology for CDMA networks in chamioned by SprintPCS and AT&T Wireless. EV-DV stands for Evolution Data/Voice.

1xRTT (1x): A cellular data technology for CDMA networks. RTT stands for Radio TransmissionTechnology. 1xRTT has a theoretical maximum of 144 Kbps of bandwidth, but achieves a practicalthroughput of only 50 to 70 Kbps in the real world.

2G: Second-generation digital cellular service is the most widely used worldwide. It offers digitalvoice calling, limited Web-access capability, and Short Message Service (SMS). 2G cell phonestandards include CDMA, TDMA, and GSM.

2.5G: Bridging the gap between 2G and 3G cellular service, 2.5G extends CDMA and GSMtechnologies with faster Web access, Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS), and a change in radioarchitecture to handle more bandwidth..

3DES (Triple DES): A block cipher formed from the Data Encryption Standard (DES) cipher by

using it three times. See also DES &AES.

3G: Third-generation mobile communications technology, as defined by the International

Telecommunications Union (ITU), provides a global standard for cellular networks capable of

handling live video calls and data access at broadband speeds. There are several flavors of 3G,including EDGE, CDMA 2000, 1X, WCDMA, UMTS, EV-DO, HPSDA and HSUPA

3G Modem: (Also known as a Cellular Modem, Mobile Modem, Mobile IP Modem, WirelessModem) A wireless adapter that connects a laptop computer or other device to a cellulartelephone system for data transfer. Cellular modems, often contain their own antennas and pluginto a PC Card slot, a serial port or into the USB port of the computer or other device. Cellularmodems can operate on a variety of wireless data services such as GPRS, EDGE, UMTS, HSPDA,HSPUA, 1x and EV-DO.

3G Router: (Also known as a Cellular Router, Mobile Router, Mobile IP Router, Wireless Router,Cellular Gateway or Mobile Gateway) 3G routers provide shared Internet access by incorporatinga 3G cellular data modem as a WAN interface (generally, also including Ethernet and Wi-Fi LAN

interfaces). They can be deployed as a primary WAN link to a location where wired connectionsare not cost-effective, and can also be used as a secondary or business continuity plan should theprimary cabled link fail. Cellular 3G routers range from simple SOHO network oriented devicesthrough rugged industrial units with advanced features. See LAN-Cell 2.

4G: Fourth generation mobile communications technology. A somewhat vague term used todescribe wireless mobile radio technologies that offer faster data rates than current 3G (thirdgeneration) technologies. 4G networks are also more data-centric and based on standard Internettechnologies such as IP. Voice service is typically provided using a special form of VoIP. WiMAXand LTE are examples of 4G technologies.

802.11: A family ofIEEE specifications related to wireless networking. See 802.11a, 802.11b,

802.11g and 802.11n.

802.11a: One of three wireless networking specifications under the Wi-Fi rubric. 802.11a usesthe 5 GHz band and runs at 54 Mbps. 802.11a is little used outside specific business situations.

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802.11b: The most common of the three wireless networking specifications included in the Wi-Ficertification mark. 802.11b uses the 2.4 GHz band and runs at 11 Mbps.

802.11e: A wireless standard that provides Quality of Service support for LANs. This is necessaryfor delay-sensitive applications such as Voice over Wireless IP.

802.11g: The newest of the three Wi-Fi specifications. 802.11g is backward compatible with802.11b, thanks in part to its use of the 2.4 GHz band, and it runs at the 54 Mbps speed of802.11a. Most new equipment uses 802.11g.

802.11h: A supplementary standard to 802.11 to comply with European regulations. It addstransmission power control and dynamic frequency selection.

802.11n: Not yet ratified, 802.11n offers both increased range and bandwidth, some proposalswork at up to 540Mbps, though the goal of the standard is only 100Mbps. Some companies nowoffer products advertised as "Pre-N"

802.16: The technical name for WiMax. 802.16 and a subset, 802.16a, are used for long-hauland backhaul connections.

802.1X: An authentication specification that allows a client to connect to a wireless access pointor wired switch but prevents the client from gaining access to the Internet until it providescredentials, like a user name and password, that are verified by a separate server. In 802.1X,there are three roles: the supplicant (client), authenticator (switch or access point), andauthentication server.

A Carrier: Most areas of the US have two cellular carriers, each of which operates on a differentfrequency band. One is designated the "A" carrier (non-wireline carrier) and the other isdesignated the "B" carrier. In some markets there may be only one carrier which may be "A" or"B".

Access Fee: A monthly charge for the ability to connect to a wireless network. This fee isassessed monthly whether the phone is actually used or not.

Access Point: The hub of a wireless network. Wireless clients connect to the access point, and

traffic between two clients must travel through the access point. Access points are oftenabbreviated to AP in industry literature, and you may also see them referred to as "wirelessrouters," "wireless gateways," and "base stations." We prefer to use "access point" whendiscussing true access points that don't also share Internet connections or bridge between wiredand wireless networks.

Activation: Configuration of a wireless phone so that it is ready to be used to transmit andreceive calls on the wireless network.

Activation Fee: A one-time up-front charge for activation of a wireless phone.

Ad Hoc Connections: Spur-of-the-moment connections made for a specific reason and then shutdown.

AES (Advanced Encryption Standard): An extremely strong encryption standard adopted bythe US government and now widely used worldwide for VPN and other encrypted communications.

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See also DES &3DES.

Aggregator: A company that resells access to other companies' wireless networks.

Air-Interface: The standard operating system of a wireless network, which is used tocommunicate to and from the base stations and the handset; technologies include AMPS, TDMA,CDMA, and GSM.

Alltel: A popular U.S. CDMA cellular carrier that offers 1x, EVDO Rev(0) and EVDO Rev(A) dataservice. Home Page.

ALG: An Application Layer Gateway (ALG) is a device that manages a specific protocol (such asSIP, H.323 or FTP) at the application layer.

Amplifier: A device you can connect to your antenna to increase the signal strength and amplifyweak incoming signals.

AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone Service): An analog cellular phone service standard used inthe US and other countries.

Analog: A method of modulating radio signals so that they can carry information such as voice ordata.

Antenna: A device that facilitates the transmission and reception of radio signals.

AT&T (aka Cingular): A popular U.S. GSM cellular carrier that offers GPRS, EDGE, HSDPA andHSUPA data service. Home Page.

Authentication: A feature used to reduce fraud by confirming the identity of a phone to thewireless network.

B Carrier: Most areas of the US have two cellular carriers, each of which operates on a differentfrequency band. One is designated the "A" carrier and the other is designated the "B" carrier(wireline carrier). In some markets there may be only one carrier which may be "A" or "B".

Bandwidth: Describes the transmission capacity of a medium in terms of a range of frequencies.A greater bandwidth indicates the ability to transmit a greater amount of data over a given periodof time.

Bandwidth Class: A bandwidth class defines bandwidth allowed at an interface for anapplication, such as VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) or FTP (File Transfer Protocol) and/or asubnetwork.

Bandwidth Management: Bandwidth management allows you to allocate bandwidth at aninterface according to defined policies.

Bluetooth: A short range wireless protocol meant to allow mobile devices to share information

and applications without the worry of cables or interface incompatibilities. The name refers to aViking King who unified Denmark. Operates at 2.4 GHz. See bluetooth.com

Bps / Kbps / Mbps: In telecommunications, "bits per second," "kilobits per second" (thousands

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of bits per second) and "megabits per second" (millions of bits per second); bps is a measure ofthe transmission speed of data communications in WANs and LANs.

Bridge: A device that passes traffic between two networks that use different media or arephysically separate, but which use similar network standards. Common uses for bridges includeconnecting wired and wireless networks.

Broadband: Describes a communications medium capable of transmitting a relatively largeamount of data over a given period of time. A communications channel of high bandwidth.

Cable Modem: A device that hooks to your cable TV line to allow your computer to receive dataat between 1-8Mbps. The theoretical maximum for downstream transactions is 27 Mbps and 2.5Mbps upstream.

Call Setup: Activity that occurs in order to establish a call connection between a wireless handsetand the wireless system.

Card Guard: The removable metal cover on Proxicast's LAN-Cell 2 that surrounds the exposedportion of the PC-Card modem and provides a secure external antenna mounting jack.

Card Lock: The LAN-Cell 2's unique, but simple and highly flexible system for using nylon cableties to secure the PC-Card and external antenna leads.

Carrier: A company that provides telecommunications services. Verizon Wireless, Sprint, AT&T,Alltel, Nextel and T-Mobile are some examples of carriers.

CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access): A digital communication technology used by somecarriers to provide PCS service. Also known as IS-95A or cdmaOne. See the CDMA Development

Group.

CDMA2000 1X (Also 1xRTT): A 3G wireless communications standard evolved from CDMAtechnology. It has double the voice traffic capacity of CDMA and provides peak data rates of 153kbps.

CDMA2000 1xEV-DO (and 1xEV-DV): A 3G wireless communications standard further evolved

from CDMA2000 technology. It is a standard optimized for data transmission providing a peakdata rate of 2.4 Mbps with a typical user experience of 300 - 800 kbps. 1xEV-DV is optimized forboth data and voice transmissions.

CDPD (Cellular Digital Packet Data): An older technology for transmitting data over analogcellular networks.

Cell: The area surrounding a cell site. The area in which calls are handled by a particular cell site.

Cell Modem: (Also known as a 3G Modem, Mobile Modem, Mobile IP Modem, Wireless Modem)See Cellular Modem.

Cell Router: (Also known as a 3G Router, Mobile Router, Mobile IP Router, Mobile BroadbandRouter, Wireless Router, Cellular Gateway or Mobile Gateway) See Cellular Router.

Cell Sentry: Proxicast's unique "watchdog" application on the LAN-Cell 2 that can alert you via E-

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mail when user defined usage limits are approaching or even stop data transmissions to preventcostly plan allowance overages.

Cell Site: The transmission and reception equipment, including the base station antenna, thatconnects a cellular phone or modem to the network.

Cellular: The type of wireless communication that is most familiar to mobile phones users. Called'cellular' because the system uses many base stations to divide a service area into multiple 'cells'.Cellular calls and data sessions are transferred from base station to base station as a user travelsfrom cell to cell.

Cellular Carrier: A company that provides wireless telecommunications services such as VerizonWireless, Sprint, Alltel, AT&T Mobility (Cingular), T-Mobile, Rogers, Telus, Bell Mobility, Telcel,Orange, Vodafone, O2, Telstra & others

Cellular Gateway: See Cellular Router

Cellular Modem: (Also known as a 3G Modem, Mobile Modem, Mobile IP Modem, WirelessModem) A wireless adapter that connects a laptop computer or other device to a cellulartelephone system for data transfer. Cellular modems, often contain their own antennas and pluginto a PC Card slot, a serial port or into the USB port of the computer or other device. Cellularmodems can operate on a variety of wireless data services such as GPRS, EDGE, UMTS, HSPDA,HSPUA, 1x and EV-DO.

Cellular Routers: (Also known as 3G Routers, Mobile Routers, Mobile IP Routers, WirelessRouters, Cellular Gateways or Mobile Gateways) Routers that provide shared Internet access byincorporating a cellular data modem as a WAN interface (generally, also including Ethernet and

Wi-Fi LAN interfaces). They can be deployed as a primary WAN link to a location where wired

connections are not cost-effective, and can also be used as a secondary or business continuityplan should the primary cabled link fail. Cellular routers range from simple SOHO networkoriented devices through rugged industrial units with advanced features. See LAN-Cell 2.

CHAP : Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol is an alternative protocol that avoidssending passwords over the wire by using a challenge/response technique. Often used for dial-upconnections.

Cisco 3200 Mobile Router: A ruggedized IOS wireless router for vehicle networks, outdoorinfrastructure,.vehicles, trains, and buses.

CLI (Command Line Interface): In this interface, you can use line commands to configure thedevice or perform advanced device diagnostics and troubleshooting.

Clone (Cloning): A wireless phone that has been programmed to mimic another wireless phone.Often used to defraud a wireless carrier by placing illegal calls without any intention of payment.

CO (Central Office): A connection point between the wireless phone system and the landlinephone system at the PSTN.

Coverage Area: The geographic area served by a wireless system. Same as Service Area.

CPE: (Customer Premises Equipment) CPE is privately-owned telecommunication equipment at anindividual or organizations site that is attached to the telecommunication network.

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Crossover Cable: Ethernet cable that has the transmit and receive pins switched.

CTIA: Cellular Telecommunications & Internet Association, a wireless industry organization. CTIA

holds annual trade shows and serves as the industry's representative in dealings with regulatoryagencies, such as the FCC.

Data: Any transmittable information other than analog voice.

Data Communications: The movement of encoded information by means of electrical

transmission systems.

DCE: Data Communication Equipment (eg: modem).

Decibel (dB): A unit of measure used to express relative difference in power or intensity ofsound.

DES: (Data Encryption Standard) A method for encrypting information selected as an officialFederal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) for the United States in 1976, and which hassubsequently enjoyed widespread use internationally. See also 3DES &AES.

Device Server: Also know as a terminal server, wireless device server, serial server or serialethernet converter. Is device that allows other devices with an RS-232 serial interface to beconnected to an ethernet network.

DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol): Dynamic Host Configuration Protocolautomatically assigns IP addresses to clients when they log on so users doesn't have to configurethem manually. DHCP centralizes IP address management on central computers that run theDHCP server program. DHCP leases addresses, for a period of time, which means that pastaddresses are recycledand made available for future reassignment to other systems.

Digi International: Manufactures a variety of 2.5G and 3G routers (DigiConnect & ConnectPort)that can connect to electronics using a variety of communication protocols.

Digital: A method of encoding information using a binary code of 0s and 1s. Most newer wireless

phones and networks use digital technology.

DMZ: A feature in a NAT gateway that lets you expose a machine on your internal network to theoutside Internet. DMZ nominally stands for demilitarized zone, and is sometimes also called"virtual server." It's basically port mapping for all available ports.

DNS (Domain Name Service): An Internet protocol for mapping cryptic IP addresses ( like198.65.100.241) to human-readable domain names.

DoCoMo: Japan's largest mobile service provider. Its claim to fame is i-mode, a service that givessubscribers continuous access to the Internet via mobile phones, and it is Japan's largest Internetaccess platform.

Domain Name: The unique name that identifies an Internet site. Domain Names always havetwo or more parts that are separated by dots. The part on the left is the most specific and thepart on the right is the most general.

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DSL (Digital Subscriber Line): A common form of broadband Internet connection via regulartelephone lines.

DTE: Data Terminal Equipment (eg: printer, computer, terminal, or a router). See also: DCE

DTR: Data Terminal Ready. An acronym used in RS-232 serial communications. The DTR signal is

sent via a dedicated wire from the transmitting computer to the transmission device to indicatethat the computer is ready to receive data.

Dual Band: A feature on some wireless phones that allows the handset to operate using either

the 800 MHz cellular or the 1900 MHz PCS frequencies.

Dynamic DNS (DDNS): A technique that lets people connect a permanent domain name to anever-changing IP address. DynDNS is a popular Dynamic DNS service.

EDGE (Enhanced Data for GSM Evolution): A further development of the GSM protocoldesigned to handle data at speeds up to 384 Kbps. Considered to be 3G wireless technology.

Encapsulation: Encapsulation is the inclusion of one data structure within another structure sothat the first data structure is hidden for the time being.

Encryption: The process of scrambling data to make it difficult for unauthorized parties to

understand. Pretty Good Privacy is a commonly used encryption scheme employing public andprivate keys; a message is encrypted using the recipient's public key and decrypted with theassociated private key. Without the private key, the encrypted message is gibberish.

Enzo 3G Router: A hardware interface module from Cisco for some ISR routers.ESN (ElectronicSerial Number): The unique serial number of a cellular phone that identifies it to the cellularsystem for the purpose and placing and receiving calls.

ESP: (Encapsulating Security Payload) (RFC 2406) A protocol that IPSec uses to encrypt data toensure confidentiality.

Ethernet: The most common networking standard in the world, formally known as IEEE 802.3.

EV-DO, EVDO or EV (Evolution-Data Optimized or Evolution-Data Only): Is a CDMA cellularstandard for the wireless transmission of data through radio signals, typically for broadbandInternet access. Currently there are two versions of the standard Rev 0 and Rev A.

EV-DO Rev 0: offers downstream data rates up to 2.4 mbps, but averaging 300-700 kbpsdownstream and 70-90 Kbps upstream in the real world. Rev 0 is much faster than the 50-80kbps typically offered by the older 1xRTT technology.

EV-DO Rev A: is a 3G CDMA technology that is an upgrade of traditional EV-DO. Rev A is capableof slightly faster downlink speeds than is EV-DO Rev 0, at 1.8Mbps, as well as significantly fasteruplink speeds of 3.1Mbps.

ExpressCard: The third generation PC-Card technology from PCMCIA that supersedes theCardBus. Introduced in 2003 and designed for both desktop and mobile use, ExpressCards useUSB 2.0 or a single lane PCI Express channel. The are 34 mm wide (vs 54 mm for PC-Cards) butcan typically be used in PC-Card slots with an ExpressCard to PC-Card adapter.

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FCC (Federal Communications Commission): A US government agency responsible for

regulating communications industries.

Firewall: A network program that blocks malevolent traffic that might endanger the computerson your network.

Fixed Wireless: The operation of wireless devices in a specific location, such as an office. Thisterm is usually reserved for devices that need to be plugged in to operate, such as a desktopcomputer.

Foliage Attenuation: Reductions in signal strength or quality due to signal absorptions by treesor foliage obstructions in the signal's line-sight path. For example, 800 MHz systems are seldomdeployed in forested areas - pine needles (nearly the same length as 800 MHz antennas) cannegatively affect signal reception in that band.

Follow-Me Roaming: The ability of a wireless system to roam outside its home service areawithout any pre-notification to the wireless carrier.

FQDN (Fully Qualified Domain Name): An FQDN consists of a host and domain name andincludes the top-level domain. For example, www.proxicast.com is a fully qualified domain name,where "www" is the host, "proxicast" is the second-level domain, and ".com" is the top leveldomain. "mail.proxicast.com" is also a FQDN, where "mail" is the hostname.

FTP (File Transfer Protocol): A common way of transferring files on the Internet, though it'sprimarily used for uploading these days.

GPRS (General Packet Radio Service): A cellular data technology for GSM networks. GPRSprovides between 10 and 50 Kbps of bandwidth.

GPS (Global Positioning System): a technology that uses satellites to pinpoint a device'slocation on Earth.

GSM (Global Standard for Mobile): A digital communication technology used by some carriersto provide PCS service. Other technologies used are CDMA and TDMA.

Handoff: The transfer of a wireless call in progress from one transmission site to another sitewithout disconnection.

Handshake(ing): Signals between a wireless phone and a wireless system to accomplish callsetup.

Hertz (Hz): A unit of measurement of one cycle per second, or one radio wave passing one pointin one second of time. Named in honor of Heinrich Hertz, the discoverer of the theory of radiowaves.

High-gain Antenna: An antenna that significantly increases signal strength. High-gain antennasare necessary for long-range wireless networks.

Home Coverage Area: A designated area within which cellular calls are local and do not incurroaming or long distance charges.

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Hot Spot: A place where you can connect to a public wireless network.

HSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access): Is the next phase of UMTS, with datatransmission speeds up to 3.6 Mbps, based upon the WCDMA protocol.

HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access): Is an upgrade for WCDMA / UMTS / HSDPAnetworks that applies HSDPA-like enhancements to the uplink side of the connection, allowingpeak upload data rates of up to 5.8 Mbit/s (million bits per second). HSUPA is both a complimentand a successor to HSDPA, which offers very fast data rates, but only for the downlink / downloadside. Together, HSDPA and HSUPA are sometimes referred to as HSPA.

Huawei Technologies: Is the largest networking and telecommunications equipment supplier inChina and one of world leaders cellular equipment. Home Page.

ICMP: (Internet Control Message Protocol) A message control and error-reporting protocolbetween a host server and a gateway to the Internet ICMP uses Internet Protocol (IP) datagrams,but the messages are processed by the TCP/IP software and are not directly apparent to theapplication user. The PING utility uses ICMP.

ID Type: In IPSec, the ID type and ID content identify an individual SA. The ID type can be adomain name, an IP address or an e-mail address. The ID content is the IP address, domainname, or e-mail address. When used with aggressive negotiation mode, the ID type and contentallow an IPSec router to distinguish between SAs that connect from IPSec endpoints with dynamicIP addresses. For example, several telecommuters with dynamic IP addresses can use separate

passwords to simultaneously connect to an IPSec router. With main negotiation mode, the ID typeand content act as an extra level of identification for incoming SAs.

iDEN (Integrated Digital Enhanced Network): A wireless technology from Motorola whichcombines digital cellular, paging, two-way radio, and modem capabilities on a single network.iDEN is used by Nextel.

IEEE:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. The acronym is pronounced I-triple-ee, and

it is the organization that develops standards for the computer and electronics industry, such asWi-Fi.

IKE (Internet Key Exchange): A two-phase security negotiation and key management service

phase 1 (Authentication) and phase 2 (Key Exchange). A phase 1 exchange establishes an IKESA and phase 2 uses that SA to negotiate SAs for IPSec.

IMT2000: A set of proposals for standards defining 3G wireless network performance. An effortfrom the ITU (International Telecommunications Union), an organization of the United Nations.

IP (Internet Protocol): The protocol used to break up information into packets, route packetsthrough the network, and reassemble the packets at the destination.

IP Address: The numeric address (like 192.168.1.1) that identifies each device in a TCP/IPnetwork.

IPsec (IP security): One of two protocols (with PPTP) used for VPNs.

ISP: (Internet Service Provider) Companies which provide connections into the Internet. Cellularcarriers often perform the role of ISP by linking their radio network to the Internet to provide

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LMDS (Local Multipoint Distribution System): A fixed, broadband wireless system used forvoice and interactive data. Generally used as a lower cost alternative to landline connections forbusinesses and others requiring high bandwidth connections to public networks.

LNP ( Local Number Portability): The capability that allows wireless customers to switchcarriers but retain the same phone number.

Local Service Footprint: Also known as "local service area." The geographical area that acustomer may call without incurring toll charges.

MAC Address: The unique address assigned to every wireless and wired Ethernet networkadapter. MAC stands for Media Access Control. Despite the fact that MAC addresses are allunique, it's possible to assign one device's MAC address to another device.

Mbps (Megabits per Second): Or millions of bits per second, a measure of bandwidth.

MD5: Message Digest 5, HMAC-MD5 (RFC 2403) is a hash algorithm that is used to authenticatepacket data. It produces a 128-bit message digest. See also Hash and SHA1.

Megahertz (MHz): A measure of electromagnetic wave frequency equal to one million(1,000,000) hertz and used to specify the radio frequency used by wireless devices.

Mesh Network: A network topology in which every device can communicate with any other

device that's within range. Mesh networking is particularly interesting for bringing wirelessnetwork access to an entire neighborhood.

Microcell / Picocell: A cell having a very small coverage area, such as a lounge in an airportterminal.

Microwave: Microwave wireless systems operate at less than 500 milli watts power.

MMDS (Multipoint Multichannel Distribution Service): Often referred to as 'wireless cable' asit is a wireless system used to distribute cable television and other broadband signals to multipleusers by way of a single transmitter.

Mobile IP: A communications protocol designed to allow mobile users to maintain theirpermanent IP address while moving from network to network.

Mobile Broadband: (Alsos know as Cellular Broadband, Wireless Broadband or 3G Broadband) Isthe name used to describe the high speed 3G IP data services which are made possible byHSDPA, HSUPA and also EV-DO RevA.

Modem: Short for modulator/demodulator. A modem modulates outgoing digital data into analogsignals so they can be sent over copper phone lines, and demodulates incoming analog signalsinto digital.

MSA (Metropolitan Statistical Area): An area defined by the US government for use ingrouping census data and other statistics. MSAs include a city of at least 50,000 people or an

urbanized area of at least 100,000 people and the counties that include these areas. Not all areasof the US are in an MSA. There are 306 regions of the US designated as MSAs.

MTSO (Mobile Telephone Switching Office): An office housing switches and computers to

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which all cell sites in an area are connected for the purpose of eventual connection to the PSTN.

The MTSO handles the connection, tracking, status and billing of all wireless call activity in anassigned area.

NAM (Number Assignment Module): A component of a wireless phone that holds in electronicmemory the telephone number and ESN of the phone.

NAT (Network Address Translation): A network service that makes it possible to share asingle IP address with a network of many computers. Since a NAT gateway exposes only a singleIP address to the outside Internet, it's useful for security, and some manufacturers may call it,somewhat incorrectly, a "firewall."

NAT Traversal(VPN/ IPSec): NAT traversal (NAT-T) allows IPSec tunnels using the ESP protocolto pass through NAT-enabled routers.

NetBEUI: An older networking standard developed by IBM for LAN Manager and adopted for usein Microsoft Windows. NetBEUI stands for NetBIOS Extended User Interface.

Network: A collection of interconnected computers and associated devices. Networks can becharacterized by the protocols they use (TCP/IP, for example) or by the geographic area theycover (LAN and WAN).

Network Adapter: The card or built-in hardware used in a computer or handheld device to

connect to a network, whether wired or wireless.

Network Interface Card (NIC): See Network Adapter

Network Topology: The specific layout of a network.

No Service Indicator: A feature of wireless devices that tells the user that wireless service isunavailable in a particular location.

North American GSM Alliance: GSM is the Global System for Mobile Communications, astandard adopted by more than 85 countries around the world. The North American GSM Allianceis the group of companies in North America who have adopted similar standards applicable toNorth American cellular and digital systems.

Novatel: Is a wireless communications equipment designer and manufacturer that makes cellularmodem cards. Home Page.

Off Peak: Any time of day, as determined by a wireless carrier, when there is lowercommunications traffic on the system. Carriers make this distinction to offer lower rates duringthese periods when demand is low.

Overage: Costs associated with using more than the amount of air-time or data that your cellularcarrier has allotted for your device's service plan. Eliminate overage charges by usingthe LAN-Cell 2's Cell Sentry feature.

Packet: A discrete chunk of data, being transferred on a TCP/IP or other addressable network.

Packet-Switched Network: A network in which data is transferred in discrete chunks, called

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packets. The Internet is a packet-switched network. Packet-switched networks are generallyconsidered more efficient than circuit-switched networks like the telephone system becausemultiple connections can use the same network simultaneously.

Panel Antenna: An antenna type that radiates in only a specific direction. Panel antennas arecommonly used for point-to-point situations. You may also see them called "patch antennas."

PAP: A security protocol that requires users to enter a password before accessing a securesystem. The users name and password are sent over the wire to a server where they arecompared with a database of user account names and passwords. Sometimes used for dial-upaccounts. See also CHAP.

Parabolic Antenna: An antenna type that radiates a very narrow beam in a specific direction.Parabolic antennas offer the highest gain for long-range point-to-point situations.

PBX/ Wireless PBX: Private Brand eXchange. An internal, privately-owned (by an individual oran individual company) telephone or telecommunications system. Large companies have hadthese for years. Wireless PBX is either cellular (for analog) or digital.

PCIA (Personal Communication Industry Association): A trade group representing PCS,

SMR, private radio, and other wireless users and carriers.

PC-Card (or PCMCIA Card): Removable, credit-card sized devices that may be plugged into

slots in PCs and wireless communication devices to provide fax or modem functions or networkcards. PC-Card is popular form factor cellular modems.

PCMCIA: (Personal Computer Memory Card International Association) A non-profit trade

association founded in 1989 to establish technical standards for PC-Card technology including PC-

Card (PCMCIA) and ExpressCard formats.

PCS (Personal Communication Services): Used to describe a class of wireless communicationsservices authorized by the FCC. PCS systems use a different radio frequency(the 1.9 GHz band)than cellular phones (800-900MHz) and generally use all digital technology for transmission andreception.

PDA (Personal Digital Assistant): A Handheld electronic devices that run a variety of

applications such as calendars, contact lists, and communication functions.

PFS: Perfect Forward Secrecy is an IPSec keying method that uses a brand new key for each newIPSec SA setup. The keys are created by new key exchanges.

Pigtail: A thin cable that connects an antenna to a wireless network adapter, usually convertingbetween plug types in the process.

PLC (Programmable Logic Controller): Is a digital computer or controller used for automationof industrial or commercial processes, such as control of machinery on factory assembly lines.

Point-to-Multipoint: A wireless network in which one point (the access point) serves multiple

other points around it. Indoor wireless networks are all point-to-multipoint, and long-rangewireless networks that serve multiple clients usually employ either a single omnidirectionalantenna or multiple sector antennas.

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Point-to-Point (P2P, PTP): A long-range wireless network between two points. Point-to-pointwireless networks use directional antennas.

Port (H/ W): An interface on a computer for connecting peripherals or devices to the computer. Aprinter port, for example, is an interface that is designed to have a printer connected to it. Portscan be defined by specific hardware (such as a keyboard port) or through software.

Port (S/W ): An Internet port refers to a number that is part of a URL, appearing after a colon(:), directly following the domain name. Every service on an Internet server listens on a particularport number on that server. Most services have standard port numbers, for example, Web serversnormally listen on port 80.

Port Mapping (aka Port Forwarding): The act of mapping a port on an Internet-accessibleNAT gateway to another port on a machine on your internal network. Port mapping enables youto run a public Internet service on a machine that is otherwise hidden from the Internet by yourNAT gateway. Other names for port mapping include "port forwarding," "pass-through," and"punch-through."

POTS (Plain-Old-Telephone-Service): Another name for traditional wired, land basedtelephone service.

Pow er over Ethernet (PoE): A wiring scheme that lets you run electrical power to an accesspoint or wireless bridge over the same Ethernet cable that connects the device to your network.

PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol): A network protocol that handles dial-up Internet connections.

PPTP (Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol): One of two protocols (with IPsec) used for VPNs.

Prepaid Cellular/Wireless: A service plan offered by some wireless carriers that allowssubscribers to pay in advance for wireless service.

Pre-Shared Key: A pre-shared key identifies a communicating party during a phase 1 IKEnegotiation. It is called pre-shared because you have to share it with another party before youcan communicate with them over a secure connection.

PRL (Preferred Roaming List): A database in a CDMA based wireless device that tells it how tofind and connect to locally available wireless network(s). The function of the PRL is mostimportant when a phone is outside its home network and must seek out an alternate network.

Private Key: The key you keep secret in public-key cryptography systems. You use your privatekey to decrypt encrypted data sent to you by other people, who used your public key to encryptit.

Proxicast: Proxicast manufacturesenterprise-grade, secure wirelessdata communications equipment.Proxicast, LLC is a privately-heldcorporation founded in 2000 andbased north of Pittsburgh, PA.

Proxicast LAN-Cell: The LAN-Cell isa rugged, enterprise-grade cellular

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Proxicast's LAN-Cell 2

3G Cellular Router

router that allows multiple PC's,

laptops, webcams, controllers, PLCs,and other Ethernet-based devices tosimultaneously utilize a singlecellular data account for primary orbackup connectivity. Since itsintroduction in 2003, LAN-Cells havebeen working around the world as acost effective way to communicatewith remote devices and users.

Proxicast LAN-Cell 2: The LAN-

Cell 2 Cellular Ethernet 3G

Router utilizes user accessible high-

speed 3G PC-Card (PCMCIA / laptop)modems and supports all CDMA &GSM standards including CDMA2000:EV-DO RevA, EV-DO Rev0, 1xRTT;UMTS / W-CDMA: HSUPA, HSDPA,HSPA, EDGE, and GPRS on all majorwireless carriers worldwide includingVerizon Wireless, Sprint, Alltel, AT&TMobility (Cingular), T-Mobile,Rogers, Telus, Bell Mobility, Telcel, Orange, Vodafone, MTN, BT, O2, Telstra, etc. The rugged LAN-Cell 2 has advanced enterprise router features such as multiple IPSec VPN tunnels, NAT/DMZ, SPI

firewall, X.509 certificates, bandwidth management and other functions which are optimized forcorporate, financial, industrial, Machine-to-Machine (M2M) and SCADA type remote cellular WANapplications.

PSTN: Public Switched Telephone Network was put into place many years ago as a voicetelephone call-switching system. The system transmits voice calls as analog signals across coppertwisted cables from homes and businesses to neighborhood COs (central offices); this is oftencalled the local loop. The PSTN is a circuit-switched system, meaning that an end-to-end privatecircuit is established between caller and the person called.

Public Key: The key you give out to the world in public-key cryptography systems. Other peopleuse your public key when sending you encrypted data, which you can then decrypt with yourprivate key.

QoS (Quality of Service): Quality of Service is the ability to control the characteristics ofongoing communication services. Service providers use these control values to offer improved andpossibly contract levels of service. QoS is an end-to-end responsibility that involves clients,switches, routers, and servers

Quad-Band: Designates a GSM phone that supports all four major GSM frequency bands, makingit compatible with all major GSM networks worldwide. The four bands include the 850 and 1900MHz bands - used in the Americas - and 900 / 1800, used in most other parts of the world.

RADIUS: A RADIUS (Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service)(RFC2138, 2139) serverperforms authentication, authorization and accounting for a network.

RF (Radio Frequency): A radio signal.

RF Noise: Undesired radio signals that alters a radio communications signal causing extraneous

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sounds during transmission and/or reception.

RFI (Radio Frequency Interference): An undesired radio signal that interferes with a radiocommunications signal causing extraneous noise and/or signal dropouts.

RIP (Routing Information Protocol): An interior or intra-domain routing protocol that usesdistance-vector routing algorithms. RIP is used on the Internet as a method for exchangingrouting information between routers.

RJ-11: A plug type used by telephones. Don't confuse it with the larger RJ-45 plug type used inEthernet networks.

RJ-45: A plug type used in Ethernet networks. Don't confuse it with the smaller RJ-11 plugs usedfor phone cables.

RMON: Remote Network Monitoring MIB.

Roaming: Using your wireless phone or device in an area outside its home coverage area. Thereis usually an additional charge for roaming.

Router: An intelligent network device that goes one step beyond bridging by converting address-based protocols that describe how packets move from one place to another. In practice, thisgenerally comes down to translating between IP addresses and MAC addresses for data flowing

between your local network and the Internet. Many people use the term interchangeably with"gateway." You must enter the IP address of your router when configuring network settingsmanually.

RSA (Rural Service Area): Areas not included in MSAs are divided into RSAs. Generally theseare the rural areas of the US. The FCC used RSAs to license cellular carriers in areas not includedin MSAs. There are 428 RSAs in the US.

RS-232: A standard for serial b inary data signals connecting between a DTE (Data terminal

equipment) and a DCE (Data Circuit-terminating Equipment). It is commonly used in computer

serial ports and modem communications.

SA (Security Association): A contract between two parties indicating what security parameters,such as keys and algorithms they will use.

SCADA (Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition): SCADA systems are typically used toperform data collection and control at the supervisory level.

SCEP (Simple Certificate Enrollment Protocol): A TCP-based certificate enrollment protocolthat was developed by VeriSign and Cisco.

Secure Gateway IP Address: Secure Gateway IP Address is the WAN IP address of the remoteIPSec router.

Self-signed Certificate: A self-signed certificate is one that you generate on a device. The

device acts as the certification authority and signs the certificate itself.

Service Area: The geographic area served by a wireless system. Same as Coverage Area.

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Service Plan: A contract between a wireless carrier and a wireless subscriber that details theterms of the wireless service including rates for activation, access and per minute usage.

SHA1: Secure Hash Algorithm HMAC-SHA-1 (RFC 2404) is a hash algorithm that is used toauthenticate packet data. It produces a 160-bit message digest.

Sierra Wireless: Is a wireless communications equipment designer and manufacturer thatmakes cellular modem cards. Home Page.

Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR): A measure of the power of a signal versus noise. A lower ratio

means there is more noise relative to signal.

SIM (Subscriber Identity Module): A mobile phone network card that holds subscriberinformation such as personal account details, address book and security settings. SIM cards arealso used with 3G data modems. The term SIM is generally used for GSM devices; some CDMAdevices use R-UIM (Removeable User Identity Module) cards that function similarly.

SIP (Session Initiated Protocol): An internationally recognized standard for implementingVoIP. SIP is an application-layer control (signaling) protocol that handles the setting up, alteringand tearing down of voice and multimedia sessions over the Internet.

SMS: Short Messaging Service. Paging-like feature available from digital wireless phone services.

SNMP: SNMP is a popular management protocol defined by the Internet community for TCP/IPnetworks. It is a communication protocol for collecting information from devices on the network.

Sprint PCS (Sprint/ Nextel): A popular U.S. CDMA cellular carrier that offers 1x, EVDO Rev(0)and EVDO Rev(A) data service. Home Page.

SSH (Secure Shell): A secure communication protocol that combines authentication and dataencryption to provide secure encrypted communication between two hosts over an unsecurednetwork.

Static Routing: Static routes tell routing information that a networking device cannot learnautomatically through other means. The need for static routing can arise in cases where RIP is

disabled on the LAN or a remote network is beyond the one that is directly connected to a remotenode.

SUA: (Single User Account) The LAN-Cell's SUA feature allows multiple user Internet access forthe cost of a single ISP account. See also NAT.

Subnet Mask: The subnet mask specifies the network number portion of an IP address.

Switch: A specific type of hub that isolates the communications between any two computers fromthe rest of the network, thus increasing throughput.

T-Mobile: A popular U.S. GSM cellular carrier that offers GPRS, EDGE, UMTS data service. Home

Page.

TCP: TCP is a connection-oriented transport service that ensures the reliability of message

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delivery. It verifies that messages and data were received.

TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access): A digital communication technology used by somecarriers to provide PCS service. Other technologies used are CDMA and GSM.

Telemetry: is a technology that allows the remote measurement and reporting of information.

Telephony: Originally meaning voice (analog) communication by telephone (land line), this termhas come to encompass virtually all of telecommunications, because virtually all oftelecommunications can be done over or while connected to a telephone line.

Telnet: Telnet is the login and terminal emulation protocol common on the Internet and in UNIXenvironments. It operates over TCP/IP networks. Its primary function is to allow users to log intoremote host systems.

Third generation: The current cellular standard that promises to offer increased capacity andhigh-speed data applications up to 7.2 megabits. It also will integrate pico-, micro-, andmacrocellular technology, and could allow for global roaming.

TKIP Temporal Key Integrity Protocol: An encryption protocol that uses 128-bit keys that aredynamically generated and distributed by the authentication server. TKIP regularly changes androtates the encryption keys so that the same encryption key is never used twice.

Traffic Redirect: The LAN-Cell's Traffic Redirect feature forwards WAN traffic to a backupgateway on the LAN when the LAN-Cell cannot connect to the Internet, thus acting as an auxiliarybackup.

Tri-Band: A description of a wireless phone that works on three bands. CDMA and TDMA tri-bandphones work on 1900MHz and 800MHz digital frequencies, and 800MHz analog cellular--popularstandards in the United States. Tri-band GSM phones are all digital, operating on 1900Mhz in theUnited States and 1800Mhz and 900Mhz in other countries.

Top Global: Manufactures a variety of cellular routers for different applications.

UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System): An evolution of GSM technology to3G. The underlying transmission standard is WCDMA.

Verizon Wireless (VZW): A popular U.S. CDMA cellular carrier that offers 1x, EVDO Rev(0) andEVDO Rev(A) data service. Home Page.

VLAN (Virtual Local Area Network): A VLAN allows a physical network to be partitioned intomultiple logical networks. Only stations within the same group can communicate with each other.Stations on a logical network can belong to one or more groups.

Voice-Over-IP (VOIP): A way of making telephone calls over a packet-switched network likethe Internet. Voice-over-IP requires special telephones and software. Voice-over-IP is commonlyabbreviated to VoIP.

VPN (Virtual Private Network): A method of creating an encrypted tunnel through which alltraffic passes, preventing anyone from snooping through transmitted and received data.

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VSAT: (Very Small Aperture Terminal) Is a two-way satellite ground station with a dish antennathat is smaller than 3 meters (most VSAT antennas range from 75 cm to 1.2 m). VSATs are mostcommonly used to transmit narrowband data, point of sale transactions such as credit card,polling or RFID data, SCADA, or broadband data. VSAT technology is used by providers such asHughesNet, StarBand and WildBlue in the United States; and Bluestream, SatLynx andTechnologie Satelitarne in Europe, among others.

W-CDMA (Wideband CDMA): A 3G wireless communications standard evolved from CDMA. Thestandard, often called UMTS, uses wider 5 MHz channels(vs. 1.25 MHz for CDMA) for increasedvoice traffic capacity and peak data rates of 384 kbps.

WAAV: Manufacturer of the AirBox line of cellular routers.

WAN (Wide Area Network): A collection of local area networks connected by a variety ofphysical means. The Internet is the largest and most well-known wide area network.

WAP (Wireless Application Protocol): A global protocol used in many newer wireless devicesthat allows the user to view and interact with data services. Generally used as a means to viewInternet web pages using the limited transmission capacity and small display screens of portablewireless devices.

WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy): An encryption system for preventing eavesdropping onwireless network traffic. WEP is easily broken, and has been replaced by WPA on newer Wi-Fiproducts.

WiDEN: The wideband integrated dispatch enhanced network is an upgrade to iDEN, withincreased data rates up to 100 Kbps. WiDEN four combined channels at the 25 MHz band.

Wi-Fi: A wireless data networking protocol generally used connect PCs and laptops to anetwork. Also know as 802.11b and WLAN ( Wireless LAN) , it is the most commonmeans of wireless netw orking and operates at 2.4 GHz.

WiMax: Another name for the 802.16 wireless networking specification used for long-haul andbackhaul connections.

Wireless: Without wires, or any telecommunications that uses broadcast (radio) technology

versus copper wires ("land lines"). Most typically, cellular or digital communications

Wireless ISP (WISP): A company that provides wireless Internet access. The term is oftenabbreviated to WISP.

WLL (W ireless Local Loop): A wireless system meant to bypass a local landline telephonesystem. A home or businesses phone system is connected to the public network by a wirelesscarrier instead of by the traditional local phone company.

WPA: Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) is a subset of the IEEE 802.11i standard. WPA applies IEEE802.1x and Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) to authenticate wireless clients using anexternal RADIUS database. WPA encrypts data by using Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP),Message Integrity Check (MIC) and IEEE 802.1x. See also WPA-PSK (WPA -Pre-Shared Key).

WPA-PSK: WPA-PSK (WPA -Pre-Shared Key) requires a single (identical) password entered intoeach access point, wireless gateway and wireless client. As long as the passwords match, a client

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will be granted access to a WLAN. See also WPA.

WPA2: WPA2 (IEEE 802.11i) is a wireless security standard that defines stronger encryption,authentication and key management than WPA. It includes two data encryption algorithms,Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP) and Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) in the Countermode with Cipher block chaining Message authentication Code Protocol (CCMP). See also WPA.

WWAN (Wireless Wide Area Network): A WWAN uses cellular network technologies (CDMA orGSM) such as 1X, EV-DO, GPRS, EDGE, WCMDA, UMTS, HSDPA or HSPUA to transfer databetween other LANs and devices

X.509: X.509 is a recommendation that defines formats for certificates and CRLs. It was issuedby the ITU-T.

X-Auth (Extended Authentication): XAUTH provides added security for VPN by requiring eachVPN client to use a username and password.

Yagi Antenna: An antenna type that radiates in only a specific direction. Yagi antennas are usedonly in point-to-point situations.

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