Protons for Breakfast Electricity Week 1

No Slide Title

Protons for Breakfast

Electricity

Week 1November 2013

In the event of an alarm sounding

Toilets

Parents and children

Parents: You are responsible for your childrens behaviour.

The plan for the evening7:00 p.m. to7:59 p.m.8:00 p.m.to 8:29 p.m.Walkabout8:59 p.m.to 9:00 p.m.FeedbackTalk8:30 p.m.to 8:59 p.m.More talkParents: You are responsible for your childrens behaviour.

Who is helping?

Amir KayaniAndrew HansonAndy KnottAveril HortonClaire GreenwellDale PartridgeDavid ClayDeborah LeaEdward BrightmanGianluca MemoliJames ClaverleyJames MiallJane BurstonJeff FlowersJenny HullyJenny Wilkinson

Nadia SmithNori SafiPaul CarrollPaul GreenPeter Nisbet-JonesPeter QuestedPeter WoolliamsRainer WinklerRalf MouthaanRobert GoddardRuth PearceSharmila HansonStephanie BellSue GibbonsSue OakleyTracey SkinnerJessica Cross BrownJohn GallopJohn MakepeaceJohn MountfordJonathan PearceJordan TompkinsJoseph ThomKate WilkinsonLauren PetrieLaurie WinklessLeigh StangerLindsay ChapmanLloyd EnglandLouise BrownMaria LodeiroMarieke BeckmannMarta Doval MinarroAmir KayaniAndrew HansonAndy KnottAveril HortonClaire GreenwellDale PartridgeDavid ClayDeborah LeaEdward BrightmanGianluca MemoliJames ClaverleyJames MiallJane BurstonJeff FlowersJenny HullyJenny WilkinsonJessica Cross BrownJohn GallopJohn MakepeaceJohn MountfordJonathan PearceJordan TompkinsJoseph ThomKate WilkinsonLauren PetrieLaurie WinklessLeigh StangerLindsay ChapmanLloyd EnglandLouise BrownMaria LodeiroMarieke BeckmannMarta Doval MinarroNadia SmithNori SafiPaul CarrollPaul GreenPeter Nisbet-JonesPeter QuestedPeter WoolliamsRainer WinklerRalf MouthaanRobert GoddardRuth [email protected] BellSue GibbonsSue OakleyTracey SkinnerMichael de Podesta

Age 53: Weight 82.6 kgLecturer in Physics at University of London for 13 yearsUnderstanding the Properties of MatterAt NPL for 13 years. Most accurate thermometer ever made!International Surface Temperature InitiativeMarried with two sons(aged 15 & 17)Keen on Water Rockets

Member of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire!7Not much of a CV, but its all Ive got! I should really talk about some of the projects Ive worked on, but there isnt time.

Why am I here?I am here because I believe

Science is humanitys greatest achievement

What is the problem? Well its too big to summarise on a single slide. It involves ideas such asThe ownership of scientific ideasAre scientists like high priests guarding the holy of holiesCan we trust scientists?Can we trust anyone else?

And compounding all these questions about science is an overwhelming ignorance about science, and not just modern science, science which is which is 100 years old!

Personally I feel resolution of this conflict lies at the interface of the personal with the technical.

And the problem is not just ignorance. We are all ignorant of lots of things, but in general ignorance of, say, Shakespeares plays or of historical events does not make us feel powerless to choose what to do in the world. Why are you here?To better understand science and maybe improve my grade in science GCSE, and to ask as many questions as I like.I love science and [I want to ] to expose my son to science as it is one of his favourite subjects at schoolEnjoyed your session at last year's NPL Open Day and would like to find out more.cos Princess Diana said "knowledge is power" and I want power.Lack of basic understanding about physics and would like to be able to be more critical about 'new discoveries' etc. in news media. My mum says it will be fun.Recently found my way back to science after being totally put off it at school. Thinking of retraining to teach physicsWhat is the problem? Well its too big to summarise on a single slide. It involves ideas such asThe ownership of scientific ideasAre scientists like high priests guarding the holy of holiesCan we trust scientists?Can we trust anyone else?

And compounding all these questions about science is an overwhelming ignorance about science, and not just modern science, science which is which is 100 years old!

Personally I feel resolution of this conflict lies at the interface of the personal with the technical.

And the problem is not just ignorance. We are all ignorant of lots of things, but in general ignorance of, say, Shakespeares plays or of historical events does not make us feel powerless to choose what to do in the world. there is a problem about how we, as citizens, relate to science

What is the problem? Well its too big to summarise on a single slide. It involves ideas such asThe ownership of scientific ideasAre scientists like high priests guarding the holy of holiesCan we trust scientists?Can we trust anyone else?

And compounding all these questions about science is an overwhelming ignorance about science, and not just modern science, science which is which is 100 years old!

Personally I feel resolution of this conflict lies at the interface of the personal with the technical.

And the problem is not just ignorance. We are all ignorant of lots of things, but in general ignorance of, say, Shakespeares plays or of historical events does not make us feel powerless to choose what to do in the world. The image of science:1Mad Muppets top cult science poll Dr Honeydew is known the world over for his disastrous research at Muppet Labs, "where the future is being made today". His experiments invariably go awry, with poor old Beaker usually being blown to bits or electrocuted. BBC 6/9/2004

Scientists are quite nice when they are incompetent.Think of adjective for the word scientist

Be honest. Did the word mad pop into your head?

Why do we have such an immediately cynical (rather than sceptical) image of a scientists

The image of science:2Science Gone Wrong The final touchWhat!BANG!Alex Noble (Age 9)Scientists are quite nice when they are incompetent.Think of adjective for the word scientist

Be honest. Did the word mad pop into your head?

Why do we have such an immediately cynical (rather than sceptical) image of a scientistsThe image of science:3An un-scientific experiment Scientist

Scientist

Scientists are quite nice when they are incompetent.Think of adjective for the word scientist

Be honest. Did the word mad pop into your head?

Why do we have such an immediately cynical (rather than sceptical) image of a scientistsIn contrastA room full of people who want to learn about scienceHelped by volunteers In a world where ignorance makes us powerless

Missing Eastenders and Emmerdale

And yet here we all areScience has an overwhelming presence in our livesfrom entertainment, through health, through our work, and as a focus for curiosity and imagination.Tonights talkThe scale and size of the Universe

Electricity

How Electricity works

Atoms

LightThis is the planTonights talkThe scale and size of the Universe

orHow not to be boggled!This is the planThe imperceptible and the vastAs human beings we can judge:temperatures close to normal

weights greater than a gram up to around 1000 kilograms

distances greater than a millimetre or less than a few kilometres.

times greater than a second or less than a fraction of a lifetime.

Roughly speaking, we can extend our perception by a factor 1000 away from the scale with which we are familiar.Beyond this we are just lost.

The effect is not only true of distance (though thats what we concentrate on). Its true of time. We cant appreciate things happen in a time much faster than 1 secondTime scales longer than 1 year are hard to appreciateTime scales longer than a lifetime are especially hard to appreciateNo known civilisation has last much more than 1000 yearsThe world is at least 1 million times older than 1000 years

The imperceptible and the vast As human beings we cannot judge:temperatures more a few degrees away from normalSuch temperatures just feel very hot or very coldweights beyond a few tonnes or less than a gramSuch weights seem either stupendously heavy or negligibledistances less than a millimetre or greater than a few kilometres.Such distances are too tiny or too far to perceive directlytimes less than a second or more than a fraction of a lifetime.Such times are too small or too long for us to appreciateRoughly speaking, we can extend our perception by a factor 1000 away from the scale with which we are familiar.Beyond this we are just lost.

The effect is not only true of distance (though thats what we concentrate on). Its true of time. We cant appreciate things happen in a time much faster than 1 secondTime scales longer than 1 year are hard to appreciateTime scales longer than a lifetime are especially hard to appreciateNo known civilisation has last much more than 1000 yearsThe world is at least 1 million times older than 1000 years

The imperceptible and the vast Measuring instruments extend our sensesTelescopes & Microscopes,

Weighing machines,

Devices sensitive to electricity & light,

Clocks

NPL enables people to trust measurements

Measurement: Quantitative comparisonMeasuring instruments extend our senses beyond the familiarTelescopes & MicroscopesWeighing machinesDevices sensitive to electricity & lightClocksBut we then have to trust these measurements!To report the nature of the micro and the macro worldTo report on temperatures we cannot sense.To report weights beyond a few tonnes or less than a grammeTo report on events occurring too rapidly or slowly for us to appreciateThe perceptible and the imperceptibleA feather falls onto the shoulder of a man as he gets into a train. Does the train use up more fuel to carry him than if he left the feather at home?

The tides are affected by the motion of the Moon around the Earth. Are the tides affected by the motion of Jupiter?

When you jump, does the Earth move?

Does driving your car to work (or choosing not to) affect the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere?

Does a fan really cool a room, or heat it up?Quantities and qualities that extend beyond our ability to perceive them seem: imperceptible or vast??

Science helps us extend our senses But we can still feel boggled!The perceptible and the imperceptibleA feather falls onto the shoulder of a man as he gets into a train. Does the train use up more fuel to carry him than if he left the feather at home?

The tides are affected by the motion of the Moon around the Earth. Are the tides affected by the motion of Jupiter?

When you jump, does the Earth move?

Does driving your car to work (or choosing not to) affect the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere?

Does a fan really cool a room, or heat it up?

Diameter: 12,800 km

Deepest hole: 10 km

Atmosphere: 10 kmThe Planet EarthPhoto Credit: NASAThis is a picture of the Earth Taken from apollo 17.

The key point is that this scale of viewing is beyond the direct experience of all but a handful of humanity. But having once seen the image, its hard to live life in the same way. The connections between the Earth, its place in space, and common home of humanity and the flora and fauna of the planet become obvious in a way they are not from the ground.

The atmosphere is not a well defined layer: The density of the air falls to around 37% of its value at the ground at a height 8 kmThe density of the air falls to around 14% of its value at the ground at a height 16 kmThe density of the air falls to around 5% of its value at the ground at a height 24 km

The temperature of the air falls by between 6 C and 9 C for every km rise above the Earths Surface

Mount Everest is about 10 km high

The deepest trench in the ocean is about 11 km deep

The Earth itself is very big: The deepest hole ever drilled is around 11 km deep

The temperature rises as one goes deeper in the Earth by around 30 C every km

The MoonDiameter Earth: 12,800 kmMoon: 3476 km

Photo Credit: NASA

The Moon has approximately 1/4 Earth's diameter, 1/50 Earth's volume, and 1/80 Earth's mass. Earth is very dense overall (it is the densest planet in the Solar System), but the Moon is light for its size. The difference is partly because Earth has a large core of iron and other heavy metallic elements, while the Moon has only a small core, if it has a core at all. The Moon's surface gravity is 1/6 of Earth's, and escape velocity from the surface is about 1/5 of Earth's.The Moon's surface is covered with rock and grit that are mostly dark-gray minerals, so it reflects light poorly compared to Earth, which always has highly-reflective clouds. The Moon reflects visible light about 1/3 as well as Earth, and because of its much smaller size, has a visual brightness less than 1/40 that of Earth, when both are fully illuminated and seen from the same distance -- a difference of four stellar magnitudes. EarthMoonMean diameter12,742 km3,476 kmVolume1.08321 x 1012km3 2.199 x 1010km3Mass5.9736 x 1024kg7.349 x 1022kgMean density5.5153.342Surface gravity9.78 m/s21.62 m/s2Escape velocity11.2 km/s2.38 km/sVisual albedo0.3670.12Visual magnitude -3.86+0.21

At right: Earth and Moon to the scale of 1 pixel = 50km.The Moon's surface area is a bit greater than Africa'sThis is a picture of the sun taken through a filter to allow the surface to be seen

Also shown is a picture shows very approximately the relative sizes of the Earth and the Sun.

We are familiar with the idea that Sun is very hot, but its vastness is pretty humbling.

The SunDiameter: 1,390,800 km

EarthPhoto Credit: NASA

Let me boggle you some more with the vastness of the universe.

This is a picture of the sun taken through a filter to allow the surface to be seen

Also shown is a picture shows very approximately the relative sizes of the Earth and the Sun.

We are familiar with the idea that Sun is very hot, but its vastness is pretty humbling.Powers of TenI hope that you are now a little unsettled and ready to go on a 9 minute journey to see how the world looks at different levels of fantasy magnification

Photo Credit: Powers of 10Powers of ten video

Very Very SmallVery Very LargePowers of Ten (1)1 metre1000 m1000000 m1000000000 m1000000000000 m0.001 m0.000001 m0.000000001 mCan you see the problem with very small and very large numbers?Scientists use scientific notation to cope with the vastness and tiny-ness of the numbers they encounter.Powers of Ten (2)

Very Very SmallVery Very Large110001031061091012101510000000.00110-310-60.000001101810241030103610211027103310-1510-910-1810-12100Scientists use scientific notation to cope with the vastness and tininess of the numbers they encounter.Powers of Ten (3)Very Very SmallVery Very Large1 metre1031061091012101510-310-6101810241030103610211027103310-1510-910-1810-1210121000000000000 m0.000000000001 m

Scientists use scientific notation to cope with the vastness and tininess of the numbers they encounter.Powers of Ten Length Scale in metres

Very Very Large1031061091012101510-310-6101810241030103610211027103310-1510-910-1810-12?Very Very Small100Human Relationships

Atoms & molecules

Nucleiof atomsCurrent estimate of the size of the universe

Nearest Star

Light Year

Tallest Mountain

Nanotechnology

Distance to the Sun

Diameter of the Earth

Diameter of a hair

Microbes

Viruses

Quarks

Current estimate of the size of the Universe is 78 billion light years, This is interesting because its only supposed to be around 13 billion years old! The discrepancy is resolved by a period of so-called inflation in the first fraction of a second of the early universe.

Picture Credit: COBE Website http://lambda.gsfc.nasa.gov/product/cobe/slide_captions.cfm

Stars ithin 12 light years of Earthhttp://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect20/A2a.html

Micrograph of a nanowire curled into a loop in front of a strand of human hair. The nanowires can be as slender as 50 nanometers in width, about one-thousandth the width of a hair. Credit: Limin Tong/Harvard Universityhttp://www.nsf.gov/od/lpa/news/03/pr03147_images.htm Smallpox imagehttp://www.microbes.co.uk/

Virus Imagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus

Pentium Chiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:P-MMX.JPGA

Quark Imagehttp://www.aip.org/png/2003/207.htm

Mountainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain Powers of Ten Length Scale in metres

1031061091012101510-310-6101810241030103610211027103310-1510-910-1810-12100Human Relationships

Distance to the Sun

Atoms & molecules

Nucleiof atomsCurrent estimate of the size of the universe

Nearest Star

Light Year

Tallest Mountain

Nanotechnology

Diameter of the Earth

Diameter of a hair

Microbes

Viruses

Quarks

10-2110-2410-3310-2710-3610-30Large Hadron Collider

Large Hadron Collider?What goes on here?String TheoryM-Branes?????????Current estimate of the size of the Universe is 78 billion light years, This is interesting because its only supposed to be around 13 billion years old! The discrepancy is resolved by a period of so-called inflation in the first fraction of a second of the early universe.

Picture Credit: COBE Website http://lambda.gsfc.nasa.gov/product/cobe/slide_captions.cfm

Stars ithin 12 light years of Earthhttp://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect20/A2a.html

Micrograph of a nanowire curled into a loop in front of a strand of human hair. The nanowires can be as slender as 50 nanometers in width, about one-thousandth the width of a hair. Credit: Limin Tong/Harvard Universityhttp://www.nsf.gov/od/lpa/news/03/pr03147_images.htm Smallpox imagehttp://www.microbes.co.uk/

Virus Imagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus

Pentium Chiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:P-MMX.JPGA

Quark Imagehttp://www.aip.org/png/2003/207.htm

Mountainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain Powers of Ten Global Warming

Very Very Large1001031061091012101510-310-6101810241030103610211027103310-1510-910-1810-12Very Very SmallHuman Relationships

The phenomenon of global warming involves physical processes with length scales spanning 20 powers of 10!Distance to the SunTallest MountainDiameter of the EarthAtoms & molecules

Microbes

Current estimate of the size of the Universe is 78 billion light years, This is interesting because its only supposed to be around 13 billion years old! The discrepancy is resolved by a period of so-called inflation in the first fraction of a second of the early universe.

Picture Credit: COBE Website http://lambda.gsfc.nasa.gov/product/cobe/slide_captions.cfm

Stars ithin 12 light years of Earthhttp://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect20/A2a.html

Micrograph of a nanowire curled into a loop in front of a strand of human hair. The nanowires can be as slender as 50 nanometers in width, about one-thousandth the width of a hair. Credit: Limin Tong/Harvard Universityhttp://www.nsf.gov/od/lpa/news/03/pr03147_images.htm Smallpox imagehttp://www.microbes.co.uk/

Virus Imagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus

Pentium Chiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:P-MMX.JPGA

Quark Imagehttp://www.aip.org/png/2003/207.htm

Mountainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain Powers of Ten Nuclear Power

Very Very Large1001031061091012101510-310-6101810241030103610211027103310-1510-910-1810-12Very Very SmallHuman Relationships

Tallest MountainThe issues surrounding nuclear power involve physical processes with length scales spanning 25 powers of 10!Nucleiof atomsDistance to the SunDiameter of the EarthAtoms & molecules

Microbes

Current estimate of the size of the Universe is 78 billion light years, This is interesting because its only supposed to be around 13 billion years old! The discrepancy is resolved by a period of so-called inflation in the first fraction of a second of the early universe.

Picture Credit: COBE Website http://lambda.gsfc.nasa.gov/product/cobe/slide_captions.cfm

Stars ithin 12 light years of Earthhttp://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect20/A2a.html

Micrograph of a nanowire curled into a loop in front of a strand of human hair. The nanowires can be as slender as 50 nanometers in width, about one-thousandth the width of a hair. Credit: Limin Tong/Harvard Universityhttp://www.nsf.gov/od/lpa/news/03/pr03147_images.htm Smallpox imagehttp://www.microbes.co.uk/

Virus Imagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus

Pentium Chiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:P-MMX.JPGA

Quark Imagehttp://www.aip.org/png/2003/207.htm

Mountainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain Powers of Ten (time)Time scale in secondsVery Very shortVery Very Long1001031061091012101510-310-610181024102110-1510-910-1810-12Time for a molecule to jiggle once

Light wave wiggles once

Earthmoves once around the Sun

Estimated time since the big bang

Age of the Earth

End of last ice age

Lifetime of a Civilisation

A human lifetime

Fastest response of human eye

Sound travels 1 metre

1 second

On this scale it doesnt seem long since the whole thing began! But whats interesting is the lifetime of civilisations: not very long is it!Eyehttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Eye_iris.jpg Pyramidhttp://www.hi5.com/friend/group/7571--7407121--Egyptian+Mythology--no+pyramid--topic-html

Mammothhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Mammoth2.jpg

Old Earthhttp://www.arcadiastreet.com/cgvistas/earth_300.htm

Earth Orbithttp://starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/StarChild/questions/question43.html

Big Banghttp://hubpages.com/hub/Big_bang_astronomer_believed_life_had_been_arranged_by_a_super-intelligent_civilisation

Clockhttp://www.jwodcatalog.com/imgLg/6645014919832.jpg

Light Wavehttp://www.abc.net.au/science/features/quantum/

Sound Wave

The Universe Its very big, but full of very small things

??The perceptible and the imperceptibleA feather falls onto the shoulder of a man as he gets into a train. Does the train use up more fuel to carry him than if he left the feather at home?

The tides are affected by the motion of the Moon around the Earth. Are the tides affected by the motion of Jupiter?

When you jump, does the Earth move?

Does driving your car to work (or choosing not to) affect the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere?

Does a fan really cool a room, or heat it up?Tonights talkThe scale and size of the Universe Its very big, but full of very small thingsElectricity

How it works

Atoms

LightThis is the planElectricityElectricity

This is the plan Electromagnetic waves

ElectricityHeat

How it all fits togetherAtomsAnd a pictorial summary for those who appreciate things that way.Eeeee - lec- tric-ity

Electricity

This is the planElectricitySome experiments

This is the planLets take a look at some odd phenomenaA balloon and a piece of paper How can a balloon pick up a piece of paper?

You might think this is a party trick, but it is not. Because there is nothing very special about these objects. So how does this happen.

Some of you might think well thats just static electricity (and youre right except for the word just) because it begs one big question

How did we get electricity out of a balloon?

Or did the electricity come out of my shirt?

The point is that everything and I mean EVERYTHING - Everything is FULL of electricity so that you can get electricity out of anything!And in the break you will have a chance to do some experiments and see that absolutely anything can be induced be attracted to a balloon.

But to understand how that attraction works you need to understand something very profound about the world: what it is made of.

Electron is the Greek word for amberLets take a look at some odd phenomenaIf I balance my glasses carefullyHow can a balloon pick up a piece of paper?

You might think this is a party trick, but it is not. Because there is nothing very special about these objects. So how does this happen.

Some of you might think well thats just static electricity (and youre right except for the word just) because it begs one big question

How did we get electricity out of a balloon?

Or did the electricity come out of my shirt?

The point is that everything and I mean EVERYTHING - Everything is FULL of electricity so that you can get electricity out of anything!And in the break you will have a chance to do some experiments and see that absolutely anything can be induced be attracted to a balloon.

But to understand how that attraction works you need to understand something very profound about the world: what it is made of.

Electron is the Greek word for amberEven a sausageSausagesHow can a balloon pick up a piece of paper?

You might think this is a party trick, but it is not. Because there is nothing very special about these objects. So how does this happen.

Some of you might think well thats just static electricity (and youre right except for the word just) because it begs one big question

How did we get electricity out of a balloon?

Or did the electricity come out of my shirt?

The point is that everything and I mean EVERYTHING - Everything is FULL of electricity so that you can get electricity out of anything!And in the break you will have a chance to do some experiments and see that absolutely anything can be induced be attracted to a balloon.

But to understand how that attraction works you need to understand something very profound about the world: what it is made of.

Electron is the Greek word for amberits everythingThe balloon affects anything and everything nearby To understand this, we need to understand what matter is made of, and how this influence is communicated across space

My wife told me not to do this.

So be careful you dont break your glassesScientists can develop instruments to measure the relative strengths of the electric influenceBased on the same effect we saw with bits of paper

A simple scientific instrument: The gold leaf electroscopehttp://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/~eugeniik/instruments/archaic/electroscopes.html

(A) Large gold leaf electroscope Made by Watkins & Hill English, 2nd quarter 19th century, signed in script on the brass base, "Watkins & Hill, Charing Cross, London." The lacquered brass base is 6 3/8" diameter, with a 4 3/4" diameter x 9" tall glass bell jar cemented to the base. The bell jar has an insulating conductor which feeds through the top to hold the slips of gold leaf. (B) Small gold leaf electroscope English, 2nd quarter 19th century, unsigned, but probably also by Watkins & Hill. The brass base is 3 1/2" diameter, with a 3" diameter x 4 1/2" tall glass bell jar cemented to the base. The bell jar has an insulating conductor which feeds through the top to hold the slips of gold leaf.

The Van de Graaff GeneratorPhoto Credits: Katherine Robinson and MITScientists can develop machines to automate and amplify the rubbing process with the balloonhttp://www.macleans.school.nz/students/science/Funscience/van_der_graaf_generator.htm

http://www.fys.kuleuven.ac.be/pradem/fysici/Van_de_Graaf.htmlThe American physicist Robert Jamison Van de Graaff was born in Alabama in 1901. After having received a masters degree in mechanical engineer in Alabama, he moved to Paris where he attended the courses of Marie Curie at La Sorbonne University. In 1925 he went to Oxford Universitv, where, three years later he received a D.Phil. in physics. In 1929 Van de Graaff joined Princeton University as a National Research Fellow and at the end of the same vear he built the first model of his generator (80 kVolt). Soon the apparatus was improved and, in November 1931, he demonstrated for the first time a new, inexpensive and much more powerful machine (about 1-1,5 MVolt) at the inaugural dinner of the American Institute of Physics. Van de Graaff joined then the Massachusetts Technological Institute (MIT) as a research associate and in 1931 he began to construct a large double generator in an unused dirigible shed at Round Hill (South Dartmouth, Mass.)

The Van de Graaff GeneratorIt is not important to understand how a Van de Graaff generator works

PictureCredits: http://www.ikp.uni-koeln.de/~3T/tandem-prinzip1.htmlhttp://science.howstuffworks.com/vdg1.htmhttp://www.ikp.uni-koeln.de/~3T/tandem-prinzip1.htmlhttp://science.howstuffworks.com/vdg1.htm

Actually, its not important at all! All you need to appreciate for his course is that the electricity comes out of ordinary matter!

If you want to read about it try the how stuff works web site http://science.howstuffworks.com/The Van de Graaff GeneratorIt is not important to understand how a Van de Graaff generator worksThe Wimshurst MachineSorry: I cannot explain how a Wimshurst Machine works!Photo Credits: Wikipedia and http://www.coe.ufrj.br/~acmq/electrostatic.html

http://www.ikp.uni-koeln.de/~3T/tandem-prinzip1.htmlhttp://science.howstuffworks.com/vdg1.htm

Actually, its not important at all! All you need to appreciate for his course is that the electricity comes out of ordinary matter!

Sparks occur when electric field strength exceeds 30 000 V per cemtimeter.

A 3.3 cm spark (1.3 inches) = 100 000 V Electrostatic GeneratorsPeople have been doing this for a long timePhoto Credits: http://www.ikp.uni-koeln.de/~3T/tandem-prinzip1.html

http://www.ikp.uni-koeln.de/~3T/tandem-prinzip1.html

Not really relevant but I like these picturesConclusionElectricity is present inside ALL matter

Its influence can be communicated across empty spaceThis is the planTonights talkThe scale and size of the Universe Its very big, but full of very small thingsElectricityIts everywhere!How it works

Atoms

LightThis is the planNot Stuff the gaps in between matterfieldsStuff matterHow do we describe the world?This is an oversimplification. However it is important to get in mind the idea that fields really do exist.

If you took all the matter i.e the atoms out of box it would not be empty. It would still contain the fields.

(also I should say that stuff and not stuff are not technical scientific terms.)How do we describe the world? This is an oversimplification. However it is important to get in mind the idea that fields really do exist.

If you took all the matter I.e the atoms out of box it would not be empty. It would still contain the fields.

Each field is linked to a particular property of matter.

Atom comes from the Greek A tom Tom means a slice (as in tomography which slices through things)A means not

So an A-tom should be not-sliceable. In fact atoms are s;iceable

The Strong nuclear colour charge (three different types)Quarks interact with other quarks by means of a so-called colour field Sticks protons to neutrons in the nucleus of the atom

MassMasses interact with other masses by means of a gravitational fieldSticks us to the planetGravitational forces are always attractive

Electron comes from Elektron, the greek word for AmberHow do we describe the world? Not Stuff (Fields)FieldsGravitationalElectroweakStrong Extend throughout spaceStuff (Particles)AtomsElectronsNeutronsProtons Very small

We need to know about both particles and fieldsTwo different kinds of physical entityThis is an oversimplification. However it is important to get in mind the idea that fields really do exist.

If you took all the matter I.e the atoms out of box it would not be empty. It would still contain the fields.

Each field is linked to a particular property of matter.

Atom comes from the Greek A tom Tom means a slice (as in tomography which slices through things)A means not

So an A-tom should be not-sliceable. In fact atoms are s;iceable

The Strong nuclear colour charge (three different types)Quarks interact with other quarks by means of a so-called colour field Sticks protons to neutrons in the nucleus of the atom

MassMasses interact with other masses by means of a gravitational fieldSticks us to the planetGravitational forces are always attractive

Electron comes from Elektron, the greek word for AmberHow do charged particles interact?Its a three-step process Particlewith electric chargeParticle with electric chargeInteract by meansof an electric fieldbut the steps happen very quickly

We will look at this 3 step process again next weekHow do we describe the world? This is an oversimplification. However it is important to get in mind the idea that fields really do exist.

If you took all the matter I.e the atoms out of box it would not be empty. It would still contain the fields.

Each field is linked to a particular property of matter.

Atom comes from the Greek A tom Tom means a slice (as in tomography which slices through things)A means not

So an A-tom should be not-sliceable. In fact atoms are s;iceable

The Strong nuclear colour charge (three different types)Quarks interact with other quarks by means of a so-called colour field Sticks protons to neutrons in the nucleus of the atom

MassMasses interact with other masses by means of a gravitational fieldSticks us to the planetGravitational forces are always attractive

Electron comes from Elektron, the greek word for AmberThe electrical nature of matterElectric charge is a fundamental property of electrons and protons.

Two types of charge (+ and -)If particles have the same sign of electric charge they repelIf particles have different signs of electric charge they attractThe forces (attractive or repulsive) get weaker as the particles get further apart.

Tonights talkThe scale and size of the Universe Its very big, but full of very small thingsElectricityIts everywhere!How it worksThere are particles and fieldsAtoms

LightThis is the plan Electromagnetic waves

ElectricityHeat

How it all fits togetherAtomsAnd a pictorial summary for those who appreciate things that way.AtomsAtoms

Protons, neutrons and electrons normally exist inside atomsAtoms are smallThink of a millimetre

Atoms1 mm0.1 mm0.01 mm0.001 mmAtoms are roughly 10,000 times smaller than this

AtomsThere are VAST numbers of atoms in everything.In just a handful of anything there are about the same number of atoms as there are grains of sand on all the beaches and deserts on Earth combinedPhoto Credit: http://www.morguefile.com ID = 104101It you dropped a cup of water in the ocean and waited for it to mix with the whole ocean (a long time) then if you dipped your cup anywhere in the ocean, you would be likely to capture some of the atoms you originally poured in.

Really?: From the Web I see the average depth of the oceans is 3500 m and they cover around 70% of the Earth's surface. Their volume is therefore amounts to 1.3 x1018 cubic metres which is 1.3 x 1021 litres. If a cup contains 300 ml, then when poured into the ocean it will be diluted 1 part cup-water to 4.2 x 1021 parts ocean water. Now 18 ml of water contains 6 x 1023 molecules so 300 ml contains 1025 molecules. After dilution, each cup-size part of ocean water will contain 2380 molecules of water. Ish

6400000 m = radius of Earth in metres (m)1.2868E+14 = Surface area of Earth0.3 = Fractional Surface area of Land1m Depth Layer3.86E+13 = Volume (m3)of surface layer 1 m deep1 mm^3 = Volume of a single grain (mm^3)0.000000001 = Volume of a single grain (m^3)3.86E+22 = Number of particles in layer

Typica ldensity of anything = 5000kg/m^3Typical Molecular Weight 50Typical molar volume 0.00001 m^3Typical molar volume 0.01 litresTypical molar volume 10 ccSo 1 cc is about 0.1 mole1cc is about 6.2e22 particlesThe electrical nature of matterAtomsInternal Structure

Tonights Drama: The importance of being electrical

63How are atoms made?protonInteract by the short range strong force not electricalElectrical RepulsionProtons created about 1 second after the big bang

How are atoms made?Protons created about 1 second after the big bang

Atomic StructureElectronsorbit around the outside of an atomvery lightpossess a property called electric chargeNucleusoccupies the centrevery tiny and very heavyprotons have a property called electric chargeneutrons have no electric charge Despite their miniscule size, we know about their internal structure from several experiments but importantly we can look at the light which emerges from atoms.Atomic StructureNuclei (+) attract electrons (-) until the atom as a whole is neutralThe electrons repel each other They try to get as far away from each other as they can, aand as near to the nucleus as they can The electrical nature of matterChemistryAtoms, Elements & MoleculesAtoms & The Periodic TableAtoms with up to about 82 protons can be stable.A substance made up of a single type of atom is called an elementElements with with similar arrangements of outer electrons behave similarly.

CCarbon6 Protons6 ElectronsThe periodic table is a stunning achievement bringing order out of the bewildering diversity of material properties

It has many different representations, but the one on the left is most common

http://www.privatehand.com/flash/elements.html

By stable I mean not radioactive (see week 6 notes)

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Theres antimony, arsenic, aluminum, selenium,And hydrogen and oxygen and nitrogen and rhenium,And nickel, neodymium, neptunium, germanium,And iron, americium, ruthenium, uranium,Europium, zirconium, lutetium, vanadium,And lanthanum and osmium and astatine and radium,And gold and protactinium and indium and gallium,

And iodine and thorium and thulium and thallium.

Theres yttrium, ytterbium, actinium, rubidium,And boron, gadolinium, niobium, iridium,And strontium and silicon and silver and samarium,And bismuth, bromine, lithium, beryllium, and barium.

Theres holmium and helium and hafnium and erbium,And phosphorus and francium and fluorine and terbium,And manganese and mercury, molybdenum, magnesium,Dysprosium and scandium and cerium and cesium.And lead, praseodymium, and platinum, plutonium,Palladium, promethium, potassium, polonium,And tantalum, technetium, titanium, tellurium,

And cadmium and calcium and chromium and curium.

Theres sulfur, californium, and fermium, berkelium,And also mendelevium, einsteinium, nobelium,And argon, krypton, neon, radon, xenon, zinc, and rhodium,And chlorine, carbon, cobalt, copper, tungsten, tin, and sodium.

These are the only ones of which the news has come to havard,And there may be many others, but they havent been discavard.

HAtoms & MoleculesH2N

NA molecule is a collection of atoms stuck together electrically.

HH

O

H2O

HN2Atoms & IonsA ion is an atom or molecule which has lost or gained an electron.

OHH+Pictures are from

http://www.terrific-scientific.co.uk/Pages/AtomicStructure/atomic_structure5.htmThe electrical nature of matterSolidsAtoms in solidsAtoms can be imaged on a surface

Photo Credit: Patrick Josephs Franks: NPLhttp://www.iap.tuwien.ac.at/www/surface/STM_Gallery/Pb_on_Cu.htmlPb on Cu(111)On (111)-oriented Cu surfaces, it all starts with a surface alloy, i.e., some Cu atoms are replaced by Pb. It is quite tricky to get atomic resolution on the Cu surface and not disturb the structure too much, since one has to approach the STM tip to a rather close distance, where it interacts with the Pb atoms (those with a dark "halo"). The tip-sample interaction also causes movement of atoms at the monatomic step in the left part of the image and makes it appear frizzy. With increasing Pb deposition and gentle heating (to facilitate the exchange between Pb and Cu atoms in the surface), the surface alloy contains more and more Pb atoms up to a maximum density, where approx. 22 % of the Cu atoms are replaced by Pb. In the following STM image of this disordered surface alloy, only the Pb atoms are visible, not the Cu's. The Pb atoms are still surrounded by 6 (invisible) Cu neighbours each, but usually there are 2 or 3 Pb (and 4 or 3 Cu) next-nearest neighbours to a Pb atom. http://www.triple-o.de/pages/application_spm.html for explanation of how these images were made

If you dropped a cup of water in the ocean and waited for it to mix with the whole ocean (a long time) then if you dipped your cup anywhere in the ocean, you would be likely to capture some of the atoms you originally poured in.

Really?: From the Web I see the average depth of the oceans is 3500 m and they cover around 70% of the Earth's surface. Their volume is therefore amounts to 1.3 x1018 cubic metres which is 1.3 x 1021 litres. If a cup contains 300 ml, then when poured into the ocean it will be diluted 1 part cup-water to 4.2 x 1021 parts ocean water. Now 18 ml of water contains 6 x 1023 molecules so 300 ml contains 1025 molecules. After dilution, each cup-size part of ocean water will contain 2380 molecules of water. IshThe electrical nature of matterIn normal matter, there are equal quantities of positive and negative charge so that there is no attraction or repulsion of objects. Object 1

Object 2

The electrical nature of matterMechanical PropertiesAtoms and mechanicsWhenever two materials touch, the forces between them are the forces between the outer (valence) electronsAll mechanical forces are actually electrical in natureObject 1

Object 2

I like to think that Valence electrons (the outer electrons) are frilly like a valence is the frilly bit around the outside of a bed.The electrical nature of matterConductors and InsulatorsAtoms in solidsSolids are made up out of lots atoms very close together.

If the electrons cant move easily from atom to atom: The material is called an insulatorIf the electrons can move easily from atom to atom: The material is called a conductor

But whether its an insulator or a solid its still full of electrons (and so for that matter is a liquid or a gas!)The electrical nature of matterMagnetic ForcesMagnetismElectric&Magnetic We call forces magnetic when both particles are moving with respect to us. They are still electrical in origin.This was first explained by Albert Einstein in his Theory of Relativity Magnetic forces arise when particles are moving with resepct to us and each other. The connection to electricity was first understood by Albert Einstein in his Theory of Relativity Winding upThe electrical nature of matterHow the balloon affected the paperOdd phenomenaA balloon and a piece of paper How can a balloon pick up a piece of paper?

You might think this is a party trick, but it is not. Because there is nothing very special about these objects. So how does this happen.

Some of you might think well thats just static electricity (and youre right except for the word just) because it begs one big question

How did we get electricity out of a balloon?

Or did the electricity come out of my shirt?

The point is that everything and I mean EVERYTHING - Everything is FULL of electricity so that you can get electricity out of anything!And in the break you will have a chance to do some experiments and see that absolutely anything can be induced be attracted to a balloon.

But to understand how that attraction works you need to understand something very profound about the world: what it is made of.

Electron is the Greek word for amberOdd phenomenaA balloon and a piece of paper

How can a balloon pick up a piece of paper?

You might think this is a party trick, but it is not. Because there is nothing very special about these objects. So how does this happen.

Some of you might think well thats just static electricity (and youre right except for the word just) because it begs one big question

How did we get electricity out of a balloon?

Or did the electricity come out of my shirt?

The point is that everything and I mean EVERYTHING - Everything is FULL of electricity so that you can get electricity out of anything!And in the break you will have a chance to do some experiments and see that absolutely anything can be induced be attracted to a balloon.

But to understand how that attraction works you need to understand something very profound about the world: what it is made of.

Electron is the Greek word for amberTonights talkThe scale and size of the Universe Its very big, but full of very small thingsElectricityIts everywhere!How it worksThere are particles and fieldsAtomsTheyre everywhere! And they are all electrical!LightThis is the planThe electrical nature of matterHow is the electrical force transmitted from one charged particle to another?How do charged particles interact?Its a three-step process Particlewith electric chargeParticle with electric chargeInteract by meansof an electric fieldbut the steps happen very quickly

We will look at this 3 step process again next weekThe nature of interactions (1)Analogy with water level and water waves Notice the red blob doesnt start to move until a little while after the red thing has already started movingTonights talkThe scale and size of the Universe Its very big, but full of very small thingsElectricityIts everywhere!How it worksThere are particles and fieldsAtomsTheyre everywhere! And they are all electrical!LightAn electro-magnetic wave

This is the plan Electromagnetic waves

ElectricityHeat

How it all fits togetherAtomsAnd a pictorial summary for those who appreciate things that way.SummaryPhysics concepts span vast ranges of mass, length and time.

The universe has two kinds of objects in it: Matter and Fields

All matter (on Earth) is made of atoms which interact electrically.

In matter as we normally experience it, there are equal amounts of the two types of electric charge and their effects cancel

If we add or remove some particles with electric charge from matter then we can see the electrical effects.

I have added the qualification On Earth because in fact most matter in the Universe as a whole is in stars, and exist in the form of a plasma (like in a flame) and here the atoms are broken apart to some extent.HomeworkActivity: Remember when you have your breakfast that you are eating protons and neutrons coated with tasty electrons.

Research: What is the frequency of your favourite radio station? Dont just get the number (98.9, 198 etc.) get the units as well! They should be in HertzKilohertzMegahertz

One minute feedbackOn the back of your handouts!Rip off the last sheetPlease write down what is in on your mind RIGHT NOW!A question? OKA comment? OKA surprising thought in your mind? Id love to hear it!

Goodnight

See you next week!Dont forget your pencils and badges!

www.protonsforbreakfast.org This PowerPoint presentation.Questions and Answers as a pdf file

blog.protonsforbreakfast.org Links to other sites & resourcesMe going on about thingsSee you next week!Dont forget your pencils and badges!Goodnight