PROTISTS PROTISTS COMMON EXAMPLES: Amoeba, paramecium, euglena, volvox, plasmodium EUKARYOTIC –Have a nuclear membrane VERY DIVERSE GROUP –most are unicellular,

PROTISTSPROTISTS

PROTISTSPROTISTS

COMMON EXAMPLES:COMMON EXAMPLES:Amoeba, paramecium, euglena, volvox, Amoeba, paramecium, euglena, volvox, plasmodiumplasmodium

EUKARYOTICEUKARYOTIC– Have a nuclear membraneHave a nuclear membrane

VERY DIVERSE GROUPVERY DIVERSE GROUP– most are unicellular, microscopic, aerobicmost are unicellular, microscopic, aerobic– Some are autotrophic, heterotrophic, sexual, Some are autotrophic, heterotrophic, sexual,

asexualasexual

PROTISTSPROTISTS

PROTIST CLASSFICATIONPROTIST CLASSFICATION– Separated by feeding habits (nutrition)Separated by feeding habits (nutrition)– AutotrophicAutotrophic

Able to make own foodAble to make own food

– HeterotrophicHeterotrophicMust eat other materialMust eat other material

UnicellularUnicellular

May be predators, decomposers, or parasitesMay be predators, decomposers, or parasites

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REPRODUCTIONREPRODUCTION– AsexualAsexual

Mitosis and cytokinesisMitosis and cytokinesis

Budding – similar to mitosis except daughter cell is Budding – similar to mitosis except daughter cell is smaller than parentsmaller than parent

– SEXUALLYSEXUALLYConjugation – exchange of nuclear material Conjugation – exchange of nuclear material between two individualsbetween two individuals

PROTISTSPROTISTS

ANIMAL LIKE PROTISTS = PROTOZOAANIMAL LIKE PROTISTS = PROTOZOA– Classified by method of movementClassified by method of movement

PLANT LIKE PROTISTS = ALGAEPLANT LIKE PROTISTS = ALGAE– Classified by pigment colorClassified by pigment color

FUNGUS LIKE PROTISTS = MOLDSFUNGUS LIKE PROTISTS = MOLDS– Classified by body formClassified by body form

PROTISTSPROTISTS

PROTOZOAPROTOZOA– HeterotrophicHeterotrophic– UnicellularUnicellular– 4 groups4 groups

SarcodiniansSarcodinians

ZooflagellatesZooflagellates

CiliatesCiliates

SporozoansSporozoans

PROTISTSPROTISTS

SARCODINESSARCODINES– Aquatic, clear cytoplasm, irregular shapeAquatic, clear cytoplasm, irregular shape– Move by extending lobes of their cytoplasmMove by extending lobes of their cytoplasm– Pseudopods (false feet)Pseudopods (false feet)– Nucleus, contractile vacuole, food vacuoleNucleus, contractile vacuole, food vacuole– Example: Example: Amoeba Amoeba

PROTISTPROTIST

PROTISTSPROTISTS

ZOOFLAGELLATESZOOFLAGELLATES– Often called flagellates because they move Often called flagellates because they move

using flagella (Whip-like tail)using flagella (Whip-like tail)– Absorb food by diffusion through cell Absorb food by diffusion through cell

membranemembrane– Live off of dead or decaying organic matter or Live off of dead or decaying organic matter or

some are parasites: feed off hostsome are parasites: feed off host– Helpful:helps termite digest woodHelpful:helps termite digest wood– Harmful: Cause African sleeping sicknessHarmful: Cause African sleeping sickness

PROTISTSPROTISTS

PROTISTSPROTISTS

CILIATESCILIATES– found in fresh and salt water, most are larger found in fresh and salt water, most are larger

than other protozoathan other protozoa– Move using small hairs called ciliaMove using small hairs called cilia– Pellicle, cilia, food vacuole, contractile Pellicle, cilia, food vacuole, contractile

vacuolevacuole– Small nucleus (exchanged during Small nucleus (exchanged during

conjugation)conjugation)– Big nucleus (controls daily functions)Big nucleus (controls daily functions)

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– Oral groove – shallow furrow on one side of Oral groove – shallow furrow on one side of cell used to gather foodcell used to gather food

– Locomotion – cilia; avoiding reaction Locomotion – cilia; avoiding reaction contact with unfavorable conditions and will contact with unfavorable conditions and will move awaymove away

PROTISTSPROTISTS

– Example = Example = parameciumparamecium

PROTISTPROTIST

PROTISTSPROTISTS

SPOROZOASPOROZOA– Members cannot moveMembers cannot move– Reproduce by producing sporesReproduce by producing spores– ParasitesParasites– Example: Example: PlasmodiumPlasmodium – causes malaria; – causes malaria;

carried by mosquitocarried by mosquito

PROTISTSPROTISTS

PLANT LIKE PROTISTSPLANT LIKE PROTISTS– Most perform photosynthesisMost perform photosynthesis– Contain chlorophyll in chloroplast Contain chlorophyll in chloroplast – Divided into groups by pigment colorDivided into groups by pigment color

EUGLENAEUGLENA

DINOFLAGELLATADINOFLAGELLATA

DIATOMSDIATOMS

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– Movement toward light using flagella; flagella Movement toward light using flagella; flagella pulls cell; euglenoid movement pulls cell; euglenoid movement expansion expansion and contractions of entire celland contractions of entire cell

– Nutrition – can capture food; can absorb Nutrition – can capture food; can absorb nutrients from water or carry on nutrients from water or carry on photosynthesisphotosynthesis

– Reproduction – mitosis; form cyst during Reproduction – mitosis; form cyst during harsh timesharsh times

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EUGLENAEUGLENA– Usually free-living (not a parasite)Usually free-living (not a parasite)– Pellicle – covering membrane; maintains Pellicle – covering membrane; maintains

shapeshape– Cell mouth, gullet, reservoir (holds flagella), Cell mouth, gullet, reservoir (holds flagella),

contractile vacuole, food vacuolecontractile vacuole, food vacuole– Stigma (eyespot) - light sensitiveStigma (eyespot) - light sensitive– Nucleus, chloroplastsNucleus, chloroplasts

PROTISTSPROTISTS

PROTISTSPROTISTS

DINOFLAGELLATA DINOFLAGELLATA – Nearly all have flagellaNearly all have flagella– Most grow in salt waterMost grow in salt water– Most are free-living (meaning they are not Most are free-living (meaning they are not

parasites); some have symbiotic relationships parasites); some have symbiotic relationships with other organismswith other organisms

– When agitated undergo reaction that When agitated undergo reaction that produces light produces light bioluminescent bioluminescent

– Cause Red TideCause Red Tide

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DINOFLAGELLATEDINOFLAGELLATE

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PROTISTSPROTISTS

FUNGUS-LIKE PROTISTS (MOLDS)FUNGUS-LIKE PROTISTS (MOLDS)– CHARACTERISTICSCHARACTERISTICS

MOST ARE SMALL AND LIVE IN DAMP PLACESMOST ARE SMALL AND LIVE IN DAMP PLACES

PROTISTS THAT ACT AS DECOMPOSERS ARE PROTISTS THAT ACT AS DECOMPOSERS ARE CALLED MOLDSCALLED MOLDS

DIVIDED INTO 3 GROUPSDIVIDED INTO 3 GROUPS– PLASMODIAL SLIME MOLDSPLASMODIAL SLIME MOLDS– CELLULAR SLIME MOLDSCELLULAR SLIME MOLDS– WATER MOLDSWATER MOLDS

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PLASMODIAL SLIME MOLDSPLASMODIAL SLIME MOLDS– Can weigh as much as 50 grams and be as large as Can weigh as much as 50 grams and be as large as

a human hand (one cell!)a human hand (one cell!)– Single cell with many nucleiSingle cell with many nuclei– In unfavorable conditionsIn unfavorable conditions

Moves somewhere elseMoves somewhere else

Creates a fruiting bodyCreates a fruiting body

MyxomycotaMyxomycota - plasmodium - plasmodium

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CELLULAR SLIME MOLDSCELLULAR SLIME MOLDS– ALTERNATES BETWEEN A SPORE ALTERNATES BETWEEN A SPORE

PRODUCING FRUITING BODY FORM AND PRODUCING FRUITING BODY FORM AND AN AMEBALIKE FEEDING FORMAN AMEBALIKE FEEDING FORM

– SINGLE CELLS UNITE TO FORM ONE SINGLE CELLS UNITE TO FORM ONE LARGE MASS WHEN TIMES ARE HARSHLARGE MASS WHEN TIMES ARE HARSH

The phyla of slime molds:

PROTISTSPROTISTS

WATER MOLDSWATER MOLDS– DECOMPOSERS IN DECOMPOSERS IN

FRESHWATER FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMSECOSYSTEMS

– SOME ARE SOME ARE PARASITICPARASITIC

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IMPORTANCE OF PROTISTSIMPORTANCE OF PROTISTS– ECOLOGICAL ROLESECOLOGICAL ROLES

Provide an essential food base in aquatic food Provide an essential food base in aquatic food chainschains

Carry out more than 30-40% of Earth’s Carry out more than 30-40% of Earth’s photosynthesisphotosynthesis

Protozoans help keep the number of bacteria in Protozoans help keep the number of bacteria in checkcheck