Birgit Woelker, PhD Chapter 16 Urinary System and Excretion Animals must dispose of nitrogenous wastes • Nitrogenous wastes are toxic breakdown products of protein Proteins Nucleic acids Amino acids Nitrogenous bases — NH2 Amino groups Most aquatic animals, including most fishes Mammals, amphibians, sharks, some bony fishes Birds and many other reptiles, insects, land snails NH3 O C NH2 NH2 O C C C O O C C N H N H HN H N Uric acid Urea Ammonia The liver per forms many functions, including the production of urea Liver Intestines Kidneys Hepatic Portal vein The liver produces urea, breaks down toxins, produces bile, plasma proteins, and lipoproteins and it adjusts the nutrient content of the blood Organs of the Urinary System Functions of the urinary System 1. Kidneys 2. Ureters 3. Urinary Bladder 4. Urethra 1. Excretion of Metabolic Wastes 2. Maintenance of Water-Salt Balance 3. Maintenance of Acid-Base Balance 4. Secretion of Hormones
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Birgit Woelker, PhD
Chapter 16
Urinary System and Excretion
Animals must dispose of nitrogenous wastes
• Nitrogenous wastes are toxic breakdown products of protein Proteins Nucleic acids
Amino acids Nitrogenous bases
— NH2 Amino groups
Most aquatic animals, including most fishes
Mammals, amphibians, sharks, some bony
fishes
Birds and many other reptiles, insects, land
snails
NH3 O C NH2
NH2
O
C C
C O
O C
C
N H N
H
HN
H N
Uric acid Urea Ammonia
The liver per forms many functions, including the production of urea
Liver
Intestines
Kidneys
Hepatic Portal vein
The liver produces urea, breaks down toxins, produces bile, plasma proteins, and lipoproteins and it adjusts the nutrient content of the blood
Organs of the Urinary System
Functions of the urinary System
1. Kidneys
2. Ureters
3. Urinary Bladder
4. Urethra
1. Excretion of Metabolic Wastes
2. Maintenance of Water-Salt Balance
3. Maintenance of Acid-Base Balance
4. Secretion of Hormones
1. Kidneys produce urine.
2. Ureters transport urine.
3. Urinary bladder stores urine.
4. Urethra passes urine to outside.
renal artery
renal vein
aorta
inferior vena cava
• Urine leaves the kidneys via ureters
– Is stored in the urinary bladder, and is expelled through the urethra
Renal cortex
Renal medulla
Renal pelvis
Ureter
B The kidney
• Nephrons, the functional units of the kidneys extract a filtrate from the blood and refine it to urine
Bowman’s capsule
C Orientation of a nephron within the kidney
Renal artery
Renal vein
Nephron tubule
Collecting duct
To renal pelvis
Renal cortex
Renal medulla
Capillaries
glomerulus
collecting duct
Renal Cortex
glomerular capsule (Bowman's capsule)
proximal convoluted
tubule
distal convoluted
tubule
venule
peritubular capillary network
descending limb Loop of the nephron (loop of Henle)