Protein Synthesis Pages 336-341

Protein synthesis

Protein SynthesisPages 336-341Part 3Warm-Up: DNA 101DNA is a double stranded sequence of ___________ (smallest unit of DNA).Short segments of DNA are called _______ which code for the manufacture of ___________ (a macromolecule).DNA is stored in the _________ of a cell (control center of the cell).The DNA code must be transmitted to the organelles in the cytoplasm where proteins are built called the __________. Essential QuestionsWhat is the primary function of DNA?Compare and contrast DNA and RNA.What are the three types of RNA? Describe their function.How do the base-pairing rules for RNA compare to the rules for DNA?Describe the roles of DNA and RNA in the overall process of protein synthesis.What two nucleic acids can be found in cells?1. DNA = deoxyribonucleic acid

2. RNA = ribonucleic acid

The role of DNA is to store and transmit genetic information.

But DNA cant leave the nucleus!This is where RNA comes in. RNA carries the genetic code from the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm so the ribosomes can make the proteins that genes in the DNA code for.How do DNA & RNA compare?RNARibose sugar & phosphate backboneNitrogen base, URACIL replaces thymine in RNASingle-strandedDNADeoxyribose sugar & phosphate backboneN-bases: A, C, G, TDouble helix

Check your understandingDecide whether the following describes DNA or RNA:Blueprint copyStays in nucleusGoes to ribosomeInvolves Thymine

5. Involves UracilSingle-strandedDouble-strandedTypes of RNA:1. Messenger RNA (mRNA)Genes of DNA are transcribed into mRNA. mRNA carries the genetic code from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm.

Types of RNA2. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)Ribosomes are made up of a combination of RNA and proteins. The RNA that makes up ribosomes is called rRNA.

Types of RNA3. Transfer RNA (tRNA)Transfers amino acids to ribosomes so the ribosomes can assemble them into proteins.

Nucleotides in DNA vs. RNARNA

AdenineUracilCytosineGuanine

DNA

AdenineThymineCytosineGuanine

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Stage 1: TranscriptionStage 2: TranslationStage 1: TRANSCRIPTIONFrom DNA, a strand of mRNA is manufactured.Why? Because DNA cant leave the nucleus but mRNA can!The DNA double helix is unzipped so that the nucleotides are exposed.One of the DNA strands is used as a template strand for the synthesis of RNA.http://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/molgenetics/transcription.swf

TRANSCRIPTIONThe bonds that hold A-T and C-G in DNA are hydrogen bonds which are weak bonds. Enzymes unzip the DNA double helix.RNA polymerase assembles mRNA nucleotides from the DNA template but the base pairing rules for RNA are slightly different:Wherever theres an adenine on the DNA template, RNA polymerase puts a uracil to make the mRNA strand.Wherever theres a cytosine on the DNA template, a guanine will be added to make the mRNAT-AG-CT - -A - -C - -A - -A - -A - -C - -T - -T - - T - -G - - A - - DNA U A C A A A C U U U G AmRNAATGTTTGAAAC TCopy the following DNA sequence.Write the complementary nucleotide sequence.Slide - - A- - T- - G- - T- - T- - T- - G- - A- - A- - A- - C- - TWrite the complementary codon sequence.Step 1: Helicase enzyme unzips double helix by weakening H-bondsStep 2: RNA polymerase enzyme forms complementary mRNA strandStage 2: TRANSLATIONThe genetic code carried from the DNA by the mRNA is translated to make protein strands.Occurs in the cytoplasm on a ribosome.

TRANSLATIONmRNA travels to a ribosome where each codon is read.The codons on mRNA match an anticodon on tRNA which carries a specific amino acid.When the codon and anticodon match, the amino acid being carried by the tRNA is transferred to a growing protein chain on the ribosome. http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=swf::535::535::/sites/dl/free/0072437316/120077/micro06.swf::Protein%20Synthesis Lets use your foldable from before.ATGTTTGAAACTDNAUACAAACUUUGAmRNA Open the foldable and translate the mRNA code into the correct amino acid sequence.

The translationATGTTTGAAACTDNAUACAAACUUUGAmRNALeucineLysineTyrosineSTOPCentral Dogma of BiologyDNA codes for RNA, which guides the synthesis of proteins.DNA RNA ProteinDNA is unzippedRNA polymerase uses DNA as a template for making mRNA (Uracil is incorporated instead of thymine)mRNA moves out of nucleus to ribosometRNA carries amino acids to ribosome where they are assembled into a peptide chainUpon reading a STOP codon, the complete protein chain is releasedNow consider thisOn a sheet of paper, write the word CATS. Try rearranging the letters to form as many 3-letter words as you can. Write each word on your paper, and then add a definition for each word.Did any of the codes you formed have the same meaning?The DNA AlphabetLike CATS, there are only 4 nitrogen bases in the DNA alphabet.Like the CATS activity, DNA words are only 3-letters. These triplet base sequences are called codons.How many codons can be made using the four letters of the four different bases? Hint: A codon is made up of 3 nucleotides. So there are 3 spots and a possibility of 4 bases in each.4 bases x 4 bases x 4 bases = 64 possible codon combinations.

Since the nitrogen base is the only unit to change, the sequence of bases makes up the code.BRAIN TEASERHow is DNA like Morse code?

How is DNA like Morse code?It is a series of single repeating units (sounds or symbols) that make up a message. The repeating units are the nucleotides of the DNA molecule. The message is the final protein that is produced. Proteins can be structural, enzymatic, hormones, etc.