protein syntehsis 2014.ppt

8/9/2019 protein syntehsis 2014.ppt

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GeneticsEckert

Minerva DeLand

Flip part 1


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Genetics The study of ways hereditary

information is passed from parents to

ospring


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The mportance of D!"

#hromosomes carryhereditaryinformation in

distinct units$ calledgenes %like &eads ona necklace'( gene


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The mportance of D!"

D!" makes up genes$ which make upchromosomes

DNA

nucleus

chromosome

gene


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mportance of D!"Genes are the functional sections of

D!"

D!" determines the se)uence of aminoacids that make a protein


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Gene E*pression and +roteins

Proteins , synthesi-ed &y the code found in thegene se)uence ncluding en-ymes and hormones

One gene-one polypeptide hypothesis

. Each gene directs the synthesis of a speci/cprotein to serve a function in the human &ody


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n the &o* on the right draw3

P

D(S) NB

phosphate

Deoxyribose

(Sugar) Nitrogenous

base


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The #hemical !ature of D!"

D!" is the a&&reviation ofDeo*yri&onucleic "cid


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D!" , the Genetic #hemical

There are 4 dierent D!" nucleotides3


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D!" , the Genetic #hemical" weak hydrogen &ond %5 &ond' holds

each pair together

mage from3http366en(wiki&ooks(org6wiki62tructural70iochemistry6!ucleic7"cid6D!"6D!"7structure


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8atson and #rick , the Model

of D!"Developed hypothesis for DNA structureMade of two complementary nucleotide

chains

5eld together &y weak hydrogen &onds


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8atson and #rick , the Model ofD!"

Used x-ray evidence

Chains twist aroundeach other

Discovered &yosalind Franklin

Shape of a twistedladder

Double helix

Pictures from: http://profiles.nlm.nih.go/!"/B/B/#/N/ an$ http://genome.%gi&psf.org/'hr/'hr.home.html


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eplication$ Transcription$9 TranslationEckert

Minerva DeLand 2cience


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eplication of D!"Occurs durin interphase of meiosis and mitosis

Ma!es exact copy of DNA " bonds brea!

The two strands come apart

#xtra nucleotides in nucleus $oin the exposed strands

Each dou&le stranded molecule contains one oldstrand and one new strand of D!"( This is referred toas semiconservative replication


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The D!" #ode:rder of &ases code for amino acid

; &ases < 1 amino acid

D!" speci/es the order of the aminoacids

=> dierent amino acids


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DNA RNA

'onfine$ to the

nucleus'an leae the nucleus

*hymine (*) +racil (+)

Double stran$e$ Single stran$e$

Sugar,$eoxyribose Sugar,ribose

Deoxyribonucleic aci$"ibonucleic aci$


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Messenger !" %m!"'D!" is too large to leave the nucleus

Get meout ofhere???


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Messenger !" %m!"' Therefore a smaller version of the

genetic information must &e copied andsent to a ri&osome in the cytoplasm to

make a polypeptide( Messener %NA &m%NA'


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Messenger !" %m!"'D!" strands temporarily separate :ne strand serves as a pattern %template'


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Messenger !" %m!"' !" nucleotides match complementary

&ases at the e*posed D!" strand

0rand new!" strand%m!"'


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Messenger !" %m!"'#odon. each group of ; &ases on the

m!" strand that codes for a speci/cprotein(

" G @ G " # # " @ G " G #

#:D:!


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Transcription

The copying of a genetic message into amolecule of !"


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Transfer !" %t!"'

#arries an aminoacid that will &uildthe polypeptidechain

Loop of e*posednucleotides "nticodon

Must complementcodon

+icture from3 http366www(regentsprep(org6egents6&iology6=>11A=>8e&

A=>+ages6Genetics.A=>D!".!"A=>page(htm


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i&osome

Made of ribosomal%NA &r%NA'

Made of protein

Made in nucleus andtravels to cytoplasm

Location ofpolypeptide

assem&ly duringprotein synthesis

+icture from3 http366www(regentsprep(org6egents6&iology6=>11A=>8e&

A=>+ages6Genetics.A=>D!".!"A=>page(htm


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Translation3information coded in the !" is used to

assem&le a protein

1( "ll ; !"s made in nucleus

=( !" and ri&osome leave nucleus;( "mino acid molecules attach to t!" molecules

4( i&osome attach to m!" strands

B( t!" anticodon attaches temporarily to m!"

codonC( "mino acid is released


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Translation3( i&osome moves to ne*t codon

( t!" &rings amino acid to oin the last

amino acid in the protein chain

( "mino acids are added until a HstopIcodon is reached

1>( +olypeptide is released


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#entral Dogma of 2cienceDNADNA Transcription RNARNA

ProteiProtei

nn

T r a n s l a t i o

n

TraitTrait

E x p r e s s i o n


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protein syntehsis 2014.ppt

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