Protein Kinases Primary elements in signal transduction Phosphorylated residues by protein kinases: S, T, Y Protein kinase can ⓟ hundreds of target proteins, thereby amplifying signals. Activator of Protein Kinases: light, pathogen, growth regulators, temperature change, nutrition deprivation, water stresses (drought, salt), etc
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Protein Kinases - Primary elements in signal transduction - Phosphorylated residues by protein kinases: S, T, Y -A Protein kinase can ⓟ hundreds of target.
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Protein Kinases
- Primary elements in signal transduction
- Phosphorylated residues by protein kinases: S, T, Y
-A Protein kinase can ⓟ hundreds of target proteins, thereby amplifying signals.
- Activator of Protein Kinases: light, pathogen, growth regulators, temperature change, nutrition deprivation,water stresses (drought, salt), etc
The various classes of protein kinases found in plants.
Ex) PKA, PKC
GSK3, CKII
Cell Surface Receptors May Have Catalytic Activity
1) Receptor Tyrosine Kinases
2) Receptor Tyrosine Phosphatases
3) Receptor Ser/Thr Kinases
4) Tyrosine linked receptors
5) Receptor guanylate cyclases
6) cell surface proteases
Ligand Binding to Receptor Tyrosine Kinases Induces autophosphorylation
Signaling Proteins That Bind to RTKs Are Activated by phosphorylation
Receptor-Like Kinases (RLKs)
1. S-domain RLKs
2. Leucine rich repeat (LRR) RLKs
3. Epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like RLKs
4. Lectin receptor kinases
Plant Receptor-like Kinases Are Structurally Similar to Animal Receptor Tyrosine Kinases
1.S receptor kinase (SRK)
The first class is characterized by an extracellular S domain
The S domain was identified in S locus glycoproteins (SLGs) which regulate self-incompatibility in Brassica species.
Fig. 18.59. General model for pollen tube incompatibility as a result of two way signaling between pollen tube and stigma.
An example of S-domain RLK
2. Leucine-rich repeat (LRR) receptors
They were first identified as disease resistance genes that may play key roles in the cell surface recognition of ligands
Plant LRR receptors have been implicated in normal developmental functions as well. (in cell–cell recognition during pollination, in shape and size of organs)
Brassinosteroid receptor has been identified as an LRR receptor
Fig. 18.60 Model of a homodimeric receptor-like protein kinase, RLK5, binding its ligand and undergoing autophosphorylation
An example of LRR RLKs
3. Receptors with EGF (epidermal growth factor)–like repeat
This type of RLK that contains an epidermal growth factor–like repeat has been identified in Arabidopsis.
Receptor PRO25 is localized in the chloroplast and interacts with a light harvesting chlorophyll a/b–binding protein (LHCP).
An example of EGF-Like RLK
An example of Lectine RLK
Figure 14.24 The MAPK cascade. Hormonal stimulation of the receptor tyrosine kinase leads to the activation of Raf, also known as MAP kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKK).
Fig 18.63 Many signals are transduced by protein kinase cascades that regulate gene expression