Protein

Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

Universal Genetic Code

Transfer RNA

Ribosome

Structure of E.coli Ribosome

Ribosome Binding Site

Ribosome Binding Site

Translation Elongation

Translation Termination

THE ART OF GENETIC ENGINEERING

• Cut out a gene from humans or viruses

or any other organism (donor) and

attach to an appropriate switch in an

acceptor eg. Bacteria.

Action of a Restriction Enzyme

Blue-White Screening

Mouse and Supermouse

Ornamental Plant

Luciferin + ATP LightLuciferase

Genome Sequencing Initiative

• Genome-the DNA of the organism.

• 1990 to present

• Genomes of 60 organisms sequenced

• HGP initiated in 1996 (DOE, NIH &

Wellcome Trust)

• HGP completed in April, 2003

What have we learnt from the Human Genome Sequence

• 30,000 genes in Human Genome corresponding to 1-2% of entire DNA.

• Vast majority of DNA of unknown function.• 98% sequence similarity with the

Chimpanzee genome• Many Genes in Humans common with

lower organisms*

What can we do with the Human Genome Sequence?

• Identify function: Comparative Genomics

Functional Complementation

• Map position of Genes

• Global Gene Expression: Drug Targets

Personalized Medicine

CHALLENGES OF THE HGP

• Functions of the 98% non-coding regions of the

genome

• Interaction of non-coding with coding regions.

• Deciphering relationship between multi-gene

and genetic diseases as well as complex traits of

the individual*.

• By 2013, an individual GENETIC BLUEPRINT

C. elegans