Prospects for Renewable Energy Technologies in Sri Lanka

Prospects for Renewable Energy

Technologies in Sri Lanka

Chamila JayasekeraHead (Energy Efficient Systems)

Sri Lanka Sustainable Energy AuthorityMinistry of Power & Energy

14.06.2010

• Background

National Energy Situation

in the Present Context

Share of

Primary Energy Supply

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003

Year

Pri

mary

En

erg

y C

on

trib

uti

on

Biomass Petroleum Hydro Non-conventional

National Situation with Electricity

Tea & Rubber

Tea, Rubber & Coconut

Tea

Solutions at National Level

• Low cost generation options

– Coal power plant in the pipeline » – First 300 MW in 2010

– Increased share of renewable energy» 10% of power generation using renewable energy in 2017

– Energy conservation» To achieve economic development without energy burden

(Target 500 toe/XDR in 2017)

…the Way Forward…

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

20

06

20

07

20

08

20

09

20

10

20

11

20

12

20

13

20

14

20

15

En

erg

y S

ha

re in

Ele

ctr

icit

y

Ge

ne

rati

on

m%Odk c , j s\ q, sh

f ; , a n, d. dr

. , a wZ. =r e

mqk r Ac k k Sh n, Yl a; s

Coal

NC Renewables

Hydro

Oil

Conventional Resources at Global Level

Reserve – Production Ratio

Oil

Natural

Gas

Coal

0

50

100

150

200

250

Ye

ars

Renewable Resources

Wind

Biomass

Solar

Hydro

A Renewable Energy Friendly Policy Environment

Promoting Indigenous Resources

Indigenous energy resources will be developed to the optimum levels to minimise dependence on non-indigenous resources, subject to resolving economic, environmental and social constraints.

Resource Availability

60Biomass

30026.32500*Excellent Wind

0.70.055Off-grid Hydro

28.55.52300Mini Hydro

Investment

Required

(Rs. Billion)

Value of Energy

(Rs. Billion)Capacity (MW)Resource

21.3500*Biomass

30026.3Excellent Wind

0.70.055Off-grid Hydro

28.55.52300Mini Hydro

Investment

Required

(Rs. Billion)

Value of Energy

(Rs. Billion)Resource

*Conservative Estimate Only

A Visible Target

• The Government will endeavour to reach a minimum level of 10% of electrical energy supplied to the grid to be from NCRE (Non Conventional Renewable Energy) by a process of facilitation including access to green funding such as CDM. The target year to reach this level of NCRE penetration is 2015.

How to Achieve 10% by 2015

Year Electrical Energy Supplied to the Grid as a Share of the Total Comments

Conventional Hydroelectric

Maximum from Oil

Coal Minimum from NRE

1995 94% 6% 0% Actual

2000 45% 54% 0% 1% Actual

2005 36% 61% 0% 3% Actual. Moratorium on power plants burning oil or similarly priced oil/gas products becomes effective in 2006.

2010 42% 31% 20% 7% Progressive diversification into coal and NRE. Moratorium remains in place.

2015 28% 8% 54% 10% Moratorium on power plants burning oil or similarly priced oil/gas products may be lifted.

5. Most useful alternative Energies

in Sri Lanka

Energy Source Estimated

Potential by

year 2015

Solar Energy 11 MW

Wind Energy 50 MW

Mini Hydro

Energy

300MW

Biomass Energy 90 MW

Status of Electrification - 2001District

Percentage

Electrif ied

Households

in need of

Electricity

Ampara 51.70% 70,269

Gampaha 83.40% 84,929

Ratnapura 44.60% 151,490

Colombo 86.90% 66,506

Kalutara 72.50% 74,290

Kegalle 58.40% 88,105

Matale 49.60% 60,649

Nuwara Eliya 53.60% 81,396

Kandy 71.90% 88,967

Hambantota 45.20% 81,387

Matara 71.20% 56,895

Galle 74.20% 65,454

Monaragala 32.20% 74,623

Badulla 57.90% 84,232

Kurunegala 50.70% 202,892

Puttalam 52.70% 90,956

Anuradhapura 48.80% 105,512

Polonnaruwa 45.70% 53,481

Total 63.64% 1,582,031

85% at present

Source – Department of Census & Statistics (Census 2001)

Growth of Demand

Load Profile 2005 May 25

0

250

500

750

1000

1250

1500

1750

2000

0:0

0

1:0

0

2:0

0

3:0

0

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Time of Day

Dem

and M

W

2005 - 1754 MW

2004 - 1563 MW

2003 - 1516 MW

2002 - 1422 MW

2001 - 1445 MW

2000 - 1394 MW

1999 - 1291 MW

2006 May

1890 MW..!

Grid Connected Possibilities• Hydropower

– Approximately 90MW up and running

– Further 50MW under construction

• Major high head / medium head sites already under various stages of development

– Constraints

• Low head applications, sluice power etc. have not yet developed, technology yet to attract investors

• Certain sites held up due to want of tunnelling technology

• Grid connection at a standstill, substation capacity and transmission capacity inadequate

• Advanced modelling of embedded systems required

• Biomass

– A target of 90MW by 2010

• Only 1.3MW so far

• Further 10~50MW under various stages of

development

– Constraints

• Banking community worried about fuelwood supply

security and conversion technology

• Involves large number of farmers and exert pressure

on land use

• Technologies differ, no standard technology as in

hydro and wind

Grid Connected Possibilities

• Wind

– Vast unexploited potential, only 3MW up and running

• Several 10MW farms and one 30MW farm under development

• Absorption of wind to grid requires further work

– Constraints

• Price paid to wind is around USCts.6.00 per kWh, and is inadequate

• Limit of farm size to 10MW prevents economies of scale

• Lift n’ Shift infrastructure not available in Sri Lanka

• O&M infrastructure also barely available

Grid Connected Possibilities

• Solar

– Only one 30kW unit in operation

– Large Scale development many years ahead

• Many vendors trying net metering options

• Few large plants being promoted

– Constraints

• Prices have not come down as promised

• No local industry to benefit from large scale

manufacturing

Grid Connected Possibilities

Off-grid Situation

Grow th of Individual Plant Size w ith Time

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

Avera

ge P

lant C

apacity

kW

Growth of Off-grid Hydro Sector

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

1992

1993

1994

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2000

2001

2002

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2004

Connecte

d H

om

es

0

250

500

750

1000

1250

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1750

2000

Insta

lled C

apacity

kW

Connected Homes (Cumulative) Installed Capacity kW (Cumulative)

Project Phase Project

s

Conne

cted

Homes

Installe

d

Capacit

y kWPre ESD Project 97 1,003 175

ESD Project 35 1,732 350

RERED Project

(completed)

51 2,293 521

RERED Project

(in progress)

49 2,229 541

Off-grid Possibilities• Hydropower

– Approximately 270 sites 1.8 MW up and running

– Further 30 sites under construction

• Major high head / medium head sites already developed

• Pelton, Turgo and Crossflow machines are locally produced

• Few attempts on Propeller and Water Wheel machines

– Constraints

• Low / Medium head applications are often developed with

inappropriate technologies

• Francis and other medium head machines not available locally

• Energy storage solutions at very early stages of development

• Mass production, standardisation of technologies not yet attempted

• Uses very old technologies and material

• Biomass

– More than 3 sites in operation or under

construction

• Vast potential, uses only gasification technology

• Host of other benefits of fuelwood farming

• Energy storage and predictability very high

– Constraints

• Cost of technology very high, beyond affordability

limits

• Heavily Involves community in O&M activities

• No alternative technologies to gasification

• Sustainability and reliability of concept yet to be

proven

Off-grid Possibilities

• Wind

– 20~40 sites up and running

• Consists of 2 community schemes and several wind

home systems of capacity 200W

• Uses predominantly custom production methods

• Prices moderate, need subsidies

– Constraints

• Seasonality of wind is a serious issue

• Limited scope, may require hybrid options

• O&M issues yet to be brought to notice

Off-grid Possibilities

• Solar

– More than 100,000 solar PV home systems are in operation

– Active network of marketing and micro financing in place

• Considerable number of downstream employment

created

• Prices remain high, compared to often quoted world

prices (complete DC system more than US$10/kWp)

– Constraints

• Little or no local manufacturing facilities, minimal local

value addition

• No local industry to benefit from large scale

manufacturing

• Solar thermal technologies other than drying yet to

reach Sri Lanka

Off-grid Possibilities

• Low head applications, especially sluice power

• Tunnelling technology

• Technologies to model embedded systems

• Low / Medium head Francis and other appropriate

technologies

• Energy storage solutions coupled with mass

production, standardisation of technologies

targeting a new hydro home system market

• New manufacturing technologies and materials

Hydro Prospects

Biomass Prospects

• Needs proven standard technologies

• Pre processing technologies from harvesting

to power house

• Alternative technologies and efficiency

improvement required• Steam Technologies

• Combined heat and power

• Sterling Engine

Wind Prospects

• Lift n’ Shift infrastructure for project

implementation and for O&M could

improve viability

• Part manufacturing and labour intensive

elements of turbine manufacture can take

place in Sri Lanka

• Further improvement in generator, battery

storage and inverter systems

Solar Prospects

• Local value addition on PV technologies

• Solar thermal technologies

• Lower system prices as a result of local

value addition

• Battery storage and inverter technologies

Other Possibilities

• Use local Engineering capability for design

and manufacturing (outsourcing)

• Re export after labour intensive value

addition on components

Biomass Resources

•1,600,000 ha of marginal

land available for utilisation

•400,000 ha of coconut land

available for underplanting

•Fuelwood yields range from

20-45 metric tonnes / year on

a dry matter basis

•Green circles representative

of fuelwood generation

potential

Hydro

• Central Hill Region

• Peak of 2500m

• Good Rainfall

• 2500-5000mm

annual rainfall

• Two monsoons

Solar

• Close to equator– No annual variation

– In lower plains 4.0 –

5.5 kWh/m2/day

– 2.0 – 3.5 kWh/m2/day

in higher elevations

Wind• Good Potential

– Reliable monsoons

– Long coastal belt

• West coast and central

hills

– 6-7 m/s mean annual

wind speeds

Off-grid Renewable Energy Development

• 1978 – Rural Energy Centre (REC), Model village at Pattiyapola (CEB) - UNEP asssisted

• 1980 – Grid assisted battery charging scheme

• 1983 – Pilot project on photovoltaic to electrify remote villages, Siriyagama and Bundala and solar home systems island wise. (CEB)

• 1985 – Pilot project on Efficient fuel wood stove (Hambantota and Ratnapura districts) (CEB)

• 1000 Solar Home Systems in a model village named Pansiyagama

• 1992 – First off grid village hydro project. (ITDG, CEB)

• 2002 – First Gliricidia wood based dendro power plant -Sapugaskanda. (Alternative Energy Division of Ministry of Science and Technology)

• 2004 – First off grid community based dendro plant .

Objectives RERED project

• Grid-Connected Renewable Energy Power Generation: Add nearly 85 MW of grid-connected small-scale

renewable energy capacity by extending support: for mini-hydro projects, wind and biomass projects

• Solar PV Investments: Solar PV systems for 85,000 for

household, commercial, and institutional use.

• Village Micro-Hydro / Wind / Biomass Systems: Access for 15,000 new households and enterprises through independent grids

• Energy Efficiency and Demand Side Management

• Cross-sectoral Energy Applications: Provide rural enterprises credit support for larger systems, standardized energy packages to create awareness and to integrate energy provision into improved service delivery.

Lessons Learnt• Renewable sources of energy has played a key role in the

lives of a large rural population.

• Expensive RE technologies have been made popular through major interventions by the state sector and donor funding.

• Success of Sri Lankan RE thrust can be attributed to the private sector and community based organisations have taken on the delivery of such services in these rural areas, after initial state intervention.

• Successful projects act as a viable means of providing much needed energy sources to the otherwise neglected communities.

• RE, with all their drawbacks have contributed immensely to the upliftment of the living standards of rural communities,

Strategies for Integration of off-grid

systems to mainstream energy industry

• Create a mechanism to assimilate and preserve the

valuable knowledge gained in implementing off-

grid projects

• Investigate new technologies, new service delivery

mechanisms with a view to sustain and strengthen

the off-grid sector

• Learn and share provincial level experience to

elevate off-grid sector to a higher plane

• Ensure off-grid technologies as a viable energy

solution in all future planning activities

Creating an enabling environment

for the private sector and

Community to further extend the

delivery of energy services to the

population…!

Thank You

Thank You